Syllabus for Engineering Stream

PHYSICS
Unit 1: Physical World and Measurement
Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society. Need for
measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length,
mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement;
significant figures.Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
Unit 2: Kinematics
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and
non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion,
velocitytime and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector
quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors,
multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.
Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane – rectangular components. Scalar and Vector products of
Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration – projectile motion.
Uniform circular motion.
Unit 3: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second
law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction,
lubrication. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion.
Unit 4: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical
energy; non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two
dimensions.
Unit 5: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre
of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
conservation of angular momentum with some examples. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation
and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius
of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects. Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes
theorems and their applications.
Unit 6: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its
variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity,
orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites.
Unit 7: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear,
modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its
applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s
number, streamline and turbulent flow. Criticalvelocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.Surface
energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to
drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids,
liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv – calorimetry; change of state –
latent heat. Heat transfer – conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative
ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect. Newton’s law of
cooling and Stefan’s law.
Unit 8: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and
internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of
thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.
Unit 9: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions,
concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom,
law of equipartition of energy and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free
path, Avogadro’s number.
Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion – period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple
harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring – restoring force and force
constant; energy in SHM – kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum – derivation of expression for
its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and
transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of
superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode
and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.
Unit 11: Electrostatics
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field,
electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque
on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to
find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly
charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside). Electric potential, potential difference, electric
potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential
energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field. Conductors and
insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation,
capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van
de Graaff generator.
Unit 12: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their
relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for
carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in
parallel. Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. Potentiometer –
principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells;
measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current
carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and
toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel
currentcarrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic
field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar
magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths. Permanent magnets.
Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self
and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance
and impedance; LC oscillations , LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC
generator and transformer.
Unit 15: Electromagnetic Waves
Need for displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet,
x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit 16: Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its
applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s
formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a
mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and
reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation
and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: Wavefront
and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle. Interference, Young’s double hole
experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and
astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light
and Polaroids.
Unit 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle
nature of light. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment
Unit 18: Atoms and Nuclei
Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number;
nuclear fission and fusion.
Unit 19: Electronic Devices
Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V
characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode,
solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action,
characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator.
Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
Unit 20: Communication Systems
Elements of a communication system, bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of
transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave
propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.
 CHEMISTRY

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry. Historical approach to particulate nature of
matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical
and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit 2: Structure of Atom
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thompson’s model
and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of
shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in
orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms,
stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law
and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements –atomic radii, ionic radii,
inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence. Nomenclature of
elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of
covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent
molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some
simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules.
Hydrogen bond.
Unit 5: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points,role of
gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law,
Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas
equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour,
liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension
Unit 6: Thermodynamics
Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive
properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and
specific heat, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion,
formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Introduction of
entropy as a state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and
non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium. Third law of thermodynamics –Brief introduction.
Unit 7: Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action,
equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium –
ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic
acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), , buffer solutions, Henderson
equation, solubility product, common ion effect
Unit 8 : Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in
terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers , applications of redox reactions.
Unit 9: Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of
hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy
water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use and structure; hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit 10: s- Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous
properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties
(such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water,
hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds:
Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological
importance of sodium and potassium. CaO, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological
importance of Mg and Ca.
Unit 11: Some p-Block Elements
General Introduction to p-Block Elements : Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boronphysical and chemical properties, some
important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and
alkalies. Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon -
catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds:
oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses : silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and
zeolites, their uses.
Unit 12: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and
IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive
effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a
covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic
reactions.
Unit 13: Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism,
conformations, physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical
isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation,
mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical
properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of -
hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC
nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity ; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic
substitution – nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive
influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit 14: Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution – Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs,
major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer,
greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an
alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.
Unit 15: Solid State
Classification of solids based on different binding forces :molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids,
amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea),unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional
lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids ,number of atoms
per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals
,conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors .
Unit 16 : Solutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in
liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law ,
elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using
colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor.
Unit 17: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of
conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary
idea), dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode
potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change
and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.
Unit 18: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration,
temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated
rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory
(elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
Unit 19: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis
:homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction
between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and
macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis,
coagulation; emulsions – types of emulsions.
Unit 20: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Unit 21: p-Block Elements
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses; compounds of
nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen;
Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine
,halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids . Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration,
oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties
and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation,
properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and
uses, oxoacids of sulphur . Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation
states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation,
properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens .
Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and
chemical properties, uses.
Unit 22: d and f Block Elements
General introduction ,electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy
formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids – electronic configuration,
oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Actinoids –
Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthenoids .
Unit 23: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties
and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner’s theory
VBT,CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo)importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative
analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit 24: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of
substitution reactions. Optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions. Uses and
environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons,
DDT.
Unit 25: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to
methanol and ethanol. Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties,
acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers : Nomenclature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit 26: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in
aldehydes; uses.Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties; uses.
Unit 27: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides – will
be mentioned at relevant places in context. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and
importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit 28: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L
configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen):
importance. Proteins - Elementary idea of a - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure, denaturation of proteins;
enzymes. Hormones –Elementary idea (excluding structure).
Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Unit 29: Polymers
Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters,
bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit 30: Chemistry in Everyday Life
1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
 MATHEMATICS
UNIT 1: SETS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Sets
Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of the
set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union
and intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set, Properties of Complement sets.
2. Relations and Functions
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two
finite sets. Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R × R × R).
Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as
a special kind of relation from one set to another. Pictorial representation of a function, domain,
co-domain and range of a function. Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of
these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer
functions with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from
one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of
the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions and sketch of their
graphs. Expressing sin (x+ y) and cos (x + y) in terms of sin x, sin y,
cos x and cos y. Deducing the identities like following:


Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x.
UNIT 2 : ALGEBRA
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural
numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of mathematical induction
and simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Need for complex numbers, especially 1, to be motivated by inability to solve every quadratic
equation. Brief description of algebraic properties of complex numbers. Argand plane and polar
representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of
quadratic equations in the complex number system, Square-root of a Complex number.
3. Linear Inequalities
Linear inequalities, Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation
on the number line. Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables. Solution of system of
linear inequalities in two variables - graphially.
4. Permutations and Combinations
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. Permutations and combinations derivation of formulae
and their connections, simple applications.
5. Binomial Theorem
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal’s triangle,
general and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.), Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Geometric Progression
(G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P. Arithmetic and geometric series, infinite G.P. and
its sum, geometric mean (G.M.). Relation between A.M. and G.M.
UNIT 3 : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Straight Lines
Brief recall of 2-D from earlier classes, shifting of origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines.
Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point
form, intercepts form and normal form. General equation of a line. Equation of family of lines passing
through the point of intersection of two lines. Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections
Sections of a cone: Circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and pair of intersecting
lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.
3. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance between two
points and section formula.
UNIT 4 : CALCULUS
Limits and Derivatives
Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically,

intuitive idea of limit. . Definition of derivative, relate it to slope

of tangent of the curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives
of polynomial and trigonometric functions.
UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL REASONING
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/phrases - consolidating the understanding of “if
and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there
exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the
statements involving the connecting words - difference between contradiction, converse and
contrapositive.
UNIT 6 : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
1. Statistics
Measure of dispersion; mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.
Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
2. Probability
Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events: Occurrence of events, ‘not’,
‘and’ & ‘or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events. Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability,
connections with the theories of earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of ‘not’, ‘and’, & ‘or’
events.
UNIT 7: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Relations and Functions
Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto
functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.
Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
UNIT 8: ALGEBRA
1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric
and skew symmetric matrices. Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple
properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication
of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and
proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors
and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples,
solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of
a matrix.
UNIT 9: CALCULUS
1. Continuity and Differentiability (Periods 18)
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concepts of exponential, logarithmic functions.
Derivatives of loge x and ex. Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric
forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their
geometric interpretations.
2. Applications of Derivatives (Periods 10)
Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals,
approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative
test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of
the subject as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
by partial fractions and by parts, only simple integrals of the type –

to be evaluated.
Definite integrals as a limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Basic
properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
4. Applications of the Integrals
Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, arcs of circles/parabolas/ellipses,
area between the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of
differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of
separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions
of linear differential equation of the type –

UNIT 10: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines/ratios of vectors. Types
of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a
vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection
of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product.
2. Three-dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar
and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle
between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
Unit V: Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types
of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method
of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions,
optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constrains).
Unit VI: Probability
Multiplications theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events, total probability,
Baye’s theorem. Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of haphazard
variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

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