Tires Specification and Maintenance: Prepared by

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Tires specification and maintenance

Prepared by :
Eng.Ibrahim Faqaih
Email : Ibrahim.fagaih@gmail.com
Tires

Tires types

1- Tube and tubeless type tires


Nomenclature
The structure of tires

Tread

A part (that contacts) road surfaces directly is


fixed on the outside of carcass and breaker. It
is a strong rubber coat made of high anti–
abrasion rubber. Its running performance
depends on is surface profile.

Breaker

A cord belt between tread and carcass


prevents damages of inner code due to outer
shock and vibration.

Carcass

This major part made by pilling code papers


of strong synthetic fiber forms a structure of
tire. Since it maintains tire pressure and
endures applied load and shock to tire, it
should have a high anti–fatigue characteristic.

Bead

A steel wire winding the ending part of


carcass code,coated with rubber film and Tires structure
wrapped with nylon cord papers. It fixes tire
to a rim.

Tube

Tires used in mostly current vehicle are


mostly tubeless tires.

Side Wall

It is provided to improve the comfortable


driving by protecting carcass and cushion movement.
Tubeless Type Tire

The tubeless tire is similar in


construction to a tube-type tire, except
that a thin layer of air and moisture-
resistant rubber is used on the inside of
the tubeless tire from bead to bead to
obtain an internal seal of the
casing.This eliminates the need for a
tube and flap.the tubeless tire uses a
single-piece wheel

Tubeless Tire Characteristics:

 less complicated mounting


process due to use of a single-
piece wheel
 decreased weight with lighter tire/wheel assembly
 less maintenance of parts and reduced parts inventory
 improved bead durability potential from less brake drum heat resulting from
higher wheel clearance
 improved crown and sidewall durability potential from cooler running tubeless
casing
 better lateral stability from lower section height
 reduced downtime from punctures
2- According to the Construction

There are two basic types of tire construction radial and bias — that must be considered
when choosing either a replacement tire
for certain applications or when spec’ing
new tires on an original equipment
vehicle.

Radial tire

Radial ply tires are made with thecord


material running in a radial or direct line
from bead (at 90 degrees to the centerline
of the tire), and are typically made with
one steel body ply or multiple body plies
of other materials. Under the tread area,
the radial tire usually has three or four
crossed plies or belts made of steel cord to
stabilize the crown area and offer better
puncture resistance. The radialsidewall
area is generally less stiff thanthe bias ply
sidewall, though the treadarea is normally
much stiffer.

Radial Tire Considerations:

 better treadwear performance


 higher potential for retreadin
 more fuel efficient
 lower susceptibility to tread
punctures
 better traction characteristics

Bias tire

Bias ply tires are constructed of


overlapping crossed layers of cord
material and are typically made withnylon, polyester, or other materials. The crossed
plies run on a diagonal from tire bead to tire bead and comprise a generally stiff sidewall
area. Sometimes ,extra crossed plies or breakers are used under the tread area to further
stiffen the crown area and provide better wear resistance or other performance parameters
(such as puncture resistance, etc.).

Bias Ply Tire Considerations:

 stiffer sidewalls give better driver handling/feel


 lower susceptibility to sidewall snags/hazards/rusting
 lower initial tire purchase price

Hydroplaning

The condition of driving a


vehicle fast on the road surface
covered with water can cause
tires to fail to rotate with a good
contact on the surface, so results
in remaining them afloat. This is
so–called hydroplaning. It causes
brake failure, lower tractive
force, and losing the steering
performance so it is very
vulnerable condition.

Standing Wave

During running the rotating tire repeats


deformation and restoring movement
generated in tread. But when the wheel
rotating speed reaches high, the next
deformation applied to tire before
restoring last deformation so the
trembling wave appears in the tread
portion. The lower the tire pressure the
severe the trembling wave appears.
And during the high speed.

INFLATION OF TIRES

The pressure recommended for any vehicle line is carefully calculated to give a
satisfactory ride, handling tread life, and load-carrying capacity. Tire pressure should be
checked monthly or before any extended trip. Check the tires when they are cold, after
the vehicle has sat for 3 hours or more or has been driven less than 1 mile. Set the tire
pressure to the specifications on the tire label located on the rear face of the driver’s door.
Tire inflation pressure is also given under ―Tire Size and Pressure Specifications‖ in this
section. Higher than recommended tire pressure can cause:

I. Hard ride
II. Tire bruising or damage
III. Rapid tread wear at the center of the tire

Lower than recommended pressure can cause:

I. Tire squeal on turns


II. Hard steering
III. Rapid and uneven wear on the edges of the tread
IV. Tire rim bruises and rupture
V. Tire cord breakage
VI. High tire temperatures

Unequal tire pressures on same axle can cause:

I. Uneven braking
II. Steering lead
III. Reduced handling
IV. Reduced handling
V. Torque steer

ROTATION TIRES

Front and rear tires perform different


jobs and can wear differently depending
on the tires of road driven, driving habit,
etc. The front tires will wear faster than
the rear ones. To avoid uneven wear of
tires and to prolong tire life, inspect and
rotate the tires every 5,000 km (3,100
miles).After rotating the tires, adjust the
tire inflation pressures and be sure to
check wheel nuts tightness.

Retread able Tires

Retreading your worn tires or purchasing retreads from a dealer can provide new tire
service and performance at a fraction of the cost of a new tire. When selecting new tires,
purchase those that are designed to be retreadable. To insure retreadability, follow
prescribed maintenance and avoid regrooving which may damage the valuable casing.

Retreaded Tire Considerations:

 provide equivalent service and performance


 reduce overall cost-per-mile
 conserve natural resources
 tread designs available for all applications

IRREGULAR OR EXCESSIVE TIRES WEAR

Condition Probable Cause Correction


 Low tire inflation  Adjust tire inflation
pressures. pressures.
 Improper the tire  Rotate the tires.
rotation.

 Excessive tire  Adjust tire inflation


inflation pressures. pressures.
 Improper the tire  Rotate the tires.
rotation.

 Poor toe–in.  Adjust the toe–in.


 toe–out.  Adjust the toe–in.

 Poor camber or  Check the steering knuckle,


caster. control arm, drive axle, and
 Faulty suspensions. suspensions. Repair or
 Poor wheel replace them, as needed.
balancing.  Adjust the wheel balancing.
 Improper the tire  Rotate the tires.
rotation.

Explanation of tire codes

The ISO Metric tire code consists of a string of letters and numbers, as follows :

i. An optional letter (or letters) indicating the intended use or vehicle class for the
tire:-
 P: Passenger Car
 LT: Light Truck
 ST: Special Trailer
 T: Temporary (restricted usage for
"Space-Saver" spare wheels)
Use of the letter P indicates that
the tire is engineered to TRA
standards and absence of a letter
indicates that the tire is engineered
to ETRTO standards. In practice,
the standards of the two
organizations have evolved
together and are virtually interchangeable.
ii. 3 digit number: The "nominal section width" of the tire in millimeters; the widest
point from both outer edges.
iii. /: Slash character for character separation.
iv. 2 or 3 digit number: The "aspect ratio" of the sidewall height to the total width
of the tire, as a percentage. If the information is omitted, it is assumed to be 82%.
If the number is larger than 200, then this is the diameter of the entire tire in
millimeters.
v. An optional letter indicating construction of the fabric carcass of the tire :
 B: bias belt (where the sidewalls are the same material as the tread,
leading to a rigid ride).
 D: diagonal
 R: radial
 if omitted, then it is a cross ply tire
i. 2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel that the tires are designed to fit.
There is the rare exception metric diameter tires, such as the use of the 390 size,
which in this case would indicate a wheel of 390 mm in diameter. Few tires are
made to this size presently .
ii. 2 or 3 digit number: Load index; see table below.
iii. 1 or 2 digit/letter combo: Speed rating; see table below
iv. Additional marks: See subheading below.

Light trucks

Some light truck tires follow the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation
systems, indicated by the letters LT at the end
instead of the beginning of the sequence, as follows:

 The tire diameter is given for High Flotation


tires and omitted from Numeric tires.

o 2 digit number: The diameter of the


tire in inches.

o x: Separator character.

 3 or 4 digit number: The section width


(cross section) of the tire in inches. If the tire
diameter is not given, section widths ending
in zero (e.g., 7.00 or 10.50) indicate the
aspect ratio is 92%, while section widths not ending in zero (e.g., 7.05 or 10.55)
indicate the aspect ratio is 82%.

 Construction of the fabric of the tire:

o B: bias belt

o D: diagonal

o R: radial
 2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel rim that this tire is designed to
fit.

 LT: Designates that this is a Light Truck tire.

 Load index and speed rating are not required for this type of tire but may be
provided by the manufacturer.

o 2 or 3 digit number: Load index; see table below.

o 1 or 2 digit/letter combination: Speed rating; see table below

Tire marking

1.brand name
2.code
3.pattern name
4.serial number
5.tire size. Star rating .tubeless or tube type
Reference

(1- Information courtesy of The Maintenance Council (TMC)—Recommended


Practices Book.
(2- WWW.BRIDGESTONE.COM )
(3- www.wikipidia.com )

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