Determinación Campo D K
Determinación Campo D K
Determinación Campo D K
by S hinichiro M atsuo , Master o f Engineering, A ssistant Professor at the K yoto University, Y oshida H onmachi, Sakyo-ku,
K yoto, and K ooichi A k a i , M aster o f Engineering, Lecturer at the K yoto University, K yoto, Japan
Summary Sommaire
In order to determine the permeability o f undisturbed soil in the Nous proposons, pour remplacer l’ancienne méthode de détermi
field, a new method using a simple pool is proposed instead of the nation de la perméabilité d’un sol vierge, laquelle est irrationnelle,
traditional assumption which is unreasonable or the troublesome une méthode nouvelle qui ne demande qu’un bassin simple pour
method employed hitherto. In this Paper theoretical formulae on l’expérience. Nous avons établi les formules théoriques dont découle
which this method depends are derived, and the result obtained with cette méthode et nous discutons ici les résultats de nos observations
this method and its verification are discussed. expérimentales et les preuves à l’appui.
Introduction
The coefficient o f soil permeability, as defined in soil engi In our field m ethod, the three-dimensional flow is changed
neering, is founded on D a r c ÿ s law, and the m ethods o f measur into a tw o-dim ensional one and the theoretical treatment is
ing it are by m eans o f a permeameter in a laboratory or the simplified in a suitable way. The theoretical form ulae for this
field m ethod carried out w ithout disturbing the layer condition case are deduced so that the coefficient o f permeability o f the
o f the soil. field ground can easily be calculated. These are the main
W hen the laboratory m ethod is carried out with a small por characteristics o f this method.
tion o f the sample, the collected sam ple being disturbed, the
condition o f the strata which affects the permeability usually
Fundamental Theoretical Equation
differs from that in the field, m aking it very difficult to deter
m ine quantitatively their corresponding relation even with the G ravity flow: Generally the condition o f the water seeping
penetration test and others. Furthermore, it is difficult to avoid into the soil can be expressed by the follow ing com plex conju
the undesirable effect caused by the space between the sample gate function:
and the wall o f the measuring apparatus. a, = 0 + iW = f { z ) = f ( x + i y ) ...................................... (1)
A s the above defects are elim inated in the field m ethod which
where and W, which form a flow-net perpendicular to each
has the advantage that it does not disturb the layer condition
other, represent the function o f the velocity potential and the
o f the ground, various m ethods have been studied by many
flow function o f the tw o-dim ensional flow, respectively.
authors (Kryrtine, 1941). For instance, the m ethod o f measur
T he m ost im portant factor governing the condition o f
ing the travelling tim e o f the high electrolyte (Slichter, 1902)
the water seeping into the dam and water leaking from a
and that o f measuring the hydraulic gradient o f water flowing
channel is obviously gravity. I f such gravity flow is consi
from a channel by boring several holes near the measuring
dered as a tw o-dim ensional flow, potential function 0 and
channel ( Terzaghi, 1930) have been proposed. In either case,
pressure function p both satisfy Laplace's equation and 0 can
however, as considerable preparation is necessary in order
be expressed in the follow ing form :
to take the measurements and since the water as it is poured
in form s a three-dim ensional flow, theoretical analysis is diffi V2® = V2p = 0 , 0 = — ( p ± ygy) (2)
cult and, in m ost cases, the reliability o f the measured results
is considered lim ited, as they are based on unreasonable as where n coefficient o f viscosity o f fluid, y weight o f unit volum e
sum ptions. o f fluid, g gravity acceleration, lc0 coefficient o f permeability,
268
and the double sign corresponding to the upper and lower many practical situation however, the water seeping down
directions o f the y-axis, respectively. If the atm osphere pres from the channel will reach the normal groundwater level at
sure is 0, the coefficient o f effective permeability is defined as a relatively shallow depth, thus forcing the streamlines to
assume a horizontal rather than a vertical trend. Fig. 2 repre-
k = taken instead o f k 0 and the downward direction o f
4 (- Hke~Q — ia>
71<P
■ Hi------
7lW
Q
2
(3) Fig. 2 Seepage o u t o f a D itch with R adially S preading free Surfaces
F iltratio n hors du bassin à surfaces libres s’é talan t radialem en t
(niveau so u terrain bas)
i.e. x Hke~Q cos + ï/ + -y
~Q
7l<& (3') sents such a case and the com plex function is given by the
4 (- Hke~Q sin
7lV
. 0 follow ing equation:
1 /
z = — IHke
Q
Q — ico + — (7)
k \ 2
2Î nW
i.e. x =
4 (» Q COS — —
710
+ ¥' +
(7')
H ke' ~Q sin - <P\
-i(-
The tw o symmetrical free-surface streamlines, V = 0 , — Q,
are given as before in the follow ing equations:
Fig. 1 Seepage o u t o f a D itch w ith free Surfaces Bounded by V ertical
1 /„ . ^ . <2\ 1/ ^ Q
A sym ptotes ■— ( H k e Q ( 8)
F iltratio n ho rs du bassin á surfaces libres lim itée p a r des asym p + T ■H
totes verticales (niveau so u terrain bas) A com parison o f Equation (4) with Equation (8) reveals that
Q
where H is the depth o f water in the channel at the centre o f the former has vertical asym ptotes at the distance —- from
2k
the cross-section, Q is the discharge o f water from unit hori the center o f the channel which the free water-surface ap
zontal depth. The tw o streamlines, 'P = 0, — Q are free- proaches deep in the earth, while with the latter the depth o f
surface streamlines. If Equation (2) is introduced into the the streamlines increases logarithmically as the distance from
above equations, the streamlines becom e the curves sym m e the channel increases.
trical along the y-axis represented by the follow ing eq u ation s: Substituting 0 = 0 so that the shape o f the channel in this
nky \ ¡ Q \ nky
1 / Q\ case satisfies Equation (7), gives
H k é~ Q — yHke a - f ) (4)
- t (- I’ X= k + T 1 IQ . y e u 2 + y2 H 2
If 0 = 0 is substituted in Equation (3) to obtain the shape o f * + (9)
k \ ti Sm H 2 /1
channel to which Equation (3) is applicable, the follow ing
B
equation is derived: If x = — is substituted when y = 0 ,
(5) B = + 2H (10)
If B is the width o f the channel-section at the water surface is obtained.
B It should be noted that while Equation (9) is in form identi
and x = — is substituted in this equation at y 0,
cal with Equation (5), one must take the positive radical
y 2 in solving Equation (9) for x , whereas in Equation
B = ^ --2 H , y = OO — ~ B + 2 H (6)
k (5) the negative values o f this radical must be used in solving x.
Thus B lt the maximum width o f the sheet o f water seeping Solution fo r the case when the shape o f the channel consists
down at infinite depth becom es known. o f straight lines: Fig. 3 show s the seepage flow from a channel
The above simple results will, o f course, apply only to the form ed with straight lines when an underground water-table
case when the shape o f the channel is close to that given by exists at great depth. Here, too, a consistent set o f potential
Equation (5) and when a uniform soil layer is o f a great depth, and streamline distributions and the shapes o f the free-surfaces
so that the water can maintain indefinitely its vertical dow n can be determined exactly by applying a succession o f complex
ward seepage. However, am ong these boundary conditions, it variable transformations, but the exact profile o f the channel
has been stated that the former assum ption is not so im portant to which they correspond is found only at the end o f the solu
compared with the latter (M u skat, 1937). Therefore, it can be tion. The solution for this case was given by Wedernikow
said that the above form ulae are applicable only to the case (1934), and the result is represented by the follow ing equation
when an underground water-table exists deep in the earth. In corresponding to Equation (6):
269
(6) B test-pool (B = 3.0 m, H = 0.5 m, b = 1.0 m,
B = — — 2H —
k K' B ~ b = 2) n
m = ----------
2H ’
B l = 2 \ x \ y=0o = Y = B + 2 H -^ ( 11) Average seepage discharge o f original pool
112.2 cm 3/sec
where K , K ' are the com plete elliptic integrals o f the first kind
W hen enlarged 149.2 cm 3/sec difference 37.0 cm 3/sec
with m oduli k*, y / 1 — k * 2 . W hen K = K ', viz, k* = ± \ / $ , A verage discharge from section B -B per unit horizontal
Equation (11) is identical to Equation (6). depth in cm, Q b = 37.0 -=- 400 = 0.092 cm 3/sec.
Application o f theoretical equation: A s the test p ools A and B
used for this measurement, for the convenience o f construction,
have straught the rigorous m ethod explained already must be
to = / * t tfr ■P t
applied, but in accordance with the thesis that a slight change in
the shape o f the p o o l does not invalidate the application o f the
form ulae from which the sim ple result given by Equations (3)
s - T 'i' -r .r . ' . r j - r i f f
. * * *. j— -— ■
’
~ (10) is obtained, the coefficient o f permeability k w ill be
calculated adversely from Equation (6) or (10). In this case,
/
the choice between the tw o equations depends upon the direc
tion o f diffusion o f the seepage flow governed by the depth o f
r - e, * i 62 Pt the underground water-table. In this test measurement, the
A depth o f the loam layer in which the test p ools were dug is
T
about’ 15 — 16 metres judging from the result o f a boring test,
H
; and it is know n that the underground water-level exists in the
F G gravel below the loam . A s is clear when observed in a side
-/ -K* 0 K* / trench built under the p ool bottom , it is confirmed that the
Fig. 3 Seepage o u t o f a D itch into the G ro u n d w ith D eep lying W ater seepage water flows perpendicularly downwards and not hori
T ab le an d its T ran sform ation zontally, but, to m ake sure, k w ill be com puted using both
F iltratio n hors du bassin dans le sous-sol avec n ap p e ph réatiq u e Equations (6) and (10) which gives the width B o f the test
à niveau bas et sa transform ation pools. Thus from Equation (6):
m
2H
Average seepage discharge o f original p ool
19.5 cm 3/sec
W hen enlarged once 38.9 cm 3/sec difference 19.4 cm 3/sec
W hen enlarged twice 57.1 cm 3/sec difference 18.2 cm 3/sec
average 1 8 .8 cm 3/sec
Average discharge from section A -A per unit horizontal Fig. 4 D im ensions o f T est Pools
depth in cm, Q a = 18.8 ■— 200 = 0.094 cm 3/sec D im ensions des bassins d ’expérience
270
Qb 0.092 in Fig. 5 diffused at a great depth underground and how it
—' = 2.30 x 10~4 cm/sec, changed with time, the width o f diffusion after the water had
B + 2H 400
average 2.49 x 10-4 cm/sec, been poured into the p ool (including that due to capillary
from Equation (10'), action) was observed in a horizontal side-trench connected to
0.094 a vertical shaft 8 m deep. The result was as stated above,
Q a
= 6.26 x IO-4 cm/sec, namely, it was found that as the K anto loam was thick and
B — 2H 150
the underground water level was quite deep at this place, the
Qb 0.092
= 4.60 x 10-4 cm /sec, free streamline o f the water seeping from the p o o l had vertical
B — 2H 200 asym ptotes.
average 5.43 x 10~4 cm/sec. A s is clear from Fig. 5, the change in the width o f the sheet
Therefore, it is found that the coefficient o f permeability k o f the seepage flow with the elapse o f time can be divided
o f the K anto loam layer in which the measurement was taken roughly into three phases. N am ely, from the time water begins
is within the follow ing values: to enter the trench until about 100 hours later (I), the seepage
2.49 x 10~4 cm /sec ^ k Ü 5.43 x 10-4 cm/sec. water tends to diffuse horizontally due to the capillarity o f the
ground. D uring the next 150 hours (II), it continues to flow
Considerations on the Measured Result vertically downwards, becom ing alm ost an imperceptible flow.
From then (III), the flow concentrates to the centre o f the pool-
Verification o f the order o f the coefficient o f perm eability: bottom due to the primary piping-action, that is, the width o f
Judging from the form ation o f the K anto loam in this district, the sheet diminishes with the elapse o f time.
it had been expected that the coefficient o f permeability lies The theoretical width o f the seepage calculated by Equa
between “ perm eable” and “ im perm eable” , nam ely the order tion (6) which is applicable to phase (II) becomes the range
o f lO-4 cm /sec. The result com puted by the permeability com shown by the chain line in Fig. 5. This differs slightly from
putation m ethod based upon the rate o f water-level depression the result o f actual measurement. It is considered that this
with the elapse o f tim e gives k = 4.94 x 10-4 cm /sec, which is discrepancy is due to the capillarity o f the soil and the difference
clearly within the range o f the above m entioned k. in the shape o f the cross-section o f the test p ool; if om itted,
Observation o f the width o f the sheet o f the seepage flow and the theoretical and the experimental results becom e closer, and
its change with tim e a t a grea t depth below the bottom o f the pool: it may be admitted that the accuracy o f this m ethod o f measure
In order to exam ine how the water seeping from the test p o o l C ment is high.
Conclusion
References
Krynine, D. P. (1941): Soil M echanics, p. 75, M cG raw -H ill Book C o.,
Inc., N .Y .
M u ska t, M . (1937): Flow o f H om ogeneous F luids th ro u g h P orous
M edia, p. 327, M cG raw -H ill Book C o., Inc., N .Y .
Slichter, C. S . (1902, 1905): U .S. G eol. Survey W ater S upply and Irri
Fig. 5 V erification o f the M axim um W idth o f the Sheet o f the Seepage gation P apers, N o . 67; N o . 140.
and its C hange w ith T im e Terzaghi, K. v. (1930): D ie W asserw irtschaft, vol. 23, p. 318.
V érification d u co u ran t d ’eau filtrant et ses v ariatio n s en fonc W edernikow, V. V. (1934): V ersickerungen aus K anälen, W asserkraft
tion d u tem ps und W asserw irtschaft, pp. 128, 137, 149.
271