Cardiovascular Emergencies - EMB 2017 - DR Andria

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Kegawatan Kardiovaskular

Andria Priyana

Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Tarumanagara
2017
Cardiovascular Emergencies
1. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
2. Acute Heart Failure
a. Hypertensive Heart Failure (Hypertensive Emergency)
b. Acute Pulmonary Edema
c. Right Ventricular Failure
d. Cardiogenic Shock
3. Cardiorespiratory Arrest
4. Malignant cardiac Arrhythmias
5. Cardiac Tamponade
6. Aortic dissection
7. Acute Limb Ischemic
8. Etc.
Endothelial
Dysfunction
•Foam •Fatty •Intermediate •Fibrous •Complicated
•Cells •Streak •Lesion •Atheroma •Plaque •Lesion/Rupture

•oxidized LDL
•homocysteine
•smoking
•aging
•hyperglycemia
•hypertension

35-45 yrs 45-55 yrs 55-65 yrs >65 yrs


•Lipid
•Endothelial accumulation •Inflammation
injury •adhesion molecules •continued macrophage/lipid
•MMP's
•nitric oxide (ICAM, VCAM) accumulation •CRP
•endothelin-1 (hepatic)
•monocyte adhesion •leukocyte accumulation
•vasodilation •cytokines (IL-6,TNFa, IFNg)
•macrophage LDL
uptake
Pathophysiology of
Stable and Unstable Plaques
Thin fibrous cap
Thrombus
Thick fibrous cap

Smooth muscle cells

Lipid rich core


and
macrophages

Media
Unstable Stable
plaque plaque
Keluhan
— Khas: Nyeri dada
— Angina (kardiak)
— Non kardiak
— Bisa pula tidak khas (usila, DM):
— sesak nafas
— mual saja
— keringat dingin saja
— Rasa lemas
— Rasa tidak enak di dada
Nyeri dada ANGINA (akibat iskemia jantung):
— Rasa berat/ seperti tertindih/ diremas di dada
tengah dalam (retrosternal)
— Biasanya menjalar ke lengan kiri atau leher atau
rahang atau epigastrium
— Biasanya muncul saat aktivitas atau emosi dan
berkurang/hilang setelah istirahat (pada sindrom
koroner akut/SKA, angina dapat muncul saat
istirahat)
— Lama sekitar 5-20 menit (pada SKA, angina bisa
lebih lama)
— Berkurang dengan ISDN
Nyeri dada BUKAN akibat iskemia jantung:
— Nyeri seperti tajam atau tertusuk, berdenyut-denyut,
tersedak
— Terasa pada dinding dada, bertambah nyeri bila
menarik nafas/ ditekan/ menggerakkan anggota tubuh
— Nyeri dapat timbul sewaktu-waktu tanpa pencetus
yang jelas
— Lama nyeri hanya beberapa detik, atau justru berjam-
jam/seharian
— Respon terhadap ISDN bervariasi.
ACS: Clinical Presentation
Sign & Symptoms ECG Cardiac enzyme
UAP + STe - -
NSTEMI ++ STe - +
STEMI +++ STe + +
Diagnosis
Presentation Ischemic Discomfort

Working Dx Acute Coronray Syndrome

ECG No ST Elevation ST Elevation

Cardiac
UA NSTEMI
Biomarker

Final Dx UA NQMI QwMI


Nyeri dada kardiak SKA
— Baru pertama kali (CCS III)
— Pernah dirasakan, namun kini lebih sering, lebih lama,
atau lebih hebat (crescendo)
— Saat istirahat
— >20 menit, disertai keringat dingin / mual

Braunwald
Circulation 80:410; 1989
Severity of Angina…
CCS Classification
Class 0 asymptomatic

Class I on strenuous activity

Class II on moderate activity


>2 blocks (160 meters) or 2
flights of stairs (14-20 steps)
Class III on mild activity
<2 blocks or 2 flights of stairs
Class IV rest or minimal activity
EKG (dalam 10 menit)
ECG diagnosis of ACS
STEMI NSTEMI/UAP

• New or presumably new • ST depression ³0,5 mm


ST elevation, 2 mm in V1- in 2 concomitant leads
3 or 1 mm in other leads • Inverted T wave ³1 mm
• Occurs in 2 concomitant in 2 or more concomitant
leads leads
• Pathologic Q wave (0,03 • Suspect UAP if ST
wide, 1 mm deep) in 2 segment changes while
concomitant leads chest pain & normal
• New or presumably new while no complaints
LBBB
ECG ACS
Depresi ST pada iskemia miokard
Inversi T pada iskemia miokard
a. Inversi T : kurang spesifik untuk iskemia
b. Inversi T berujung lancip & simetris: spesifik iskemia
Gambaran EKG pada IMA : Evolusi
a. Fase hiperakut
b. Fase evolusi lengkap
c. Fase infark lama
20
Evolusi pada STEMI
ECG STEMI

I aVR V1 V4

LATERAL SEPTAL
II aVL V2 ANTERIOR
V5

LATERAL
V3
V6
III aVF
INFERIOR

Anatomi Koroner & EKG 12 sandapan


• V1 & V2 menghadap septal area LV.
• V3 & V4 menghadap dinding anterior LV
• V5 & V6 + I & avL menghadap dinding lateral LV
• II, III & avF menghadap dinding inferior LV
Timing of Release of Various Biomarkers After
Acute Myocardial Infarction

Shapiro BP, Jaffe AS. Cardiac biomarkers. In: Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, editors. Mayo Clinic Cardiology: Concise Textbook. 3rd ed. Rochester, MN:
Mayo Clinic Scientific Press and New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007:773–80.
Anderson JL, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:e1–e157, Figure 5.
23
Comparison of Cardiac Biomarkers
Tatalaksana
— ASTI-MONA
— Aspirin 160-320 mg
— Ticagrelor 180 mg (bila PCI) atau Clopidogrel 300 mg
— Morfin
— Nitrat
STEMI
— STEMI onset <12-48 jamà REPERFUSI
— Fibrinolitik (<12 jam), lebih baik pada onset <3 jam
— Streptokinase (1,5 juta unit). Drip 30-60 menit
— Alteplase (bolus 75 mg lalu drip dalam 30 & 60 menit)
— Primary PCI (<12-48 jam)
Fibrinolityc Contraindications
A. Absolute Contraindications
1. Any prior intracranial hemorrhage
2. Known structural cerebral vascular lesion (e.g., arteriovenous malformation)
3. Known malignant intracranial neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
4. Ischemic stroke within 3 months EXCEPT acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours
5. Suspected aortic dissection
6. Active bleeding or bleeding diathesis (excluding menses)
7. Significant closed-head or facial trauma within 3 months
Fibrinolityc Contraindications
B. Relative Contraindications
1. History of chronic, severe, poorly controlled hypertension
2. Severe uncontrolled hypertension on presentation (SBP > 180 mm Hg or DBP
> 110 mm Hg)
3. History of prior ischemic stroke greater than 3 months, dementia, or known
intracranial pathology not covered in contraindications
4. Traumatic or prolonged (> 10 minutes) CPR or major surgery (< 3 weeks)
5. Recent (< 2 to 4 weeks) internal bleeding
6. Noncompressible vascular punctures
7. For streptokinase/anistreplase: prior exposure (> 5 days ago) or prior allergic
reaction to these agents
8. Pregnancy
9. Active peptic ulcer
10. Current use of anticoagulants: the higher the INR, the higher the risk of
bleeding
Subendocardial ischemia.
Anterolateral ST-segment depression
acute anterolateral myocardial infarction
Acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction
Acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction
Acute heart failure
Definition

The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
Acute Heart Failure
— Rapid onset of or acute worsening of sign & symptoms,
associated with elevated natriuretic peptide plasma level.
— Most present with normal/high blood pressure, rather than low
output
— Better prognosis with high blood pressure
— De novo vs acute decompensation of chronic HF

— Primary cardiac dysfunction


— Acute myocardial dysfunction (ischaemic, inf lammatory or toxic)
— Acute valve insufficiency or pericardial tamponade

— (and/or) with/without known precipitant factors


Presentasi klinis
— Kongesti
— Hipoperfusi / penurunan cardiac output

The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
— Gejala, tanda, penunjang
— EKG, Rontgen ,Echocardiography, lab

The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
Assessment
Management
??
Henti jantung/ cardiac arrest
Syarat dasar untuk hidup

Fungsi Fungsi
Sirkulasi Pernapasan

Terganggu Terganggu

Henti Jantung Henti Napas


Cardiorespiratory Arrest
— Unresponsive.
— No Pulse
— No Breathing
Bantuan Hidup Dasar Pada Orang
Dewasa
— Tujuan
— Memberikan bantuan sirkulasi dan pernafasan yang
adekuat sampai keadaan henti jantung teratasi atau
sampai pasien dinyatakan meninggal
Bantuan Hidup Dasar Pada Orang
Dewasa
• Penyebab Henti Nafas • Gangguan Paru
– Sumbatan Jalan Nafas – Infeksi, Aspirasi, Edema
yang disebabkan oleh Paru, Kontusio atau
• Benda Asing benda asing seperti
• Muntahan efusi, pneumotoraks
• Edema Laring atau • Gangguan
bronkus akibat trauma Neuromuskular
• Spasme Laring akibat
radang atau trauma – Miastenia Gravis,
Sindroma Guillan Barre,
• Tumor
Multipel Sklerosis,
Polio, kiposkoliosis,
distrofi muskuler,
penyakit motor neuron
Bantuan Hidup Dasar Pada Orang
Dewasa
— Penyebab Henti Jantung
— Gagal Jantung
— Tamponade Jantung
— Miokarditis
— Kardiomiopati Hipertrofi
— Ventrikel Fibrilasi karena infark, sengatan listrik,
gangguan elektrolit atau karena obat-obatan
Bantuan Hidup Dasar Pada Orang
Dewasa
— Indikasi
— Henti Jantung
— Henti Nafas
— Tidak Sadarkan diri
— Penilaian Kesadaran
— Dilakukan untuk
meyakinkan bahwa
penderita sadar
— Pengaktifan sistem
layanan gawat darurat
• Kompresi Dada
– Dilakukan bila tidak
teraba nadi setelah
perabaan arteri karotis
• Pelaksanaan Kompresi
– Dibaringkan di tempat
datar dan keras
– 2 jari di atas proc
Xifoideus
– Frekuensi yang
diberikan harus
mencukupi (100x/menit
atau 30 : 2)
— Airway
— Buka jalan nafas
— Berikan nafas dalam 1
detik
— Sesuai dengan volume
tidal
— Diberikan setelah 30
kompresi
— Breathing
— Mulut ke mulut
— Mulut ke hidung
— Mulut ke sungkup
— Dengan Kantung
Pernafasan
• Yang perlu diperhatikan
saat pemberian nafas
bantuan dari mulut ke
sungkup
– Letakkan sungkup pada
muka pasien dengan ke
dua ibu jari
– Head tilt chin lift
– Lakukan tiupan sambil
memperhatikan
pergerakan dinding
dada
• Yang perlu diperhatikan
saat pemberian nafas
bantuan dengan
kantung pernafasan
– 2 penolong : satu
penolong di atas kepala
pasien, penolong ke dua
memompa
– 1 penolong : Melakukan
pompa sambil
memperhatikan
pergerakan dinding
dada
Mengenali irama
kegawatanjantung
Narrow QRS, regular
SVT
SVT
— Manuver Vagal

C
— Adenosin: 6 mg à 12 mg à 12 mg. Diikuti bolus NaCl 20
ml

C
— Verapamil: 2,5-5 mg/2 menit à 5-10 mg (interval 15-30
menit). Max 20 mg
— Diltiazem: 0,25 mg/kg/2 mnt à0,35 mg/kg à
maintenance 5-15 mg/jam
C

— Amiodaron: 150 mg/ 10 menit, dapat diulang. Max 2,2 g


Tidak stabil (¯kesadaran, edema paru, syok)

Kardioversi: synchronized 50-100 J


Narrow QRS, iregular
AF

Atr Flutter
— Rate control:
— Digoxin iv 0,25 mg, diulang 2-4 jam. Max: 1,5 mg
— Verapamil, diltiazem

Tidak stabil

Kardioversi: synchronized 100-200 J


100-120 j (bifasik)
Wide QRS VT

— VT monomorfik
— VT polimorfik, Torsades des pointes
VT monomorfik
— Stabil à Amiodaron: 150 mg/10 menit.
— Ulang hingga convert (max 2,2 g); atau
— Maintenance 360 mg/6 jam à 540 mg/18 jam

— Tidak stabil

Kardioversi: synchronized 100-200 J


VT polimorfik / VF
— DC unsynchronized 360 J monofasik/ 200 J bifasik
1st degree AV block
2nd degree AV block, type 1

Missing QRS Missing QRS

2nd degree AV block, type 2

Missing QRS
Total AV Block /
3rd degree AV block

QRS QRS QRS

P P P P P P P

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