Cardiovascular Emergencies - EMB 2017 - DR Andria
Cardiovascular Emergencies - EMB 2017 - DR Andria
Cardiovascular Emergencies - EMB 2017 - DR Andria
Andria Priyana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Tarumanagara
2017
Cardiovascular Emergencies
1. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
2. Acute Heart Failure
a. Hypertensive Heart Failure (Hypertensive Emergency)
b. Acute Pulmonary Edema
c. Right Ventricular Failure
d. Cardiogenic Shock
3. Cardiorespiratory Arrest
4. Malignant cardiac Arrhythmias
5. Cardiac Tamponade
6. Aortic dissection
7. Acute Limb Ischemic
8. Etc.
Endothelial
Dysfunction
•Foam •Fatty •Intermediate •Fibrous •Complicated
•Cells •Streak •Lesion •Atheroma •Plaque •Lesion/Rupture
•oxidized LDL
•homocysteine
•smoking
•aging
•hyperglycemia
•hypertension
Media
Unstable Stable
plaque plaque
Keluhan
Khas: Nyeri dada
Angina (kardiak)
Non kardiak
Bisa pula tidak khas (usila, DM):
sesak nafas
mual saja
keringat dingin saja
Rasa lemas
Rasa tidak enak di dada
Nyeri dada ANGINA (akibat iskemia jantung):
Rasa berat/ seperti tertindih/ diremas di dada
tengah dalam (retrosternal)
Biasanya menjalar ke lengan kiri atau leher atau
rahang atau epigastrium
Biasanya muncul saat aktivitas atau emosi dan
berkurang/hilang setelah istirahat (pada sindrom
koroner akut/SKA, angina dapat muncul saat
istirahat)
Lama sekitar 5-20 menit (pada SKA, angina bisa
lebih lama)
Berkurang dengan ISDN
Nyeri dada BUKAN akibat iskemia jantung:
Nyeri seperti tajam atau tertusuk, berdenyut-denyut,
tersedak
Terasa pada dinding dada, bertambah nyeri bila
menarik nafas/ ditekan/ menggerakkan anggota tubuh
Nyeri dapat timbul sewaktu-waktu tanpa pencetus
yang jelas
Lama nyeri hanya beberapa detik, atau justru berjam-
jam/seharian
Respon terhadap ISDN bervariasi.
ACS: Clinical Presentation
Sign & Symptoms ECG Cardiac enzyme
UAP + STe - -
NSTEMI ++ STe - +
STEMI +++ STe + +
Diagnosis
Presentation Ischemic Discomfort
Cardiac
UA NSTEMI
Biomarker
Braunwald
Circulation 80:410; 1989
Severity of Angina…
CCS Classification
Class 0 asymptomatic
I aVR V1 V4
LATERAL SEPTAL
II aVL V2 ANTERIOR
V5
LATERAL
V3
V6
III aVF
INFERIOR
Shapiro BP, Jaffe AS. Cardiac biomarkers. In: Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, editors. Mayo Clinic Cardiology: Concise Textbook. 3rd ed. Rochester, MN:
Mayo Clinic Scientific Press and New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007:773–80.
Anderson JL, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:e1–e157, Figure 5.
23
Comparison of Cardiac Biomarkers
Tatalaksana
ASTI-MONA
Aspirin 160-320 mg
Ticagrelor 180 mg (bila PCI) atau Clopidogrel 300 mg
Morfin
Nitrat
STEMI
STEMI onset <12-48 jamà REPERFUSI
Fibrinolitik (<12 jam), lebih baik pada onset <3 jam
Streptokinase (1,5 juta unit). Drip 30-60 menit
Alteplase (bolus 75 mg lalu drip dalam 30 & 60 menit)
Primary PCI (<12-48 jam)
Fibrinolityc Contraindications
A. Absolute Contraindications
1. Any prior intracranial hemorrhage
2. Known structural cerebral vascular lesion (e.g., arteriovenous malformation)
3. Known malignant intracranial neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
4. Ischemic stroke within 3 months EXCEPT acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours
5. Suspected aortic dissection
6. Active bleeding or bleeding diathesis (excluding menses)
7. Significant closed-head or facial trauma within 3 months
Fibrinolityc Contraindications
B. Relative Contraindications
1. History of chronic, severe, poorly controlled hypertension
2. Severe uncontrolled hypertension on presentation (SBP > 180 mm Hg or DBP
> 110 mm Hg)
3. History of prior ischemic stroke greater than 3 months, dementia, or known
intracranial pathology not covered in contraindications
4. Traumatic or prolonged (> 10 minutes) CPR or major surgery (< 3 weeks)
5. Recent (< 2 to 4 weeks) internal bleeding
6. Noncompressible vascular punctures
7. For streptokinase/anistreplase: prior exposure (> 5 days ago) or prior allergic
reaction to these agents
8. Pregnancy
9. Active peptic ulcer
10. Current use of anticoagulants: the higher the INR, the higher the risk of
bleeding
Subendocardial ischemia.
Anterolateral ST-segment depression
acute anterolateral myocardial infarction
Acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction
Acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction
Acute heart failure
Definition
The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
Acute Heart Failure
Rapid onset of or acute worsening of sign & symptoms,
associated with elevated natriuretic peptide plasma level.
Most present with normal/high blood pressure, rather than low
output
Better prognosis with high blood pressure
De novo vs acute decompensation of chronic HF
The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
Gejala, tanda, penunjang
EKG, Rontgen ,Echocardiography, lab
The European Society of Cardiology: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, 2008
Assessment
Management
??
Henti jantung/ cardiac arrest
Syarat dasar untuk hidup
Fungsi Fungsi
Sirkulasi Pernapasan
Terganggu Terganggu
C
Adenosin: 6 mg à 12 mg à 12 mg. Diikuti bolus NaCl 20
ml
C
Verapamil: 2,5-5 mg/2 menit à 5-10 mg (interval 15-30
menit). Max 20 mg
Diltiazem: 0,25 mg/kg/2 mnt à0,35 mg/kg à
maintenance 5-15 mg/jam
C
Atr Flutter
Rate control:
Digoxin iv 0,25 mg, diulang 2-4 jam. Max: 1,5 mg
Verapamil, diltiazem
Tidak stabil
VT monomorfik
VT polimorfik, Torsades des pointes
VT monomorfik
Stabil à Amiodaron: 150 mg/10 menit.
Ulang hingga convert (max 2,2 g); atau
Maintenance 360 mg/6 jam à 540 mg/18 jam
Tidak stabil
Missing QRS
Total AV Block /
3rd degree AV block
P P P P P P P