PILE FOUNDATION

Submitted By Under The Guidence Of

GANGADHARAIAH S.N SUSHMA C.K
1DS16CV412 Assistance Professor in
Dept. Civil Engineering
 Contents
• Introduction

• Classification of pile

• Specialty piles

• Pile foundations are use

• Limitations of pile foundation

• References
 INTRODUCTION
• A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the
surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.
• A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground
at the building site.
• Deep foundations of The Marina Torch, a skyscraper in Dubai
• There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow
foundation, such as for a skyscraper.
• Some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints
like property lines.
• The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be
made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete.
Pile Foundation
Classification of pile with respect to type of
material
 Timber
 As the name implies, timber piles are made of wood.

 Historically, timber has been a plentiful, locally available resource in many areas. Today, timber piles are
still more affordable than concrete or steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete), and
depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not be suitable for heavier loads.

 A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they should be protected

from rotting above groundwater level. Timber will last for a long time below the groundwater level. For
timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen. Below the groundwater level, dissolved
oxygen is lacking even though there is ample water. Hence, timber tends to last for a long time below
groundwater level. In 1648, the Royal Palace of Amsterdam was constructed on 13659 timber piles that
still survive today since they were below groundwater level. Timber that is to be used above the water
table can be protected from decay and insects by numerous forms of wood preservation using pressure
treatment (alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), chromated copper arsenate (CCA), creosote, etc.).
 Steel
 Pipe piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for inclined (battered) piles.
 Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil is allowed to enter the
bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet of water or an auger can be used to remove
the soil inside following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering the bottom of the pile
with a steel plate or cast steel shoe.
 In some cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional moment capacity or corrosion
resistance. In the United Kingdom, this is generally not done in order to reduce the cost. In these cases
corrosion protection is provided by allowing for a sacrificial thickness of steel or by adopting a higher
grade of steel. If a concrete filled pipe pile is corroded, most of the load carrying capacity of the pile will
remain intact due to the concrete, while it will be lost in an empty pipe pile.
 The structural capacity of pipe piles is primarily calculated based on steel strength and concrete strength
(if filled). An allowance is made for corrosion depending on the site conditions and local building codes.
 Steel pipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically for the piling industry or reclaimed steel
tubular casing previously used for other purposes such as oil and gas exploration.
 H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the ground for deep foundation application. They can be
easily cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit splicers. If the pile is driven into a soil with
low pH value, then there is a risk of corrosion, coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to
slow or eliminate the corrosion process. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by
simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way, the corrosion process can
be prolonged up to 50 years.
 Prestressed concrete piles
Concrete piles are typically made with steel reinforcing and prestressing tendons to obtain
the tensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to provide sufficient bending
resistance.
Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two or
more short piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast and prestressed
concrete piles.

 Composite piles
A "composite pile" is a pile made of steel and concrete members that are fastened
together, end to end, to form a single pile. It is a combination of different materials or different
shaped materials such as pipe and H- beams or steel and concrete.
 End Bearing Piles

In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of
the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a column. The key
principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection of a weak and strong layer. The load
therefore bypasses the weak layer and is safely transferred to the strong layer.

 Friction Piles

Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across
the full height of the pile, by friction. In other words, the entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in
shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil. To visualise how this works, imagine you are pushing a solid
metal rod of say 4mm diameter into a tub of frozen ice cream. Once you have pushed it in, it is strong
enough to support some load. The greater the embedment depth in the ice cream, the more load it can
support. This is very similar to how a friction pile works. In a friction pile, the amount of load a pile can
support is directly proportionate to its length.
 Specialty piles
 Micropiles
Micropiles, also called mini piles, are often used for underpinning. They are also used to create foundations for a variety
of project types, including highway, bridge and transmission tower projects. They are especially useful at sites with difficult or
restricted access, or with environmental sensitivity.Micropiles are made of steel with diameters of 60 to 200 mm. Installation
of micropiles through top soil, sand and cobblestones overburden and into soil rock can be achieved using Air Rotary or Mud
Rotary drilling, impact driving, jacking, vibrating or screwing machinery. Micropiles can also be used to construct a grout
column around the shaft of a standard Helical Pile system, allowing for use in higher load application.

 Tripod piles
The use of a tripod rig to install piles is one of the more traditional ways of forming piles. Although unit costs are
generally higher than with most other forms of piling,it has several advantages which have ensured its continued use through
to the present day. The tripod system is easy and inexpensive to bring to site, making it ideal for jobs with a small number of
piles.
 Sheet piles
Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the
ground. The main application of sheet piles is in retaining walls and cofferdams erected to enable permanent works to
proceed. Normally, vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.

 Soldier piles

Soldier piles, also known as king piles or Berlin walls, are constructed of wide flange steel H sections spaced about 2 to
3 m apart and are driven prior to excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal timber sheeting (lagging) is inserted
behind the H pile flanges.The horizontal earth pressures are concentrated on the soldier piles because of their relative rigidity
compared to the lagging. Soil movement and subsidence is minimized by maintaining the lagging in firm contact with the
soil. Soldier piles are most suitable in conditions where well constructed walls will not result in subsidence such as over-
consolidated clays, soils above the water table if they have some cohesion, and free draining soils which can be effectively
dewatered, like sands. Unsuitable soils include soft clays and weak running soils that allow large movements such as loose
sands. It is also not possible to extend the wall beyond the bottom of the excavation and dewatering is often required.
 Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
1. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface.

2. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer
and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.

3. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.

4. Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.

5. There are two fundamental types of pile foundations (based on structural behaviour), each of which works in
its own way.
Limitations of Pile Foundation
1. A small amount of earthwork is to be done in pile foundation.
2. If weight of structure is high and load of the structure is distributed unequally.
3. The bearing capacity of top surface soil is less.
4. If there is a chance of scouring as the structure is near sea or river shallow foundation can not be used.
5. If sub-soil water level is high and it is uneconomical to pump out the water from the hole or canal.
References
1. B. M. Das, ―Pile Foundations - Bearing Capacity and Settlement‖. CRC Press LLC, USA, pp. 2,
46, 1999.
2. B.M. Das,―Principles of Foundation Engineering. 7thedition. CL Engineering, 2010.
Atalar C., Patra C. R., Das B. M., Sivakugan N. 2013.
3. Bearing capacity of Pile foundation under eccentrically inclined load. Bungenstab F. C., Bicalho K.
V., Ribeiro R. C. H. Aoki N. 2013. Estimating settlements of footings in sands – a probabilistic
approach.
4. K.Terzaghi, R. B. Peck &G.Mesri, ―Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice‖. (Third edition). John
Wiley & Sons, New York. 1996.
5. V. N. S. Murthy, ―Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering‖, CBS Publishers &Distributots,
New Delhi. 2009
6. A S Vesic (1973) “Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations,” JSMFD, ASCE, 99(SMI):
45−73.
7. S. A. Naeini, B. Khadem Rabe, and E. Mahmoodi,(2012) “ Bearing capacity and settlement of strip
footing on geosynthetic reinforced clayey slopes,” Central South University Press and SpringerVerlag
Berlin Heidelberg, vol. 19, pp. 1116–1124.

8. Berardi, R., Jamiolkowski, M. & Lancellotta, R. (1991). Settlement on shallow foundations in

sands.Selection of stiffness on the basis of penetration resistance. Geotechnical Special Publication 27.
ASCE, New York. 1, 185–200.u
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