Biology

• Is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study).

Science
• (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
• knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and
observation.

Biological Science
• any of the branches of natural science dealing with living things,
• such as their structure,
• behavior, organization, life processes, as well as their interactions with each other and with
the natural environment.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Atom
 It is the most basic and fundamental unit of matter.
 Smallest unit part of matter.

Molecule
 The formation of chemical bonds between two or more atoms leads to the formation of a molecule.
 It is one of the most fundamental and stable components of matter.

Organelle
 It is the subunit of a cell, and consists of a group of functioning biomolecules.
 Biomolecules - a molecule that is produced by a living organism.

Cell
 It is considered as the basic unit and building block of life.

Tissue
 This level is a combination of different types of cells which perform specialized functions.
 The group of cells that form a tissue need not be identical, but they should have the same origin.
Organ
 It performs certain functions with the help of different tissues.

Organ System
 Organs working together to perform certain functions form organ systems.

Organism
 An organism could either be unicellular or multicellular. The ones that are closely related can be
grouped together under a single genus.
 An organism can be defined as the fully functional form of a living being that can thrive in a
particular environment.

Population
 It is the term used in reference to a group of organisms which belong to the same species that live
in the same area and interact with one another
 They undergo interbreeding, and share food and space. The population of a particular species
indicates a close interaction between its organisms.

Community
 Two or more populations together constitute a community. It is characterized by interactions that
take place between constituent populations of different species

Ecosystem
 Includes the living organisms (all the populations) in an area and the non-living aspects of the
environment.
 An ecosystem is made of the biotic and abiotic factors in an area. The term ecosystem is defined as
an area or environment, where one or more communities can thrive and flourish.

Biome
 It is an entity that is similar to an ecosystem and the term biome is a community of plants and
animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
 The definition of this stage is made in terms of the conditions (and not just space) that are suited
to a group of communities (plants, animals, microbes, etc.).

Biosphere
 The biosphere (from Greek bíos "life" and sphaira "sphere") also known as the ecosphere (from
Greek oîkos "environment" and), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystem. It can also be termed the
zone of life on Earth.
 It is simply defined as the place, area, and zone where the entire life on Earth exists.
Relationship of organism
 Ecosystem:
All of the organisms that live in a certain area and their nonliving environment.

 Community:
All of the populations that live together in a certain area.

 Population:
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area.

 Producers:
Organisms that use sunlight and/or chemical compounds to produce their own food.

 Prey:
An animal that is killed and eaten by another organism.

 Predator:
An animal that kills and eats other organisms.

 Predation:
An interaction in which one organism kills and feeds on another organism.

 Consumers:
Organisms that eat other organisms for energy.

 Species:
A group of similar organisms that can breed with one another.

 Symbiotic:
Describes a relationship in which two species live closely together.

 Parasitism:
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and harms
the host.

 Mutualism:
Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

 Commensalism:
 Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not helped or harmed.

 Amensalism:
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism harms the growth of another organism, while the
organism itself is not affected.
Kingdom
In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just
below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla.

Monera (includes Eubacteria and Archeobacteria)

 Individuals are single-celled, may or may not move, have a cell wall, have no chloroplasts or other
organelles, and have no nucleus. Monera are usually very tiny, although one type, namely the blue-
green bacteria, look like algae.
 They are filamentous and quite long, green, but have no visible structure inside the cells. No visible
feeding mechanism. They absorb nutrients through the cell wall or produce their own by
photosynthesis.

Protista
 Protists are single-celled and usually move by cilia, flagella or by amoeboid mechanisms. There is
usually no cell wall, although some forms may have a cell wall. They have organelles including a
nucleus and may have chloroplasts, so some will be green and others won't be.
 They have organelles including a nucleus and may have chloroplasts, so some will be green and
others won't be. They are small, although many are big enough to be recognized in a dissecting
microscope or even with a magnifying glass. Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis, ingestion of
other organisms, or both.

Fungi
 Fungi are multicellular,with a cell wall, organelles including a nucleus, but no chloroplasts. They
have no mechanisms for locomotion.
 Fungi range in size from microscopic to very large ( such as mushrooms). Nutrients are acquired
by absorption. For the most part, fungi acquire nutrients from decaying material.

Plantae
 Plants are multicellular and most don't move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia or
flagella. Organelles including nucleus, chloroplasts are present, and cell walls are present.
 Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (they all require sunlight). Organelles including nucleus,
chloroplasts are present, and cell walls are present. Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (they
all require sunlight).

Animalia
 Animals are multicellular, and move with the aid of cilia, flagella, or muscular organs based on
contractile proteins.
 They have organelles including a nucleus, but no chloroplasts or cell walls. Animals acquire
nutrients by ingestion.
 Waste management or Waste disposal
 Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from
its inception to its final disposal.
 is the process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t
belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource.
Methods of Waste Disposal

Landfills
Throwing daily waste/garbage in the landfills is the most popularly used method of waste disposal
used today.
This process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land.

Incineration/Combustion
Is a type disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high temperatures so as
to convert them into residue and gaseous products.

Recovery and Recycling

Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use.
These discarded items are then processed to extract or recover materials and resources or convert
them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel.

Recycling is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy
usage and consumption of fresh raw materials.

Plasma gasification
Is another form of waste management. Plasma is a primarily an electrically charged or a highly
ionized gas.

Composting
is a easy and natural bio-degradation process that takes organic wastes remains of plants and
garden and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient rich food for your plants.

Waste to Energy
Is a process involves converting of non-recyclable waste items into useable heat, electricity, or fuel
through a variety of processes.
 Major Environmental Laws in the Philippines

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

 In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and
environment. The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of
solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

 The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline
values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated
impacts to the economy.

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE

CONTROL ACT OF 1990
 The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk
to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes
and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide
advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

STATEMENT OF 1978
 The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the enactment
of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and
orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. EIA is a
planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and
the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the environment. The
process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects.

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

 The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It
provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a
multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.