Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

Introduction

Since it is the largest outer organ of the body that comes into contact

with the rest of the world, the skin is the most apparent aspect of an

individual’s physical appearance as well as general health. Most notably,

skin is a highly flexible, self-repairable covering responsible for numerous

significant activities of the body such as protection, regulation, and

sensation. However, this outer layer shield is susceptible to trauma, or

infections due to its exposure to chemicals, radiations, variable

temperatures that lead to dryness, rashes, fungal and bacterial infections

causing redness and inflammation (Das et al, 2009). Hence, it requires

protection, moisture, and nutrients to stay smooth, supple and healthy in

order to perform its physiological function effectively. One of the most

effective steps taken to achieve wholesome skin is the use of lotions;

however, they should be used wisely.

According to Oxford dictionaries, lotions are thick, smooth liquid

preparations designed to be applied to the skin for medicinal or cosmetic

1
purposes. It is manufactured by cosmetics brands and is available in

different packages, scents and formulas.

The basic function of lotions is to help treat your skin when it's dry

and prevent it from drying out again. Lotions do this by holding water in the

stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, but, they have other

functions as well. They may contain certain ingredients that help the skin in

specific ways. Some can help protect your skin from the environment as

applying a moisturizer creates a barrier on your skin that keeps oils from

escaping and harmful outside elements from causing dryness or irritation

(Skin Moisturizer Basics, 2009). If signs of aging are a concern, lotions with

retinoids may reduce fine lines and even out skin tone. At the same time,

emollients in lotions act as a shield, protecting skin from factors like

pollution, which may also exacerbate aging. Other lotions may be packed

with acne-fighting ingredients, like salicylic acid, or contain oils to soothe

cuticles. In spite of these purposes, there are numerous formulations that

are made to treat many different skin types, including normal, dry, oily and

sensitive skin (Engel, para. 2 and 3).

The effectiveness of a lotion’s result depends on the ingredients and

how well in incorporates into an individual’s skin type. Thus, lotions with

chemical constitution should be used wisely and with professional help

2
because they might cause skin problems and may even increase the

problem on the first hand (Advantages and Disadvantages of Skin Care

Products, 2003). That is why it is important to note that people should learn

more about when and how to use different types of lotions as well as

choose the ingredients and consistency that is most beneficial for their

respective skin type.

The skin has its essentials to maintain beauty and health; if not given,

the damage would be irreversible and grave. A vital step to do so is through

the use of lotions yet some are careless with products. Thence, everyone

should tread carefully in using the appropriate ingredients to ensure that

they are operational at treating what their skin needs. To lessen this

concern, dermatologists recommend using the most gentle, safe and

effective natural and organic formulation.

In this research paper, the researchers formulated a homemade

plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin.

Making homemade lotions allow more freedom to customize

something that is natural and suitable for individual skin types without extra

additives such as preservatives and surfactants. Also, it is a cheap and

practical alternative to store – bought moisturizers. However, everybody

3
reacts differently and it is important to do a spot test or to ask a

dermatologist before any usage especially with sensitive skin types.

Dermatologists diagnose sensitive skin by looking at the following:

any reactions on the skin such as skin bumps, erosions, pustules, blotches,

redness, rashes, etc.; a very dry skin that cannot protect your nerve

endings well; and high skin flushing and blushing tendencies. When

choosing ingredients for sensitive skins, it is important to choose

components that will generally stimulate and ensure purity of the skin.

Furthermore, these ingredients should encourage growth of new cells,

provide nourishments for the skin and shield the skin from the various

environmental and external stressors (Kozlovkf and Kelsea, para. 1).

Sensitive skin types are tricky to care for. Many variables should be

considered regarding the ingredients and consistency to formulate a

compatible product. Through extensive studying, the researchers are

challenged to create and figure out the process of compatibility between

naturally organic plant-based lotions and sensitive skin types for the

gentlest, safe, and effective. This can pave way to a new discovery that can

help many aspects of society such as the cosmetic industry.

4
Background of the Study

An effective way to provide the appropriate essentials to the skin so it

can function efficiently is by applying the right lotion. Everyone especially

women should understand the importance of protecting, moisturizing, and

nurturing the skin for a healthy and lasting glow.

Because of this, the researchers have been inspired by the

significance of skin care and protection in today’s age. The problem lies not

only with beauty but safety from allergy and severe skin disorders. Hence,

the researchers have pondered on what kind of benefits and purpose it

should have. After much deliberation and research, the researchers have

noticed there are not many all-around skin care products, or were

reasonably priced. The researchers have concluded that they will innovate

on a healthy, protective, and safe lotion that can be made at home for a

fraction of the cost of those commercial or store brought all-around lotions.

This way, one can save money and know what goes in as well as how it is

made. The researchers are determined to help those suffering from very

high allergy reactions and have a tight budget, that they may be able to

take control with their own hands and create their own skin health and

protection lotion from plants and other simple ingredients.

5
Objectives

The researchers chose to study on a plant-based lotion intended for

people with sensitive skin due to these reasons:

1. To identify the appropriate plant ingredients that is compatible

to sensitive skin;

2. To put together a process that creates a homemade plant-

based lotion intended for sensitive skin;

3. To formulate a homemade body lotion that can moisturize, and

nurture sensitive skin and;

4. To determine if a plant based lotion should be recommended as

a new variety of lotions to the cosmetic industry.

Statement of the Problem

The problems that were encountered during the course of the study

paper were the following:

1. Are there plants compatible to use in making lotion intended for

sensitive skin?

2. What is the process in creating a homemade plant-based lotion

intended for sensitive skin?

6
 3. What sets the homemade plant-based lotion apart from the

commercially available products?

Basic Assumptions

The research is guided on the following assumptions:

1. There are plant ingredients compatible to sensitive skin;

2. There is a process to create a homemade plant-based lotion

intended for sensitive skin and;

3. The homemade plant based lotion has unique benefits that set

it apart from commercially-made products.

Significance of the Study

The research promotes the utility of a homemade plant-based lotion

intended for people with sensitive skin. It aims to create a lotion that is

effective and harmless for everyday use. Additionally, the research shows

that there are significant plants suitable to be used to make such. The

study will benefit the following:

For the community, the research will raise awareness to the

importance of skincare in everyday life. Most notably, it will apprise people

that plants can be utilized for various purposes, and one of them is for

7
skincare. This will encourage and reassure them to use this significant

lotion formulation because it is natural, organic and healthy for the skin.

For the market and farmers, the research will inform and update them

of the modernized usage of plants. The market and the farmers may profit

from the research since it increases the demand of plants such as root

crops, therefore increasing also the income of workers and the market

itself.

For people with sensitive skin, the researched formulation can be

used by anyone but is most effective and operational to those with sensitive

skin types. Presently, it is hard to find skincare products that are compatible

with sensitive skin; however, the research creates a formulation with safe

and effective ingredients. Therefore, this lotion is guaranteed to be made

naturally from plants and other safe ingredients. As a result, it nurtures the

skin well and reduces the chances of the skin reacting to the product.

For the future researchers, the research can serve as their topic to

further study the uses, benefits and effects of plants in lotions or to further

advance the knowledge of the study. Thus, it broadens their understanding

of specific plants and opens future research ideas about discovering new

formulations for other skin types or ingredients.

8
Conceptual Framework

Saucepan
Potato Shea Butter
Juicer
Carrot
Vitamin E Oil
Gas stove and
Aloe Vera Refrigerator
Coconut Oil
Measuring Equipment
Lavender
Essence Other
Glass jar
Ingredients
containers
Stainless spoon
Homemade Plant - Based
Extract Lotions Intended For Mixing Bowl
Sensitive Skin
Melt
Everyone/ Sensitive Skin
Combine Community Types

Store
Cosmetic Market
Industry
Cool

The homemade lotion is based on plant ingredients; however, it is not

only limited to such. The core plant ingredients used for the lotion consisted

of carrot and potato. Other ingredients or extracts include Shea butter, Aloe

Vera, Vitamin E oil, Coconut oil, and Lavender essential oil.

In the right portion of the table, the equipment needed for us to make

the lotion is given. The equipment that will be used in the process of

9
making the homemade plant-based lotion will include a refrigerator, sauce

pan, mixing bowl, juicer, gas stove, measuring equipment, glass jars, and

stainless spoons. All these equipment will be needed in making the lotion,

just as how the juicer will be needed in using for extracting the plants to use

in making the lotion.

After the ingredients and equipment are gathered to make the

homemade plant-based lotion, there will be procedures on making the

lotion. In making the lotion, there will be the processes of extracting,

melting, combining, storing and cooling. It is needed first to extract the oil

from the plants. Then, the Shea butter, vitamin E oil, and Coconut oil

should be melted in a water bath. After melting the mixture, combine the

extracted oil from the plants while stirring constantly. Let the mixture out of

the double boiler then add the other ingredients such as Aloe Vera and

Lavender essence. Finally, store the solution into a glass jar or any

container chosen for it. It needs to cool down to make it thicker.

After the lotion is made, this homemade plant-based lotion will help

people in many ways. An example will be the market, where the product

will be sold for the great purpose for the people who wants to buy a lotion

that helps with sensitive skin. Not only that, but the lotion will help in the

cosmetic industry as there are a lot of women that loves buying products

10
that would help with their skin but are sensitive to most lotions that don’t

help them that much with their skin.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The researchers will only include the following:

1. The plant ingredients used were found in the Philippines;

2. The homemade lotion was not purely made from plants;

3. Only female volunteers would take part in the assessment testing;

4. The volunteers should only have an age range between 16-17 years

old.

Definition of Terms

The terms are defined operationally:

● Barrier: Something that keeps both objects separated.

● Consistency: Describes an object through its texture and

appearance or viscosity.

● Cosmetics: A product commonly known as beauty products

include makeup and etc.

● Cosmetic Industry: The industry that manufactures cosmetics.

11
● Emollient: To make skin smoother by applying a moisturizer

and etc.

● Exacerbate: To make a problem worse.

● Formulation: A material or mixture prepared according to a

particular formula.

● Homemade: Made at home.

● Incorporate: Mixing of ingredients slowly and step-by-step.

● Irritation: The state when itching is already severe.

● Lotion: A liquid preparation designed to be applied to the skin

for medicinal or cosmetic purposes.

● Manufacture: To innovate or turn something into a product.

● Moisturizer: A type of substance that can be applied on the skin

surface of the body resulting to have moist skin.

● Organic: A product that are not affected or combined with

natural chemicals and pesticides.

● Preservatives: Unnecessary ingredients most factories use to

simplify and make effects faster.

● Radiation: It is a type of energy that has electromagnetic waves

and is harmful to the human body.

12
● Regulation: The process being regulated or maintained by a

person.

● Retinoid: Compounds that are rich in vitamin A.

● Sensation: A physical feeling that was resulted after something

touches a human body.

● Surfactants: Compounds that lowers the surface tension of a

liquid and solid.

● Susceptible: More likely to be vulnerable to a harmful object.

● Plant-based: The core ingredients used are plants, however, it

is not only limited to such.

13
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

The following are different studies related to the present research:

International Studies

Plants used to Treat Skin Diseases

The first study that is being reviewed here is by Nahida Tabassum

and Mariya Hamdani, entitled, “Plants used to Treat Skin Diseases,” which

was conducted in India from January to June in the year 2014.

The objective of the study was to promote maintenance of healthy

skin by finding wild plants and their parts that are frequently used to treat

various types of menacing diseases associated with the skin. Human skin

is the outermost layer as well as largest organ of the body. Hence, it has

several functions that are vital for the body. The skin acts as the first line of

defense, because it interfaces with the environment. Its other functions are

protecting the body against pathogens, excessive loss of water, insulation,

temperature regulation, sensation, storage, synthesis of vitamin D by action

of ultraviolet, protection of folates, absorption of oxygen, drugs, and water

resistance. However, skin diseases are a common ailment that affects all

14
ages and cause harm in various ways. There are already thousands of

conditions but most skin diseases can be categorized into nine common

types: rashes, viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections,

parasitic infections, pigmentation disorders, tumors and cancers, trauma

and other conditions. The purpose of the study was to introduce natural

drugs from the plants to treat skin diseases bearing advantages such as

having fewer side-effects, better patient tolerance, being less expensive

and acceptable due to a long history of use (Tabassum and Hamdani,

2014, para. 1 and 2).

The study found out that herbals have great potential to cure different

kinds of skin diseases ranging from itching to skin cancer. Out of thousands

of herbs, so far 31 plants have been reported to be effective in curing

various skin disease during the past 17 years (1995-2012) of research

work; some mentioned are the following: Prickly chaff flower, Onion, Garlic,

Aloe vera, Neem, Orchid tree, Beetroot, Red Cabbage, Marigold, Green

tea, Cannabis, Turmeric, Carrot, Lavender, Tomato, Mango, Chamomile,

Purslane, Peach, Rosemary, Thyme and others. The above mentioned

herbs effectively treat the 9 common skin diseases such as rashes, viral

infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasitic infections,

15
pigmentation disorders, tumors and cancers, trauma, as well as other

conditions (Tabassum and Hamdani, 2014, para. 6)

Thus, herbs are rich sources of active ingredients and can be safer

and cost-effective treatment for skin diseases ranging from rashes to

dreadful skin cancer. In addition, more than 50% of plant species that are

useful for treatment of skin diseases appear to be restricted to forests, so

activities such as deforestation, habitat destruction, urbanization etc., may

pose a serious threat to these species. Conservation of these plants with

the help of local participation and carrying out of extensive research in this

respect to broaden the prospects of herbal drugs in skin disease treatment

is the need of the hour (Tabassum and Hamdani, 2014, para. 7).

In relation to the researchers’ current study, this study proves that

plants are capable of serving a different purpose that is beneficial to

humans in various ways. Since the researchers’ study is to formulate

homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin, both this study

and the researchers’ study show the application of plants outside their

standard use. Moreover, the researchers are given possible appropriate

plant ingredients that would be compatible to sensitive skin with the given

data and results which are proven components that protect and nurture the

skin.
16
Comparative Measurement of Hydration Effects of Herbal Moisturizers

Another study being reviewed here is by Swarnlata Saraf, Sneha

Sahu, Chanchal Deep Kaur, and Shailendra Saraf, entitled, “Comparative

measurement of hydration effects of herbal moisturizers,” which was

conducted in the University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla

University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, from May to June in the year 2010.

Improvements of skin hydration properties by the use of polyherbal

moisturizers are the recent advances in cosmetic preparations to avoid the

harmful effects of chemical moisturizers. The main aim of the study was to

establish selection preference of different available marketed herbal

moisturizers on the basis of the efficiency of constituents for their hydration

effects. The criteria for the selection of formulations were presence of

herbal constituents, wheat germ oil and Aloe vera extract. Initially,

physiochemical and psychometric studies were performed to visualize the

compliance of moisturizers with the skin. The clinical study was carried out

in six groups of six healthy human volunteers (aged 20–25 years) each

applying moisturizers twice daily over a period of 3 weeks in their forearm.

The skin properties measured were conductance, glow and appearance

(Saraf et. al., 2010, para. 1).

17
 The study selected the formulations on the basis of presence or

absence of wheat germ oil and Aloe vera extracts. Wheat germ oil is rich in

Vitamins A, D and E, used for its antioxidant effects on free radicals in the

skin, and is a natural preservative. It supports the skin's natural process of

regeneration; aids muscle and lymph function and is particularly valuable

for treating dry, aging skin. It is also used for removing stretch marks and

scar tissue, and for dry rough skin. It leaves the skin very smooth by

nourishing and helping to heal the skin. While essential oils help lubricate

the skin to curb dryness, herbs work by softening and moisturizing the skin.

Herbs like Aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dandelion, chamomile, fennel and

peppermint are very effective for preventing dry skin, soothing the

discomfort of dry skin and healing the symptoms of dry skin. Many studies

report the effectiveness of Aloe vera extracts when applied topically for the

treatment of burns, sunburns, inflammatory skin disorders and wounds

(Saraf et. al., 2010, para. 2).

The study found out that the moisturizers only take effect in a time-

dependent pattern. Thus, the test results indicate that the moisturizers

improve the skin hydration and appearance on daily use. It was also found

out that a moisturizer containing the formulation with wheat germ oil and

Aloe Vera produced higher skin hydration as compared to the formulations

18
containing them separately. The mechanism predicted was humectants

mechanism along with the occlusive layer formation on the skin by the

formulations (Saraf et. al., 2010, para. 5).

Since the researchers’ study is about a homemade plant-based

lotion, this study gives a wider scope of appropriate ingredients that could

be used for formulating a lotion that would be moisturizing for the skin

especially for sensitive ones. In addition, the researchers are also guided

on how to test the plant-based lotion product since this study underwent

experiments such as physiochemical and psychometric studies to visualize

the compliance of moisturizers with the skin. Furthermore, the researchers

are guided on what skin properties (conductance, glow and appearance)

should be measured to test the effectiveness of the product.

19
 Benefits of the Shea Nut Tree

The final study being reviewed here is by MaKeish N. Dennie,

entitled, “Medical Benefits of the Shea Nut Tree,” which was conducted in

the Tennessee State University and published on January 1, 2012.

The study found out that the Shea Nut Tree is truly a miracle product

for all. The Shi tree or the Shea tree that is native to Africa is one of the

most desired ingredients for making skin care products. It is very influential

product as it ensues great advertising. This is because Shea butter has

many medical benefits as well as healing properties. The healing properties

are, but not limited to burns, dry skin, and bruises. It can also be used in

cooking, to moisturize, and also as an anti-inflammatory. Shea butter also

includes anti-oxidants, vitamin E, and catechins. Its use as a base for 4

medicinal ointments has been claimed to have anti-inflammatory, emollient

and humectant properties (Akihisa, 2010). In details, the properties of the

tree are stearic acid, which promotes and protects skin barrier health

(Fowler, 2008) and various ingredients such as triterpene alcohols, known

to reduce inflammation; cinnamic acid esters, that have limited capacity to

absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation; and lupeol, this property prevents the

effects of skin aging by blocking the action or function of enzymes that

20
degrade skin proteins. Shea butter also protects skin by stimulating

production of structural proteins by specialized skin cells.

As moisturizing products are very popular, Shea butter has been on

high demand as it is now one of the standards for moisturizing products.

The extract from the leaves has been used to relieve headaches and as an

eye bath; the nutshell has a built- in mosquito repellant; and the butter

made from the Shea nut is used for skin moisturizing creams and lotions,

cooking, soap, and in manufacturing chocolate. (George, 2011 & Abidemi,

2009).

Shea butter is a very common and essential part in most skin care

products, some even advertising the Shea butter mainly. It has many

benefits to the skin including healing properties that can help with common

skin ailments such as bruises, burns, and dryness. In relation to the current

study, since the researchers added this ingredient (Shea butter) to

formulate the plant-based lotion, the study provides them guided

information about the benefits of the ingredient. Additionally, they are

assured that it would serve a multipurpose role in the homemade lotion

such as sustaining its viscosity.

21
 Local Studies

Human Heart Nature

The first study being reviewed is by a company named Human

Nature, a well-known local brand in the Philippines.

Human Nature is the first business of inexpensive and authentically

natural products in the Philippines. The largest animal rights organization

which is known as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)

awarded Human Nature for being the first cosmetics and personal care

company in the Philippines to have the quality of being legitimately cruelty-

free. In addition, Human Nature is the first and only Philippine home and

personal care brand that is a member of the Natural Products Association

(NPA). This is a nonprofit organization that is devoted to the advancement

of natural manufacturing and shielding of consumers’ health and

environmental safety (“Our Natural Products,” page 1).

Sixty percent of what people put on their face and body can get

absorbed by the skin. Anything rubbed on the skin must be healthy and

beneficial to the body. Human Nature has a natural healthy lotion which is

light on the skin, fast-absorbing and authentically natural. It is mixed with a

powerhouse blend of coconut, aloe vera leaf juice, sunflower and avocado

22
oils to guarantee that your skin gets its daily dose of skin nutrition all day to

stay soft and smooth. It also contains 12 effective nutrients and

antioxidants which are the following: amino acids, essential fatty acids,

phytosterols, vitamin a, vitamin b1, vitamin b2, vitamin b9, vitamin b12,

vitamin c, vitamin e, vitamin k and zinc. All lotions have the same function,

but not all are truthfully healthy (“Natural Healthy Lotion,” page 1).

One of the advocacies of Human Nature is pro-environment, which

means the products they create are natural, which shows love to the

environment and the people by producing safe, efficient and inexpensive

products. Their Natural Care Labs accurately research the materials they

consume to guarantee that they are biodegradable, natural and not toxic to

our ecosystem when used. Through Human Nature, it reassures people

that the usage of their products will not have a cruel impact to our

environment (“Pro-environment,” page 1).

In relation to this study, this study gave the researchers significant

intelligence; since the goal of the researchers was also to formulate a lotion

made of plants for sensitive skin. Specifically, this study gave the

researchers significant information about what ingredients could be

possibly used for the formulation of the plant-based lotion as well as what

are effective nutrients and antioxidants locally available. Due to this study,

23
the researchers formulated a lotion in correspondence to the Human

Nature natural lotion as it is safer and efficient on sensitive skin, however,

the main ingredients would be plants such as root crops.

Jute (Corchorus Olitorius): Moisturizing Lotion

Another study being reviewed here is by a Filipino blogger, entitled,

“Jute (Corchorus Olitorius): Moisturizing lotion,” conducted in the

Philippines and published on April 9, 2014.

The purpose of the study is to formulate an organic moisturizing lotion

with jute leaves (saluyot) as the core component. The study also listed all

the benefits of the lotion on the human skin, to environmental

preservations, as well as to the local and global economic development.

Additionally, it gave added information by supporting the study through

other related literature and studies conducted in India and Malaysia.

According to the website Blogger, saluyot is a hardy plant that is

resistant to pest and requires little care. It can almost grow anywhere in the

Philippines since it can be found in the wild as it also can be grown in a

farm. Saluyot plants are tall, reaching 2-4 meters in height, having only a

few side branches (“Jute: Moisturizing lotion,” 2014, para. 5).

24
 To formulate the lotion, the ingredients needed were the following:

1kg. of jute leaves, 1/4 cup coconut oil, and 1/4 cup beeswax. The

materials used were a mortar and pestle, saucepan, cloth filter, and a glass

jar. After preparing what has been mentioned, the researcher conducted

the procedure in making the lotion. First, the researcher gathered and

collected jute leaves as the raw material for the jute moisturizing lotion.

Second, he washed the jute leaves. Third, he extracted the jute leaves

using the mortar and pestle. Fourth, he filtered the extracted jute using the

cloth filter. Fifth, he combined the ingredients in a pint sized or larger glass

jar. Sixth, he filled a medium saucepan with a couple inches of water and

placed it over medium heat. Seventh, he put a lid on the jar loosely and

placed the combined ingredients in the pan with the water. Eighth, as the

ingredients in the jar started to melt, he stirred occasionally to incorporate

the ingredients. Lastly, when all ingredients were completely melted, the

researcher poured it into whatever jar or tin he used for storage.

The lotion the researcher made should be applied as a regular lotion

and used within 6 months for best moisturizing benefits. The product also

has a longer shelf life than some homemade lotion recipes since all

ingredients are already shelf stable and no water is added (“Jute:

Moisturizing lotion,” 2014, para. 8).

25
 The study found out that Jute moisturizing lotion can help keep skin

smooth and moisturized when it is applied to the body. The procedure

conducted is a good way of moisturizing skin naturally without chemicals

that are found in many manufactured moisturizers. The lotion also contains

vitamins and antioxidants that help to repair and rejuvenate skin that is

exposed to daily elements that may damage it. Moisture is retained in the

skin by jute lotion, which acts as a barrier to elements that may dry out the

skin. As a result, jute lotion is best applied to skin that is lightly damp.

Moreover, natural moisturizing lotion such as jute is friendly to the

environment. It does not contain harmful chemicals that can contribute

pollution to our environment specifically in our atmosphere and even in

water sources. Some other industrial moisturizing lotions have a variety of

chemical composition that can leave toxic to our environment (“Jute:

Moisturizing lotion,” 2014, para. 2, 3, and 4).

With this study, the researchers are informed about some useful

ingredients and materials beneficial to the formulation of the plant-based

lotion. The researcher is also enlightened about an effective procedure to

create the plant-based lotion. In addition, the researchers are given more

knowledge about organic homemade lotions and their perceived benefits.

26
 Patatas

The last study being reviewed here is by Godofredo U. Stuart, Jr.,

MD, entitled, “Patatas,” conducted in the Philippines and published on

March 2014 but updated on July 2017.

The purpose of the study is to enlighten readers about the

distribution, properties, and uses of potatoes. Additionally, it enumerates

studies about it as well as clarifies its toxicity and specifies its availability in

the country.

The Patatas is a perennial herb with rough, pinnate leaves. Flowers

are rather large, white or purple, star-shaped, and borne on compound

inflorescences, 3 to 4 centimeters in diameter. Roots grow round and

edible fleshy tubers. Regarding its distribution in the Philippines, it is

cultivated at higher altitudes, especially in the Mountain Province, Luzon,

and in the Lanao region in Mindanao (Stuart, 2017, para. 1).

The study found out the following information:

Constituents

● The entire plant contains toxic glycoalkaloids but usually in harmless

quantities in the edible tubers.

● Study yielded a gluco-alkaloid, solanine, in the fresh plant, 0.0101 to

0.0489 %; flowers, 0.6 to 0.7 %; unripe fruit, about 1 %; seeds, 0.25

27
 %; tubers and buds, 0.02%; skin, 0.07%, starchy region, 0.002%;

shoots, 0.02 to 0.05%.

● Analysis of nutritive value of potatoes, fresh and skin, all varieities,

per 100g yielded: (Principle) energy 77 Kcal, carbohydrates 17.49 g,

protein 2.05g, cholesterol 0, dietary fiber 2.1g; (Vitamins) folates 15

mcg, niacin 1.061 mg, pantothenic acid 0.278 mg, pyridoxine 0.298

mg, riboflavin 0.032 mg, thiamin 0.081 mg, vitamin A 2 IU, vitamin C

19.7 mg, vitamin K 2 mcg; (Electrolytes) sodium 6 mg, potassium 425

mg; (Minerals) calcium 12 mg, iron 0.81 mg, magnesium 23 mg,

manganese 0.141 mg, phosphorus 57 mg, zinc 0.30 mg;

(Phytonutrients) carotene-ß 4 mcg, cryto-xanthin-ß 0 mcg, lutein-

xanthin 21 mcg (Stuart, 2017, para. 2). (USDA National Nutrient data

base)

Properties

● Antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic, galactagogue, stimulant, emollient,

antidote, antispasmodic.

● Considered a nervous sedative and stimulant in gout.

● Studies have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, anticonvulsant,

corrosive inhibition, anti-ulcer properties (Stuart, 2017, para. 3).

28
Nutritional Uses: Potatoes have very high starch content; valuable as an

energy-giving food. They have good source of fiber, vitamins B and C, and

minerals. Their peels are high in potassium. The poultice of grated raw

potatoes is used for light burns, arthritis, itching, etc. Boiled potatoes could

be used as emollient poultices and as antidote to poisoning by iodine.

Additionally, in Tanzania, raw potato tubers are squeezed and juice applied

as eye drops to improve poor vision (Stuart, 2017, para. 4).

Studies

● Antioxidant: A 2006 study of commonly consumed roots crops in the

Philippines – Kamote (Ipomoea batata); ubi, purple yam (Dioscorea

alata); cassava (Manihot esculenta); taro or gabi (Colocasia

esculenta); carrot (Daucus carota); yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

showed them to be rich sources of phenolic compounds with

antioxidant activity, highest in sweet potato, followed by taro, potato,

purple yam and lowest in the carrot.

● Antioxidant / Peels: Study investigated in-vitro hydroxyl and NO,

DPPH radical scavenging activities and total phenolic content of S.

tuberosum peel extracts. Results showed an ethyl acetate extract to

contain higher amounts of polyphenolic contents compared to the

29
 methanol extract. DPPH radical scavenging activity was dose-

dependent.

● Antibacterial / Peel: Study investigated the in vitro antibacterial effects

of S. tuberosum ethanol extract of peels. Results showed

antibacterial properties more pronounced on gram-positive bacteria,

especially S. aureus (Stuart, 2017, para. 5).

Since the extracted juice of a potato one was of the main components

in the plant-based lotion, the study helped the researchers determine the

benefits of it towards the skin especially sensitive ones. Thus, the

researchers are reassured of the constituents in the ingredient that hydrate

and nourish the skin. However, the researchers also found out about the

problems regarding its components that the affect the formulation, shelf life,

and the viscosity of the plant-based lotion.

30
 Chapter 3

Research Project Methodology

3.1 Research Project Overview

In this study, the researchers formulated a homemade plant-based

and all-purpose lotion that can moisturize, and nurture the skin especially

sensitive ones. To do so, the researchers identified the appropriate plant

ingredients that are compatible to sensitive skin as well as determined the

necessary procedures to be done in creating the lotion. Additionally, the

researchers utilized equipment and materials in accordance to the

extraction, heating, combination, storage, and freezing process of the

sample product. To assess the effectiveness of the formulated lotion, the

researchers underwent the analysis of the psychometric parameters to

visualize the compliance of ingredients to sensitive skin. Moreover, the

researchers worked with five volunteers, who are diagnosed with sensitive

skin in their medical records, for one week to assess the sample lotions as

well as gain subjective appreciation responses. The skin properties

measured during the application of the formulation were the conductance

and appearance.

31
3.2 Equipment and Ingredients Used in the Research Project

In the study, the researchers used the following equipment and materials:

● Juicer

● Measuring Equipment

● Stainless Spoon

● Mixing Bowl: It will be more efficient if the bowl will most likely

be made out of stainless steel.

● Sauce pan: The ingredients demand heat for incorporation.

● Gas stove or induction cooker.

● Glass jar: For compatibility and maximum usage when stored

properly.

● Refrigerator

The researchers used the following core ingredients:

● Carrot

● Potato

32
The researcher used the following other ingredients:

● 50 grams Shea

butter

● 1 tbsp. Aloe Vera

● 1 tbsp. Vitamin E

Oil

● 1 tbsp. Coconut oil

● 5 drops of Lavender Essential Oil

3.3 Design of the Research Project

To formulate the plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin, the

researchers conducted the following procedure:

1. Prepare all the necessary ingredients to be used. To extract the

juice from the plants (carrot and potato), the researchers used a juicer.

After, they transferred the juices in a glass bowl.

2. Combine the extracted plant ingredients and the oily

components. In this process, the researchers combined in a mixing bowl

the ingredients such as the Shea butter, coconut oil, and Vitamin E oil.

33
 3. Heat the bowl with the ingredients in a water bath which helps

emulsify the ingredients (Jabs 1). A water bath is when you place the bowl

on top of a sauce pan, which leads to the third process known as melting.

The researchers also stirred occasionally to incorporate the ingredients.

4. When all the ingredients are entirely melted, add any other

necessary ingredients such as Aloe Vera and Lavender essential oil to

enhance the lotion.

5. Transfer the formulated lotion in a jar for storage.

6. Let the lotion cool down in the refrigerator afterwards to thicken

the consistency.

3.4 Assessment Standard

There should always be an assessment conducted on a sample

product to see if the formulation is effective, safe, and beneficial to the

community. After the homemade lotion was made, the researchers tested

the effectiveness of the lotion to determine its reliability and benefits.

To test out the effectiveness of the lotion, the researchers found five

volunteers (aged 16-17 years) with sensitive skin to apply the sample lotion

on their forearm or lower leg for a period of one week during the night.

Further, the application time would be the same and should last for at least
34
eleven hours. Before the application began, the researchers measured the

skin properties of each individual. During one week, the researchers

conducted a psychometric analysis through interviews and measured the

change of skin properties to determine how effective the lotion is for people

with sensitive skin through a subjective appreciation response from the

volunteers.

Psychometric Analysis

The parameters of psychometric analysis were color, odor, texture,

wetness, spread ability, thickness, absorbency, gloss, stickiness,

slipperiness and firmness of the lotion. These parameters were evaluated

to visualize the compliance of moisturizers with skin. All the volunteers

were asked if they felt any irritation after applying the moisturizer. The

moisturizers were then applied to the forearm or lower leg every night and

then subsequent readings were taken after each application. The

differences in effectiveness of the moisturizers and control were statistically

found to be different.

Hydration Measurement

35
 Hydration is directly related to the conductivity of the skin and

moisturizing properties. The researchers measured this by comparing the

before and after dryness of the volunteer’s skins as well as change in the

course of the assessment.

Skin Appearance

The image of the respective portion of the forearm or lower leg was

taken initially, throughout, and after the week of the study period. The

visual appearances of the images were compared and the differences were

observed.

Overall, the sample lotion should be able to have good compatibility

and beneficial effects through moisturizing, and nurturing the skin

properties. It should also not cause any harmful effect to the skin of the

people with sensitivity.

36
 The Assessment Standard Rubric

Skin Property Poor Satisfactory Very Satisfactory Excellent Score

(1 – 2) (3 – 4) (5 – 6) (7 – 8)

Psychometric The psychometric The psychometric The psychometric The psychometric

Analysis parameters (color, parameters (color, parameters (color, parameters (color,
odor, texture, odor, texture, odor, texture, odor, texture,
wetness, spread wetness, spread wetness, spread wetness, spread
ability, thickness, ability, thickness, ability, thickness, ability, thickness,
absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss,
stickiness, stickiness, stickiness, stickiness,
slipperiness and slipperiness and slipperiness and slipperiness and
firmness) of the firmness) of the firmness) of the firmness) of the
sample lotion were sample lotion were sample lotion were sample lotion were
not compatible to almost compatible compatible to perfectly compatible
sensitive skin. Sign to sensitive skin. sensitive skin. No to sensitive skin. No
of unfavorable Signs of signs of unfavorable signs of unfavorable
reactions such as unfavorable reactions such as reactions such as
rashes and other reactions such as rashes and other rashes and other
skin diseases were rashes and other skin diseases seen skin diseases seen
seen on the skin skin diseases were on the skin during on the skin during
during the duration seen on the skin the duration of the the application and
of 24 hours. during the duration week. so on.
of 5 days.

Hydration There were no There were little There were changes There were changes
Measurement changes in the changes in the in the conductivity of in the conductivity of
conductivity of the conductivity of the the skin and the skin and
skin and skin and moisturizing, moisturizing,
moisturizing, moisturizing, protection, as well protection, as well
protection, as well as protection, as well as nurturing as nurturing
nurturing properties as nurturing properties did take properties took
did not take effect. properties took effect after the first effect after the first
effect during the day of application. day of application as
duration of 5 days. well as maximized.

Skin There was no There was a little There was a There was a
Appearance difference in the difference in the difference in the significant difference
image of the image of the image of the in the image of the
respective portion of respective portion respective portion of respective portion of
the forearm taken of the forearm the forearm taken the forearm taken
initially and after the taken initially and initially and after the initially and after the
week of the study after the week of week of the study week of the study
period. the study period. period. period.

Total:

Reference:
Saraf, S., Sahu, S., Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. (2010). Comparative measurement of hydration effects of herbal moisturizers.

Retrieved October 09, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141305/

37
 Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter would discuss the presentations, analysis, and the

interpretation of data gathered from the assessment standard rubric of the

homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin as well as

interviews from a selected dermatology in Maria Reyna-Xavier University

Hospital and a chemistry graduate.

The researchers calculated the average rubric for the assessment

standard of the five volunteers. These respondents who had sensitive skin

in their medical records applied the sample lotion on their forearm or lower

leg for a period of one week during the night. Before the application begun,

the researchers measured the skin properties of each individual. During

one week, the researchers conducted a psychometric analysis through

interviews and measured the change of skin properties to determine how

effective the lotion is for people with sensitive skin.

The researchers interviewed Dr. Grace B. Dandan, M.D. and Maria

Mimosa Reyes, who is a UP Diliman Chemistry graduate, with questions

pertaining to the compatibility of the ingredients to each other as well as

sensitive skin, about the examination of the process on how the

38
researchers formulated the plant-based lotion, the benefits comprehended

in the components of the ingredients, and the possible shelf life of the

lotion.

From the analyzed data, the researchers have identified that carrots

and potatoes are appropriate plant ingredients compatible to sensitive skin.

Further, the researchers have figured out a process on how to

formulate a homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin. This

was done through extensive research on how to forge all the ingredients to

create the finest possible color, odor, texture, wetness, spread ability,

thickness, absorbency, gloss, stickiness, slipperiness and firmness of the

lotion that is both appealing and effective. The researchers also determined

the moisturizing and nurturing effects of the lotion with a table of

components and benefits of the ingredients as the appraisal as well as

through the assessment standard rubric. Additionally, the researchers have

dealt with the difficulty in extracting the maximum benefits of plant

ingredients, the preservation on how to extend its shelf life, and the

quantifying the ingredients to their proper amounts as well as the process

to create the formulation. Thus, if plant-based lotions are not further

researched and tested on, it would be better not to recommend them as a

new variety of lotions to the cosmetic industry.

39
 Average Rubric for the Assessment Standard

Skin Property Poor Satisfactory Very Satisfactory Excellent Score

(1 – 2) (3 – 4) (5 – 6) (7 – 8)

Psychometric The psychometric The psychometric The psychometric The psychometric 7.4
Analysis parameters (color, parameters (color, parameters (color, parameters (color,
odor, texture, odor, texture, odor, texture, odor, texture,
wetness, spread wetness, spread wetness, spread wetness, spread
ability, thickness, ability, thickness, ability, thickness, ability, thickness,
absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss, absorbency, gloss,
stickiness, stickiness, stickiness, stickiness,
slipperiness and slipperiness and slipperiness and slipperiness and
firmness) of the firmness) of the firmness) of the firmness) of the
sample lotion were sample lotion were sample lotion were sample lotion were
not compatible to almost compatible compatible to perfectly compatible
sensitive skin. Sign to sensitive skin. sensitive skin. No to sensitive skin. No
of unfavorable Signs of signs of signs of unfavorable
reactions such as unfavorable unfavorable reactions such as
rashes and other reactions such as reactions such as rashes and other
skin diseases were rashes and other rashes and other skin diseases seen
seen on the skin skin diseases were skin diseases seen on the skin during
during the duration seen on the skin on the skin during the application and
of 24 hours. during the duration the duration of the so on.
of 5 days. week.

Hydration There were no There were little There were There were 6
Measurement changes in the changes in the changes in the changes in the
conductivity of the conductivity of the conductivity of the conductivity of the
skin and skin and skin and skin and
moisturizing, moisturizing, moisturizing, moisturizing,
protection, as well protection, as well protection, as well protection, as well
as nurturing as nurturing as nurturing as nurturing
properties did not properties took properties did take properties took
take effect. effect during the effect after the first effect after the first
duration of 5 days. day of application. day of application
as well as
maximized.

Skin There was no There was a little There was a There was a 3.4
Appearance difference in the difference in the difference in the significant
image of the image of the image of the difference in the
respective portion of respective portion respective portion image of the
the forearm taken of the forearm of the forearm respective portion of
initially and after the taken initially and taken initially and the forearm taken
week of the study after the week of after the week of initially and after the
period. the study period. the study period. week of the study
period.

16.8
Total: 24

40
Psychometric Analysis

Psychometric Parameters
Remarks
(Sensory Evaluation)

Color Light orange The lotion is appealing to the eyes

 The lotion is fragrant (nice-smelling),

however, the scent does not stay on
Odor Lavender the skin.
 The odor changes when it is not
refrigerated for two days and so on.

 The texture is refined.

 It does not have any grains from the
Texture Refined and Smooth
added ingredients.
 When applied to the skin, it is smooth.

Wetness Semi-solid Dermatologist’s Assessment

 The lotion is easily spreadable on the

Spread ability Easy
skin.

 The lotion’s thickness is light and

Thickness Light
gentle.

 It does not absorb quickly as it leaves

Absorbency Slow
a greasy residue for almost a minute.

 The lotion has a slight sheen after

Gloss Slight Sheen
applied due to the oily components.

Stickiness Semi-solid Dermatologist’s Assessment

Slipperiness Semi-solid Dermatologist’s Assessment

Firmness Semi-solid Dermatologist’s Assessment

Mostly, the volunteers did not have any difficulty dealing with the

psychometric parameters since it was compatible to their skin as well as

interest. However, when the lotion is not refrigerated, the volunteers

41
commented that the odor changes into a smelly rotten scent but the lotion’s

effectiveness is unaffected.

The researchers used natural, organic, safe and gentle ingredients.

The combination of these components created a harmless and safe

composition. Through extensive research, the researchers found out that

those unfavorable reactions are only seen rarely since the ingredients are

favorable to sensitive skin. Aside from being moisturizing and nurturing, the

ingredients protect the skin, treats skin conditions, and has a therapeutic

function. Thus, the volunteers had no signs of unfavorable reactions such

as rashes and other skin diseases seen on the skin during the application

and so on.

42
Hydration Measurement

Components and Benefits of the Ingredients Used

Ingredients Components Benefits

➔ Vitamins A, B, C, E ➔ Protect skin by limiting the

➔ Carotenoid production of free radicals
Carrot ➔ Potassium ➔ Lightens scars and moisturises
➔ Has curing properties
➔ Offers protection against the sun

➔ Potassium ➔ Help combat and treat a range of

➔ Fibre skin related issues such as skin
Potato ➔ B vitamins darkening, scars, spots, blemishes,
➔ Manganese and hard skin
➔ Vitamin C

➔ 100% Vitamin E ➔ Antioxidant

➔ Moisturizer
Vitamin E Oil ➔ Improves skin quality
➔ Treats scars
➔ Treats stretch marks

➔ High concentration of non saponifiable ➔ Promote cellular growth which help

fatty acids to restore damaged skin
➔ Keratin ➔ Maintains elasticity of skin
➔ Triterpenic Alcohols with Cinnamon ➔ Provides protection from UV rays
Esters ➔ Provides healing and disinfecting
➔ Allantoin and Resinous Esters properties
Shea Butter
➔ Cinnamic Acid ➔ Has clinical effectiveness in
➔ High levels of Stearic and Oleic fatty healing
acids ➔ Moisturizing fraction that maintain
➔ Other natural compounds the skin as well as keep it clear
and healthy
➔ High therapeutic value

➔ Fatty Acids ➔ Excellent skin moisturizer

(saturated, monounsaturated, ➔ An antibacterial shield
polyunsaturated) ➔ Tackles fungal infections
Coconut Oil
➔ Offers protection from sunburn
➔ Can reduce facial wrinkles and
prevents premature aging

➔ Vitamins A (beta-carotene), C and E, ➔ Protective effect against radiation

vitamin B12, folic acid, choline, damage to the skin
Aloe Vera enzymes, minerals, fatty acids, ➔ Anti-inflammatory action
hormones and others. ➔ Moisturizing and anti-aging effect
➔ Antiseptic effect

43
 ➔ Lavandulol ➔ Fragrance has a soothing and
➔ Borneol calming effect
Lavender
➔ Terpineol ➔ Tones and revitalizes
Essential Oil
➔ Geraniol ➔ Useful for all types of skin
➔ Linalol problems

References:
Shea Butter, Superfood for your Skin. (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://www.naturepurity.com/holistic/sheabutter.html

Shea Butter Benefits - Shea Butter for Face, Skin Lightening. (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://outofafricashea.com/the-benefits-of-
shea-butter/

Food, N. (2017, August 16). 6 Surprising Potato Juice Benefits and Uses for Skin and Health. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from
http://food.ndtv.com/health/6-surprising-potato-juice-benefits-and-uses-for-skin-and-health-1642253

Essential Fatty Acids and Skin Health. (2017, May 23). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/skin-
health/essential-fatty-acids

10 Reasons To Start Putting Coconut Oil On Your Face & Skin. (2017, June 05). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from
http://www.naturallivingideas.com/coconut-oil-face/

Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). ALOE VERA: A SHORT REVIEW. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/

People who have sensitive skin have a very dry skin that cannot

protect your nerve endings well. Some are predisposed to sensitive skin

because of their genes or an existing skin condition within their medical

records; others are naturally affected by a weakened barrier that is

vulnerable to external irritants. Without any application of moisturizing,

nurturing, and protecting products, these indications would be very visible

and sometimes become critical.

Mostly, the volunteers assessed that there were changes in the

conductivity of the skin and moisturizing; protection, as well as nurturing

properties that took effect after the first day of application. During the week,

no skin dryness was witnessed by the volunteers and there was a healthy

glow throughout the day. For instance, one volunteer underwent extreme
44
dryness that resulted into peeling. The application of the lotion greatly

helped in moisturizing and nurturing the skin to restore it from dryness.

Other volunteers measured the beneficial properties through experience

since without the use of any products, sensitive skin indications would be

very visible. However, the plant-based lotion created a healthy glow during

the week of application. These volunteers commented that it was because

of the beneficial (moisturizing and nurturing) properties the lotion impacted

to their skin. The table above enumerates the components of the

ingredients and their corresponding benefits but due to the limited duration

of testing, the benefits assessed were only what are mentioned below:

Benefits:
(Sensory Evaluation and Subjective Appreciation Response from
Volunteers)
 Moisturizing fraction that maintain the skin as well as keep it clear and healthy
 Help combat and treat a range of skin related issues such as skin darkening,
scars, spots, blemishes, and hard skin
 Improves skin quality
 Promote cellular growth which help to restore damaged skin
 Maintains elasticity of skin
 Provides healing and disinfecting properties
 High therapeutic value
 An antibacterial shield
 Tackles fungal infections
 Anti-inflammatory action
 Fragrance has a soothing and calming effect

45
Skin Appearance

After the period of

Before Application Remarks
Application

The lotion had evident moisturizing

effects. Since the week occurred
without the application of any other
products, the lotion maintained my
skin’s healthy glow.

The lotion kept my skin moisturized all

throughout the night but no extreme
changes were seen.

The lotion drastically changed my

skin. It eradicated its dryness and
moisturized as well as nurtures it to
get rid of the peeling.

46
 No changes are seen. Nonetheless, I
have observed that it is compatible
since its moisturizing properties took
effect on the first day of application
since my skin would normally dry
easily without a good lotion.

The lotion had strong moisturizing

properties but there were little
changes in my skin’s appearance.
However, it did its primary function
effectively.

47
 Interview

1. How do you determine people who have sensitive skin?

Answer: Some people are predisposed to sensitive and reactive skin

because of their genes or an existing skin condition within their medical

records; others are naturally affected by a weakened barrier that is

vulnerable to external irritants such as pollution from car exhausts, harsh

ingredients and changes in temperature.

2. The homemade plant-based lotion contains carrot, potato, Shea

butter, Vitamin E oil, coconut oil, Aloe vera, and Lavender Essential Oil. Is

the combination of these ingredients reactive to one another or

incompatible which may cause harmful effects to the skin?

Answer: The ingredients you have mentioned are all natural, organic,

safe, non-acidic as well as unreactive to each other, and are generally

effective to people who have sensitive skin. Those ingredients have

multiple benefits to any skin type and treat as well as prevent skin ailments.

However, I cannot assure you that it will not react with some people and

maybe those who have sensitive skin as we all may have different

reactions on what we put on our skin even if we have the same skin type;

48
but with the ingredients you have mentioned, studies have stated that it

would happen rarely.

3. With the ingredients I have said, what are the most problematic ones

to deal with regarding fungal growth that limit shelf life?

Answer: Mostly your ingredients have antibacterial and antifungal

functions. The only problematic ingredient would be the Aloe Vera since it

increases the moisture content of the lotion. However, the vitamin E acts as

a natural preservative. The approximate shelf life the lotion would have is

6-7 weeks when refrigerated since it contains extracted carrot and potato

juice.

4. How do you test or assess the hydration measurement and other

benefits of a lotion on the skin?

Answer: There is a machine that measures the hydration levels of the

skin and laboratories that assess other benefits but it is very hard to access

in Cagayan de Oro. In fact, there may be none since I only encounter them

in seminars or in laboratories at Cebu, Manila, etc. If you do not have

access to those equipment or facilities, then the best possible option is to

49
assess through inquiring a subjective appreciation response with the

volunteers.

5. Why are fruits more used in lotions or any other products in the cosmetic

industry than plants?

Answer: High levels of antioxidants in fruits make them good free

radical blockers. This increases the longevity of organs such as the skin the

antioxidants comes in contact with the most and these have also been

proven to help fight and prevent cancer.

Interviewees:

Dr. Grace B. Dandan, M.D. (Dermatologist in Maria Reyna-Xavier

University Hospital)

Maria Mimosa Reyes (Oro Christian Grace School High School Chemistry

Teacher)

50
 Chapter 5

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

The findings in this study would lead the researchers to conclude that:

In this research paper, the researchers successfully formulated a

homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin. Based on the

gathered data from the assessment standard rubric, the subjective

appreciation response from the five volunteers, and the interview remarks,

the lotion is safe and effective; however, since everyone’s skin reacts

differently in accordance to their compatibility, there may be unfavorable

reactions but it would occur rarely.

The researchers have identified that carrots and potatoes are

appropriate plant ingredients that are compatible to sensitive skin. Further,

the researchers have figured out a process on how to formulate a

homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin. The process

involves extraction, combination, melting, storing, and freezing. Through

examining preceding research, the researchers created the process to

forge all the ingredients to formulate the finest possible color, odor, texture,

wetness, spread ability, thickness, absorbency, gloss, stickiness,

51
slipperiness and firmness of the lotion. To determine the moisturizing and

nurturing effects of the lotion, the researchers established it on the

assessment standard rubric as well as gathered data to form a table

containing the components and benefits of the ingredients and asked the

volunteers to perform a sensory evaluation to verify which benefit was

witnessed by them. The volunteers remarked that the lotion had

moisturizing and nurturing properties that maintain the skin as well as keep

it clear and healthy, help combat and treat a range of skin related issues

which improves skin quality and promote cellular growth, provided high

therapeutic value, and omitted a fragrance that has a soothing and calming

effect. Moreover, no unfavorable reactions were experienced by the

volunteers. However, if the lotion was given more time to take effect, the

researchers would be able to acquire more results about the beneficial

effects. In spite of these, the researchers faced many difficulties regarding

the formulation, preservation, and the quantification of ingredients into their

proper amounts to create a compatible combination that is nonacidic and

unreactive to each other. Thence, if homemade plant-based lotions are not

further explored and researched on, the researchers would not recommend

them as a new variety of lotions to the cosmetic industry since it has a

52
relatively short shelf life and higher maintenance regulations compared to

cosmetic products.

The homemade plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin

generate positive effects and have no unfavorable reactions. Though the

researchers cannot truly confirm the hypoallergenic aspect of the lotion

because there was not enough time in the assessment period, studies

suggests that there would be no issues mostly since the ingredients were

proven to be gentle and safe.

The researchers have realized the significance of lotions in daily life

since it greatly benefits and strengthens the skin which performs vital

functions for the body. Thus, it is also important to be cautious when

dealing with the ingredients, composition, formulation, and perceived

benefits that the people who will apply it gain. Many aspects have to be

considered such as skin types and unfavorable reactions that create

irreversible issues. Thence, the researchers have comprehended the

variety of options and problems that uncover in formulating the homemade

plant-based lotion intended for sensitive skin. Sensitive skin is fiddly to deal

with since it has many complications. Further, the skin could have different

reactions even if it is considered to be safe and effective so one should be

vigilant in what ingredients the product contains before application.

53
Nonetheless, the researchers were enlightened about skincare particularly

lotions and the process on how to formulate it along with the problems that

would be encountered.

Recommendation

The following are the recommendations of the researchers in the study:

The researchers recommend the future researchers to further study

the homemade plant-based lotion in order to lengthen the shelf life and

lessen or eradicate maintenance regulations. Additionally, the lotion should

expand to all genders, age ranges, and skin types. Subsequently, the

future researchers should improve the study so that it would be

recommended to the cosmetic industry due to its effectiveness as well as

problem free formulation.

The researchers recommend the future researchers to have more

scientific assessments, not subjective; for the reason that the results

gathered would have been more dependable if, for instance, the

researchers consulted a chemist, considering the ingredients or

components combined to create the plant-based lotion. Due to the

standards required, wherein the lotion should be compatible with sensitive

54
skin, proper processes are needed to be done to verify the quality and

effectiveness of such.

Moreover, the researchers also recommend in lengthening the period

of assessment to determine the effectiveness of the plant-based lotion to

develop more accurate results, since one week is not completely enough to

evaluate the efficiency of the lotion.

The researchers also suggest that in measuring skin appearances;

future researchers should not use white or fair skinned volunteers, if one of

the aims of the research is to see effects of the skin whitening function.

In addition, the researchers advise to add more quantity of the plant

ingredients, namely the carrot and potato juices, so as to fully recognize the

various benefits and effectiveness of these plant ingredients on the

appearance of the skin. However, the future researchers should also

consider the proper amount for each ingredient to create an effective and

safe composition.

The future researchers are advised to try to add more types of plant

juices or extracts that may be functioned as lotions, these plants are also

known as broccoli, tomatoes, and etc. Although the plants need plenty of

procedures to become a juice and extract, it is preferable if they follow

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scientific procedures to achieve the correct consistency of the juice so that

it can be added to the experiment.

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