Tires Specification and Maintenance: Prepared by
Tires Specification and Maintenance: Prepared by
Tires Specification and Maintenance: Prepared by
Prepared by :
Eng.Ibrahim Faqaih
Email : Ibrahim.fagaih@gmail.com
Tires
Tires types
Tread
Breaker
Carcass
Bead
Tube
Side Wall
There are two basic types of tire construction radial and bias — that must be considered
when choosing either a replacement tire
for certain applications or when spec’ing
new tires on an original equipment
vehicle.
Radial tire
Bias tire
Hydroplaning
Standing Wave
INFLATION OF TIRES
The pressure recommended for any vehicle line is carefully calculated to give a
satisfactory ride, handling tread life, and load-carrying capacity. Tire pressure should be
checked monthly or before any extended trip. Check the tires when they are cold, after
the vehicle has sat for 3 hours or more or has been driven less than 1 mile. Set the tire
pressure to the specifications on the tire label located on the rear face of the driver’s door.
Tire inflation pressure is also given under ―Tire Size and Pressure Specifications‖ in this
section. Higher than recommended tire pressure can cause:
I. Hard ride
II. Tire bruising or damage
III. Rapid tread wear at the center of the tire
I. Uneven braking
II. Steering lead
III. Reduced handling
IV. Reduced handling
V. Torque steer
ROTATION TIRES
Retreading your worn tires or purchasing retreads from a dealer can provide new tire
service and performance at a fraction of the cost of a new tire. When selecting new tires,
purchase those that are designed to be retreadable. To insure retreadability, follow
prescribed maintenance and avoid regrooving which may damage the valuable casing.
The ISO Metric tire code consists of a string of letters and numbers, as follows :
i. An optional letter (or letters) indicating the intended use or vehicle class for the
tire:-
P: Passenger Car
LT: Light Truck
ST: Special Trailer
T: Temporary (restricted usage for
"Space-Saver" spare wheels)
Use of the letter P indicates that
the tire is engineered to TRA
standards and absence of a letter
indicates that the tire is engineered
to ETRTO standards. In practice,
the standards of the two
organizations have evolved
together and are virtually interchangeable.
ii. 3 digit number: The "nominal section width" of the tire in millimeters; the widest
point from both outer edges.
iii. /: Slash character for character separation.
iv. 2 or 3 digit number: The "aspect ratio" of the sidewall height to the total width
of the tire, as a percentage. If the information is omitted, it is assumed to be 82%.
If the number is larger than 200, then this is the diameter of the entire tire in
millimeters.
v. An optional letter indicating construction of the fabric carcass of the tire :
B: bias belt (where the sidewalls are the same material as the tread,
leading to a rigid ride).
D: diagonal
R: radial
if omitted, then it is a cross ply tire
i. 2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel that the tires are designed to fit.
There is the rare exception metric diameter tires, such as the use of the 390 size,
which in this case would indicate a wheel of 390 mm in diameter. Few tires are
made to this size presently .
ii. 2 or 3 digit number: Load index; see table below.
iii. 1 or 2 digit/letter combo: Speed rating; see table below
iv. Additional marks: See subheading below.
Light trucks
Some light truck tires follow the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation
systems, indicated by the letters LT at the end
instead of the beginning of the sequence, as follows:
o x: Separator character.
o B: bias belt
o D: diagonal
o R: radial
2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel rim that this tire is designed to
fit.
Load index and speed rating are not required for this type of tire but may be
provided by the manufacturer.
Tire marking
1.brand name
2.code
3.pattern name
4.serial number
5.tire size. Star rating .tubeless or tube type
Reference