VOCABULARY LISTS : NEWS

167 Vocabulary words from the Supreme Court's

Supporters of same-sex marriage called it a landmark victory . A dissenting justice called it "argle
bargle." Here are 167 words de ned to help you read the decision and decide for yourself.

feasible
capable of being done with means at hand
NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will
be released, as is being done in connection with this
case, at the time the opinion is issued.

executor
a person appointed to carry out the terms of the will
Still, naming an heir can head o family con icts,
and help executors nd and distribute points.
Reuters (Mar 1, 2013)

pending
awaiting conclusion or con rmation
While the suit was pending, the Attorney General
noti ed the Speaker of the House of Representatives
that the Department of Justice would no longer
defend §3’s constitutionality.
comply
act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes
Guernsey's health minister, Hunter Adam, instructed
o cials to start drawing up legislation to comply
with European standards more than a year ago.
The Guardian (Jun 28, 2012)

de ciency
the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable
The decision of the Executive not to defend the
constitutionality of §3 in court while continuing to
deny refunds and to assess de ciencies does
introduce a complication.

concession
the act of yielding
Given the Government’s concession,...once the
District Court ordered the refund, the case should
have ended and the appeal been dismissed.

exert
put to use
considerations [that] may outweigh the concerns
underlying the usual reluctance to exert judicial
power.
vigor
forceful exertion
...prepared to defend with vigor the legislative act’s
constitutionality.

deprivation
the disadvantage that results from losing something
DOMA is unconstitutional as a deprivation of the
equal liberty of persons that is protected by the Fifth
Amendment.

discrete
constituting a separate entity or part
Wire things up yourself, using chips or relays or
discrete components.
Forbes (Jul 8, 2013)

precept
a doctrine that is taught
DOMA rejects this long-established precept.

due process
administration of justice according to rules and principles
By doing so it violates basic due process and equal
protection principles applicable to the Federal
Government.
stigma
a symbol of disgrace or infamy
DOMA’s ...purpose and practical e ect are to impose
a disadvantage, a separate status, and so a stigma
upon all who enter into same-sex marriages made
lawful by the unquestioned authority

sanctioned
established by authority
This state law’s principal e ect is to identify a subset
of state- sanctioned marriages constitutionally
protected sexual relationships, (see Lawrence,)and
make them unequal.

contrive
make or work out a plan for; devise
It contrives to deprive some couples married under
the laws of their State, but not others, of both rights
and responsibilities, creating two contradictory
marriage regimes within the same State.

writ
a legal document issued by a court or judicial o cer
It is a nullity, and no writ of error will lie upon it.
provision
a stipulated condition
Windsor paid the taxes but led suit to challenge
the constitutionality of this provision.

decedent
someone who is no longer alive
Because DOMA denies federal recognition to same-
sex spouses, Windsor did not qualify for the marital
exemption from the federal estate tax, which
excludes from taxation “any interest in property
which passes or has passed from the decedent to
his surviving spouse.”

commence
set in motion, cause to start
Windsor commenced this refund suit in the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New
York.

adverse
in an opposing direction
But in a footnote to that statement, the Court
acknowledged Article III’s separate requirement of a
“justiciable case or controversy,” and stated that this
requirement was satis ed “because of the presence of
the two Houses of Congress as adverse parties.”
rationale
an explanation of the fundamental reasons
The stated rationale for this dual-track procedure
(determination of unconstitutionality coupled with
ongoing enforcement) was to “recogniz[e] the
judiciary as the nal arbiter of the constitutional
claims raised.”

arbiter
someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed issue
The stated rationale for this dual-track procedure
(determination of unconstitutionality coupled with
ongoing enforcement) was to “recogniz[e] the
judiciary as the nal arbiter of the constitutional
claims raised.”

redress
make reparations or amends for
Third, it must be ‘likely,’ as opposed to merely
‘speculative,’ that the injury will be ‘ redressed by a
favorable decision.’”
imminent
close in time; about to occur
The requirements of Article III standing are familiar:
“First, the plainti must have su ered an ‘injury in
fact’—an invasion of a legally protected interest
which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b)
‘actual or imminent, not “conjectural or
hypothetical.”’

hypothetical
a conjectural possibility or circumstance
The requirements of Article III standing are familiar:
“First, the plainti must have su ered an ‘injury in
fact’—an invasion of a legally protected interest
which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b)
‘actual or imminent, not “conjectural or
hypothetical.”’

disburse
expend, as from a fund
The judgment orders the United States to pay money
that it would not disburse but for the court’s order.

aggrieve
infringe on the rights of
It is true that “[a] party who receives all that he has
sought generally is not aggrieved by the judgment
a ording the relief and cannot appeal from it.”
su ce
be adequate, either in quality or quantity
The holdings of cases are instructive, and the words
of Chadha make clear its holding that the refusal of
the Executive to provide the relief sought su ces to
preserve a justiciable dispute as required by Article III.

sanction
o cial permission or approval
Among the over 1,000 statutes and numerous
federal regulations that DOMA controls are laws
pertaining to Social Security, housing, taxes, criminal
sanctions, copyright, and veterans’ bene ts.

adjudication
the nal judgment in a legal proceeding
I...concerns about sanctioning the adjudication of
[this case]in the absence of any participant
supporting the validity of [the statute].

ensue
take place or happen afterward or as a result
IWere this Court to hold that prudential rules require
it to dismiss the case, and, in consequence, that the
Court of Appeals erred infailing to dismiss it as well,
extensive litigation would ensue.
vacate
cancel o cially
We should vacate the decision below and remand to
the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, with
instructions todismiss the appeal.

adversely
in an opposing manner
Rights and privileges of hundreds of thousands of
persons would be adversely a ected, pending a
case in which all prudential concerns about
justiciability are absent.

propriety
correct behavior
On the one hand, as noted, the Government’s
agreement with Windsor raises questions about the
propriety of entertaining a suit in which it seeks
a rmance of an order invalidating a federal law and
ordering the United States to pay money.

undermine
weaken or impair, especially gradually
This would undermine the clear dictate of the
separation-of-powers principle that “when an Act of
Congress is alleged to con ict with the Constitution,
‘[i]t is emphatically the province and duty of the
judicial department to say what the law is.’”
emphatically
without question and beyond doubt
Quite to the contrary, the United States argues
emphatically in favor of the correctness of that
judgment.

grave
requiring serious thought
Similarly, with respect to the legislative power, when
Congress has passed a statute and a President has
signed it, it poses grave challenges to the separation
of powers for the Executive at a particular moment
tobe able to nullify Congress’ enactment solely on its
owninitiative and without any determination from
the Court.

nullify
make ine ective by counterbalancing the e ect of
We reasoned that the senators’ votes—which would
otherwise have carried the day—were nulli ed by
that action.

aspire
have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal
It seems fair to conclude that, until recent years,
many citizens had not even considered the possibility
that two persons of the same sex might aspire to
occupy the same status and dignity as that of a man
and woman in lawful marriage.
codify
organize into a system, such as a body of law
At least without some more convincing evidence that
the Act’s principal purpose was to codify malice, and
that it furthered no legitimate government interests, I
would not tar the political branches with the brush of
bigotry.

criterion
a basis for comparison
And in establishing income-based criteria for Social
Security bene ts, Congress decided that although
state law would determine in general who quali es
as an applicant’s spouse, common-law marriages
also should be recognized, regardless of any
particular State’s view on these relationships.

implement
a piece of equipment or a tool used for a speci c purpose
They will be considered by the European Commission
on 24 July, but could take years to implement.
BBC (Jul 17, 2013)

domicile
one's permanent home or principal establishment
Which State’s law controls, for federal-law purposes:
their State of celebration (which recognizes the
marriage) or their State of domicile (which does
not)?
allocation
the act of distributing or apportioning according to a plan
The majority extensively chronicles DOMA’s
departurefrom the normal allocation of
responsibility between State

defer
yield to another's wish or opinion
Consistent with this allocation of authority, the
Federal Government, through our history, has
deferred to state law policy decisions with respect to
domestic relations.

adjudicate
hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of
In order to respect this principle, the federal courts,
as a general rule, do not adjudicate issues of
marital status even when there might otherwise be a
basis for federal jurisdiction.

consanguinity
relation by blood
Marriage within any degree of consanguinity is
forbidden.
animus
a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility
In determining whether a law is motived by an
improper animus or purpose, “‘[d]iscriminations of
an un- usual character’” especially require careful
consideration.

demean
reduce in worth or character, usually verbally
The di erentiation demeans the couple, whose
moral and sexual choices the Constitution protects,
(see Lawrence, 539 U. S. 558,) and whose
relationship the State has sought to dignify.

decree
a legally binding command or decision
Under DOMA, same-sex married couples have their
lives burdened, by reason of government decree, in
visible and public ways.

mundane
found in the ordinary course of events
By its great reach, DOMA touches many aspects of
married and family life, from the mundane to the
profound.
divest
take away possessions from someone
DOMA divests married same-sex couples of the
duties and responsibilities that are an essential part
of married life and that they in most cases would be
honored to accept were DOMA not in force.

degrade
reduce in worth or character, usually verbally
" [The] Fifth Amendment itself withdraws from
Government the power to degrade or demean in the
way this law does.”

disparage
express a negative opinion of
But the majority says that the supporters of this Act
acted with malice—with the “purpose” ...“to
disparage and to injure” same-sex couples.

banal
repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse
My point, admittedly, is banal: that Australia is
confounding and complex.
BBC (Jun 28, 2013)
malice
feeling a need to see others su er
But the majority says that the supporters of this Act
acted with malice—with the “purpose” ... “to
disparage and to injure” same-sex couples.

bigotry
intolerance and prejudice
At least without some more convincing evidence that
the Act’s principal purpose was to codify malice, and
thatit furthered no legitimate government interests, I
would not tar the political branches with the brush of
bigotry.

penultimate
next to the last
The majority goes out of its way to make this explicit
in the penultimate sentence of its opinion.

sovereignty
the authority of a state to govern another state
So too will the concerns for state diversity and
sovereignty that weigh against DOMA’s
constitutionality in this case.
aggrandize
embellish; increase the scope, power, or importance of
Today’s opinion aggrandizes the latter, with the
predictable consequence of diminishing the former.

apex
the highest point of something
It envisions a Supreme Court standing (or rather
enthroned) at the apex of government, empowered
to decide all constitutional questions, always and
every- where “primary” in its role.

intrinsic
belonging to a thing by its very nature
European governments still believe that defense
policy and defense spending are intrinsic elements
of national sovereignty.
New York Times (Jan 7, 2013)

contradict
prove negative; show to be false
We can do so only when that allegation will
determine the outcome of a lawsuit, and is
contradicted by the other party.
conclusive
forming an end or termination
The judicial power as Americans have understood it
(and their English ancestors before them) is the
power to adjudicate, with conclusive e ect, disputed
government claims (civil or criminal) against private
persons, and disputed claims by private persons
against the government or other private persons.

compatibility
capability of existing in harmonious combination
In other words, declaring the compatibility of state
or federal laws with the Constitution is not only not
the “primary role” of this Court...

ransack
search thoroughly
SCALIA, J., dissenting
....could spend many fruitless afternoons
ransacking our library for any other petitioner’s
brief seeking an a rmance of the judgment against
it.1 What the petitioner United States asks us to do in
the case before us is exactly what the respondent
Windsor asks us to do: not to providerelief from the
judgment below but to say that that judgment was
correct.
contrivance
the faculty of inventive skill
What the views urged in this dissent produce is not
insulation from judicial review but insulation from
Executive contrivance.

nominal
relating to or constituting or bearing or giving a name
In the more than two centuries that this Court has
existed as an institution, we have never suggested
that we have the power to decide a question when
every party agrees with both its nominal opponent
and the court below on that question’s answer.

scavenger
someone who collects things discarded by others
For an even more advanced scavenger hunt, one
might search the annals of Anglo-American law for
another “Motion to Dismiss” like theone the United
States led in District Court: It argued that the court
should agree “with Plainti and the United States”
and “not dismiss” the complaint.
infringe
advance beyond the usual limit
There the Justice Department’s refusal to defend the
legislation was in accord with its longstanding (and
entirely reasonable) practice of declining to defend
legislation that in its view infringes upon
Presidential powers.

scold
censure severely or angrily
The majority opinion makes a point of scolding the
President for his “failure to defend the
constitutionality of an Act of Congress based on a
constitutional theory not yet established in judicial
decisions,”

rebuke
an act or expression of criticism and censure
But the rebuke is tongue in-cheek, for the majority
gladly gives the President what he wants.

intervening
occurring or falling between events or points in time
During the intervening two hours, the protesters
have gone, the riot police have vanished.
The Guardian (Jun 13, 2013)
jurisprudence
the branch of philosophy concerned with the law
The majority’s discussion of the requirements of
Article III bears no resemblance to our
jurisprudence.

wryly
in a humorously sarcastic or mocking manner
I nd it wryly amusing that the majority seeks to
dismiss the requirement of party-adverseness as
nothingmore than a “prudential” aspect of the sole
Article IIIrequirement of standing.

relegate
assign to a lower position
( Relegating a jurisdictional requirement to
“prudential” status is a wondrous device,enabling
courts to ignore the requirement whenever
theybelieve it “prudent”—which is to say, a good
idea.)

counterintuitive
contrary to what common sense would suggest
The authorities the majority cites fall miles short of
supporting the counterintuitive notion that an
Article III “controversy” can exist without
disagreement between the parties.
circumscribe
restrict or con ne
The o cers sought to appeal the holding of Fourth
Amendment violation, which would circumscribe
their future conduct; the plainti continued to insist
that a Fourth Amendment violation had occurred.

enjoin
give instructions to or direct somebody to do something
Where the Executive is forcing an unconstitutional
law, suit will of course lie; but if, in that suit, the
Executive admits the unconstitutionality of the law,
the litigation should end in an order or a consent
decree enjoining enforcement.

scrimmage
practice play between two teams
...in which event Windsor would not have been
injured, the District Court could not have refereed this
friendly scrimmage, and the Executive’s
determination of unconstitutionality would have
escaped this Court’s desire to blurt out its view of the
law.
blurt
utter impulsively
...in which event Windsor would not havebeen
injured, the District Court could not have refereed this
friendly scrimmage, and the Executive’s
determination of unconstitutionality would have
escaped this Court’s desire to blurt out its view of the
law.

innumerable
too many to be counted
The matter would have been left, as so many matters
ought to be left, to a tug of war between the
President and the Congress, which has
innumerable means (up to and including
impeachment) of compelling the President to enforce
the laws it has written.

impeachment
a formal document charging a public o cial with misconduct
The matter would have been left, as so many matters
ought to be left, to atug of war between the President
and the Congress, whichhas innumerable means (up
to and including impeachment) of compelling the
President to enforce the laws ithas written.
compelling
driving or forcing
So, for example, those classi cations subject to strict
scrutiny—i.e., classi cations that must be “narrowly
tailored” to achieve a “ compelling” government
interest.

evade
avoid or try to avoid ful lling, answering, or performing
Or the President could have evaded presentation of
the constitutional issue to this Court simply by
declining to appeal the District Court and Court of
Appeals dispositions he agreed with.

disposition
an attitude of mind that favors one alternative over others
Or the President could have evaded presentation of
the constitutional issue to this Court simply by
declining to appeal the District Court and Court of
Appeals dispositions he agreed with.

insulate
place or set apart
Be sure of this much: If a President wants to
insulate his judgment of unconstitutionality from
our review, he can.
brandish
move or swing back and forth
Raising his arms over his head, assuming poses,
brandishing the putting iron like a sword.
The New Yorker (Jun 3, 2013)

expound
add details, as to an account or idea
The very next sentence of Chief Justice Marshall’s
opinion makes the crucial quali cation that today’s
majority ignores: “Those who apply the rule to
particular cases, must of necessity expound and
interpret that rule.”

contempt
disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body
The whole proceeding was in contempt of the court,
and highly reprehensible .

reprehensible
bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure
The whole proceeding was in contempt of the court,
and highly reprehensible .
procure
get by special e ort
A judgment in form, thus procured, in the eye of the
law is no judgment of the court.

impetuous
characterized by undue haste and lack of thought
He had a horrendous rst half, he was impetuous,
tried to win the war right away, diving in at players.
The Guardian (Feb 15, 2013)

vortex
the shape of something rotating rapidly
The ying insults were thoroughly entertaining, and
all in an emotional vortex.
New York Times (Dec 24, 2011)

heretofore
up to this point or up to the present time
He orders an “Old Spanish,” a mixed drink that
heretofore existed only in the 30 Rock universe.
Time (Apr 23, 2013)
hale
cause to do through pressure or necessity
JUSTICE ALITO would create a system in which
Congress can hale the Executive before the courts
not only to vindicate its own institutional powers to
act, but to correct a perceived inadequacy in the
execution of its laws.3 This would lay to rest
Tocqueville’s praise of our judicial system as one
which “intimately bind[s] the case made for the law
with the case made for one man,” one in which
legislation is “no longer exposed to the daily
aggression of the parties,” and in which “[t]he
political

vindicate
clear of accusation, blame, or doubt with supporting proof
JUSTICE ALITO would create a system in which
Congress can hale the Executive before the courts not
only to vindicate its own institutional powers to act,
but to correct a perceived inadequacy in the
execution of its laws

opine
express one's view openly and without fear or hesitation
Or when the President simply declines to enforce it
without opining on its constitutionality?
pretext
a ctitious reason that conceals the real reason
If it is the inoperativeness that constitutes the injury
—the “impairment of [the legislative] function,” as
JUSTICE ALITO puts it, (post, at 4—)it should make no
di erence which of the other two branches in icts it,
and whether the Constitution is the pretext.

censure
harsh criticism or disapproval
JUSTICE ALITO’s notion of standing will likewise
enormously shrink the area to which “judicial
censure, exercised by the courts on legislation,
cannot extend,” ibid.

implementation
the act of providing a means for accomplishing something
For example, a bare majority of both Houses could
bring into court the assertion that the Executive’s
implementation of welfare programs is too
generous—a failure that no other litigant would have
standing to complain about.
erroneous
containing or characterized by mistakes
...if Congress can sue the Executive for the
erroneous application of the law that “injures” its
power to legislate, surely the Executive can sue
Congress for its erroneous adoption of an
unconstitutional law that “injures” the Executive’s
power to administer—or perhaps for its protracted
failure to act on one of his nominations.

administer
supervise or be in charge of
... if Congress can sue the Executive for the erroneous
application of the law that “injures” its power
tolegislate, surely the Executive can sue Congress for
its erroneous adoption of an unconstitutional law
that “injures” the Executive’s power to administer—
or perhaps for its protracted failure to act on one of
his nominations.

protracted
relatively long in duration
, if Congress can sue the Executive for the erroneous
application of the law that “injures” its power
tolegislate, surely the Executive can sue Congress for
its erroneous adoption of an unconstitutional law
that “injures” the Executive’s power to administer—or
perhaps for its protracted failure to act on one of
his nominations.
invoke
summon into action or bring into existence
To be sure, if Congress cannot invoke our authority
in the way that JUSTICE ALITO proposes, then its only
recourse is to confront the President directly.

recourse
act of turning to for assistance
To be sure, if Congress cannot invoke our authority
in the way that JUSTICE ALITO proposes, then its only
recourse is to confront the President directly.

compel
force somebody to do something
If majorities in both Houses of Congress care enough
about the matter, they have available innumerable
ways to compel executive action without a lawsuit—
from refusing to con rm Presidential appointees to
the elimination of funding.

concomitant
following or accompanying as a consequence
But no one questions the power of the States to
de ne marriage (with the concomitant conferral of
dignity and status), so what is the point of devoting
seven pages to describing how long and well
established that power is?
disclaim
make a disavowal about
Even after the opinion has formally disclaimed
reliance upon principles of federalism,mentions of
“the usual tradition of recognizing and accepting
state de nitions of marriage” continue.

rhetorical
relating to using language e ectively
The opinion never explains. My guess is that the
majority, while reluctant to suggest that de ning the
meaning of “marriage” in federal statutes is
unsupported by any of the Federal Government’s
enumerated powers, nonetheless needs some
rhetorical basis to support its pretense ...

pretense
an artful or simulated semblance
But any pretense to being a world-class out t was
hard to justify in such surroundings.
New York Times (Jun 22, 2013)

rationality
the state of having good sense and sound judgment
[the] central question in this litigation: whether,
under the Equal Protection Clause, laws restricting
marriage to a man and a woman are reviewed for
more than mere rationality.
skepticism
doubt about the truth of something
In accord with my previously expressed skepticism
about the Court’s “tiers of scrutiny”approach, I would
review this classi cation only for its rationality.

bereft
sorrowful through loss or deprivation
So would the further suggestion (also necessary,
under our substantive-due-process precedents) that a
world in which DOMA exists is one bereft of
“‘ordered liberty.’”

amorphous
having no de nite form or distinct shape
The sum of all the Court’s nonspeci c hand-waving is
that this law is invalid (maybe on equal-protection
grounds, maybe on substantive-dueprocess grounds,
and perhaps with some amorphous federalism
component playing a role) because it is motivatedby
a “‘bare . . . desire to harm’” couples in same-sex
marriages.
consumption
the act of using something up
It is enough to say that the Constitution neither
requires nor forbids our society to approve of same-
sex marriage, much as it neither requires nor forbids
us to approve of no-fault divorce, polygamy, or the
consumption of alcohol.

condemnation
an expression of strong disapproval
After the coup, President Obama expressed “deep
concern,” steering clear of any explicit
condemnation.
New York Times (Jul 4, 2013)

scorn
lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike
Politicians with high salaries giving jobs and ights to
relatives are widely scorned.
BBC (Jun 19, 2013)

anodyne
capable of relieving pain
Laying such a charge against them should require
the most extraordinary evidence, and I would have
thought that every attempt would be made to
indulge a more anodyne explanation for the statute.
paraphrase
express the same message in di erent words
It makes only a passing mention of the “arguments
put forward” by the Act’s defenders, and does not
even trouble to paraphrase or describe them.

deliberation
careful consideration
Congress has hardly demonstrated itself unwilling to
make such further, revising judgments upon due
deliberation.

condemn
express strong disapproval of
But to defend traditional marriage is not to
condemn, demean, or humiliate those who would
prefer other arrangements, any more than to defend
the Constitution of the United States is to condemn,
demean, or humiliate other constitutions.

appalled
struck with fear, dread, or consternation
In sum, that Court which nds it so horri c that
Congress irrationally and hatefully robbed same-sex
couples of the “personhood and dignity” which state
legislatures conferred upon them, will of a certitude
be similarly appalled by state legislatures’ irrational
and hateful failure to acknowledge that “personhood
and dignity” in the rst place.
plebiscite
a vote determining public opinion on a question
There have been plebiscites, legislation, persuasion,
and loud voices—in other words, democracy.

despair
a state in which all hope is lost or absent
Some will rejoice in today’s decision, and some will
despair at it; that is the nature of a controversy that
matters so much to so many.

enshrine
hold sacred
Respondent Edith Windsor, supported by the United
States, asks this Court to intervene in that debate,
and although she couches her argument in di erent
terms, what she seeks is a holding that enshrines in
the Constitution a particular understanding of
marriage under which the sex of the partners makes
no di erence.

contingent
determined by conditions or circumstances that follow
With the deals seemingly contingent on each other,
they would violate the league’s collective bargaining
agreement, which bans transactions involving
players and coaches.
grievous
of great gravity or crucial import
Indeed, because legislating is Congress’ central
function, any impairment of that function is a more
grievous injury than the impairment of a
procedural add-on.

bolster
support and strengthen
The results were bolstered by strong gains in
trading revenue.
New York Times (Jul 15, 2013)

rati cation
making something valid by formally con rming it
“Here, the plainti s include twenty senators, whose
votes against rati cation have been overridden and
virtually held for naught although if they are right in
their contentions their votes would have been
su cient to defeat rati cation.

naught
a quantity of no importance
"By strikingdown §3 of DOMA as unconstitutional,
the Second Circuit e ectively “held for naught” an
Act of Congress."
ratify
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation
Under a legal deal signed between London and
Amman last April, the treaty will be rati ed by the
British government by June 21.

collegial
having authority vested equally among colleagues
citing cases to the e ect that “members of collegial
bodies do not have standing to perfect an appealthe
body itself has declined to take”

conscience
motivation deriving from ethical or moral principles
...referring to fundamental rights as those that are so
“rooted in the traditions and conscience of our
people as to be ranked as fundamental"

implicit
suggested though not directly expressed
“‘ implicit in the concept of ordered liberty,’ such
that ‘neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were
sacri ced.’”
humility
a lack of arrogance or false pride
Faced with such a request, judges have cause for
both caution and humility.

gradual
proceeding in small stages
Past changes in the understand-ing of marriage—for
example, the gradual ascendance of the idea that
romantic love is a prerequisite to marriage— have
had far-reaching consequences.

prerequisite
something that is needed or obligatory in advance
Past changes in the understand-ing of marriage—for
example, the gradual ascendance of the idea that
romantic love is a prerequisite to marriage— have
had far-reaching consequences.

exigent
demanding immediate attention
The state court suppressed the evidence, saying there
had been no “ exigent circumstances” that excused
the failure to obtain a warrant.
advent
arrival that has been awaited
...sociologists have documented, it sometimes takes
decades to document the e ects of social changes—
like the sharp rise in divorce rates following the
advent of no-fault divorce—on children and society.

fortify
make strong or stronger
Others think that recognition of same-sex marriage
will fortify a now-shaky institution.

rami cation
a consequence, especially one that causes complications
At present, no one—including social scientists,
philosophers, and historians—can predict with any
certainty what the long-term rami cations of
widespread acceptance of same-sex marriage will be.

deplore
express strong disapproval of
Among those holding that position, some deplore
and some applaud this predicted development.
purport
have the often specious appearance of being or intending
They further maintain that the governmental
interests that §3 purports to serve are not
su ciently important and that it has not been
adequately shown that §3 serves those interests very
well.

arbitrary
based on or subject to individual discretion or preference
Underlying our equal protection jurisprudence is the
central notion that “[a] classi cation ‘must be
reasonable, not arbitrary, and must rest upon some
ground of di erence having a fair and substantial
relation to the object of the legislation, so that all
persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated
alike.’”

heuristic
a commonsense rule to help solve some problem
The modern tiers of scrutiny—on which Windsor and
the United States rely so heavily—are a heuristic to
help judges determine when classi cations have that
“fair and substantial relation to the object of the
legislation.”
tailor
adjust to a speci c need or market
The command, which is based in Tampa, also
operates multilingual news Web sites tailored to
speci c regions.
Washington Post (Jul 7, 2013)

antipathy
a feeling of intense dislike
"...laws grounded in such considerations are deemed
to re ect prejudice and antipathy.”

outmoded
no longer in fashion
In other contexts, however, the Court has found that
classi cations based on gender are “arbitrary,”( Reed,
supra, at 76), and based on “ outmoded notions of
the relative capabilities of men and women,”
(Cleburne, supra, at 441,) as when a State provides
that a man must always be preferred to an equally
quali ed woman when both seek to administer the
estate of a deceased party, (see Reed, supra, at 76–
77.)
scrutinize
examine carefully for accuracy
In India today, social activists and the courts are
vigorously scrutinizing public servants, which
impacts response time.
New York Times (Jun 24, 2013)

intrinsically
with respect to its inherent nature
They argue that marriage is essentially the
solemnizing of a comprehensive, exclusive,
permanent union that is intrinsically ordered to
producing new life, even if it does not always do so.

inextricably
in a manner incapable of being disentangled or untied
While modern cultural changes have weakened the
link between marriage and procreation in the
popular mind, there is no doubt that, throughout
human history and across many cultures, marriage
has been viewed as an exclusively opposite-sex
institution and as one inextricably linked to
procreation and biological kinship.
kinship
relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption
While modern cultural changes have weakened the
link between marriage and procreation in the
popular mind, there is no doubt that, throughout
human history and across many cultures, marriage
has been viewed as an exclusively opposite-sex
institution and as one inextricably linked to
procreation and biological kinship.

prominent
conspicuous in position or importance
At least as it applies to heterosexual couples, this
view of marriage now plays a very prominent role
in the popular understanding of the institution.

infuse
ll, as with a certain quality
Indeed, our popular culture is infused with this
understanding of marriage.

proponent
a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea
Proponents of same-sex marriage argue that
because gender di erentiation is not relevant to this
vision, the exclusion of same-sex couples from the
institution of marriage is rank discrimination.
arrogate
seize and take control without authority
Speci cally about the controversy stirred up by some
academics who have arrogated to themselves
spurious authority to discard parts of Hamlet.
Slate (Dec 27, 2012)

theologian
someone who is learned in the study of religion
Vernon White, Canon Theologian at Westminster
Abbey, said Lewis was an "extraordinarily
imaginative and rigorous thinker and writer".
BBC (Nov 21, 2012)

intractable
di cult to manage or mold
Since becoming secretary of state, Mr. Kerry has
worked to jump-start the peace process, embracing a
seemingly intractable issue.
New York Times (May 23, 2013)

rigorous
rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard
But forming that intuition is best done through a
series of rigorous, focused tests.
Forbes (Jul 1, 2013)
exacting
requiring precise accuracy
Kennedy said the appeals court did not test the Texas
plan under the most exacting level of judicial review.
Time (Jun 24, 2013)

reliable
worthy of being depended on
In countries where governments have made
improving internet access and reliable electricity key
priority, the bene ts are apparent.
The Guardian (Jul 12, 2013)

countermand
a contrary order reversing a previous order
We have long made clear that neither the political
branches of the Federal Government nor state
governments are required to be neutral between
competing visions of the good, provided that the
vision of the good that they adopt is not
countermanded by the Constitution.

assiduously
with care and persistence
And given the size of government and the degree to
which it now regulates daily life, it seems unlikely that
either Congress or the States could maintain
complete neutrality even if they tried assiduously to
do so.
encroach
advance beyond the usual limit
The Court reaches this conclusion in part because it
believes that §3 encroaches upon the States’
sovereign prerogative to de ne marriage.

prerogative
a right reserved exclusively by a person or group
The Court reaches this conclusion in part because it
believes that §3 encroaches upon the States’
sovereign prerogative to de ne marriage.

comprise
be made of
In these provisions, Congress used marital status as
a way of de ning this class—in part, I assume,
because it viewed marriage as a valua- ble institution
to be fostered and in part because it viewedmarried
couples as comprising a unique type of
economicunit that merits special regulatory
treatment.

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