APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

Standard Normal Cumulative Probability (Right-Hand Tail)

z-score
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
3.0 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00104 0.00100
3.5 2.33e-4 2.24e-4 2.16e-4 2.08e-4 2.00e-4 1.93e-4 1.85e-4 1.79e-4 1.72e-4 1.65e-4
4.0 3.17e-5 3.04e-5 2.91e-5 2.79e-5 2.67e-5 2.56e-5 2.45e-5 2.35e-5 2.25e-5 2.16e-5
4.5 3.40e-6 3.24e-6 3.09e-6 2.95e-6 2.82e-6 2.68e-6 2.56e-6 2.44e-6 2.33e-6 2.22e-6
5.0 2.87e-7 2.73e-7 2.59e-7 2.46e-7 2.33e-7 2.21e-7 2.10e-7 1.99e-7 1.89e-7 1.79e-7
Values in the table indicate the
shaded area in figure, which
gives P (z>z0), where z0 is the "z-
score."

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Z score

Page A-1
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

Student's t Critical Points

right-tail probability
0.2500 0.1000 0.0500 0.0250 0.0100 0.0050 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
1 1.0000 3.0777 6.3137 12.7062 31.8210 63.6559 127.3211 318.2888 636.5776
2 0.8165 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9645 9.9250 14.0892 22.3285 31.5998
3 0.7649 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8408 7.4532 10.2143 12.9244
4 0.7407 1.5332 2.1318 2.7765 3.7469 4.6041 5.5975 7.1729 8.6101
5 0.7267 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321 4.7733 5.8935 6.8685
6 0.7176 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074 4.3168 5.2075 5.9587
7 0.7111 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9979 3.4995 4.0294 4.7853 5.4081
8 0.7064 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554 3.8325 4.5008 5.0414
9 0.7027 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498 3.6896 4.2969 4.7809
10 0.6998 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693 3.5814 4.1437 4.5868
11 0.6974 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058 3.4966 4.0248 4.4369
12 0.6955 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545 3.4284 3.9296 4.3178
13 0.6938 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123 3.3725 3.8520 4.2209
14 0.6924 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768 3.3257 3.7874 4.1403
15 0.6912 1.3406 1.7531 2.1315 2.6025 2.9467 3.2860 3.7329 4.0728
16 0.6901 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208 3.2520 3.6861 4.0149
17 0.6892 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982 3.2224 3.6458 3.9651
degrees of frredom

18 0.6884 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784 3.1966 3.6105 3.9217

19 0.6876 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609 3.1737 3.5793 3.8833
20 0.6870 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453 3.1534 3.5518 3.8496
21 0.6864 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314 3.1352 3.5271 3.8193
22 0.6858 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188 3.1188 3.5050 3.7922
23 0.6853 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073 3.1040 3.4850 3.7676
24 0.6848 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7970 3.0905 3.4668 3.7454
25 0.6844 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874 3.0782 3.4502 3.7251
26 0.6840 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787 3.0669 3.4350 3.7067
27 0.6837 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707 3.0565 3.4210 3.6895
28 0.6834 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633 3.0470 3.4082 3.6739
29 0.6830 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564 3.0380 3.3963 3.6595
30 0.6828 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500 3.0298 3.3852 3.6460
35 0.6816 1.3062 1.6896 2.0301 2.4377 2.7238 2.9961 3.3400 3.5911
40 0.6807 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045 2.9712 3.3069 3.5510
45 0.6800 1.3007 1.6794 2.0141 2.4121 2.6896 2.9521 3.2815 3.5203
50 0.6794 1.2987 1.6759 2.0086 2.4033 2.6778 2.9370 3.2614 3.4960
60 0.6786 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603 2.9146 3.2317 3.4602
70 0.6780 1.2938 1.6669 1.9944 2.3808 2.6479 2.8987 3.2108 3.4350
80 0.6776 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387 2.8870 3.1952 3.4164
90 0.6772 1.2910 1.6620 1.9867 2.3685 2.6316 2.8779 3.1832 3.4019
100 0.6770 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259 2.8707 3.1738 3.3905
∞ 0.6745 1.2816 1.6449 1.9600 2.3263 2.5758 2.8071 3.0902 3.2905

critical point

Values in the table are the "critical points," the t-

values that give the desired probability in the
right-hand tail.

t -value

Page A-2
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

2
χ (chi-square) Critical Points
left-tail probability
0.2500 0.1000 0.0500 0.0250 0.0100 0.0050 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
1 0.1015 0.0158 3.93e-3 9.82e-4 1.57e-4 3.93e-5 9.82e-6 1.57e-6 3.93e-7
2 0.5754 0.2107 0.1026 0.0506 0.0201 0.0100 5.01e-3 2.00e-3 1.00e-3
3 1.2125 0.5844 0.3518 0.2158 0.1148 0.0717 0.0449 0.0243 0.0153
4 1.9226 1.0636 0.7107 0.4844 0.2971 0.2070 0.1449 0.0908 0.0639
5 2.6746 1.6103 1.1455 0.8312 0.5543 0.4118 0.3075 0.2102 0.1581
6 3.4546 2.2041 1.6354 1.2373 0.8721 0.6757 0.5266 0.3810 0.2994
7 4.2549 2.8331 2.1673 1.6899 1.2390 0.9893 0.7945 0.5985 0.4849
8 5.0706 3.4895 2.7326 2.1797 1.6465 1.3444 1.1042 0.8571 0.7104
9 5.8988 4.1682 3.3251 2.7004 2.0879 1.7349 1.4501 1.1519 0.9718
10 6.7372 4.8652 3.9403 3.2470 2.5582 2.1558 1.8274 1.4787 1.2651
11 7.5841 5.5778 4.5748 3.8157 3.0535 2.6032 2.2321 1.8338 1.5870
12 8.4384 6.3038 5.2260 4.4038 3.5706 3.0738 2.6612 2.2141 1.9345
13 9.2991 7.0415 5.8919 5.0087 4.1069 3.5650 3.1118 2.6172 2.3049
14 10.1653 7.7895 6.5706 5.6287 4.6604 4.0747 3.5820 3.0407 2.6966
15 11.0365 8.5468 7.2609 6.2621 5.2294 4.6009 4.0697 3.4825 3.1073
16 11.9122 9.3122 7.9616 6.9077 5.8122 5.1422 4.5734 3.9417 3.5357
degrees of frredom

17 12.7919 10.0852 8.6718 7.5642 6.4077 5.6973 5.0916 4.4162 3.9800

18 13.6753 10.8649 9.3904 8.2307 7.0149 6.2648 5.6234 4.9048 4.4391
19 14.5620 11.6509 10.1170 8.9065 7.6327 6.8439 6.1673 5.4067 4.9125
20 15.4518 12.4426 10.8508 9.5908 8.2604 7.4338 6.7228 5.9210 5.3978
21 16.3444 13.2396 11.5913 10.2829 8.8972 8.0336 7.2889 6.4467 5.8954
22 17.2396 14.0415 12.3380 10.9823 9.5425 8.6427 7.8648 6.9829 6.4041
23 18.1373 14.8480 13.0905 11.6885 10.1957 9.2604 8.4503 7.5291 6.9240
24 19.0373 15.6587 13.8484 12.4011 10.8563 9.8862 9.0441 8.0847 7.4528
25 19.9393 16.4734 14.6114 13.1197 11.5240 10.5196 9.6462 8.6494 7.9905
26 20.8434 17.2919 15.3792 13.8439 12.1982 11.1602 10.2561 9.2222 8.5374
27 21.7494 18.1139 16.1514 14.5734 12.8785 11.8077 10.8733 9.8029 9.0929
28 22.6572 18.9392 16.9279 15.3079 13.5647 12.4613 11.4973 10.3907 9.6558
29 23.5666 19.7677 17.7084 16.0471 14.2564 13.1211 12.1278 10.9861 10.2266
30 24.4776 20.5992 18.4927 16.7908 14.9535 13.7867 12.7646 11.5876 10.8040
35 29.0540 24.7966 22.4650 20.5694 18.5089 17.1917 16.0315 14.6881 13.7879
40 33.6603 29.0505 26.5093 24.4331 22.1642 20.7066 19.4171 17.9166 16.9058
45 38.2910 33.3504 30.6123 28.3662 25.9012 24.3110 22.8994 21.2509 20.1361
50 42.9421 37.6886 34.7642 32.3574 29.7067 27.9908 26.4636 24.6736 23.4611
60 52.2938 46.4589 43.1880 40.4817 37.4848 35.5344 33.7909 31.7381 30.3393
70 61.6983 55.3289 51.7393 48.7575 45.4417 43.2753 41.3323 39.0358 37.4671
80 71.1445 64.2778 60.3915 57.1532 53.5400 51.1719 49.0430 46.5197 44.7917
90 80.6247 73.2911 69.1260 65.6466 61.7540 59.1963 56.8918 54.1559 52.2768
100 90.1332 82.3581 77.9294 74.2219 70.0650 67.3275 64.8571 61.9182 59.8946

critical point
Values in the table are the "critical points," the χ2
values that give the desired probability in the left-
hand tail.

2
chi-squared (χ ) value

Page A-3
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

2
χ (chi-square) Critical Points
right-tail probability
0.2500 0.1000 0.0500 0.0250 0.0100 0.0050 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
1 1.3233 2.7055 3.8415 5.0239 6.6349 7.8794 9.1404 10.827 12.115
2 2.7726 4.6052 5.9915 7.3778 9.2104 10.597 11.983 13.815 15.201
3 4.1083 6.2514 7.8147 9.3484 11.345 12.838 14.320 16.266 17.731
4 5.3853 7.7794 9.4877 11.143 13.277 14.860 16.424 18.466 19.998
5 6.6257 9.2363 11.070 12.832 15.086 16.750 18.385 20.515 22.106
6 7.8408 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548 20.249 22.457 24.102
7 9.0371 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278 22.040 24.321 26.018
8 10.219 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955 23.774 26.124 27.867
9 11.389 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589 25.463 27.877 29.667
10 12.549 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188 27.112 29.588 31.419
11 13.701 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757 28.729 31.264 33.138
12 14.845 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300 30.318 32.909 34.821
13 15.984 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819 31.883 34.527 36.477
14 17.117 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319 33.426 36.124 38.109
15 18.245 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801 34.949 37.698 39.717
16 19.369 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267 36.456 39.252 41.308
degrees of frredom

17 20.489 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718 37.946 40.791 42.881

18 21.605 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156 39.422 42.312 44.434
19 22.718 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582 40.885 43.819 45.974
20 23.828 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997 42.336 45.314 47.498
21 24.935 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401 43.775 46.796 49.010
22 26.039 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796 45.204 48.268 50.510
23 27.141 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181 46.623 49.728 51.999
24 28.241 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.558 48.034 51.179 53.478
25 29.339 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928 49.435 52.619 54.948
26 30.435 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290 50.829 54.051 56.407
27 31.528 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645 52.215 55.475 57.856
28 32.620 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.994 53.594 56.892 59.299
29 33.711 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.335 54.966 58.301 60.734
30 34.800 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672 56.332 59.702 62.160
35 40.223 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275 63.076 66.619 69.197
40 45.616 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766 69.699 73.403 76.096
45 50.985 57.505 61.656 65.410 69.957 73.166 76.223 80.078 82.873
50 56.334 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490 82.664 86.660 89.560
60 66.981 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952 95.344 99.608 102.697
70 77.577 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215 107.808 112.317 115.577
80 88.130 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321 120.102 124.839 128.264
90 98.650 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299 132.255 137.208 140.780
100 109.141 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.170 144.292 149.449 153.164

critical point

Values in the table are the "critical points," the χ2

values that give the desired probability in the right-
hand tail.

2
chi-squared (χ ) value

Page A-4
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

F distribution Critical Points, Right-tail Probability = 0.05

degrees of freedom in numerator (v1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 161 199 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 248 249 249 249 249
2 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5
3 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 8.70 8.69 8.68 8.67 8.67 8.66 8.65 8.65 8.64 8.64 8.63
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.89 5.87 5.86 5.84 5.83 5.82 5.81 5.80 5.79 5.79 5.78 5.77 5.77
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.62 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.57 4.56 4.55 4.54 4.53 4.53 4.52
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.88 3.87 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.83
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.40
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.13 3.12 3.12 3.11
degrees of freedom in denominator (v2)

9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.77 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.73
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.67 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.60
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.51 2.50
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.44 2.43 2.42 2.41
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.34
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.24 2.23
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.18
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.11
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.05
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.02
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.01 2.00
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.97
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.96
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.91
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88

critical point
Values in the table are the "critical points," the
f- values that give a probability of 0.05 in the right-
hand tail.
tail area = 0.05

f -value

Page A-5
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

F distribution Critical Points, Right-tail Probability = 0.025

degrees of freedom in numerator (v1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 648 799 864 900 922 937 948 957 963 969 973 977 980 983 985 987 989 990 992 993 994 995 996 997 998
2 38.5 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5
3 17.4 16.0 15.4 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1
4 12.2 10.6 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.72 8.68 8.66 8.63 8.61 8.59 8.58 8.56 8.55 8.53 8.52 8.51 8.50
5 10.0 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52 6.49 6.46 6.43 6.40 6.38 6.36 6.34 6.33 6.31 6.30 6.29 6.28 6.27
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37 5.33 5.30 5.27 5.24 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.15 5.14 5.13 5.12 5.11
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67 4.63 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.52 4.50 4.48 4.47 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.41 4.40
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.16 4.13 4.10 4.08 4.05 4.03 4.02 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.94
degrees of freedom in denominator (v2)

9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.70 3.68 3.67 3.65 3.64 3.63 3.61 3.60
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.55 3.52 3.50 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.38 3.37 3.35
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.23 3.21 3.20 3.18 3.17 3.16
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.11 3.09 3.07 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.02 3.01
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.89 2.88
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.95 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.78
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.81 2.79 2.77 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.61
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.79 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.50 2.49
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.62 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.44
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.40
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.36
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.32
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.29
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.26
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.56 2.51 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.23
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.21
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.16
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.14
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.12

critical point Values in the table are the "critical points," the
f- values that give a probability of 0.025 in the right-
hand tail.
tail area = 0.025

f -value

Page A-6
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

F distribution Critical Points, Right-tail Probability = 0.01

degrees of freedom in numerator (v1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 4052 4999 5404 5624 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6107 6126 6143 6157 6170 6181 6191 6201 6209 6216 6223 6229 6234 6240
2 98.5 99.0 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
3 34.1 30.8 29.5 28.7 28.2 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6
4 21.2 18.0 16.7 16.0 15.5 15.2 15.0 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 13.9
5 16.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.96 9.89 9.82 9.77 9.72 9.68 9.64 9.61 9.58 9.55 9.53 9.51 9.49 9.47 9.45
6 13.7 10.9 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.66 7.60 7.56 7.52 7.48 7.45 7.42 7.40 7.37 7.35 7.33 7.31 7.30
7 12.2 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.41 6.36 6.31 6.28 6.24 6.21 6.18 6.16 6.13 6.11 6.09 6.07 6.06
8 11.3 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.61 5.56 5.52 5.48 5.44 5.41 5.38 5.36 5.34 5.32 5.30 5.28 5.26
degrees of freedom in denominator (v2)

9 10.6 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 5.05 5.01 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86 4.83 4.81 4.79 4.77 4.75 4.73 4.71
10 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.65 4.60 4.56 4.52 4.49 4.46 4.43 4.41 4.38 4.36 4.34 4.33 4.31
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.34 4.29 4.25 4.21 4.18 4.15 4.12 4.10 4.08 4.06 4.04 4.02 4.01
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.10 4.05 4.01 3.97 3.94 3.91 3.88 3.86 3.84 3.82 3.80 3.78 3.76
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.91 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.66 3.64 3.62 3.60 3.59 3.57
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.75 3.70 3.66 3.62 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.51 3.48 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.41
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.52 3.49 3.45 3.42 3.40 3.37 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.28
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.50 3.45 3.41 3.37 3.34 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.16
17 8.40 6.11 5.19 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.07
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.32 3.27 3.23 3.19 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.02 3.00 2.98
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.24 3.19 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.91
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.79
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.88 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.78 2.77 2.75 2.73
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.97 2.93 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.64
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.94 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.96 2.90 2.86 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.87 2.82 2.78 2.75 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.54
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.51
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.69 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.48
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45

critical point
Values in the table are the "critical points," the
f- values that give a probability of 0.01 in the right-
hand tail.
tail area = 0.01

f -value

Page A-7
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

F distribution Critical Points, Right-tail Probability = 0.005

degrees of freedom in numerator (v1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 16212 19997 21614 22501 23056 23440 23715 23924 24091 24222 24334 24427 24505 24572 24632 24684 24728 24766 24803 24837 24863 24892 24915 24937 24959
2 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4
3 55.6 49.8 47.5 46.2 45.4 44.8 44.4 44.1 43.9 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.2 43.1 43.0 42.9 42.9 42.8 42.8 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.6 42.6
4 31.3 26.3 24.3 23.2 22.5 22.0 21.6 21.4 21.1 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.0 20.0
5 22.8 18.3 16.5 15.6 14.9 14.5 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
6 18.6 14.5 12.9 12.0 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.0 9.95 9.88 9.81 9.76 9.71 9.66 9.62 9.59 9.56 9.53 9.50 9.47 9.45
7 16.2 12.4 10.9 10.1 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51 8.38 8.27 8.18 8.10 8.03 7.97 7.91 7.87 7.83 7.79 7.75 7.72 7.69 7.67 7.64 7.62
8 14.7 11.0 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34 7.21 7.10 7.01 6.94 6.87 6.81 6.76 6.72 6.68 6.64 6.61 6.58 6.55 6.53 6.50 6.48
degrees of freedom in denominator (v2)

9 13.6 10.1 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54 6.42 6.31 6.23 6.15 6.09 6.03 5.98 5.94 5.90 5.86 5.83 5.80 5.78 5.75 5.73 5.71
10 12.8 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97 5.85 5.75 5.66 5.59 5.53 5.47 5.42 5.38 5.34 5.31 5.27 5.25 5.22 5.20 5.17 5.15
11 12.2 8.91 7.60 6.88 6.42 6.10 5.86 5.68 5.54 5.42 5.32 5.24 5.16 5.10 5.05 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86 4.83 4.80 4.78 4.76 4.74
12 11.8 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20 5.09 4.99 4.91 4.84 4.77 4.72 4.67 4.63 4.59 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.48 4.45 4.43 4.41
13 11.4 8.19 6.93 6.23 5.79 5.48 5.25 5.08 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.64 4.57 4.51 4.46 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.30 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.19 4.17 4.15
14 11.1 7.92 6.68 6.00 5.56 5.26 5.03 4.86 4.72 4.60 4.51 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.25 4.20 4.16 4.12 4.09 4.06 4.03 4.01 3.98 3.96 3.94
15 10.8 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54 4.42 4.33 4.25 4.18 4.12 4.07 4.02 3.98 3.95 3.91 3.88 3.86 3.83 3.81 3.79 3.77
16 10.6 7.51 6.30 5.64 5.21 4.91 4.69 4.52 4.38 4.27 4.18 4.10 4.03 3.97 3.92 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.76 3.73 3.71 3.68 3.66 3.64 3.62
17 10.4 7.35 6.16 5.50 5.07 4.78 4.56 4.39 4.25 4.14 4.05 3.97 3.90 3.84 3.79 3.75 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.61 3.58 3.56 3.53 3.51 3.49
18 10.2 7.21 6.03 5.37 4.96 4.66 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.45 3.42 3.40 3.38
19 10.1 7.09 5.92 5.27 4.85 4.56 4.34 4.18 4.04 3.93 3.84 3.76 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.37 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29
20 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96 3.85 3.76 3.68 3.61 3.55 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.32 3.29 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.20
21 9.83 6.89 5.73 5.09 4.68 4.39 4.18 4.01 3.88 3.77 3.68 3.60 3.54 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.19 3.17 3.15 3.13
22 9.73 6.81 5.65 5.02 4.61 4.32 4.11 3.94 3.81 3.70 3.61 3.54 3.47 3.41 3.36 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.06
23 9.63 6.73 5.58 4.95 4.54 4.26 4.05 3.88 3.75 3.64 3.55 3.47 3.41 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.02 3.00
24 9.55 6.66 5.52 4.89 4.49 4.20 3.99 3.83 3.69 3.59 3.50 3.42 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.95
25 9.48 6.60 5.46 4.84 4.43 4.15 3.94 3.78 3.64 3.54 3.45 3.37 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.99 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90
26 9.41 6.54 5.41 4.79 4.38 4.10 3.89 3.73 3.60 3.49 3.40 3.33 3.26 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.89 2.87 2.85
27 9.34 6.49 5.36 4.74 4.34 4.06 3.85 3.69 3.56 3.45 3.36 3.28 3.22 3.16 3.11 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.88 2.85 2.83 2.81
28 9.28 6.44 5.32 4.70 4.30 4.02 3.81 3.65 3.52 3.41 3.32 3.25 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.79 2.77
29 9.23 6.40 5.28 4.66 4.26 3.98 3.77 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.04 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.88 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74
30 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.25 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.77 2.75 2.73 2.71

critical point
Values in the table are the "critical points," the
f- values that give a probability of 0.005 in the right-
hand tail.
tail area = 0.005

f -value

Page A-8
 APPENDIX: Statistical Tables

Critical Points for Outlier Test Statistics - Univariate Data

critical values for testing at 95% confidence
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
n k=2 k=3 k=4
3 1.15 2.00 0.941
4 1.46 2.43 0.765
5 1.67 2.10 2.75 0.642 0.976
6 1.82 2.41 3.01 0.560 0.872
7 1.94 2.66 2.97 3.22 0.507 0.780
8 2.03 2.87 3.29 3.40 0.468 0.710
9 2.11 3.04 3.58 3.82 3.55 0.437 0.657
10 2.18 3.18 3.82 4.17 3.69 0.412 0.612
12 2.29 3.44 4.24 4.72 3.91 0.376 0.546
14 2.37 3.66 4.57 5.20 4.09 0.349 0.501
16 2.44 3.83 4.85 5.60 4.24 0.329 0.467
18 2.50 3.96 5.08 5.91 4.37 0.313 0.440
20 2.56 4.11 5.30 6.22 4.49 0.300 0.419
25 (2.65) (4.34) (5.67) (6.74) (4.69) 0.277 0.382
30 2.74 4.56 6.03 7.26 4.89 0.260 0.355

critical values for testing at 99% confidence

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
n k=2 k=3 k=4
3 1.15 2.00 0.988
4 1.49 2.45 0.889
5 1.75 2.16 2.80 0.780 0.995
6 1.94 2.50 3.10 0.698 0.951
7 2.10 2.79 3.08 3.34 0.637 0.885
8 2.22 3.02 3.42 3.54 0.590 0.829
9 2.32 3.22 3.73 3.98 3.72 0.555 0.776
10 2.41 3.40 4.00 4.34 3.87 0.527 0.726
12 2.55 3.70 4.44 4.92 4.13 0.482 0.642
14 2.66 3.92 4.83 5.42 4.34 0.450 0.593
16 2.75 4.10 5.14 5.85 4.52 0.426 0.557
18 2.82 4.25 5.38 6.20 4.67 0.407 0.529
20 2.88 4.41 5.60 6.54 4.80 0.391 0.506
25 (2.99) (4.67) (6.01) (7.09) (5.03) 0.362 0.464
30 3.10 4.92 6.41 7.64 5.26 0.341 0.433

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
✟  x i − x  x n − x n−1 x n − x n−2
upper xn − x
sx sx xn − x1 xn − x2
xn − x1
sx
✟  x − x i  x2 − x1 x3 − x1
lower x − x1
sx sx xn − x1 x n−1 − x 1

Note: the numbers in (parantheses) are estimated by linear interpolation from the
neighboring values.

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