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High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion 2017-01-2040

Published 09/19/2017

Salvatore Cezar Pais

Department of the Navy / NAVAIR

CITATION: Pais, S., "High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2040, 2017,
doi:10.4271/2017-01-2040.

Abstract Introduction
It may be possible to generate high power / high frequency On February 11, 2016 the National Science Foundation publicly
gravitational waves (HFGWs) by high frequency accelerated axial announced that the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave
rotation (spin) and/or accelerated high frequency vibration of an Observatory (LIGO) had finally detected gravitational waves from
electrically charged, possibly asymmetric structure, within the the collision of two stellar mass black holes, thereby showing the
context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, namely far-from- reality of such waves and further strengthening General Relativity
equilibrium physics, highly non-linear in nature. (GR) theory predictions [1].

The structure which is the HFGW generator (HFGWG), has the Think of gravitational waves as undulations in the structure of
ability to control the accelerated modes of vibration and spin of its spacetime, or to be more exact “ripples” in the curvature of the
electrically charged surfaces, in particular the rapid rates of change of spacetime fabric. They are propagating fluctuations in gravitational
accelerated-decelerated-accelerated vibration and/or accelerated- fields [2], which arise due to dynamics of massive physical entities,
decelerated-accelerated gyration (axial spin) of these electrified although the source of gravitational waves may not be massive in
surfaces, in this manner delaying the onset of relaxation to nature as long as its motion is represented by high frequency/high
thermodynamic equilibrium, thus generating a physical mechanism energy, far from equilibrium dynamics. This fact can be observed
which may induce anomalous effects. Under certain conditions, from the stress-energy-momentum tensor expression in the GR
involving rapid acceleration transients, it is observed that there will field equations.
be exponential growth in electromagnetic energy flux with
accelerating vibration. In the present paper, high power HFGWs are It is important to note that because of their physical nature (the
generated by enabling the Gertsenshtein effect, that is gravitational graviton being a spin 2 particle) these waves have the capability to
wave production by propagating electromagnetic radiation through penetrate solid matter at high frequency (HF), moving at the speed of
strong magnetic fields. light. Furthermore, similar to electromagnetic waves these
gravitational waves (GWs) are carriers of energy and momentum.
Controlled motion of charged matter under rapid acceleration Moreover, GWs are transverse and quadrupolar in nature (stretching
transients may enable macroscopic quantum coherence, namely and squeezing space along their propagation path), and can be
possible quantum mechanical behavior of macroscopic objects. produced by accelerating asymmetric masses, which denotes the far
Moreover, the accelerated vibration and/or spin of charged matter form equilibrium phenomena, their emission represents.
may generate high power / high frequency gravitational waves which
can be used in a variety of applications, such as advanced field Electromagnetic (EM) radiation, caused by accelerating electrically
propulsion, namely the design of a workable space drive. charged objects, when passed through a static magnetic field (of
constant magnetic flux density) gives rise to gravitational waves at
Therefore, it may be feasible to propel a hybrid craft equipped with the same frequency with the EM radiation. This phenomenon is
an HFGWG, by producing high frequency gravitational waves which known as the Gertsenshtein Effect [3].
in turn generate their own gravitational fields upon which the craft
would propagate in a ‘wave-surfing’ fashion. In the language of quantum field theory, the Gertsenshtein effect can
be described as the mixing of a propagating photon with a graviton,
via a Yukawa-type coupling mediated by a virtual photon from the
background field.
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The generation of high power high frequency gravitational waves With this in mind, in a recent paper [9], the author discusses the
(HFGWs) is just one application of the fundamental innovative possibility of inertial (or gravitational) mass reduction using high
principle behind this work, namely the enablement of macroscopic energy electromagnetic (EM) fields, whereby high frequency
quantum coherence induced by controlled motion of charged matter, accelerated vibration and /or high frequency accelerated spin of
subjected to rapid acceleration transients. This principle can give rise electrically charged systems (minimally charged, if so desired) can
to Emergent Physical Phenomena, such as, but not limited, to lead to local vacuum state polarization (EM energy flux values in
Superconductivity. excess of 1033 W/m2 are feasible, with corresponding energy densities
in excess of 1025 J/m3), in this manner modifying the local spacetime
Artificially generated, high energy, electromagnetic fields can interact lattice energy density. These systems would be strategically placed on
strongly with the local Vacuum energy state, an aggregate/collective an intergalactic craft.
state comprised of the superposition of all fluctuations in the
collective of quantum fields (including EM and gravitational fields, The craft mass reduction effects are achieved by control, namely
among others) permeating a given spacetime locality [4]. According coherence, of the collective quantum fluctuations in the Vacuum
to quantum field theory, this strong interaction between the fields is energy state in the immediate vicinity of the aerospace vehicle/
based on the mechanism of transfer of vibrational energy between the spacecraft’s electrified outer mold skin. As a result, extreme craft
fields, further inducing local fluctuations in adjacent quantum fields speeds can be achieved.
which permeate that spacetime locality (these fields may or may not
be electromagnetic in nature). In a nutshell, this concept relates to an EM device which induces
vibratory mass / energy fluctuations within a structure, which may or
Think of the local Vacuum energy state as the collective energy state may not be solid in nature, thus generated EM plasma non-liniarities
(structure) comprised of the ground state of minimum energy may be considered.
(baseline fluctuations) that is the quantum vacuum, and the excited
state of energy (induced fluctuations) generated by matter or any An important realization (mathematically shown) of this
other source of energy in that spacetime locality [5]. According to aforementioned work is the fact that in an accelerated vibration
quantum field theory, matter, energy, spacetime are emergent and/or accelerated spin mode, the system’s EM energy flux is
constructs which arise out of a foundational structure, the amplified by a factor equivalent to the product of vibrational (or
fundamental framework which is the Vacuum energy state. Matter is spin) angular frequency and the operational time of acceleration
confined energy, bound within fields, and may be thought of as a (namely the time for which system is operated at maximum
spectrum of different vibrational (and possibly gyrational) acceleration), with respect to the non-accelerated system’s EM
frequencies of the Vacuum energy state. The engineering of the energy flux (showing the importance of an accelerated departure
Vacuum metastructure (since there are multiple Vacuum structures) far from thermodynamic equilibrium).
has been discussed from a General Relativity perspective [6], and
from a quantum field theory perspective [7]. It is very important that the craft has the ability to control the
accelerated modes of vibration and spin of the electrically charged
Consider that we are immersed in an ocean of energy, the Vacuum surfaces, in particular the rapid rates of change of accelerated-
energy state, yet ordinarily we seem not to interact with it. This is decelerated-accelerated vibration and/or accelerated-decelerated-
because under normal circumstances (at or near equilibrium regime), accelerated gyration (axial spin) of the electrified surfaces.
the Vacuum state is homogeneous, isotropic, Lorentz invariant, in
other words it is symmetric. Break this symmetry (far-from- In this manner we can delay the onset of relaxation to thermodynamic
equilibrium regime), and strong interactions with the Vacuum energy equilibrium, thereby delaying maximal entropy production, thus
state become possible, thus affecting the manner in which the generating a physical mechanism which may induce anomalous
collective fields exchange energy with one another. effects. In this case, the system’s EM energy flux is amplified by a
factor equivalent to the square of the product of vibrational (or spin)
If we perform a “gedankenexperiment” we observe that the coupling angular frequency and the operational time of acceleration (time
of high frequency spin with high frequency vibration (especially for while system is at maximum acceleration), with respect to the
rapidly accelerated spin/vibration) of an electrically charged system non-accelerated system’s EM energy flux.
(object) puts every point on the boundary of the object in a state of
coherent superposition, thereby inducing a macroscopic quantum Going back to our subject matter at hand, a report written by the
phenomenon [8]. JASON group of the MITRE Corporation [10] for the Office of the
Director of National Intelligence (Defense Intelligence Agency)
Furthermore, as observed from the Casimir effect, the boundary comes to the conclusion that current means and methods of producing
conditions of a physical system affect the local Vacuum energy state HFGW do not constitute a national security threat and in no shape or
(VES) of that system (comprised of zero point EM energy (QED) form can such physical entities be used for advanced propulsion or
among other types of field energies (QCD, Higgs, etc.) ) thereby communication of any type.
affecting the system’s physical properties. Thus by manipulating/
modifying the boundary conditions of a physical system with respect The JASON report considers relatively low EM energy fluxes, when
to its local VES, we can alter the system’s physical properties. compared with those generated by the physical mechanisms
described in reference 9 (on the order of 1033 W/m2, and beyond).
This exceptionally high EM power intensity induces spontaneous
particle pair production (avalanche), thereby ensuring complete
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polarization of the local Vacuum energy state, thus resulting in , where Ω is the angular frequency of vibration, under the
modification of the local spacetime energy density. It is this condition [(Ω = b/2m) >> Ω 0 (natural frequency of vibration)].
possibility which may alter the aforementioned report’s conclusions. Since the EM energy flux is directly proportional to ET, we observe
that there will be exponential growth in energy flux with
accelerating vibration, especially under the condition of rapid
Novel Propulsion Concept acceleration transients. Considering a classical Newtonian second
As originally observed in reference 9, for conditions of accelerated law expression using the Lorentz (EM) force, we can relate the
vibration or accelerated spin of an electrically charged object/system, vibrating mass (m) with its vibrating charge (Q), in that m becomes
we can write for the maximum EM energy flux (time rate of change directly proportional to the square of the ratio (Q / Ω). Coupling
of EM energy transfer per unit surface area): this relation with equation 3 yields:

(1) (4)

, where fG is the charged system geometric shape factor (equal to 1 Equation 4 represents the maximum EM flux that can be achieved by
for a disc configuration), σ is the surface charge density, ε0 is the accelerated vibration under the aforementioned condition, and applies
electrical permittivity of free space, Rv is the vibration (harmonic to a spherical geometry (radius Rs) for a vibrating mass (m) of
oscillation) amplitude, ν is the angular frequency of vibration in corresponding charge (Q).
Hertz, and similarly in the case of axial spin Rv is the effective system
radius, while ν represents the angular frequency of rotation, and top is Referring to the JASON report [10] we note that enabling the
the operational time for which the electrically charged system is Gertsenshtein effect will result in the generation of a gravitational
operated at maximum acceleration (Rvν2) . This closed form wave (out) by passing an electromagnetic wave (in) through a strong
formulation is the result of the synthesis of classical electromagnetic static magnetic field (these waves are of equal frequency). By
field theory with the physics of simple harmonic motion. combining equations 3-13 and 3-14 on page 10 of the report we
obtain equation 5:
Furthermore, for the case of rapid time rates of change of accelerated
vibration / spin (rapid acceleration transients) of the charged system,
given that the time differential of acceleration is non-zero, we obtain: (5)

, where G is the universal gravitational constant, c is the speed of

(2) light in free space, B0 is the magnetic flux density of the static
magnetic field operating over a distance L, and PGW(out) is the
This is a thought provoking formulation because it shows that even gravitational wave power achieved from an electromagnetic wave of
with moderate vibrational / spin frequencies in a rapidly accelerating power PEM(in).
mode, the EM energy flux is greatly amplified.
It is important to note that a simple dimensional analysis shows that
Thus if the product of all the controllable parameters in equation 2 there is a factor missing in equation 5 (as written in the JASON
(other than the angular frequency of vibration) was of unit order, we Report) equal to the inverse of the magnetic permeability of free
can achieve energy flux values on the order of 1033 W/m2 (endemic of space, namely a factor on the order of 106.
the polarized Vacuum energy state) with low end microwave
frequencies on the order of 107 Hz (inducing vibrations of a resonant Omitting this fact however, we can still show that by using a high
cavity wall of equal or higher frequencies, depending on cavity frequency / high energy electromagnetic field generator we can
material). This in itself may qualify as an interesting observation, produce HFGW exhibiting power levels on the order of 1010 watts,
showing the extensive capabilities of a high energy / high frequency for an input EM energy flux on the order of 1033 W/m2, where B0 is
electromagnetic field generator. the magnetic flux density, on the order of 1010 Tesla which is also
produced with accelerated motion of charged matter under rapid
Furthermore if we consider adding to the equation representing simple acceleration transients.
harmonic motion an “energy/momentum-pumping” (negative
damping) term (bv), endemic of system acceleration, where b is a Furthermore, by using equation 3-25 in reference 10, we can show
constant and v is (dx/dt), namely the speed of a vibrating mass (m), that such HFGW power levels are equivalent to 1035 gravitons/sec
something interesting occurs, in that it can be shown that the maximum production rates.
of the total energy (ET ) of the vibrating system can be written as:
These extremely high graviton production rates further show that if
multiple high power, high frequency gravitational waves were to be
(3) focused on a particular point in a spacetime locality, they can induce
a spacetime curvature singularity, namely a “highly distorted and
disrupted patch of spacetime fabric” [11].
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We can conceive of a spinning and or vibrating asymmetric augmenting the oscillatory vibrations experienced by the resonant
quadra-polar configuration of a plurality of EM resonant cavities in cavity inner wall), thereby creating a highly non-linear environment
which specially arranged microwave emitters produce the (phase transitions / abrupt changes of state from gas to plasma, which
accelerated vibrations necessary to generate the HFGWs, via the induce Symmetry-breaking) which will intensify non-linear effects,
Gertsenshtein effect. thereby augmenting induced HFGW power. This will intensify the
coherence of quantum vacuum fluctuations in the proximity of the
From a propulsion perspective, a craft equipped with a plurality of outside mold line skin (electrically charged) of the aerospace vehicle,
HFGW generators (HFGWG) induces curvature singularities in its in this manner assuring a high degree of Vacuum polarization.
close proximity, generating a gravitational well in its flight path,
thereby “rolling down” this spacetime curvature dip, in a manner Therefore it may be possible to envision a hybrid craft which due to
analogous to surfing. the physical mechanisms enabled with HFGW generators (HFGWG)
can function as a submersible craft capable of extreme underwater
speeds (lack of water-skin friction) and enhanced stealth capabilities
Enablement of Propulsion Concept (non-linear scattering of RF and sonar signals). This hybrid craft
The coupling of high spin frequency with high vibration frequency in would move with great ease through the air - space - water mediums,
order to achieve gravitational field manipulation/modification via the by being enclosed in a Vacuum plasma shield, due to the coupled
Gertsenshtein effect will enable the design of a hybrid craft, as shown effects of EM field-induced air/water particles repulsion and local
in figure 1. This hybrid aerospace/underwater craft (HAUC) Vacuum energy state polarization.
configuration utilizes microwave-induced vibration within a resonant
annular cavity, which features electrically charged outer mold line
skin. The manner and effectiveness with which the microwave energy Potential HFGWG Applications
couples with the resonant cavity inner wall is called the cavity The implications of colliding/focusing HFGWs generated by rapidly
Q-factor. This parameter can be written as the (Energy stored / accelerated vibration/spin of electrically charged systems can be used
Energy lost) ratio and is in the range of 104 to 109 (and beyond), in applications of advanced field propulsion as well as the extreme
depending on whether ordinary metal (Aluminum or Copper at room disruption of a planetary body (if so desired) since it can be shown
temperature) or cryogenically cooled superconducting material that the energy level (gain in potential energy) capable of annihilating
(Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide or Niobium) is used for the resonant a planet such as the Earth is on the order of 1032 Joules (possibly
cavity inner wall and outside mold line skin of the aerospace vehicle. achieved with the concept at hand, considering Eannihil = (3/5) (GMP2 /
RP); where Eannihil is the gravitational binding energy, the other
The electrified skin of the craft can be further vibrated in an variables being defined by Newton’s law of universal gravitation).
accelerated manner using imbedded lead zirconate titanate (PZT) Imagine a plurality of HFGWG devices (a minimum of four
modules (details not shown in figure 1 due to possible security modules), aligned around the planetoid along a planar axis (at the
classification) which would generate the strong magnetic fields four cardinal points).
necessary for the enablement of the Gertsenshtein effect (nested EM
fields). If the HAUC craft has a modular electrified outer skin design, The emitted HFGWs would impinge on each other in such a manner
composed of an ensemble/collective of miniaturized electrically as to severely disrupt the vacuum energy state at a spacetime locality
charged surfaces, independently or collectively vibrated, then the denoting a point of impact (collision of gravitons with gravitons). At
craft can be very large in size. this disruption point, energy may be amplified to such a high degree
as to generate a spacetime curvature singularity, leading to total
Consequently, the generated high energy / high frequency destruction of the planetoid (asteroid).
electromagnetic flux would induce repulsive EM energy fields while
in earth’s atmosphere, thereby repelling air and water molecules in
the craft’s flight path.

Once in orbital space, HFGW-induced gravitational field

manipulation would permit swift movement of the hybrid craft,
which comes in conical or lenticular triangle /delta wing
configurations, beyond our Solar System. A plurality of microwave
antennas (high radio frequency emitter sources) in the
electromagnetic spectrum range of 300 Megahertz to 300 Gigahertz
are arranged within the annular duct - resonant cavity (surrounding
the crew compartment and power plant system, which would be
guarded in a Faraday-type cage, against all EM radiation effects), as
portrayed in figure 1.

An auxiliary conventional power plant/propulsion unit (not shown),

would provide the initial hybrid vehicle thrust and electrical power
generation. Furthermore, if the annular resonant cavity duct is filled Figure 1. HFGWG - equipped craft configuration (cross-sectional view)
with a noble gas such as Xenon, the microwave energy collision with
the gas particles will induce a plasma state of matter (further
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As an afterthought in regard to macroscopic quantum coherence, the

controlled motion of charged matter under rapid acceleration Contact Information
transients may lead to room temperature superconductivity. There are Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais, Ph.D.
three parameters which control superconductivity, namely Department of the Navy, NAVAIR / NAWCAD, NAS Patuxent River
temperature, current density and externally applied magnetic field Maryland 20670
strength. These three parameters have one thing in common, namely [email protected]
the motion of electric charges (electrons).
[email protected]
Since this motion can be strongly controlled by accelerated vibration
and/or accelerated spin of charged matter (possibly inhomogeneous) Acknowledgments
under condition of rapid acceleration transients, it may possibly lead
to room temperature superconductivity. Funding for this work was provided by the Naval Innovative Science
& Engineering (NISE) - Basic & Applied Research (BAR) program,
under the project name “The High Energy Electromagnetic Field
References Generator (HEEMFG)”, project number 219BAR-17-009. I wish to
1. Abbott B.P. et al., Observation of gravitational waves from a thank Dr. James Sheehy, Chief Technology Officer, Naval Aviation
binary black hole merger, PRL, 116, 061 102 (2016). Enterprise, for the numerous enlightening discussions on this
innovative concept.

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