TE2PetroleumWorkSheets PDF

Unit 1
1 Label each illustration with the number of a verb from the glossary.
A B C
fingerboard
2
D E F
drill pipe
drill pipe
G H I
Glossary of verbs with a special meaning in oil drilling

1 break out (a drill string): to separate one drill pipe 6 rig up (intransitive): to raise the derrick and rig J7274
from another PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
7 set back (a pipe): to place a drill pipe in a vertical
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2 lay down (a pipe): to place a drill pipe in a horizontal position in the fingerboard AW by HL Studios
position on a pipe rack
8 shut in (a well): to close the valves on a well and
3 make up (a drill string): to join drill pipes, drill collar prevent oil from flowing out
and drill bit together
9 trip in (a drill string): to lower a drill string into the
4 pick up (a drill string or kelly): to raise a drill string or well hole
kelly by means of the winch
10 trip out (a drill string): to raise a drill string out of the
5 rig down (intransitive): to lower the derrick rig well hole
© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

Unit 1
2 Match the instructions with the methods.

Instruction Method
1 Trip in the drill string. a) Lift the drill bit, collar and drill pipes out of the well hole.
2 Make up the string. b) Unscrew all the drill pipes from one another.
3 Break out the string. c) Attach the drill bit to the drill collar and drill pipes.
4 Trip out the string. d) Put the drill pipes down horizontally on the pipe racks.
5 Lay down the pipes. e) Close all the valves on the well head and stop oil from pouring out.
6 Shut in the well. f) Lower the string through the rotary table into the well hole.
3 In your notebook, write sentences based on the table in 3, using by + -ing. Make any other
necessary changes (for example using it or them).
Example. 1 You trip in the drill string by lowering it through the rotary table into the well hole.
4 Complete the responses to the instructions of the Crew Leader (A).

1
A: Shut in the well now.
B: OK, we’re doing it. We’re shutting it in now.
C: OK, we’ve done it. We’ve shut it .
2
A: Trip out the drill string now.
B: We’re it now.
C: OK, we’ve it .
5 Write similar responses to these instructions in your notebook. Use dialogue 2 as your model.
1 Set these pipes back, please.
2 Lay those pipes down.
3 Pick up the string now.
4 Make up the string right away.
6 What equipment do you need to do these tasks? Choose from this list.
winch / hook / rotary table / drill bit / drill collar / casing pipe
1 Make the kelly rotate.
2 Prevent the sides of the well hole from collapsing.
3 Raise and lower the cable. __________
4 Cut the rock at the bottom of the well. __________
5 Attach the kelly to the swivel. __________
6 Add a heavy weight to the drill bit. __________
7 In your notebook, write sentences based on 7. Use by means of, using and by using.
Example. 1 You make the kelly rotate by means of the rotary table.

Unit 1
Word list
8 Write the meanings of these words and phrases in your own language.
VERBS
break out (a drill string) ____________________

cement ____________________
dismantle ____________________
install ____________________
lay down (a pipe) ____________________
make up (a drill string) ____________________
pick up (a drill string) ____________________
rig down ____________________
rig up ____________________
set back (a pipe) ____________________
shut in (a well) ____________________
trip in (a drill string) ____________________
trip out (a drill string) ____________________
NOUNS
fingerboard ____________________
kelly ____________________
rig ____________________
tubing ____________________
NOUN PHRASES
drill collar ____________________

drill pipe ____________________
drill string ____________________
pipe rack ____________________
rotary table ____________________
well head ____________________

Unit 2
1 Read the extract and put the job titles into the correct space in the organisation chart.
operating drilling
derrickhand company/ company/
owners contractors
toolpusher
drilling engineer
manager
roughnecks
on oil rig
driller
company 3
mud engineer representative
motorhand
roustabouts
2
geologist support staff nightcrew
1 day crew 4
assistant
driller
A guide to jobs on an oil rig

Employees of the exploration or operating company
Company representative. Works for the operating or exploration company. Can give instructions to the toolpusher on the
rig, but does not directly supervise the toolpusher or the drilling crews.
Drilling engineer. Specialises in the technical aspects of drilling. Reports directly to the company representative.
Mud engineer/ drilling fluids engineer. Responsible for the drilling fluid (or drilling mud). Reports directly to the company
representative.
Employees of the drilling company contractors
Toolpusher. Manages all the drilling crews on the rig and the support staff. Can receive instructions from the company
representative, but reports directly to the manager of the drilling contractor company (the toolpusher may also be called
a rig manager, superintendent, supervisor or foreman). J7274
PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
Driller. Supervises a drilling crew. Controls the rig’s machinery during the drilling operation. Has an assistant driller.
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Derrickhand. Handles the top of the drill string when the crew are tripping it in or out of the well hole. Usually stands
on the monkeyboard high up on the derrick. Also responsible for the flow of drilling fluid into and out of the well hole.
Reports to the assistant driller. Also works closely with the mud engineer.
Roughnecks. Skilled workers on the floor of the rig. Operate the tongs to make up and break out drill strings. Also trip pipe
in and out of the well hole. Report to the derrickhand (roughnecks may also be called Rotary helpers or Floorhands).
Roustabouts. Semi-skilled workers. Do most of the painting and cleaning jobs on the rig. Report to the roughnecks.
Motorhand. Responsible for the maintenance and operation of drilling engines and motors. Acts as a mechanic and an
electrician. Reports directly to the toolpusher.

Unit 2
2 Complete these job descriptions. Choose the correct verb in brackets and use the correct form.
The toolpusher (1)__________ (manage / report to) all the drilling crews and the support staff. He/She
(2)__________ (report / supervise) directly to the manager of the drilling company contractors. Although
the toolpusher (3)__________ (do not / have not) report to the company representative, he/she often
(4)__________ (give / receive) instructions from him/her. The toolpusher (5)__________ (do / be)
responsible for the day and night drilling crews.
The derrickhand (6)__________ (supervise / report to) the assistant driller. The job of the derrickhand
is to (7)__________ (control / supervise) the upper end of the drill string. When the derrickhand is not
(8)__________ (handle / hand) the drill string, he/ she (9)__________ (work / supervise) closely with the
mud engineer. The derrickhand (10)__________ (supervise / report to) three roughnecks.
3 Complete Jon’s job application letter. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets
Dear Mr Robertson,
I would like to apply for the job of Assistant Driller on the Supreme Oil Rig, as advertised in this
month’s Oil Rig magazine.
From 2002 to 2006, I (1)__________ (be) a Roustabout on the Marina Rig. From 2006 to
2008, I (2)__________ (study) Petroleum Technology at the Gulf Petroleum College, and I now
(3)__________ (have) a Technician’s Diploma in Petroleum Technology.
In 2008, I (4)__________ (join) the New Star offshore platform as Assistant Derrickhand. Now
the Derrickhand is on leave for two weeks, so I’m (5)__________ (do) the Derrickhand’s job.
During 2008, I (6)__________ (complete) two training courses (on safety and IT). Right now
I’m (7)__________ (attend) a course on leadership.
Yours sincerely,
Jon Winters
4 Supply the questions for this part of Jon’s job interview.

A: (1) ________________________________________?
B: My first oil job was as a roustabout on the Marina Rig.
A: (2) ________________________________________?
B: I joined the rig in 2002.
A: (3) ________________________________________?
B: Right now, I’m working as a derrickhand on the New Star rig.
A: (4) ________________________________________?
B: I hold a Technician’s Diploma in Petroleum Technology.
A: (5) ________________________________________?
B: I studied for my diploma at the Gulf Petroleum College.
A: (6) ________________________________________?
B: I started work on the platform in 2008.
A: (7) ________________________________________?
B: I did my safety training in my first year with New Star, in 2008.
A: (8) ________________________________________?
B: Yes, I am. I’m attending a leadership course right now.

Unit 2
Word list
NOUNS VERBS
crew ____________________ control ____________________
derrickhand ____________________ handle ____________________
driller ____________________ ADJECTIVES
floorhand ____________________ semi-skilled ____________________
foreman ____________________ skilled ____________________
motorhand ____________________
roughneck ____________________
roustabout ____________________
superintendent ____________________
supervisor ____________________
toolpusher ____________________
NOUN PHRASES
assistant driller ____________________
company representative ____________________
day shift ____________________
drilling contractor ____________________
drilling engineer ____________________
drilling fluids engineer ____________________
drilling operation ____________________
exploration company ____________________
mud engineer ____________________
night shift ____________________
operating company ____________________
rig manager ____________________
rotary helper ____________________

Unit 3
1 Write a letter (A – E) in each space in the description of types of offshore oil platforms.
metres
0
500
A
B 1000
C
1500
2000
D 2500
E
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Types of offshore oil platforms AW by HL Studios
Offshore oil platforms must be strong enough to resist wind speeds of over 50 kilometress per hour and
waves over 20 metres high. Even the shallowest platform, the fixed platform (see diagram) is in 500
metres of water. Compare this with the highest dam in the world, which is about 335 metres high.
Spar platforms (Figure _____ ) are the largest type of offshore platform. A spar platform is mounted
on a large cylinder. The cylinder does not go all the way to the sea bed. It is attached to the sea bed by
cables and lines. The large cylinder stabilises the platform in the water and allows the platform to move a
little during bad storms. Spar platforms can operate in water from about 700 to over 3,000 metres deep.
Tension leg platforms (Figure _____ ) do not have a cylinder. The platform is mounted on a set of long,
flexible legs. The legs go all the way down from the platform to the sea bed. The legs allow the platform
to move up to about 7 metres from side to side in a storm, but not up and down. Tension leg platforms
can operate in water up to about 2,300 metres deep.
Fixed platforms (Figure _____ ) are attached to the sea bed. The legs are rigid, and made of concrete
or steel. They extend down from the platform to the sea bed. The legs are fixed to the sea bed with
piles. They are stable and resist wind and water forces. However, these platforms cannot be used in very
deep water. It is too expensive to build longer legs. Fixed platforms can operate in water depths up to a
maximum of about 500 metres.
Compliant towers (Figure _____ ) are much like fixed platforms. The platform is mounted on a
narrow, compliant (or flexible) tower. The tower extends all the way from the platform to a solid
foundation on the sea bed. This tower is flexible (unlike the rigid legs of a fixed platform). This flexibility
allows it to operate in much deeper water, between 450 and 900 metres.
Sea star platforms (Figure _____ ) are similar to tension leg platforms, but smaller. The platform floats
on a short cylinder and a hull. The cylinder and hull are below sea level, and the hull is filled with water.
The hull is attached to tension legs. These narrow, flexible legs extend from the floating hull to the sea
bed. The platform can move a little from side to side (but not up and down). It can operate in water
depths of up to about 1,000 metres.

Unit 3
2 Circle T (true) or F (false) based on the information in 1.

1 Tension leg platforms are more rigid than fixed platforms. (T / F)
2 Fixed platforms are more flexible than compliant towers. (T / F)
3 Fixed platforms are the smallest platforms and operate in the shallowest waters. (T / F)
4 Tension leg platforms are larger than sea star platforms. (T / F)
5 Spar platforms can operate in deeper water than tension leg or sea star platforms. (T / F)
6 All of the platforms move sideways in storms, except the fixed platform. (T / F)
3 Complete these statements about the different platforms. Use the correct form of the adjectives in
brackets. Use more, most, less or least if necessary.
1 The cylinder on the spar is __________ (long and wide) than the one on the sea star.
2 Oil companies use spar platforms in the __________ (deep) waters in the world.
3 The ocean is too __________ (deep) for the fixed platform or the compliant tower.
4 The spar is the __________ (strong) and the __________ (flexible) of all the platforms.
5 The fixed platform is the __________ (flexible) of all the platforms.
6 The spar platform is too __________ (long) for the shallow waters near the coast.
4 Complete the comparisons between the minimum

facilities platform and the spar platform.
Minimum Spar Platform

Facilities
Platform (MFP)
1 Depth of water 15 – 100 m 850 m
2 Capacity 15,000 bpd 55,000 bpd
3 Weight of deck 1,000 t 17,000 t
4 Number of 6 20
wellheads
5 Crew capacity 12 110 minimum
facilities
6 Length of legs: 15 – 100 m cylinder: 230 m;
platform
support (same as sea) cables: 1000 m
The minimum facilities platform (MFP) is a small platform with no permanent crew and remote
operation.
The MFP is much (1) more lightweight (lightweight) than the spar and operates in
(2) shallower (shallow) waters. The legs of the MFP are much (3)__________ (short) and are
much (4)__________ (cheap) to build than the cylinder of the spar. J7274
All the MFP wellheads are on the platform, while the spar wellheads are sub sea. This means that oil
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production on the MFP is (5)__________ (easy) and (6)__________ (safe) than on the spar. However, it
has (7)__________ (few) wellheads and produces much (8)__________ (little) oil than the spar.
Only a maximum of 12 crew can stay on the MFP platform overnight in an emergency. The room is too
(9)__________ (small) for the crew to stay for a longer period.
The spar platform is one of the (10)__________ (large) platforms in the world and can operate in the
(11)__________ (deep) waters in the world. On the other hand, the MFP is one of the (12)__________
(economical) platforms in the world.

Unit 3
Word list
NOUNS ADJECTIVES
coast ____________________ compliant ____________________
cylinder ____________________ offshore ____________________
hull ____________________ shallow ____________________
mooring ____________________ tubular ____________________
pile ____________________ VERBS
shelter ____________________ extend ____________________
wellhead ____________________ float ____________________
NOUN PHRASES operate ____________________
compliant tower ____________________ resist ____________________
fixed platform ____________________ stabilise ____________________
minimum facilities platform ____________________
oil company ____________________
permanent crew ____________________
remote operation ____________________
sea level ____________________
sea star platform ____________________
solid foundation ____________________
spar platform ____________________
tension leg platform ____________________

Unit 4
1 Read the explanation of how to lay a sub-sea pipeline. Then write these headings in the correct spaces.
Laying the pipeline on the sea bed / Cleaning out the pipeline before use / Planning the route of the pipeline /
Burying the pipeline under the sea bed / Connecting the pipes into a pipeline / Surveying and mapping the sea bed
/ Constructing the pipes
How to lay an oil or gas pipeline under the sea

Most offshore oil and all offshore gas are brought to shore 5 ______________________________
by pipelines. One major advantage of a pipeline is that it The barge is winched forward on its anchor lines. At the
can operate in all weathers. Here are the main stages of same time, the pipeline drops gently to the sea bed. The
laying a sub-sea pipeline: pipeline is guided by a ‘stinger’.
1 ______________________________ 6 ______________________________
The sea bed is mapped to identify unstable areas and to Two methods are used to cover and protect the pipeline on
see if it will be possible to bury the pipe. the sea bed.
2 ______________________________ 6.1 (See Fig 1). In shallower water, a pipe trenching
Pipeline routes are planned to be as short as possible. barge is used. This vessel follows the lay barge. When the
Slopes that could put stress on unsupported pipe are new pipeline is laid on the sea bed, the trenching barge
avoided. digs a shallow trench under the pipeline and covers it with
debris.
3 ______________________________
6.2 (See Fig 2). In deeper water, a gravel dumping vessel
Pipeline construction is begun onshore. Lengths of pipe is used. This vessel follows the semi-submersible lay barge
are waterproofed with bitumen and coated with steel- and drops gravel onto the pipeline. The pipeline has more
reinforced concrete. This coating protects the submarine weight in deeper seas.
pipeline and also weighs it down on the sea bed even when
it is filled with gas. 7 ______________________________
4 ______________________________ The insides of pipelines are cleaned regularly to remove

wax deposits and water. A pipeline inspection gauge is
The prepared lengths of pipe are welded together offshore forced through the pipe. This device collects deposits and
on a lay barge. cleans the pipe.
A
2 Write the captions Fig 1 and Fig 2 semi-submersible
laybarge
under the diagrams (see 6.1 and gravel dumping vessel
2
6.2 in 1). Then label the diagram
with the words in the box.
pipeline / anchor line / anchor /

stinger / trench / gravel
6 3 5 4
B
pipe trenching barge laybarge
2
1 3 5 4

Unit 4
3 Change these sentences from the active to the passive in your notebook. Begin each new sentence
with the words in italics.
Example. 1 The oil is brought onshore by means of pipelines.
1 The company brings the oil onshore by means of pipelines.
2 The pipe-makers cover the pipes with bitumen and concrete.
3 A welder welds the pipes together on the lay barge.
4 The men lay the new pipeline on the sea bed using a lay barge.
5 The sailors winch the lay barge forwards using its anchor lines.
6 They dig a trench under the pipeline using a pipe trenching barge.
4 Join these pairs of sentences to make single sentences in your notebook. Use who or which.
Example. 1 The pipes are coated with bitumen, which protects them from water.
1 The pipes are coated with bitumen. Bitumen protects them from water.
2 The sailors switch on the winch. The winch pulls the barge forwards.
3 The pipes are taken to the welders. The welders join them together into a pipeline.
4 The pipeline is guided by a stinger. The stinger prevents it from sinking too quickly.
5 They use a pipeline inspection gauge. The pipeline inspection gauge cleans out the pipe.
6 The pipeline route is planned by surveyors. The surveyors map the sea bed.
5 Write full sentences from this table in your notebook. Use the passive and to + verb to express
purpose.
Example. 1 The pipeline is inspected from the air to check that no-one is digging near the pipeline.
Safety procedures for onshore gas pipelines
Action taken Purpose of action
1 people inspect the pipeline from the air check no-one is digging near the pipeline
2 inspectors test the pipes check for corrosion in the pipeline
3 they place signs along the route warn the public about the pipeline
4 the company trains emergency teams respond quickly in a fire
6 Change this set of instructions into a paragraph, using the passive. Write in your notebook.
Begin: First, the jacket is fabricated onshore. Next, the finished jacket …
How to construct and install an offshore oil platform
1 Fabricate the jacket onshore.
2 Tow the finished jacket to the field in calm weather, and launch it into the sea.
3 Turn the jacket right side up by flooding the tanks in its legs.
4 Drive piles to secure the jacket to the sea bed.
6 Bring the platform to the jacket and lift the platform onto the jacket by means of cranes.

Unit 4
Word list
NOUNS VERBS
bitumen ____________________ bury (a pipeline) ____________________
coating ____________________ fabricate ____________________
corrosion ____________________ identify ____________________
debris ____________________ lay (a pipeline) ____________________
gravel ____________________ map ____________________
product ____________________ survey ____________________
sample ____________________ tow ____________________
stinger ____________________ waterproof ____________________
trench ____________________ weigh down ____________________
NOUN PHRASES weld ____________________
anchor line ____________________ winch ____________________
emergency team ____________________ ADJECTIVES
gravel dumping vessel ____________________ coated ____________________
lay barge ____________________ offshore ____________________
pipe trenching barge ____________________ onshore ____________________
pipeline inspection gauge ____________________ submarine ____________________
steel-reinforced concrete ____________________ unstable ____________________
wax deposit ____________________

Unit 5
1 Read this text and label the diagram.

blind ram BOP / annular BOP / shear ram BOP
drilling platform
The blowout preventer mud return line

1
One of the most dangerous accidents during
the drilling and production stages of a well is a 2
blowout. This is an uncontrolled flow of oil, gas

or water at high pressure out of the well.
The blowout preventer (BOP) is designed to shut
down the well quickly in an emergency blowout.
It prevents fluids from escaping under extreme
pressure. The BOP is located between the drilling
platform and the ground. It is operated remotely 3
choke line
by means of hydraulic pistons.
kill line
There are three main types of blowout preventer: wellhead
(1) the annular BOP, (2) the blind ram BOP and
(3) the shear ram BOP. In the diagram of the BOP
stack, the annular preventer is at the top, the
blind rams are below that, and the shear rams A blowout preventer stack
are at the bottom.
2 Read the rest of the text and write the fi gure numbers in the spaces.
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Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
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drill pipe
drill pipe
The annular BOP (Figure _____ ) forms a seal in the annular space (or annulus) between the drill pipe and the casing
of the well bore. In this type of valve, the seal is in the shape of a ring, made of elastomer (or elastic polymer), like a
large doughnut. The elastomer seal is mechanically squeezed inwards to close the annulus.
The blind ram BOP (Figure _____ ) has two heavy steel plates which move together like two gates and seal the
complete well hole. The sealing surfaces of the steel plates have elastomer components. Blind rams cannot be used
when there is a drill string in the well hole. In this situation, either the annular BOP or the shear rams are used.
Shear rams (Figure _____ ) have two heavy steel blades which move together and close the well hole by cutting
through the drillpipe. The section of drillpipe
J7274 is destroyed, but the rest of the drillstring is unharmed by the
shear rams.
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When the well hole or annulusAW is completely closed, the drillers begin the kill operation. This procedure is designed
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to kill the well, or stop it from flowing. High-density drilling mud is pumped into the well through the kill line (or
pipe). The heavy mud weighs down the fluid from the well through force of gravity, and controls the flow. Then the
mud leaves the well hole via the choke line. The kill line and the choke line are small-diameter pipes.

Unit 5
3 Write questions in your notebook for answers. Use information from the text in 1 and/or 2.
Example. 1 What’s the blowout preventer for?
1 It’s for shutting down a well during a blowout and for preventing fluids from escaping.
2 It’s located at the top of the well hole, between the drilling platform and the ground.
3 It’s needed to protect the oil workers from serious accidents during a blowout.
4 It’s done by sliding together two heavy steel plates and sealing the well hole.
5 They start the kill procedure after the BOP has completely sealed the well hole.
6 By means of powerful hydraulic pistons.
4 Identify these items. All the items are in text 1 and/or text 2. Some items are described more than
once.
The definition and/or function of the item
1 This is a well-control device for controlling the flow of fluids under high pressure from a well hole.
What is it? ____________________
2 This device is designed to prevent fluids from flowing through the space between the drill pipe and
the casing of the well. What is it? ____________________
3 The purpose of this device is to close a well hole which contains a drill string. It does this by shearing
through the drill pipe. What is it? ____________________
4 This is a narrow pipe which carries heavy drilling mud out of the blowout preventer. What is it? _____
_______________
The appearance and/or material of the item
5 This device is made of a polymer with good elasticity and is shaped like a ring. What is it? ___________
_________
6 These two components look like a pair of heavy shears. What are they? ____________________
7 These two parts are in the shape of heavy steel doors or gates, which slide together. What are they?
____________________
8 This tree-shaped component is made of steel. It has pipes and rams, which look like the branches of a
tree. What is it? ____________________
5 Complete these statements. Use each word at least once.

for / to / that / as / which / used
1 A blowout preventer is a powerful valve __________ closes a well and seals it.
2 The choke line is __________ controlling the flow of mud from the well.
3 The kill line is used __________ allow high-density mud to enter the well.
4 A blind ram is a type of BOP __________ seals a complete well hole.
5 An annular BOP is designed __________ seal the space between the casing and the drill string.
6 A shear ram is used __________ cutting through a drill string and sealing the well.
7 The blades of the shear ram act __________ a powerful pair of cutters on the drill string.
8 High-density mud is __________ to push down on the fluid in the well and control it.

Unit 5
Word list
NOUNS ADJECTIVES
blowout ____________________ annular ____________________
elastomer ____________________ elastic ____________________
line ____________________ high-density ____________________
polymer ____________________ small-diameter ____________________
section ____________________ uncontrolled ____________________
NOUN PHRASES unharmed ____________________
annular space ____________________ VERBS
blind ram ____________________ kill (a well) ____________________
blowout preventer ____________________ seal ____________________
BOP stack ____________________ ADVERBS
choke line ____________________ mechanically ____________________
drilling platform ____________________ remotely ____________________
drilling stage ____________________
hydraulic piston ____________________
kill line ____________________
kill operation ____________________
production stage ____________________
shear ram ____________________
well bore ____________________

Unit 6
1 Read about this accident and tick the safety rules which were broken.
Worker injured when lanyard caught in

rotating kelly bar
A young motorhand was injured when his fall protection lanyard was caught and
wrapped around the rotating kelly bar on a drilling rig. This is what happened. He
completed some work in the derrick using a full body harness. His lanyard attached to
the D-ring on the back of the harness. He climbed down, then detached the lanyard
from the lifeline, but did not remove the harness or the lanyard from his body. Then
he walked across the rig floor, near to the rotating kelly. The lanyard touched the
kelly, and the man was pulled by the lanyard towards the kelly. Fortunately, another
man quickly pressed the emergency stop button.
Safety rules on offshore rig

1 Workers must wear PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) at all times on the platform.
2 The rig must have a TSR (temporary safe refuge, or safe room), a safe escape route to the sea, and a safe route
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3 A safety boat must always be on standby near the platform to rescue people who fall into the sea.AW by HL Studios
4 Safety officers must check the response time of the safety boat.
5 Workers must not enter the danger zone when the rotary table is in motion.
6 Workers must wear fall protection equipment (body harness, lanyard) when working at a height.
D-ring
lanyard
body harness
lifeline
7 Workers must remove fall protection equipment (e.g. lanyards) immediately when it’s not needed.
8 Remove or confine loose clothing, long hair, jewellery, watches, etc.
9 Workers must not work near a moving rotary table if visibility is poor (e.g. in fog).
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10 Supervisors must monitor the number of people working in particular areas.
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11 Workers must not bring dangerous items such as alcohol, matches, lighters, other flammable items, illegal
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drugs or weapons aboard offshore oil rigs.
12 Before coming aboard an offshore oil rig, all luggage must be checked.
13 Batteries must be removed from electrical equipment, and mobile phones should be turned off before you come
aboard the helicopter.
14 Every piece of equipment on the offshore oil rig must be tested regularly.
15 When equipment is tested, it must be identified with a colour code.
16 Workers must not use equipment with an out-of-date colour code.

Unit 6
2 Write the safety rule numbers (1 – 16) from 1 next to the best headings for the rules.
Most headings have more than one rule.
A Prevention of falls from height 6
B Prevention of accidents near moving equipment ____________________
C Prevention of general accidents on rig ____________________
D Safety during emergency ____________________
E Escape from rig in emergency ____________________
F Prohibited items on rig ____________________
G Testing and safe use of equipment ____________________
H Safety during travel to rig ____________________
3 Change active rules into passives in your notebook. Use each verb at least twice.
must / have to / need to
Example. 1 PPE must be worn at all times on the platform.
1 Workers must wear PPE at all times on the platform.
2 People must check the response time of the safety vessel.
3 Establish and clearly mark a danger zone around the rotary table.
4 Workers must take off lanyards near moving equipment.
5 Remove or confine loose clothing, long hair, jewellery and watches.
6 Workers must not bring dangerous items aboard offshore oil rigs.
4 Read about the accident in 1 again. Complete these recommendations by a safety inspector to the
rig manager. Use should and the passive of the verbs in brackets.
1 A danger zone should be clearly marked around the rotary table. (mark)
2 Guards ____________________ around the rotating equipment. (install)
3 Workers ____________________ to enter the danger zone when the rotary table is moving. (not/ permit)
4 At least four emergency stop buttons ____________________ near the rotary table. (locate)
5 Sensors ____________________ to give warnings when workers enter the danger zone. (set up)
6 Hoses, cables or other equipment ____________________ from the danger zone. (remove)
5 Read these directions and draw the route from A to the escape
to sea point on this offshore platform. Escape routes on oil platform
You are here (point A). To reach the escape-to-sea point, follow TSR
these directions. Go straight ahead. Take the first turning on your
left and go straight ahead. Then take the second turning on your
right and go straight ahead. You will come to a T junction. Turn
right. The escape-to-sea ladder is on your left.
6 Write similar directions from B to the TSR (temporary safe

refuge).
You are here (point B). To reach the TSR, follow these directions.
Go straight ahead. __________________________________________ B A

Unit 6
Word list
NOUNS VERBS
lanyard ____________________ confine ____________________
lifeboat ____________________ detach ____________________
standby ____________________ monitor ____________________
visibility ____________________ set up ____________________
NOUN PHRASES wrap (around) ____________________
body harness ____________________ ADJECTIVES
colour code ____________________ out-of-date ____________________
D-ring ____________________ prohibited ____________________
danger zone ____________________
emergency stop button ____________________
escape route ____________________
fall protection ____________________
lifeline ____________________
loose clothing ____________________
personal protective equipment (PPE) ____________________
response time ____________________
safety boat ____________________
temporary safe refuge (TSR) ____________________

Unit 7
1 Read the text and label the parts in the diagram.

Exploration for oil and
water / oil / gas / source rock / reservoir rock / cap rock gas fields
Petroleum geologists look at two important
1 4
properties of rocks: permeability and
2 5 impermeability. Some rock types, such as
3 6 limestone and sandstone, are highly permeable
(or porous), that is, they contain small holes
(or pores) which allow fluids such as oil, gas and
water to flow through them. Other rock types,
such as granite and marble, are impermeable (or
e
rme
abl non-porous), that is, they do not contain pores,
p e
Im and fluids cannot pass through them.
le The diagram shows how permeable and

eab
Perm Oil and gas rise impermeable rock layers are arranged in a
from here
typical oil and gas field. The oil and gas deposits
are found in a layer of reservoir rock, which is
ea ble permeable. In the reservoir rock, gas is at the
Perm
top, oil in the middle, and water at the bottom.
e
The reservoir rock is trapped between two layers
eabl
Imperm of impermeable rock.
A long time ago, the petroleum was in a layer of
source rock, such as shale, below the reservoir
rock. Over a long period of time, the oil and gas
2 Read the next part of the text and label these diagrams flowed upwards out of the source rock into the
Fig 1, Fig 2 or Fig 3.
J7274 reservoir rock, where it was trapped by the top
PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02 layer of impermeable cap rock.
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A B C
How were oilfields formed? It began millions of years ago, when the remains of microscopic plants and animals (organic
matter) settled on the sea bed. Sediments, such as clay and sand, covered the organic matter. More sedimentary layers
were added, and the sediments became heavier. Pressure and temperature increased. The heat and pressure converted
much of the organic matter into the hydrocarbons that make up oil and gas.
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The oil and gas then flowed upwards. Some of it reached the surface and escaped. However, some was trapped
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underground in reservoir rock below a layer of cap rock. The oil remains in this geological ‘trap’ until it is drilled for and
brought to the surface.
Here are three types of geological trap. They were all caused by movements in the Earth’s crust:
1. A fold (or anticline). The layers of rock were bent into a dome shape. (See Fig 1)
2. A fault. The layers of rock cracked, and one side moved upwards or downwards. (See Fig 2)
3. A pinch-out. A mass of impermeable rock pushed upwards into the reservoir rock. (See Fig 3)

Unit 7
3 Circle T (true) or F (false) next to the statements about the texts in 1 and 2.
1 Granite and marble are examples of reservoir rock. (T / F)
2 If there is no layer of cap rock, oil and gas can flow to the surface and escape. (T / F)
3 Oil, gas and water can flow through small holes in rocks such as sandstone. (T / F)
4 Oil is composed of hydrocarbons, which were formed underneath the sea. (T / F)
4 Complete the four short dialogues. Three surveyors and geologists (A, B and C) are searching for
potential oil fi elds in an area of land.
1 A: This desert was a sea bed millions of years ago.
B: Yes. The desert must __________ (be / have) full of oil now.
C: Why __________ (aren’t / don’t) we drill our first well here?
2 A: The map shows an anticline or fold in the rock.
B: The cap rock may __________ (has/ have) trapped some oil under it
C: Why don’t we __________ (set up/ setting up) a rig and try __________ (drill / drilling) there?
3 A: The map shows a large fault where the rock has cracked and moved downwards.
B: The fault might __________ (have / be) blocking some oil or gas.
C: Let’s __________ (drill / we drill) a pilot hole under the fault.
4 A: On the map you can see a mass of salt has risen up into the reservoir rock.
B: That’s right. The salt mass must be __________ (trapping / trapped) some oil there.
A: I think we should try __________ (look / looking) for oil under here.
5 Show where these phrases should go in the letter. Write a number (1 – 9) in each space.
1 Unfortunately / 2 We therefore recommend that / 3 is attached / 4 Thank you for / 5 Please let me
know if / 6 I am pleased to inform you that / 7 For example / 8 This means that / 9 However
Dear Mr Robson,
RE: Exploration for oil and gas in Western Desert Zone 3
(a) _____ your letter of 18th August, in which you asked our company to do a survey of
Zone 3.
(b) _____ our surveyors completed the survey last week on schedule. I received the report
from the surveyors yesterday.
(c) _____ , the surveyors found no direct evidence of oil deposits in the area.
(d) _____ , they observed some interesting features. (e) _____ , they saw an anticline
and a fault. (f) _____ oil may be trapped below these features.
(g) _____ three small exploratory wells should be drilled above these features.
The full survey report (h) _____ .
(i) _____ you would like me to clarify any points in the report.
Yours sincerely,
6 Change the sentences in italics into the past simple passive in your notebook.
Example. 1 Our company was asked to do a survey of Zone 3.

Unit 7
Word list
NOUNS NOUN PHRASES
anticline ____________________ cap rock ____________________
clay ____________________ exploratory well ____________________
fault ____________________ oil/ gas deposit ____________________
feature ____________________ organic matter ____________________
fold ____________________ reservoir rock ____________________
geologist ____________________ source rock ____________________
granite ____________________ VERBS
hydrocarbon ____________________ trap ____________________
impermeability ____________________ ADJECTIVES
layer ____________________ impermeable ____________________
limestone ____________________ microscopic ____________________
marble ____________________ non-porous ____________________
permeability ____________________ permeable ____________________
pore ____________________ porous ____________________
sand ____________________ sedimentary ____________________

sandstone ____________________
sediment ____________________
shale ____________________
survey ____________________
surveyor ____________________
trap ____________________

Unit 8
1 Study this diagram of the oil distillation COOL

(25° C)
process. Circle T (true) or F (false) in the gases
(e.g. propane)
description. boil at <40° C
Crude oil is heated and pumped into the column
(1 T / F). When this happens, all the crude oil flow of liquid
liquid
evaporates and the vapour (or gas) rises through
naphtha
the column (2 T / F). As the vapour goes up the 60 – 100° C
column, the temperature decreases (3 T / F). All bubbles of
the vapour from the crude oil fl ows to the top of gas
the column and leaves it through a pipe (4 T / F). kerosene
valve
When the temperature falls to between 175° 175 – 325° C
C and 325° C, some of the vapour condenses
liquid
into liquid kerosene (5 T / F). This substance
condenses at a higher temperature than naphtha. tray
diesel oil
250 – 350° C
(6 T / F).
lubricating oil
flow of gas 300 – 370° C
gas
crude fuel oil
oil 370 – 600° C
liquid
furnace
liquid residue
(e.g. asphalt)
>600° C
2 Read the description of the distillation process HOT
(350° C)
and answer the questions on the next page.
The oil refining process: fractional distillation J7188

PEARSON Technical English
Crude oil (also called petroleum) is a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Many useful products can beaw_08_01.eps
made from
these hydrocarbons. But first the useful ones must be extracted from the crude oil and separated from one another.
How is this done?
The different hydrocarbon components of crude oil are called fractions. The fractions are separated from one another
using a process called fractional distillation. This process is based on the principle that different substances boil at
different temperatures. For example, crude oil contains kerosene and naphtha, which are useful fractions (naphtha
is made into petrol for cars, and kerosene is made into jet fuel). When you evaporate the mixture of kerosene and
naphtha, and then cool it, the kerosene condenses at a higher temperature than the naphtha. As the mixture cools,
the kerosene condenses first, and the naphtha condenses later.
This is how fractional distillation works. The main equipment is a tall cylinder called a fractionator (or fractional
distillation column). Inside this column there are many trays, or horizontal plates, all located at different heights.
Each tray collects a different fraction when it cools to its own boiling point and condenses.
The crude oil is heated to at least 350° C, which makes most of the oil evaporate. The fluid then enters the column.
As the vapour moves up through the fractionator, each fraction cools and condenses at a different temperature. As
each fraction condenses, the liquid is collected in the trays. Substances with higher boiling points condense on the
lower trays in the column. Substances with lower boiling points condense on the higher trays.
The trays have valves, which allow the vapour to bubble through the liquid in the tray. This helps the vapour to cool
and condense more quickly. The liquid from each tray then flows out of the column.

Unit 8
Answer these questions on the reading text in your notebook.

1 Why do different substances need to be extracted from crude oil?
2 What fact of science does fractional distillation use?
3 Which component of the column collects the condensed liquid from each fraction?
4 What is the function of the valves on each tray?
3 Put these stages in the distillation process into the correct order. Write a number (1 – 8) next to
each stage.
A As the vapour rises through the trays in the column, the temperature falls.
B The condensed liquid of the fraction is collected in a tray.
C When a fraction in the vapour cools to its own boiling point, it condenses.
D 1 This is how the distillation process in the fractionator works.
E Most of the fractions in the crude oil evaporate.
F The condensed liquid flows out of the fractionator through a pipe from the tray.
G High-pressure steam is used to heat the crude oil to a high temperature.
H The crude oil vapour enters the fractionator and rises up the column.
4 Complete these sentences using each word from the box once only. Use capital letters where necessary.
for / as / that / to / by / which / when / from
1 Jet fuel is made from kerosene, condenses between 175° C and 325° C.
2 naphtha vapour is cooled to between 60° and 100° C, it condenses.
3 Diesel oil is produced cooling crude oil vapour to between 250° and 300° C.
4 crude oil vapour rises through the fractionator, it cools.
5 Lubricating oil is used reducing friction between moving parts.
6 The boiling point of industrial fuel oil ranges 370° C to 600° C.
7 A fractionator is a tall column is filled with trays or plates at several levels.
8 The trays in the column are designed allow contact between vapour and liquid.
5 Rewrite these sentences using the passive form of the verbs.

1 You have to refine crude oil so that you can use it for petrol or jet fuel.
Crude oil so that it fuel.
2 In the past, people burnt crude oil in lamps, but now they extract kerosene from it.
In the past, crude , but now kerosene it.
3 When you boil crude oil, you convert most of the fractions into vapour.
When crude oil , most of vapour.
4 The trays collect the condensed fluid and then a pipe carries it out of the fractionator.
The condensed trays, and then it pipe.

Unit 8
Word list
NOUNS NOUN PHRASES
asphalt ____________________ boiling point ____________________
column ____________________ crude oil ____________________
fraction ____________________ diesel oil ____________________
fractionator ____________________ fractional

distillation ____________________
furnace ____________________
fractional
hydrocarbon ____________________ distillation column ____________________
kerosene ____________________ fuel oil ____________________
naphtha ____________________ high-pressure steam ____________________
petroleum ____________________ industrial fuel oil ____________________
propane ____________________ jet fuel ____________________
residue ____________________ lubricating oil ____________________
substance ____________________ oil refining ____________________
tray ____________________ VERBS ____________________
bubble ____________________
collect ____________________
extract ____________________
separate ____________________

Unit 9
1 Read the description and write the

correct fi gure number in the text. Exploring for oil and gas
1 Geological Surveys
seismic ship 2 1 3 4
Exploring for oil or gas on land usually begins with a ground
survey. Geologists search for anticlines and faults. They also collect
samples of rock to check for permeability, fluid content, age and
the shape of the rocks underneath the surface of a particular area.
They use satellite images and aerial photography.
2 Seismic exploration
Seismic exploration can be used on land and at sea. A seismic
wave is energy or a vibration which moves through rock below the
Figure 1 surface of the Earth. Seismology studies how seismic waves move
through the Earth.
2.1 Onshore
Geophysicists place geophones in the ground at intervals, and
5 8
use thumper trucks (see Figure ___). These trucks have pistons
and thumpers, that is, heavy plates which strike the ground with
a powerful impact. The plates send powerful shock waves (seismic
waves) through the ground. When the waves strike rock layers,
6 7 they are reflected back up to the geophones. Impermeable cap rock
and permeable reservoir rock reflect the seismic waves up to the
geophones at different speeds. The geophones pick up the seismic
data which is reflected from the rock layers, and send the data to a
seismic recording truck. The data allows the geophysicist to estimate
exactly what layers exist underground and how deep they are.
2.2 Offshore
A similar process is used in offshore seismic exploration (see Figure
Figure 2
___). However, there are some differences. Instead of a truck, a
ship is used to pick up the seismic data. Instead of geophones,
offshore exploration uses hydrophones, which are designed to
pick up seismic waves underwater. These hydrophones are towed
behind the ship on a long cable. Instead of striking the sea bed,
J7274 the seismic ship uses a large air gun, which releases powerful bursts
PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02 of compressed air under the water. These create seismic waves that
aw_09_01_J7274.eps
AW by HL Studios can travel through the Earth’s crust to underground rock layers,
which reflect the waves back up to the hydrophones.
2 Label the parts on the diagrams in 1.

hydrophone / geophone / seismic wave / rock layer / thumper truck / air gun / plate /
seismic recording truck
3 Match the statements below with items of equipment from 1 and 2.

1 This vehicle sends seismic waves through land. ______________________________
2 This vehicle receives data from geophones. ______________________________
3 This sea vessel collects data from hydrophones. ______________________________
4 This equipment sends seismic waves through water. ______________________________
5 This sensor detects seismic waves under the land. ______________________________
6 This sensor detects seismic waves under the sea. ______________________________

Unit 9
4 Find noun + noun phrases from the text in 1 with the same meanings as these phrases. The two
nouns you need can be found in each phrase below.
1 survey of the ground ground survey
2 layers of rock ____________________
3 gun which fires compressed air ____________________
4 waves or vibrations which are caused by a shock or impact ____________________
5 In your notebook, rewrite these sentences to give the same meaning, using the word(s) in brackets.
Example. 1 Check how old the rock is.
1 Do you know the age of the rock? (how/ old)
2 Find out the rock type under this point. (what/ kind)
3 They study the rock to check its permeability. (how/ porous)
4 We need to know the fluid content of the rock. (how much/ liquid or gas/ contains)
5 Seismology studies the movement of seismic waves through the Earth. (how / move)
6 The geophysicist estimates the exact depth of the oil. (exactly / how / deep)
6 Complete the sentences.

In addition / However / for example / in other words
1 Geologists search for useful features in the land, _________ anticlines and faults.
2 Thumper trucks use thumpers, _________ , heavy plates which strike the ground
3 Offshore seismic exploration is similar to onshore seismic exploration. _________, hydrophones are
used instead of geophones.
4 Geologists take pictures of the land from aeroplanes. _________, they use satellite photographs.
7 Complete this description of the table. Put these phrases into the spaces.
just under / one-tenth / about / one-eighth / just over / one-third
Saudi Arabia 12.7%

Russia 11.2%
USA 9.4%
Rest of the world 66.7%
Where does the world’s oil come from?

This table shows that ten countries produce (1) about (2) one-third of the world’s oil.
The largest single oil producer is Saudi Arabia, which produces between (3)__________ (4)__________
of the oil. Next comes Russia, which produces (5)__________ and (6)__________ of the world’s oil. And
the third largest producer is the United States, which produces (7)__________ (8)__________ of the
world’s oil.

Unit 9
Word list
NOUNS VERBS
burst ____________________ produce ____________________
geophone ____________________ ADJECTIVES
geophysicist ____________________ geological ____________________
hydrophone ____________________ seismic ____________________
seismology ____________________
thumper ____________________
vibration ____________________
NOUN PHRASES
aerial photography ____________________
air gun ____________________
compressed air ____________________
Earth’s crust ____________________
fluid content ____________________
oil producer ____________________
satellite image ____________________
seismic recording truck ____________________
seismic wave ____________________
thumper truck ____________________

Unit 10
1 Read the text and label the liquids with words describing their properties.
stable / viscous / fl uid / miscible / fl ammable / volatile / non-fl ammable / immiscible
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
oil salt
oil salt
water water
water water
__________ __________ __________ __________
5 6 7 8
5 6 7 8
__________ __________ __________ __________
Some important properties of petroleum products

PEARSON
J7274
Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
J7274
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Lubricating oil PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
AW by HL Studios
aw_10_01_J7274.eps
Oils are in a viscous (or thick) liquid state at normal room temperature or slightly warmer. They are AW
immiscible (that
by HL Studios is,
they cannot be mixed) with water. However, they are miscible (that is, they can be mixed) with other oils.
Viscosity: One of the most important properties of lubricating oil is its viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid is its thickness,
stickiness or resistance to flow. The oil must be viscous enough to maintain a lubricating layer on the moving parts of an
engine, but fluid (or free-flowing) enough to flow around the engine parts to keep them well coated under all conditions.
The viscosity index indicates how much the oil’s viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index
indicates that the viscosity changes less when the temperature changes. A lower index shows that the viscosity changes
more when the temperature changes.
Pour point: This is the lowest temperature at which the oil can be poured out of a container or pumped around an engine.
If the temperature falls below the pour point, the oil is too viscous to flow. A low pour point is useful because we want
engines to start up easily in cold temperatures.
Flash point: This is the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapours which are flammable (that is, able to ignite or
catch fire easily). It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable.
Jet fuels
There are two types of jet fuel used in aviation: avtag (aviation turbine gasoline) and avtur (aviation turbine kerosene). These
fuels must have three important properties. First, they must be free from impurities. Secondly, they must have a low viscosity
index (that is, they must be able to flow at low temperatures). Thirdly, they must be stable (that is, not volatile) at high
temperatures. Volatile liquids evaporate more quickly when heated, whereas stable liquids do not evaporate quickly.
2 Complete this table. Use property adjectives from the text in 1.

Property Opposite
adjective noun adjective noun
1 __________ viscosity 5 __________ fl uidity
2 __________ miscibility 6 __________ immiscibility
3 __________ fl ammability 7 __________ non-fl ammability
4 __________ volatility 8 __________ stability

Unit 10
3 Rewrite these statements to give the same or similar meaning. Use the word(s) in brackets.
Example. 1 When petrol evaporates, the gas is flammable.
1 When petrol evaporates, the gas can be ignited very easily. (flammable)
2 Oil floats on the surface of the sea because it is immiscible. (cannot / mixed / water)
3 This lubricating oil has a high viscosity index. (remains / viscous / high temperatures)
4 We need to buy an oil which has a low pour point. (can / poured / easily / cold)
5 Jet fuels such as avtur must not evaporate at high temperatures. (low / volatility)
6 This oil is too dangerous because it has a low flash point. (can / ignited / low / temperature)
4 Write these headings in the correct three places in the text.

Result / Procedure / Objective
Water content (‘crackle’) test

1 ____________________: The purpose of the crackle test is to discover if there is any water in a sample
of oil 2 ____________________: The method is as follows. First, a hot plate is heated to 135° C. Secondly,
the oil sample is shaken vigorously to make the water molecules spread equally through the oil. Finally,
a small amount of oil is dropped onto the hot plate using a clean dropper. 3 ____________________: If
no crackling is heard and no bubbles of vapour are seen after a few seconds, the oil is free of water.
However, if bubbles are seen or crackling is heard, there is some water in the oil.
5 In your notebook, rewrite the text in 4 without using any passive forms of the verb. Use the
imperative, or you + active verb.
Begin: First, heat a hot plate …
6 Complete this text.

to / if / does / is / of
The pour point test for oil

The objective (1)__________ this test is (2)__________ discover the pour point of an oil sample. The
procedure (3)__________ as follows. First, the oil (4)__________ cooled in a flask. At about 9° C above
the expected pour point, the flask is removed and tilted (5)__________ see (6)__________ the surface of
the oil (7)__________ moving. The oil is cooled for 3° C more, and observed. When the oil (8)__________
not flow when it is tilted, the jar is held horizontally for 5 seconds. If it (9)__________ not pour out, the
temperature (10)__________ recorded. This temperature plus 3° C is the pour point temperature.
7 Rewrite these sentences in your notebook. Use the words in brackets and make any other
necessary changes.
Begin: 1 This oil must not be used because it …
1 This oil contains water, and so it must not be used. (because)
2 This fuel is too dangerous for cars, because it ignites at low temperatures. (and so)
3 Jet planes fly at high altitudes, and therefore they need fuels with low volatility. (since)
4 We must use an oil with a low pour point, as we’ll be driving in a cold country. (and therefore)

Unit 10
Word list
NOUNS ADJECTIVES
avtag ____________________ flammable ____________________
avtur ____________________ fluid ____________________
flammability ____________________ free-flowing ____________________
immiscibility ____________________ immiscible ____________________
impurity ____________________ miscible ____________________
non-flammability ____________________ non-flammable ____________________
resistance ____________________ stable ____________________
stability ____________________ viscous ____________________
stickiness ____________________ volatile ____________________
thickness ____________________ VERBS
viscosity ____________________ catch fire ____________________
volatility ____________________ crackle ____________________
NOUN PHRASES ignite ____________________
aviation turbine gasoline ____________________
aviation turbine kerosene ____________________
flash point ____________________
lubricating oil ____________________
pour point ____________________
viscosity index ____________________

Unit 11
1 Read this text and label the fl ow chart.

treating / reforming / cracking / alkylation / blending / fractional distillation
gas
gas unit
production
gas sulphuric
acid
1 naptha 2 5
platinum
crude 3 6 petroleum
oil products
residue 4
bauxite
The oil refi ning process: cracking, reforming, alteration, treating

and blending
The molecules in petroleum mainly consist of two elements: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). This is why
J7274
they are called hydrocarbons. PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
Hydrocarbons may be gaseous, liquid, or solid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Solids
aw_11_01_J7274.eps
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have a higher number of carbon atoms and a higher boiling point. Gases have a lower number of carbon
atoms and a lower boiling point.
After fractional distillation, petroleum fractions can be changed in three main ways:
1 A large hydrocarbon can be broken down into smaller ones. This is called cracking.
2 Smaller hydrocarbons can be combined to make a larger one. This is called reforming.
3 One hydrocarbon can be changed into another one. This is called alteration.
1 Cracking
Cracking breaks down larger, heavier hydrocarbons into smaller, lighter hydrocarbons. For example, heavy
gas oil can be broken down into lighter products such as petrol and diesel. The process takes place in a
cracking unit. The hydrocarbons are heated under pressure to high temperatures until they break apart.
This is called thermal cracking. Sometimes a catalyst (such as bauxite) or hydrogen is used to speed up the
cracking process.
2 Reforming
Reforming combines smaller, lighter hydrocarbons to make larger, heavier ones. The process takes place
in a reformer. It uses heat, pressure, and a catalyst (usually containing platinum) to convert naphtha into
high octane petrol and petrochemicals.
3 Alteration
Alteration rearranges or changes the hydrocarbons in one fraction to produce a different fraction. The
most common method is called alkylation, which takes place in an alkylation unit. In this process,
lighter hydrocarbons are converted into high-octane petrol using a catalyst such as sulphuric acid.
After the above processes, the fractions are treated in the treatment unit where they are passed through
chemical fi lters to remove impurities such as sulphur, water, or salts.
Finally, different fractions can be blended, or mixed together, in the blender to create products such as
petrol, lubricating oils, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, and petrochemicals for making plastics
and other polymers.

Unit 11
2 Match the items in this table.

process location purpose method
1 fractional distillation reformer remove sulphur heat under high pressure
2 cracking blender break down heavy cool fractions at different
3 reforming alkylation unit hydrocarbons temperatures
4 alkylation treatment unit separate fractions from heat under pressure; use
crude oil platinum as catalyst
5 treating distillation
column create products such as use sulphuric acid as catalyst
6 blending
petrol mix fractions together
cracking unit
change hydrocarbons pass through chemical filters
combine hydrocarbons
3 Write short paragraphs in your notebook explaining three of the items in the chart.
Example. 1 Fractional distillation takes place in the distillation column. The purpose of this process is to
separate the fractions. It is done by cooling the fractions at different temperatures.
4 A speaker is giving a talk about the refining process. Use the words and phrases in the box to
complete the sentences.
brings me to / by saying / for coming / let’s look at / like to / move / shown / shows / to explain / turn to
1 Good morning everyone, and thanks __________ to this presentation.

2 My objective in this talk is __________ some of the processes in oil refining.
3 I’d like to start __________ a few things about hydrocarbons.
4 And that __________ the three main processes: cracking, reforming and alteration.
5 So __________ cracking first.
6 Now let’s __________ on to reforming.
7 And thirdly, let’s __________ alteration.
8 As the flow chart __________ , the next process is treatment.
9 As __________ in the flow chart, after treatment we have blending.
10 And finally, I’d __________ mention some of the products of refining.
5 Complete the sentences. In each sentence, insert one word from list A and one word from list B.
Use each word once only.
A: advantage / benefit / disadvantage / drawback / recommend / suggest
B: be / of / should / that / which / would
1 An important __________ of petroleum is __________ it can be refined into many different products.
2 One __________ of petroleum is that it contains carbon, __________ is emitted as a greenhouse gas.
3 Another major __________ __________ petroleum is that it is a finite resource which will run out one
day.
4 One __________ of the treatment process is that some dangerous chemicals can __________ extracted
from the petroleum fraction.
5 I __________ __________ that the heavy gas oil should be cracked into a lighter hydrocarbon.
6 I __________ that the light hydrocarbon __________ be reformed into a slightly heavier product.

Unit 11
Word list
NOUNS VERBS
alkylation ____________________ alter ____________________
alteration ____________________ blend ____________________
bauxite ____________________ crack ____________________
blending ____________________ reform ____________________
catalyst ____________________ treat ____________________
cracking ____________________ ADJECTIVES
filter ____________________ carbon ____________________
petrochemical ____________________ gaseous ____________________
platinum ____________________ molecule ____________________
reformer ____________________
reforming ____________________
treating ____________________
NOUN PHRASES
alkylation unit ____________________
atmospheric pressure ____________________
cracking unit ____________________
fractional distillation column ____________________
gas oil ____________________
high-octane petrol ____________________
sulphuric acid ____________________
treatment unit ____________________

Unit 12
1 Read the text and complete the table.

sea bed
Some facts about the Iron Duke
oil fi eld
1 length
snake well
gas
60m 2 width
3 thickness
oil
Some facts about the Champion
West oil fi eld
water
4 distance
offshore
5 depth below
sea bed
6 length
J7274
Snake wells PEARSON Tech Eng Webiste Petroleum 02
aw_12_01_J7274.eps
Snake wells are not vertical. They follow horizontal underground routes, and they bend from side to side, backwards and
AW by HL Studios
forwards, like a snake. They can cut into many layers of reservoir rock. One snake well can produce more oil than three
or four vertical wells. This makes oil fields cheaper and easier to develop.
Snake wells use drills that can be steered with high accuracy. Special software generates detailed computer models
of underground geology and reservoirs. This enables drills to hit a target far underground that is less than two
metres across.
The oil company Shell uses snake wells. Shell’s first snake well was drilled at Brunei’s Iron Duke oil field. This field contains
many small pockets of oil and gas in an area which is only 28 metres deep, two kilometres long and 300 metres wide.
A layer of natural gas sits in the upper part of the reservoir. The pressure of the gas drives the oil to the well. As a result,
accurate drilling was essential to prevent the drill bit from hitting the gas layer.
This field was not economic using a vertical well, because of the shape of the reservoir rock. However, the snake well
caused a 15 per cent increase in production and delayed water breakthrough by 2 years.
Shell’s second snake well was used in the Champion West oil field. This field was first discovered in 1975, but was not
developed for 30 years, because it was uneconomical using traditional vertical well technology. It is located in shallow
water, 35 kilometres off the coast of Brunei. The oil is trapped in 11 separate small pockets scattered over a large area.
A snake well was drilled more than two miles deep beneath the sea bed. The well is eight kilometres long and extracts oil
from the 11 separate pockets of reservoir rock. It drains the same area as two vertical wells.
The Champion West snake well uses smart technology. Sensors and remotely controlled valves are located throughout
the field. These devices allow engineers to monitor the temperature and pressure of the reservoir and to control the fluid
flow by using a fibre-optic cable from the equipment to the surface.
The snake wells at Champion West field are the most productive wells in Brunei Shell Petroleum’s history. By replacing
several vertical wells with a single snake well that produces oil from two or more zones, Shell reduced development costs
for the field by 60 per cent. The field has added over 25,000 b/d of production. This has increased Brunei’s production
to the highest level in 25 years.

Unit 12
2 Mark these statements true (T) or false (F).

1 Snake wells travel underground horizontally in a straight line.
2 The drill bit on a snake well can strike an oil pocket which is only 2 metres wide.
3 In the Iron Duke oil field, the engineers drove the drill bit into the gas layer.
4 The oil company developed the Champion West oil field from 1975 to 2005.
5 A snake well was used in Champion West because the oil is in eleven separate locations.
6 The sensors in the Champion West well transmitted data to the surface via fibre-optic cable.
3 Write questions to get these answers. Use information about the snake wells from the text in 1.
1 They’re horizontal, and they bend from side to side like snakes.
2 One advantage is that snake wells can enter more than one reservoir. Another is that they can target
very small pockets of oil.
3 Because they use special software that can steer them remotely.
4 By means of sensors and remotely controlled valves.
5 In 1974, but it wasn’t developed for 30 years.
6 Via fibre-optic cables.
4 Complete this text, using the passive form of the verbs in brackets.
Snake wells are more productive than vertical wells. In fact, more oil can (1)__________ (produce) by
one snake well than by three or four vertical wells. As a result, oil fields can (2)__________ (develop)
more cheaply and easily using snake wells. Smart IT makes the drilling equipment more accurate. The
drill bits and strings in snake wells (3)__________ (control) using special software. 3D computer models
of underground geology (4)__________ (generate), and the temperature and pressure in the snake well
(5)__________ (monitor) by sensors. The data from the sensors (6)__________ (transmit) to the surface
by means of fibre-optic cables.
The Champion West oil field remained undeveloped for 30 years. From 1975 to 2005, no wells
(7)__________ (drill) and no oil (8)__________ (extract) from this offshore oil field. This was because
the oil (9)__________ (not/ locate) in a single large reservoir layer, but (10)__________ (find) in eleven
separate small pockets. A single vertical well hole (11)__________ (not/ use) because it was unable to
reach all eleven pockets. Instead, a single snake well (12)__________ (insert) horizontally two miles
under the sea. The oil from the eleven pockets (13)__________ (extract) using a single snake well.
The accuracy of the drilling operation (14)__________ (increase) by using state-of-the-art sensors and
software. As a result, the oil company’s development costs (15)__________ (reduce) by 60 per cent, and
more than 25,000 b/d (16)__________ (add) to Brunei’s oil output.
5 Delete a pair of words from each sentence to give the same meaning.
1 Snake wells use drills that are steered by smart software.
2 Champion West was an oilfield which was undeveloped for 30 years.
3 The snake well extracts the oil which is located in 11 separate pockets.
4 A snake well is a special type of well that is drilled using a flexible drill string.
5 The sensors which were installed in the Champion West field were invented by my colleague.
6 Seismic geophones can detect the rock layers which are located miles below the ground.

Unit 12
Word list
NOUNS ADJECTIVES
accuracy ____________________ economic ____________________
breakthrough ____________________ productive ____________________
colleague ____________________ scattered ____________________
geology ____________________ state-of-the-art ____________________
pocket (of oil) ____________________ undeveloped ____________________
production ____________________ uneconomical ____________________
software ____________________
target ____________________
NOUN PHRASES
3D computer model ____________________
development cost ____________________
fibre-optic cable ____________________
natural gas ____________________
remotely controlled valve ____________________
smart technology ____________________
snake well ____________________
VERBS
develop ____________________
drain ____________________
extract ____________________
generate ____________________
steer ____________________

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Unit 1

Glossary of verbs with a special meaning in oil drilling

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

2 Match the instructions with the methods.

4 Complete the responses to the instructions of the Crew Leader (A).

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

break out (a drill string) ____________________

drill collar ____________________

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

A guide to jobs on an oil rig

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

4 Supply the questions for this part of Jon’s job interview.

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

crew ____________________ control ____________________

derrickhand ____________________ handle ____________________

driller ____________________ ADJECTIVES

floorhand ____________________ semi-skilled ____________________

foreman ____________________ skilled ____________________

assistant driller ____________________

company representative ____________________

day shift ____________________

drilling contractor ____________________

drilling engineer ____________________

drilling fluids engineer ____________________

drilling operation ____________________

exploration company ____________________

mud engineer ____________________

night shift ____________________

operating company ____________________

rig manager ____________________

rotary helper ____________________

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

2 Circle T (true) or F (false) based on the information in 1.

4 Complete the comparisons between the minimum

Minimum Spar Platform

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

coast ____________________ compliant ____________________

cylinder ____________________ offshore ____________________

hull ____________________ shallow ____________________

mooring ____________________ tubular ____________________

pile ____________________ VERBS

shelter ____________________ extend ____________________

wellhead ____________________ float ____________________

NOUN PHRASES operate ____________________

compliant tower ____________________ resist ____________________

fixed platform ____________________ stabilise ____________________

minimum facilities platform ____________________

oil company ____________________

permanent crew ____________________

remote operation ____________________

sea level ____________________

sea star platform ____________________

solid foundation ____________________

spar platform ____________________

tension leg platform ____________________

© Pearson Longman 2008 www.pearsonlongman.com/technicalenglish

How to lay an oil or gas pipeline under the sea

4 ______________________________ The insides of pipelines are cleaned regularly to remove

crew control

derrickhand handle

floorhand semi-skilled

foreman skilled

coast compliant

cylinder offshore

hull shallow

mooring tubular

shelter extend

wellhead float

compliant tower resist

fixed platform stabilise

bitumen bury (a pipeline)

coating fabricate

corrosion identify

debris lay (a pipeline)

gravel map

product survey

sample tow

stinger waterproof

trench weigh down

anchor line winch

gravel dumping vessel coated

lay barge offshore

pipe trenching barge onshore

pipeline inspection gauge submarine

steel-reinforced concrete unstable

blowout annular

elastomer elastic

line high-density

polymer small-diameter

section uncontrolled

blind ram kill (a well)

blowout preventer seal

choke line mechanically

drilling platform remotely

lanyard confine

lifeboat detach

standby monitor

visibility set up

colour code out-of-date

D-ring prohibited