Delivering Better Oral Health

Delivering better oral health: an
evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Third edition
Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention
About Public Health England
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inequalities through working with national and local government, the NHS, industry and the
voluntary and community sector. PHE is an operationally autonomous executive agency of the
Department of Health.
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Figures 4.1 and 4.2 reproduced from The Scientific Basis of Oral Health Education
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Published June 2014

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Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention
Contents
About Public Health England

Foreword 1
Introduction to third edition2
The prevention toolkit 4
Section 1 Summary guidance for primary dental care teams6
Section 2 Principles of toothbrushing for oral health17
Section 3 Increasing fluoride availability19
Fluoridation of water and milk19
Toothpaste – list of current products by fluoride concentration level22
Fluoride varnish28
Prescribing high concentration fluoride toothpaste30
Prescribing additional fluoride – tablets and rinses30
Section 4 Healthy eating advice32
Dietary advice to prevent dental caries 32
General good dietary practice guidelines34
Diet diary38
Section 5 Sugar-free medicines42
Section 6 Improving periodontal health44
Section 7 Smoking and tobacco use51
Section 8 Alcohol misuse and oral health63
Section 9 Prevention of erosion69
Section 10 Helping patients to change their behaviour 74
Section 11 Supporting references79
Acknowledgements99
Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 1
Foreword
It is well recognised that oral health has an important role in the general health and
well‑being of individuals and it is of concern that significant inequalities in oral health
exist across England.
The risk factors for many general health conditions are common to those that affect oral
health, namely smoking, alcohol misuse and a poor diet. It is therefore important that all
clinical teams make every contact count and support patients to make healthier choices.
By doing this not only will patients’ oral health benefit but their general health will be at
lower risk as well. Clinical dental teams therefore have an important role in advising their
patients about how they can make choices that improve and maintain both their dental
and general health.
Public Health England is pleased to provide this third edition of the prevention toolkit for
clinical teams. Current evidence has been reviewed and used to revise and develop the
previous edition.
I am sure this key document will allow all patients to benefit from modern preventive
treatments and improved methods of self-care. It should be used by the whole dental team
to ensure that all patients have equity of access to improved preventive advice and care.
Prof. Kevin Fenton, director of Health and Wellbeing
Sue Gregory, head of dental public health

2 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention
Introduction to third edition
Publication of ‘Delivering better oral health A further benefit has been the increased
– an evidence-based toolkit for prevention’ training of DCPs to support preventive
in 2007 led to a range of positive changes activity in practices. This is to be encouraged
that have increased the likelihood of people and runs in alignment with the principles
in England benefiting from improved oral of the dental contract reform programme
health. The guidance states the minimum which is focussing dental services towards
concentrations of fluoride in toothpaste a more preventive approach. This toolkit
to control caries and prompted several is an enabling document which lists the
manufacturers to reformulate their children’s evidence-informed messages which allows
toothpaste to a more effective level for caries them to be given consistently.
control. Coupled with clear advice about The toolkit also supported a new approach
twice daily brushing, this is likely to have whereby all patients, regardless of perceived
reduced caries activity among our very young risk level, were given preventive advice and
children. Guidance regarding the important offered preventive treatment. This serves to
role of fluoride varnish as part of clinical establish new social norms for better home
activity to control caries has led to a large care and recognises the fact that not all new
increase in the number of primary care teams disease can be anticipated so all patients can
applying this routinely and regularly to their benefit from advice and support. With 52%
child patients and to adults at higher risk. The of adults and 70% of children contacting a
simple item of advice that patients should spit dentist in every 24 month period the power of
out after brushing instead of rinsing away the the messages that dental clinical teams can
fluoride in their toothpaste has been widely have is considerable.
broadcast and should lead to lower caries
levels among children, adolescents and The toolkit has informed commissioners and
adults. allowed contracts to be developed which
encourage preventive activity. It has also been
All of this is good news and large numbers of useful in informing other health, education
primary care teams have commented about and social care work partners so that better
how useful the toolkit has been to ensure daily care can be brought into a variety of
that consistent advice is given as part of settings.
preventively orientated treatment plans. The
document has also ensured that other health This third edition continues to support these
and social care partners are aware of the positive effects and will be accompanied by
correct preventive messages and this has versions which will help patients to better
improved coherence between dental teams understand the preventive messages. The
and other agencies. summary tables have been reviewed and
revised, particularly the table referring to
periodontal disease. Where new evidence

has emerged this has been assessed and
the grade indicating the strength of evidence
increased where appropriate. Additional
tables have been provided to summarise
advice about healthy eating, smoking and
alcohol misuse. The sections providing more
detail have also been improved and a section
about behaviour change has been added.
We would like to thank the members of
the working group that have reviewed and
revised material for this third edition and the
wider organisations that contributed to it. We
strongly commend this toolkit to you so that
you may develop a preventive approach to
your practise.
Sue Gregory OBE

Head of dental public health
Jenny Godson
Lead for oral health improvement

The prevention toolkit
Many dental teams have asked for clear This toolkit is not the result of multiple
guidance about the advice they should give systematic review processes, rather a
and the actions they should take to be sure pragmatic and progressive approach was
they are doing the best for their patients taken towards the original collation of the
in preventing disease. There is currently a available evidence and applied in revisions
drive for greater emphasis on prevention for each new edition. The steering group
of ill-health and reduction of inequalities of conferred with leaders in the field and
health by the giving of advice, provision of established core messages and actions for
support to change behaviour and application which evidence had revealed a preventive
of evidence-informed actions. It is important benefit. Relevant papers were assessed
that the whole dental team, as well as for the detail and strength of evidence they
other healthcare workers, give consistent revealed, then statements were refined to
messages and that those messages are up ensure the wording correctly reflected the
to date and correct. conclusions derived. The published papers
that gave the highest level of evidence
Recent thinking suggests that all patients available are provided as references to
should be given the benefit of advice and support each statement (and can be found
support to change behaviour regarding in section 11). In many instances intelligence
their general and dental health, not just was drawn from a range of studies or reviews
those thought to be ‘at risk’. This guide and statements were derived from the totality
lists the advice and actions that should be of the resulting evidence
provided for all patients to maintain good
oral health. For those patients about whom The information displayed in the model is
there is greater concern (eg, those with supported by evidence of varying levels of
medical conditions, those with evidence strength. Where the evidence level is weak
of active disease and those for whom the this does not mean that the intervention
provision of reparative care is problematic) does not work but simply that the current
there is guidance about increasing the evidence supporting it is not of the highest
intensity of generally applied actions. quality. Each piece of advice or suggested
intervention is presented with an evidence
A number of well-respected experts have grade. This represents the highest grade of
come together to produce this document evidence that currently exists for the advice or
which aims to provide practical, evidence- intervention listed in the model.
based guidance to help clinical teams
to promote oral health and prevent oral
disease in their patients. It is intended for use
throughout primary dental care.
The grades of evidence given are as follows:
Grade Strength of evidence

I Strong evidence from at least one systematic review of multiple well-designed
randomised control trial/s.
II Strong evidence from at least one properly designed randomised control trial of
appropriate size.
III Evidence from well-designed trials without randomisation, single group pre-post,
cohort, time series of matched case-control studies.
IV Evidence from well-designed non-experimental studies from more than one centre
or research group.
V Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical evidence, descriptive studies
or reports of expert committees.
(Gray, 1997)
For this new edition a symbol that indicates good practice has been added to statements for
which specific evidence is not available but which make practical sense. This is shown as GP
✔.
There is an intention to re-classify the evidence in the next edition of the toolkit using the
GRADE system.
Section 1 Summary guidance for primary care teams

Prevention of caries in children age 0-6yrs
Advice to be given EB Professional intervention EB
Children •• Breast feeding provides the best nutrition for I
aged up babies
to 3 years •• From six months of age infants should be III
introduced to drinking from a free-flow cup, and
from age one year feeding from a bottle should
be discouraged
•• Sugar should not be added to weaning foods or V
drinks
•• Parents/carers should brush or supervise I
toothbrushing
•• As soon as teeth erupt in the mouth brush them I
twice daily with a fluoridated toothpaste
•• Brush last thing at night and on one other
occasion III
•• Use fluoridated toothpaste containing no less I
than 1,000ppm fluoride
•• It is good practice to use only a smear of GP
✔
toothpaste
•• The frequency and amount of sugary food and III, I
drinks should be reduced
•• Sugar-free medicines should be recommended III
All •• Brush at least twice daily, with a fluoridated I •• Apply fluoride varnish to teeth two times a year I
children toothpaste (2.2% NaF-)
aged 3-6 •• Brush last thing at night and at least on one other III
years occasion
•• Brushing should be supervised by a parent/carer I
•• Use fluoridated toothpaste containing more than I
1,000 ppm fluoride
•• It is good practice to use only a pea size amount GP✔
•• Spit out after brushing and do not rinse, to III
maintain fluoride concentration levels

•• Sugar-free medicines should be recommended III
Children All advice as above plus:
aged 0-6 •• Use fluoridated toothpaste containing I •• Apply fluoride varnish to teeth two or more times I
giving 1,350-1,500ppm fluoride a year (2.2% NaF-)
concern
(eg, those •• It is good practice to use only a smear or pea GP •• Reduce recall interval V
✔
likely to size amount •• Investigate diet and assist adoption of good I
develop •• Where medication is given frequently or long term GP dietary practice in line with the eatwell plate
✔
caries, request that it is sugar free, or used to minimise •• Where medication is given frequently or long term, GP
those cariogenic effects ✔
liaise with medical practitioner to request it is sugar
with
free, or used to minimise cariogenic effects
special
needs)
Prevention of caries in children aged from 7 years and young adults
Advice EB Professional intervention EB
All patients •• Brush at least twice daily, with a fluoridated I •• Apply fluoride varnish to teeth two times a year I
toothpaste (2.2% NaF-)
•• Brush last thing at night and at least on one other III, I
occasion
•• Use fluoridated toothpaste (1,350-1,500ppm I
fluoride)
maintain fluoride concentration levels
Those giving All the above, plus:
concern to •• Use a fluoride mouth rinse daily (0.05% NaF-) at a I •• Fissure seal permanent molars with resin sealant I
their dentist different time to brushing
(eg, those
with obvious •• Apply fluoride varnish to teeth two or more times I
current active a year (2.2% NaF-)
caries, those •• For those 8 years upwards with active caries I
with ortho prescribe daily fluoride rinse
appliances, •• For those 10+ years with active caries prescribe I
dry mouth, 2800 ppm fluoride toothpaste
other
predisposing •• For those 16+ years with active disease prescribe I
factors, those either 2,800ppm or 5,000ppm fluoride toothpaste
with special •• Investigate diet and assist to adopt good dietary I
needs) practice in line with the eatwell plate
Prevention of caries in adults
All adult •• Brush at least twice daily, with a fluoridated I
patients toothpaste
•• Brush last thing at night and at least on one other III, I
occasion
•• Use fluoridated toothpaste with at least 1350ppm I
fluoride
maintain fluoride concentration

Those giving All the above, plus:
concern to Use a fluoride mouthrinse daily (0.05% NaF-) at a I •• Apply fluoride varnish to teeth twice yearly (2.2% I
their dentist different time to brushing NaF-)
(eg. with
obvious •• For those with active coronal or root caries I
current active prescribe daily fluoride rinse
caries, dry •• For those with obvious active coronal or root I
mouth, other caries prescribe 2,800 or 5,000ppm fluoride
predisposing toothpaste
factors, those •• Investigate diet and assist to adopt good dietary I
with special practice in line with the eatwell plate
needs
Prevention of periodontal disease – to be used in addition to caries prevention

All adults Self-care plaque removal
and Remove plaque effectively using methods shown by V Advise best methods of plaque removal to prevent III
children the dental team gingivitis, achieve lowest risk of periodontitis and
This will prevent gingivitis and reduces the risk of III tooth loss.
periodontal disease Use behaviour change methods with oral hygiene I
instruction
Daily, effective plaque removal is more important to III Correct factors which impede effective plaque control GP
✔
periodontal health than tooth scaling and polishing by including; supra- and subgingival calculus, open
the clinical team margins and restoration overhangs and contours
which prevent effective plaque removal
Toothbrushing and toothpaste
Brush gum line AND each tooth twice daily (before V With extensive inflammation start with toothbrushing GP
✔
bed and at least on one other occasion). For further advice, followed by interdental plaque control
information regarding toothpastes and periodontal
health see section 6.1
Use either Assess patient’s/parent/carer’s preferences for
•• Manual or powered toothbrush I plaque control
•• Decide on manual or powered toothbrush V
•• Small toothbrush head, medium texture V
•• Demonstrate methods and types of
brushesAssess plaque removal abilities and
confidence with brush
•• Patient sets target for toothbrushing for next visit
All adults Interdental plaque control Assess patient’s preferences for interdental V
and ages Clean daily between the teeth to below the gum line GP plaque control
12-17 ✔
before toothbrushing, •• Decide on appropriate interdental kit
•• For small spaces between teeth: use dental floss V •• Demonstrate methods and types of kit
or tape •• Assess plaque removal abilities and confidence
•• For larger spaces: use interdental or single-tufted V with kit
brushes Patient sets target for interdental plaque control
•• Around orthodontic appliances and bridges: use V
kit suggested by the dental professional
Risk factor control

Tobacco Do not smoke III Ask, Advise, Act: take a history of tobacco use, give I
(all adults Smoking increases the risk of periodontal disease, brief advice to users to quit and sign post to local
and ado- reduces benefits of treatment and increases the stop smoking service (see tobacco table for more
lescents) chance of losing teeth. detail)
Diabetes Patients with diabetes should try to maintain good V For patients with diabetes:
diabetes control as they are •• Explain risk related to diabetes GP
✔
•• At greater risk of developing serious periodontal III
disease
•• Less likely to benefit from periodontal treatment if V
the diabetes is not well controlled

Medica- Some medications can affect gingival health V For patients who use medications that cause dry
tions mouth or gingival enlargement
•• Explain oral health findings and risk related to GP
✔
medication
•• Assess and discuss clinical management (see GP
✔
section 6)
Prevention of peri-implant disease

All adults Dental implants require the same level of oral hygiene V Advise best methods for self-care plaque control, V
with and maintenance as natural teeth both toothbrushing and interdental cleaning
dental Clean both between and around implants carefully V
implants with interdental kit and toothbrushes
Attend for regular checks of the health of gum and V
bone around implants
Prevention of oral cancer
Risk level Advice EB Professional intervention EB
All adoles- •• Do not smoke III •• Ask, Advise, Act – tobacco use very brief advice I
cents and •• Do not use smokeless tobacco (eg, paan, I •• Take a history of tobacco use, give brief advice to I
adults chewing tobacco, gutkha) users and signpost to local stop smoking service
•• Reduce alcohol consumption to moderate I •• Ask, Advise, Act – alcohol very brief advice I
(recommended) levels Establish if the patient is drinking above low risk
(recommended) levels. If appropriate signpost to GP
or local alcohol misuse support services if available
See tobacco and alcohol tables
•• Increase intake of non-starchy vegetables and III
fruit

Evidence-based advice and professional intervention about smoking and other tobacco use

All adoles- Tobacco use, both smoking and chewing tobacco III Ask, Advise, Act: take a history of tobacco use, I
cents and seriously affects general and oral health. The most give brief advice to users and signpost to local stop
adults significant effect on the mouth is oral cancers and smoking service
pre-cancers.
•• Do not smoke or use shisha pipes I •• Ask – establish and record smoking status
•• Do not use smokeless tobacco (eg, paan, I •• Advise – advise on benefits of stopping and
chewing tobacco, gutkha) that evidence shows the best way is with a
combination of support and treatment
•• Act – offer help referring to local stop smoking
services
If the patient is not ready or willing to stop they may V
wish to consider reducing how much they smoke
using a licensed nicotine-containing product to help
reduce smoking. The health benefits to reducing are
unclear but those who use these will be more likely
to stop smoking in the future.
Evidence-based advice and professional intervention about alcohol and oral health

All adoles- Drinking alcohol above recommended levels IV For all patients:
cents and adversely affects general and oral health with Ask – establish and record if the patient is drinking I
adults the most significant oral health impact being the above low risk (recommended) levels
increased risk of oral cancer.
Advise – offer brief advice to those drinking above
Reduce alcohol consumption to low risk I recommended levels
(recommended) levels.
Act – refer or signpost high risk drinkers to their GP
Recommended levels (May 2014): or local alcohol support services
Men should not regularly consume more than 3 to 4

units per day
Women should not regularly consume more than 2 to
3 units per day
All drinkers should avoid alcohol for 2 days following
a heavy drinking session to allow the body to recover
Pregnant women or women trying to conceive
should avoid drinking alcohol but if they choose to
drink they should limit this to no more than 1 to 2
units once or twice a week and avoid getting drunk
Evidence-based advice and professional intervention about healthier eating

All ages The frequency and amount of consumption of sugars III, I To aid dietary modification advice consider using GP
✔
should be reduced a diet diary over 3 days, one weekend day and 2
weekdays
Avoid sugar containing foods and drinks at bedtime III
when saliva flow is reduced and buffering capacity is
lost
Prevention of erosion/toothwear
No table could be provided as the evidence to support interventions to prevent toothwear is currently limited. Some tooth wear is a natural part
of ageing; thus at present evidence-based population advice on tooth wear, and particularly erosion, cannot be substantiated. Evidence from
studies to support preventive interventions for individuals with pathological wear is limited, but growing. Much of the available evidence to date
relates to associations and is largely limited to epidemiology, laboratory and in situ studies; thus, further research in this field is recommended.
The later chapter about erosion and toothwear describes possible causes and an overview of methods of management, which includes advice
about prevention of toothwear according to the need of individual patients.
Section 2 Principles of toothbrushing for oral

health
The major dental conditions of caries and

periodontal disease can both be reduced by
regular toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste.
To control caries it is the fluoride in
toothpaste which is the important element
of toothbrushing, as fluoride serves to
prevent, control and arrest caries. Higher
concentration of fluoride in toothpaste leads
to better caries control.
To control gum disease the physical removal
of plaque is the important element of
toothbrushing as it reduces the inflammatory
response of the gingivae and its sequelae.
Some toothpastes contain ingredients which •• family fluoride toothpaste (1,350-1,500
also reduce plaque, gingivitis and bleeding parts per million fluoride – ppmF) is
gums. indicated for maximum caries control for
There is evidence to suggest that the all children except those who cannot be
preventive action of toothbrushing can be prevented from eating toothpaste. Advice
maximised if the following principles are must be given about adult supervision
followed: and the small amounts to be used
•• brushing should start as soon as the first
primary tooth erupts
•• brushing should occur twice daily as a
minimum – clean teeth last thing at night
before bed and at least one other time
each day
•• children under three years should use a
toothpaste containing no less than 1,000
ppm fluoride
•• children under three years should use no
more than a smear of toothpaste (a thin
film of paste covering less than three-
quarters of the brush) and must not be
permitted to eat or lick toothpaste from
the tube
•• children between three and six years •• brushing is more effective with a small-
should use no more than a pea-sized headed toothbrush with medium-texture
amount of toothpaste bristles (ISO 20126: 2012), (V)
While there is evidence that some powered

toothbrushes (with a rotation, oscillation
action) can be more effective for plaque
control than manual tooth brushes, probably
more important is that the brush, manual
or powered, is used effectively twice daily.
Thorough cleaning may take at least two
minutes.
•• children need to be helped or supervised

by an adult when brushing until at least
seven years of age and must not be
permitted to eat or lick toothpaste from
the tube
•• rinsing with lots of water after brushing
should be discouraged – spitting out
excess toothpaste is preferable
•• rinsing with water, mouthwashes or
mouth rinses (including fluoride rinses)
immediately after toothbrushing will wash
away the concentrated fluoride in the
remaining toothpaste, thus diluting it and
reducing its preventive effects. For this
reason rinsing after toothbrushing should
be discouraged
•• the patient’s existing method of brushing
may need to be modified to maximise
plaque removal, emphasising the need to
systematically clean all tooth surfaces. No
particular technique has been shown to
be better than another
•• disclosing tablets can help to indicate
areas that are being missed
Section 3 Increasing fluoride availability
Fluorides are widely found in nature and in content, either naturally or artificially, is at the
foods such as tea, fish, beer and in some optimum level for dental health. In terms of
natural water supplies. The link between population coverage, the West Midlands is
fluoride in public water supplies and reduced the most extensively fluoridated area, followed
levels of caries was first documented early by parts of the North East of England.
in the last century. Since then fluoride has Consumers seeking information on fluoride
become more widely available, most notably levels in their water can obtain this from
in toothpaste and is widely recognised as their water supplier. Many water companies
having improved oral health in the UK. having an online function to allow consumers
There is abundant evidence that increasing to check this. This is particularly important
fluoride availability to individuals and where additional fluoride is being considered
communities is effective at reducing caries for young children.
levels. This can be achieved by a range of Information on how fluoride availability can be
methods but similar principles apply to all. increased on an individual basis to improve
Fluoride works topically in the main and is oral health now follows.
most effective if it is available multiple times
during the day. Higher concentrations of Milk fluoridation
fluoride provide better caries prevention
effects and vehicles which are parts of normal There are a few schemes in England which
life are more likely to be effective and avoid supply children with fluoridated milk at
increasing inequalities. When vehicles and school. They are provided in areas which are
concentrations of fluoride are considered not fluoridated and where levels of caries are
for caries control the only risk to health is high. Children should not take part if they
fluorosis, and this is only the case if young have fluoride tablets or fluoride rinse on a
children receive excess levels (see section 2). daily basis.
A balance has to be achieved whereby the
most benefit can be gained from this naturally
occurring substance, while at the same time Fluoride toothpaste
avoiding the risk of fluorosis.
Strong evidence shows that toothpastes
containing higher concentrations of fluoride
Water fluoridation are more effective at controlling caries. It is
clear that low fluoride toothpastes (those
Currently approximately 10% of England’s containing less than 1,000ppmF-) are
population, or about six million people, ineffective at controlling caries.
benefit from a water supply where the fluoride
A Cochrane systematic review of evidence The risk of fluorosis from ingesting too
stated that “There should be a balanced much fluoride are linked much more to the
consideration between the benefits of topical amount of toothpaste that is used, than to
fluorides in caries prevention and the risk of the concentration. Risks of aesthetically
the development of fluorosis” (Wong, 2010). challenging fluorosis to permanent incisors
This review focusses on mild or questionable are relevant only to ingestion of fluoride by
fluorosis and did not distinguish between this those under three years old. Calcification
and the more severe forms. Mild fluorosis is of the crowns of these teeth is complete by
not readily apparent to the affected individual 30 months. Risks of aesthetically challenging
or casual observer and often requires a fluorosis to premolars are only relevant to
trained specialist to detect it. those aged under six years as calcification
The review concluded that the evidence of the crowns of these teeth is complete by
about the risk of fluorosis from starting the this age.
use of fluoride toothpaste in children under A research study investigated the
12 months of age was weak, and for starting concentration and amount of toothpaste
between the age of 12 and 24 months was used by children aged one to two years. This
equivocal. It also stated that where the risk of showed that the ingestion of fluoride among
fluorosis is of particular concern, the fluoride children who used a large amount of paste
level of toothpaste for young children is could be as much as twenty times higher
recommended to be lower than 1,000ppm. than that for children who used only a small
However, for children considered to be at amount. In contrast there was only a four fold
high risk of tooth decay by their dentist, difference in the amount of fluoride ingested
the benefit to health of preventing decay between those who used a low fluoride
may outweigh the risk of fluorosis. In such toothpaste and those using one containing
circumstances, careful brushing by parents/ 1,450ppm. See figure 3.1
carers with toothpastes containing higher
levels of fluoride would be beneficial.
mg fluoride ingested
Fluoride concentration
Small amount placed on Large amount placed on

brush brush
1,450ppm 0.05mg 20 fold 1.02mg

4
fold
440ppm 0.02mg 0.33mg
Source: Bentley, Ellwood and Davies, 1999

Figure 3.1 The impact of concentration and amount of toothpaste used on fluoride ingested
Putting these pieces of evidence together

shows that the best combination is to use
higher concentration toothpaste in very small
quantities for children aged six years and
below. For this reason parents should be
shown how small an amount to use and they
should ensure their children do not eat or lick
the toothpaste.
Children aged under three years should use
only a smear of toothpaste.
Children aged three to six years should use

only a pea-sized blob of toothpaste.
Types of over-the-counter This table cannot provide information about

levels of fluoride in brands bought from
toothpastes by fluoride such places as single price stores, markets,
concentration level websites and car boot sales, which may be
special imports or, on occasion, counterfeit,
This table is provided for information only and and not contain known levels of fluoride.
should NOT be seen as an endorsement of Such toothpaste may not offer protection
any particular brand by PHE. against decay.
Efforts have been made to make the list Read the label to look for the parts per million
as comprehensive as possible but it may of fluoride (ppmF-) in the toothpaste.
not represent a complete list of all brands
of toothpaste available in the UK and was
correct at the time of press, March 2014.
Higher concentration fluoride gives better protection against decay

Toothpastes containing 1,000-1,500ppmF-
Brand
ALDI
Dentitex – all types
ASDA
Protect Big Teeth 6+, Total care, Extreme Fresh, Whitening, Sensitive
Smart Price
Aquafresh
Active Cavity Protection, Fresh Breath
Active Whitening Fluoride
Big Teeth
12 Hour Protection
Extreme Clean, Whitening
Fresh Minty
HD White Illuminating Mint, Tingling Mint
Iso-Active fresh mint fluoride, Clean and whiten
Little Teeth
Mild Minty
Milk Teeth 3-5 years
Multi-action whitening
Multi Active Fluoride
Triple Protection, Whitening

Brand
Arm and Hammer
Advance White, Whitening, Whitening Sensitive
Brilliant Sparkle, Enamel Pro Repair Sensitive, Extra White, Original Coolmint
Beverley Hills Formula
Total enamel sensitive expert
Perfect White
Biotene fluoride
Boots
Smile Fresh Stripe, Total care, Whitening, Sensitive
Expert Sensitive Whitening, Enamel Protection, weekly clean
Expert orthodontic
Smile Kids 6+
Corsodyl
Extra Fresh Original, Whitening
Colgate
2 in 1 Whitening, icy Blast
Advanced White, Whitening, Whitening Go Pure
Fresh Minty Gel
Cavity Protection
Cool Stripe
Deep Clean Whitening
Sensitive Enamel Protect
Cavity Protection Great Regular
Max Beads Blue, Max Fresh Blue
Maxwhite, One, One Active, One Luminous, One Optic, Shine
Sensitive Enamel Protect, Sensitive and Whitening, multi-protection, Plus Whitening, Pro-relief, Pro-relief and
whitening, pro-relief Enamel repair, Pro-relief Multi-protect
Kids 4-6
Kids 6+
Total* Advanced, Clean*, Freshening*, Pro-Gum Health*, Pro-Gum Health Whitening*, Sensitive*, Whitening*,
Interdental*
Triple Action
Whitening and Fresh breath
Co-operative
Freshmint
Whitening and totalcare, Sensitive and totalcare

Brand
Fluoridine
Janina
Ultra White Extra strength, White Sensitive
Kingfisher
Mint with Fluoride, Fennel with Fluoride
Kokomo
Peppa Pig
Macleans
Fresh Mint
Ice Whitening Toothpaste
Total Health and Whitening
White ‘n’ Shine
Whitening, Whitening Fluoride
Mentadent
Mentadent P with zinc citrate, Mentadent SR
Oral B
Stages – Bubble gum
1-2-3
3D White Enamel Protect, White Brilliance, White Luxe Healthy Shine
Complete Extra Fresh, Extra White, mouthwash and whitening
Pro Expert All Around Protection Clean Mint, All Around, Enamel Shield, Premium Gum Protection, Sensitive
+ Gentle Whitening, Whitening
Pearl Drops
Pro White, Instant White, Restore White, Ultimate White
Everyday white
Sainsbury’s own
Basics
Extracare Fresh and Whitening, Sensitive and Whitening
Freshmint
Gentle Whitening
Sensitive, Sensitive Enamel
Whitening
Kids Toothpaste 3-6

Brand
Sensodyne
Complete Protection, Extra Fresh
Daily Care
Extra Fresh
Gentle Whitening
Gum Protection
Iso Active Whitening
Mint
Pronamel Daily Toothpaste. Daily Fluoride Children 6 – 12 years. Extra Freshness, gentle whitening
Rapid Relief Mint
Repair & Protect Extra Fresh, Whitening
Total Care, gentle whitening
Smith Kline Beecham
Corsodyl Daily Extra Paste, Daily Whitening
Superdrug
Procare
Tesco’s own
Everyday Value
Kids Strawberry
Freshmint
Sensitive
Whitening
Steps Toothpaste 0-2
Steps Toothpaste 3-, 6+
Pro-formula Daily protection sensitive. All day protection complete, sensitive, complete whitening, Daily
protection enamel protect, Extreme whitening, freshmint
Tom’s of Maine
Fennel and Spearmint
Wilkinsons
Wilko whitening, Freshmint Fresh
Wisdom
Xtra clean
Zohar kosher toothpaste
Toothpastes containing exactly 1,000ppmF-

Brand
ASDA
Protect 0-3 Milk Teeth
Aquafresh
Milk Teeth 0-2 years
Total protection whitening
Sensitive whitening
Dentist’s choice
Boots
Essentials
White Glo 2 in 1
White Glo Coffee & tea formula
White Glo Extra strength
Smile Kids 2-6
Clinomyn
Smoker’s
Colgate
Kids 0-3
Dr Fresh
Thomas the Tank Engine
Kokomo
Hello Kitty
Sainsbury’s own
Kids Toothpaste 0-3
Tom’s of Maine
Fennel and Spearmint
Ultradex – was Retardex
Low Abrasion
White Glo
Recalcifying & whitening
Wilkinsons
Wilko Everyday value
Toothpastes containing less than 1,000ppmF- (low concentration) – limited/no protection against
decay
Brand
Blanx
Advance whitening
Intensive Stain Removal
Sensitive
White Shock
Boots
Smile Kids 0-2
Co-operative
LIDL
Dentalux for kids 0-6
Oral B
Stages – Berry Bubble
Toothpastes containing no fluoride

Brand
Natural whitening
Boots
Smile Non Fluoride
Elgydium
Eucryl Powder
Euthymol
Kingfisher
Fennel fluoride free
Baking soda fluoride free
Mint with lemon fluoride free
Aloe vera, Tea Tree, Mint fluoride free
Optima
AloeDent triple action
AloeDent Bambini
Oral B
Rembrandt Plus Fresh Mint
Toothpastes containing no fluoride

Brand
Sensodyne
Original
Tom’s of Maine
Many types of fluoride free
*Toothpastes containing triclosan with co-polymer
Fluoride varnish a thorough prophylaxis is not essential prior

to application, removal of gross plaque is
Fluoride varnish is one of the best options for advised.
increasing the availability of topical fluoride, Dental nurses can be trained to apply fluoride
regardless of the levels of fluoride in the varnish to the prescription of a dentist and
water supply. High quality evidence of the this use of skill mix can assist a practice to
caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoride become more preventively orientated. Primary
varnish in both permanent and primary care commissioning provides guidance
dentitions is available and has been updated about the circumstances under which dental
recently. A number of systematic reviews nurses can carry this out and the minimum
conclude that applications two or more times requirements for training courses, which
a year produce a mean reduction in caries should include a significant amount of content
increment of 37% in the primary dentition about giving preventive advice.
and 43% in the permanent. The evidence
supports the view that varnish application Care should be used to ensure that only a
can also arrest existing lesions on the small quantity of varnish is applied to teeth,
smooth surfaces of primary teeth and roots particularly for young children. Teeth should
of permanent teeth. Much of the evidence of be dried with cotton wool rolls or a triple
effectiveness is derived from studies which syringe. The varnish should be carefully
have used sodium fluoride 22,600ppm applied with a microbrush to pits, fissures
varnish for application. and approximal surfaces of primary and
permanent teeth and to any carious lesions.
Fluoride varnish for use as a topical treatment The patient should be advised to avoid
has a number of practical advantages. It is eating, drinking or rinsing for 30 minutes
well accepted and considered to be safe. after application and eat only soft foods
Further, the application of fluoride varnish is in the following four hours. Brushing can
simple and requires minimal training. While
recommence on the day following application

of fluoride varnish
The use of Duraphat is contraindicated
in patients with ulcerative gingivitis and
stomatitis. There is a very small risk of allergy
to one component of Duraphat (colophony),
so for children who have a history of allergic
episodes requiring hospital admission,
including asthma, varnish application is
contraindicated. Other brands of varnish may
have different constituents.
Some fluoride varnishes contain alcohol but
it has been agreed on the authority of the
West Midlands Shari’ah Council that they
are suitable for use by Muslims as they are
being used as a medicament and are not an
intoxicant, and are used in small amounts well
below that which would intoxicate and they
are not being used for reasons of vanity.
Clinicians should be aware that there are
many fluoride varnishes on the market.
They may not be licensed for caries control,
although they may have similar formulations,
and this should be taken into consideration
with respect to prescriber’s responsibilities.
Prescribing high concentration Sodium fluoride 5,000ppm toothpaste

fluoride toothpaste Indications: patients aged 16 years and over
with high caries risk, present or potential
Sodium fluoride 2,800ppm toothpaste for root caries, dry mouth, orthodontic
appliances, overdentures, those with highly
Indications: high caries risk patients aged ten
cariogenic diet or medication.
years and over, those with caries present,
orthodontic appliances, a highly cariogenic
diet or medication.
Use of additional fluoride A recent systematic review of fluoride

tablets, drops, lozenges and chewing gums
Fluoride tablets and drops concluded that the evidence of the effect of
It is recognised that the use of fluoride tablets these additional sources of fluoride “ …was
and drops requires compliance by families unclear on deciduous teeth”.
and this may include under and over-use. Fluoride rinses
There is a risk of fluorosis if children aged
under six years take more than the advised These can be prescribed for patients
dose. With this in mind, other sources of aged eight years and above, for daily use,
fluoride may be preferable and therefore in addition to twice daily brushing with
be considered first. Twice daily brushing toothpaste containing at least 1,350ppm
with fluoride toothpaste containing at least fluoride. Rinses require patient compliance
1,000ppm fluoride, or higher for those at risk, and should be used at a different time to
is a higher priority step, and is likely to bring toothbrushing to maximise the topical effect,
lifelong benefits. which relates to frequency of availability.
Rinsing, even with a fluoride rinse immediately
after brushing will reduce the beneficial
effects of fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride in References

toothpaste (1,000-1,500ppm) is at a higher
concentration compared with fluoride rinses Wong MCM, Glenny AM, Tsang BWK, Lo
(225ppm) and so is more effective if retained ECM, Worthington HV, Marinho VCC. Topical
in the mouth, rather than being diluted or fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in
washed away by rinses. children. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007693.
DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007693.pub2.
Tubert-Jeannin S, Auclair C, Amsallem
E, Tramini P, Gerbaud L, Ruffieux C, et
al. Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops,
lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing
dental caries in children. Cochrane Database
of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12.
Art. No.: CD007592. DOI:10.1002/14651858.
CD007592.pub2.
Bentley EM, Ellwood RP, Davies RM, (1999).
Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste by young
children. Br Dent J. 8;186(9):460-2.
Primary Care Commissioning, (2009). The use
of fluoride varnish by dental nurses to control
caries. www.pcc-cic.org.uk/sites/default/files/
articles/attachments/the_use_of_fluoride_
varnish.pdf.
Section 4 Healthier eating advice
Healthier eating advice should routinely be recommendation that in adults and children
given to patients to promote good oral and the intake of free sugars should not exceed
general health. Key dietary messages to 10% of total energy and a conditional
prevent dental caries are summarised below. recommendation of a further reduction to
The main message is to reduce both the below 5% of total energy.
amount and frequency of consuming foods The Scientific Advisory Committee on
and drinks that have added sugar. Added Nutrition, a committee of independent
sugar is defined as sugars or syrups added to experts who advise the government on
foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook nutrition issues, are currently reviewing the
or consumer, plus sugars present in honey, evidence on sugars and other carbohydrates
syrups, fruit juices and fruit concentrates. in diet as part of their report ‘Carbohydrates
It does not include sugars found in whole and health’. This will include evaluating the
fresh fruit and vegetables and those naturally evidence on oral health as well as other
present in milk and milk products. health outcomes. A draft report is expected
to be published for consultation on 26
Dietary advice to prevent dental June 2014. The healthier eating guidance in
caries ‘Delivering better oral health’ will be updated
in the light of this publication.
Consensus recommendations advocate the
following to prevent caries: Most added sugars in the diet are contained
•• the amount and frequency of in processed and manufactured foods and
consumption of sugars should be drinks. Consumers should check labels
reduced carefully.
•• avoid sugar-containing foods and drinks Potentially cariogenic foods and drinks
at bedtime include:
•• added sugars should provide less than •• sugared soft drinks
10% of total energy in the diet or 60g per •• sugar and chocolate confectionery
person per day whichever is the lesser.
•• cakes and biscuits
Note that for young children this will be
around 30g per day (one teaspoon of •• buns, pastries, fruit pies
sugar equates to approximately 5-6g) •• sponge puddings and other puddings
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has •• table sugar

revised its guidelines on sugar intake for •• breakfast cereals
adults and children. They contain a strong
•• jams, preserves, honey
•• ice cream and sorbets Frequency of consumption of foods and

•• fruit in syrup or canned in juice drinks containing sugar
•• fresh fruit juices (ONE 150ml glass of Stephan’s curve illustrates why the frequency
fresh fruit juice can count towards ‘five a of intake of sugars is particularly relevant
day’) for caries. Figure 4.1 below illustrates how
demineralisation of tooth surfaces occurs
•• sugared, milk-based beverages after a sugar intake and the subsequent drop
•• sugar-containing alcoholic drinks in pH that takes place in the mouth as oral
•• dried fruits bacteria convert sugar to acid. This process
stops as the buffering action of saliva takes
•• syrups and sweet sauces place and is more rapid in the presence of
fluoride. When sugar intakes are spaced
It is important to recognise that honey, fruit some hours apart there is a good opportunity
smoothies, fresh fruit juice and dried fruit all for remineralisation, which is also more
contain cariogenic sugars. effective in the presence of fluoride. Saliva
production is stimulated at mealtimes and
much reduced during sleep.
Figure 4.1 Illustration of effects of infrequent sugar intakes.

Figure 4.2 Illustration of effects of frequent sugar intakes.
The impact of frequent sugar intakes are The eatwell plate is a key policy tool that
illustrated in Stephan’s curve in figure 4.2. defines the government’s recommendations
In this case sugar intakes are experienced on a healthy diet. It makes healthy eating
on many occasions during the day so easier to understand by giving a visual
demineralisation occurs more often and the representation of the types and proportions
time between drops in pH is not long enough of foods needed for a healthy, balanced diet.
for effective remineralisation to take place. The eatwell plate shows the types and
proportions of the main food groups that we
General good dietary practice should eat as part of a healthy, balanced diet:
guidelines •• plenty of fruit and vegetables (at least five
portions of a variety every day)
Key facts for eating well
•• plenty of starchy foods, such as bread,
Below are some of the main healthy eating rice, potatoes, and pasta, choosing
messages aimed at helping people make wholegrain varieties and potatoes with
healthier dietary choices. their skins on whenever possible
The two most important elements of a •• some milk and dairy foods
healthy diet are: •• some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other
•• eating the right amount of food relative non-dairy sources of protein
to how active a person is to be a healthy
weight Foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and/or salt
•• eating a range of foods in line with the should be consumed infrequently and in small
eatwell plate amounts.
Key messages for a healthier diet doing this but still don’t. Eating five plus
portions a day can be easy. A portion of fruit
Base meals on starchy foods and vegetables is 80g.
Try to choose wholegrain varieties, and Eat more fish
potatoes with their skins on, whenever Two portions of fish, including a portion of
possible – as wholegrain foods and the skins oily fish, eg salmon, trout, sardines, mackerel,
on potatoes contain more fibre and other sardines, pilchards, herrings, kipper, eels,
nutrients than white or refined starchy foods. whitebait and fresh tuna, should be eaten
We also digest wholegrain foods more slowly each week. The choice can be from fresh,
so they can help make us feel full for longer. frozen or canned – but canned and smoked
Eat lots of fruit and vegetables fish can be high in salt. The fish count as oily
fish when they’re canned, fresh or frozen.
At least five portions of a variety of fruit
However, fresh tuna is an oily fish but canned
and vegetables should be eaten every day;
tuna doesn’t count as oily. This is because
different fruit and vegetables contain different
when it’s canned these fats are reduced to
combinations of fibre, vitamins and other
levels similar to white fish. So, canned tuna
nutrients. Eating more fruit and vegetables
is a healthy choice for most people, but it
may help to reduce the risk of the two main
doesn’t have the same benefits as eating
killers in this country – heart disease and
oily fish.
cancer. Most people know they should be
Cut down on saturated fat a stroke than people with normal blood
To stay healthy we need some fat in our diets. pressure.
There are two main types of fat: Drink plenty of water
•• saturated fat – having too much can We should be drinking about six to eight
increase the amount of cholesterol in glasses (1.2lts) of water, or other fluids, every
the blood, which increases the chance day to stop us getting dehydrated.
of developing heart disease. Foods
There are specific dietary recommendations
containing this include: fatty meat, pâté,
for infants and young children:
meat pies, sausages, hard cheese, butter,
lard, full fat milk, and biscuits, cakes and www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-
pastry baby/Pages/services-support-for-parents.
•• unsaturated fat – having unsaturated aspx#close and click on the babies and
fat instead of saturated fat does not toddlers tab
increase blood cholesterol levels. Good Source of key messages:
sources include: vegetable oils (such as www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-
sunflower, rapeseed and olive oil), oily eatwell-plate-how-to-use-it-in-promotional-
fish, avocados, nuts and seeds material
Department of Health, Change4Life:
However, it is important not to increase the
www.nhs.uk/change4life
amount of total fat consumed because eating
too much will increase energy intake and if
greater than energy used may lead to weight Changing the diet
gain.
The diet modification approach should be
Cut down on the amount and frequency of
used in conjunction with actions to increase
sugary food intake
fluoride availability (as outlined in section 1).
As stated at the beginning of this section,
However, lowering the amount and frequency
consensus recommendations in order to
of sugars consumed will have wider health
reduce dental caries advocate reducing the
benefits, preventing weight gain and obesity
amount and frequency of foods and drinks
which in turn will reducing the risk of heart
containing added sugars.
disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
Increased intake of sugars can lead to
When giving dietary advice to reduce
increased energy intake and if greater than
consumption of sugars it is essential to
expenditure to weight gain.
assess the overall pattern of eating to
Eat less salt – no more than 6g a day establish the following information:
Three-quarters (75%) of the salt we eat •• the number of intakes of food and drinks
comes from processed food, such as some per day
breakfast cereals, soups, sauces, bread,
•• the number of intakes that contain added
biscuits and ready meals. Eating too much
sugars and how many were consumed
salt can raise blood pressure. People with between normal mealtimes
high blood pressure are three times more
likely to develop heart disease or have
•• whether any intakes containing sugars

were taken within one hour of bedtime
(when the caries protective effects of
saliva are reduced)
In some cases it can be helpful to use a diet

diary. An example of one type of diary is
provided in appendix 4.1
Appendix 4.1 Example of a diet

diary
Instructions on completing a diet diary Please bring the diet diary with you to the
next appointment.
Please write down everything you (or your
child if completing on their behalf) eats or Here is an example to show you how the
drinks and the time during the day when diary should be filled in:
consumed – this will help us to advise you on
how best to improve your diet. Choose one
weekend day and two others.
Record of food and drinks eaten and drink by …………………………………………….
TIME DAY 1 – Friday
7.30 1 cup of Tropicana orange juice

Breakfast – Weetabix + sugar + milk
2 rounds of toast with butter and Marmite
8.30, on the way 2 Hobnobs

to school
10.30, school Can of Sprite

break time Muesli health bar
12.45 pm Ham sandwich, cheese and onion crisps, diet coke
3.30 pm Banana
6 pm Roast chicken, potatoes peas, gravy. Rhubarb crumble and

custard
7 pm Packet of Malteasers
8 pm bedtime Hot chocolate drink and Hobnob

TIME DAY 1
TIME DAY 2
TIME DAY 3
Section 5 Sugar-free medicines
Identifying sugar-free medicines taken for a number of reasons including

Products that do not contain fructose, analgesia, infections and coughs and colds.
glucose or sucrose are listed as sugar free. Information from the National Pharmacy
Preparations containing hydrogenated Association leaflet ‘Sugar in medicines’
glucose syrup, lycasin, maltitol, sorbitol or was adapted for use in previous editions
xylitol are also listed as sugar free, since there of ‘Delivering better oral health’. The leaflet
is evidence they are non-cariogenic. Artificial was last reviewed in 2006 and much of the
sweeteners are also listed as sugar free. information in the leaflet is now out of date.
Patients that could be on liquid medications NHS Business Services Authority provided
include chronically ill children, frail elderly data on British National Formulary (BNF)
and adults with special needs. Children with prescribing data at presentation for January to
chronic conditions such as epilepsy could December 2013. From this list the top 10 most
require liquid medication for a long time. prescribed medication as liquids, solutions and
Frequent liquid medications could also be suspensions are shown table 5.1.
Table 5.1 List of ten most prescribed liquids and suspensions during 2013*
BNF name Total number of prescriptions**
Lactulose_Soln 3.1g-3.7g/5ml 3,785,249
Ensure Plus_Milkshake Style Liq(10 Flav) 1,589,278
Amoxicillin_Oral Susp 125mg/5ml S/F 1,320,513
Fortisip Bottle_Liq (8 Flav) 1,161,414
Morph Sulf_Oral Soln 10mg/5ml 778,880
Amoxicillin_Oral Susp 125mg/5ml 715,340
Gaviscon Advance_Liq (Aniseed)(Forum) 699,684
Gaviscon Advance_Liq (Aniseed) (Reckitt) 672,413
Oramorph_Oral Soln 10mg/5ml 648,564
Paracet_Oral Susp Paed 120mg/5ml S/F 617,286
*NHSBSA BNF National prescribing data at presentation level (January 2013 to December 2013). NHSBSA
Copyright 2014
**Data based on what is prescribed in England and may include items prescribed in England that have been dispensed
in England, Wales or Scotland.
The list shows that two of the four most Reference

prescribed liquids/suspensions/solutions are
nutritional supplements which, due to their Baqir W, Maguire A, (2000). Consumption of
function, would not be available as sugar free. prescribed and over-the-counter medicines
The table also shows there were almost twice with prolonged oral clearance used by the
as many scripts for sugar free Amoxicillin Oral elderly in the Northern region of England, with
Suspension 125mg/5ml than for Amoxicillin special regard to generic prescribing, dose
Oral Suspension 125mg/5ml. Gaviscon form and sugar content. Public Health 2000
Advance liquid is available in a sugar free Sep 114(5): 367-73
version, the table shows that there are more
prescriptions for the sugared than sugar free
version. Patients need to be made aware
that sugar free versions are available and to
request these.
Where a patient is on long term liquid
medication which is not sugar free, clinical
teams are advised to check the BNF to see
if sugar free alternatives are available. Where
a sugar free version is available the clinician
should write to the patient’s general medical
practitioner to ask if they can change the
prescription to a sugar free version explaining
the reason for the request.
Parents should also be advised to discuss
with pharmacists if sugar free versions of over
the counter liquid medications are available
and explain why they should choose these
over versions containing sugar.
For patients that are dentate and children that
are on long term medication that is not sugar
free and where sugar free alternatives are not
available, patients/parents should be advised
where possible to try to take/give medications
at mealtimes. This may not always be
possible if there are specific instructions
such as taking medications on an empty
stomach. Dental teams should also reinforce
the importance of brushing as the last action
before sleep, and that nothing should be
eaten or drunk in the last hour before bed.
6. Improving periodontal health –
UK surveys show that some level of 1. Prevention of gingivitis

irreversible periodontitis affects almost half
of all adults (Steele and O’Sullivan, 2011) Gingivitis is a predictor both of developing
although this might be an underestimate periodontitis and of increased tooth loss
of true disease levels. Periodontal health (Lang, Schatzle and Loe, 2009). Prevention of
will therefore be an issue for most patients gingivitis is therefore important and is based
at one time or other. In view of the chronic on maintaining low plaque levels. Successful
nature of the disease, ongoing prevention plaque control will result from a number of
and management will be the keys to success. factors including:
Age is not a barrier to good periodontal
1. A
motivated patient, with appropriate
health (Lindhe et al. 1985, Axelsson et al.
skills, dexterity and oral hygiene kit
1991, Wennstrom, 1998, Needleman, 2011).
Biologically, there is no overall damaging 2. E
ffective behaviour change advice and
effect of ageing on the periodontal tissues, instruction from dental team
although changes in cognitive and motor 3. T
eeth, restorations and gingival contours
skills might significantly complicate self-care which do not prevent effective plaque
plaque control and treatment. Maintaining control
periodontal health and preventing the
development of periodontitis is based on the Oral hygiene – dental plaque control for
following: periodontal health
1. P
revention of gingivitis. Gingivitis, if not Oral hygiene should be carefully tailored to an
controlled, will lead to periodontitis in the individual’s needs and preferences:
majority of individuals •• advise and instruct good plaque removal
2. E
arly detection of periodontitis using the from, and just into, the gingival crevice
the basic periodontal examination (BPE) including interdental areas
3. M
anaging risk factors that either increase •• advise replacement of toothbrushes
regularly, every one to three months
the risk of developing periodontitis or
complicate its successful care •• encourage daily interdental cleaning
before toothbrushing. Since toothbrushing
4. S
upportive periodontal therapy
but not interdental cleaning is a routine
(maintenance) for patients treated for
for the majority of people, carrying
periodontitis
out interdental oral hygiene first may
link these activities and help develop
regularity
•• there are many types of interdental aids Behaviour change (see also section 10)
and personal preference will dominate
Current research shows that brief behaviour
choice of any individual type. However,
change interventions can improve plaque
in general, people with, or treated for,
control more than traditional oral hygiene
periodontitis will have larger interdental
instruction alone. These approaches
spaces due to tissue loss and interdental
encourage the patient to understand how
brushes will be more effective than
dental floss or tape. The size of the oral hygiene might be beneficial to them,
interdental brush should be a snug fit in to develop confidence in their oral hygiene
the interdental space. Therefore many abilities, to set targets for change that they
patients with periodontitis will require feel able to achieve and to challenge their
more than one size of brush for smaller perceived barriers to performance. Some of
and larger spaces (eg, between anterior these methods address common barriers
and posterior teeth) to the development of an effective oral
hygiene routine which may not otherwise
•• while there is evidence that some be addressed during traditional oral hygiene
powered toothbrushes (with a rotation,
instruction.
oscillation action) can be more effective
for plaque control than manual tooth
brushes, it is probably more important 2. Early detection of periodontal
that the brush, manual or powered, is disease
used effectively twice daily. Thorough
cleaning may take at least two minutes. The BPE is well known and quick to use
Brushes should have a small-head with (British Society of Periodontology, 2011).
medium-texture bristles and be changed Recently, the BPE has been adapted for early
regularly (every one to three months). detection of periodontal disease in children
•• time spent brushing may be a useful as it is recognised that periodontitis can
guide for patients. Assessing efficacy in start in children and adolescents but is hard
the dental practice is better based on to detect without probing (British Society of
gingival inflammation levels Periodontology, 2012) Therefore, all children
•• the primary emphasis should be for from the age of seven years and upwards
patients to develop good interdental should be examined with modifications of
plaque removal and tooth brushing. the BPE. The summary guidance indicates
Although there is some evidence that how to do this in two age bands: seven to 11
fluoride toothpaste containing triclosan years and 12 to 17 years.
and a co-polymer, reduces plaque
and gingival inflammation more than
toothpastes that contain fluoride only,
the clinical relevance of this reduction is
unclear (Riley and Lamont, 2013)
•• for patients with limited cognitive and
motor skills (eg, children and adults with
special needs, frail older people) consider
toothbrush adaptations and additional
support
Age 7-11 Gum disease is difficult to III Teeth to assess:

years identify unless looked for
6 1 6
6 1 6
BPE codes to use: 0,1,2 (only)

BPE = 0, assess again at routine recall visit or within 1
year, whichever the sooner
BPE = 1 or 2, treat and assess again at routine recall
or after six months, whichever the sooner
Age 12-17 Gum disease is difficult to III Teeth to assess:

identify unless looked for
6 1 6
6 1 6
BPE codes to use: 0,1,2,3,4 and *

BPE = 0-2 as above
BPE = 3 in 1 or more sextant: treat and review after
three months
BPE = 4 or * in any sextant: full periodontal
assessment and normally arrange referral
(possible aggressive periodontitis)
3. Managing risk factors •• patients who are not ready or willing
to stop may wish to consider using a
Smoking licensed nicotine containing product to
help reduce smoking. The health benefits
Smoking (and smokeless tobacco products) to reducing are unclear but those who
has a profound effect on the risk of achieve this are more likely to stop
developing periodontitis but also impairs the smoking in the future
treatment response. As a result, people with
periodontitis who continue to smoke are more For more details see section 7
likely to lose teeth than non-smokers:
Diabetes
•• checking smoking status for all patients is
important. Since smoking status changes Diabetes increases the risk of developing
with time (non-smokers starting to smoke periodontitis and also may impair the
and people who quit relapsing), review treatment response of periodontitis. While it
this at oral health assessments is true that well controlled diabetes is not a
risk factor, many people oscillate between
•• for patients interested in quitting following levels of control. Therefore, it is preferable
brief advice by the dental team, signpost
to assume an increased risk for periodontal
to local stop smoking services as this is
disease for anyone who has diabetes.
the most effective approach to quitting
•• in addition to usual good practice for changes, caries, extensive plaque

periodontal disease prevention, patients deposit and candidal infection. Gingival
with diabetes should be informed of the enlargement: gum swelling, especially
risk between teeth
•• discuss how diabetes control affects Action:
periodontal health and ask about their
•• explain findings and assess possible need
level of glycaemic control, also known as
to change medication
HbA1c. Levels consistently below 7.0%
indicate good control. Encourage patients •• contact physician to request
to maintain good diabetes control (diet, consideration for medication change
medication, exercise etc.) and to follow-up •• oral hygiene – consider short-term use of
with the diabetes physician regularly chlorhexidine mouthrinse in addition to
•• write to the diabetes physician for usual plaque control
guidance on patient’s diabetes status •• review/professional plaque control –
and health (template in appendix 6.1), consider increasing frequency of reviews
particularly HbA1c levels. Informing the and scaling
physician about the patient’s periodontitis
status might help the physician to tailor
diabetes care and advice appropriately 4. Preventing disease in patients
Medications
treated for periodontitis
There are a number of types of medications
(supportive periodontal
that are known to affect periodontal health, therapy/maintenance)
which underlines the importance of a
comprehensive and up to date medical Periodontitis is a chronic disease and will
history. Medications may cause: recur and worsen without good plaque
control (Axelsson, Nystrom and Lindhe, 2004,
•• dry mouth – most commonly seen with
Needleman et al. 2005). Support of this is the
antidepressants and antihistamines,
basis of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT)
although a large number of drugs can
which requires a long-term commitment from
have this effect (check in formulary)
the patient and an intensive level of support,
•• gingival enlargement – most commonly monitoring and care from the dental team.
seen with calcium channel blockers for
cardiovascular disease, although other Important components of SPT include:
drugs can have this effect •• expectations – patients should be
advised about the importance of SPT
Ask: and the commitment required prior to
commencing periodontal therapy
•• ask patients on medication if they
experience dry mouth/gingival •• monitoring –
enlargement symptoms •• plaque and gingival inflammation to
Assess: guide oral hygiene advice
•• assess oral health for impact of •• probing depths and bleeding on
medication, eg, dry mouth: mucosal probing to guide:
i. evaluation of health/stability •• decide on recall interval based on peri-

ii. Targeting of treatment implant and periodontal health.
•• oral hygiene advice/behaviour change –

as covered above References
•• debridement –
Atieh MA, Alsabeeha NH, Faggion CM Jr,
•• removal of supra and subgingival Duncan WJ (2013). The frequency of peri-
plaque and calculus,
implant diseases: a systematic review and
•• root surface debridement of pockets meta-analysis. J Periodontol 2013;84:1586-
5mm and deeper with bleeding on 1598.
probing
Axelsson P, Lindhe J and Nystrom B
(1991). On the prevention of caries and
Peri-implant health
periodontal disease. Results of a 15-year
The soft tissues and bone around dental longitudinal study in adults. Journal of Clinical
implants are at the same risk of inflammation Periodontology 18, 182-189.
and progressive disease as those around
Axelsson P, Nystrom B and Lindhe J
natural teeth. Evidence is accumulating
(2004). The long-term effect of a plaque
that superficial inflammation (peri-implant
control program on tooth mortality, caries
mucositis) and true breakdown (peri-
and periodontal disease in adults. J Clin
implantitis) around dental implants are
Periodontol 31, 749-757.
common (Atieh et al. 2013).
British Society of Periodontology, (2011).
The principles of prevention and health
Basic periodontal examination (BPE).
around implants are the same as around
http://www.bsperio.org.uk/userfiles/BSP%20
teeth and focus on effective plaque control
guidance%20document%20-%20BPE%20
(Heitz-Mayfield et al. 2014). Monitoring of
2011.pdf
implants also includes regular checking of
soft tissue health visually and by probing. Guidelines for periodontal screening and
Unresponsive pockets with bleeding and pus management of children and adolescents
and progressive bone loss indicate peri- under 18 years of age.
implantitis. www.bsperio.org.uk/publications/
downloads/53_085556_executive-summary-
At each visit:
bsp_bspd-perio-guidelines-for-the-under-18s.
•• monitor plaque and marginal inflammation pdf
•• monitor probing depths, bleeding and Heitz-Mayfield L J A, Needleman I, Salvi GE
presence of pus and Pjetursson, Bjarni E (2014). International
•• carry out debridement of all supra and Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants.
subgingival plaque and calculus Supplement, Vol. 29, p346-350. 5p. DOI:
10.11607/jomi.2013.g5.
•• consider early referral to specialist for
unresponsive deepened pocket with Lang NP, Schatzle MA and Loe H (2009).
bleeding, or pus and progressive bone Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal
loss disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology
36, 3-8
Lindhe J, Socransky S, Nyman S, Westfelt

E and Haffajee A (1985). Effect of age on
healing following periodontal therapy. Journal
of Clinical Periodontology 12, 774-787.
Needleman I, Suvan J, Moles DR and Pimlott
J (2005). A systematic review of professional
mechanical plaque removal for prevention
of periodontal diseases. Journal of Clinical
Periodontology 32, 229-282.
Needleman IG. Ageing and the periodontal
tissues. In: Carranza, Newman, Takei, editors.
Clinical periodontology. Chicago: Mosby;
2011.
Riley P, Lamont T. Triclosan/copolymer
containing toothpastes for oral health.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2013, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD010514. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD010514.pub2.
Steele JG, O’Sullivan I (2011). Executive
Summary: Adult dental health survey 2009.
The Health and Social Care Information
Centre. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/
PUB01086/adul-dent-heal-surv-summ-them-
exec-2009-rep2.pdf.
Wennstrom JL (1998). Treatment of
periodontal disease in older adults.
Periodontology 2000 16, 106-112.
Appendix 6.1 – Template letter for GDP to contact diabetes physician

Practice details
Diabetes physician details
Dear
RE: Name:
DoB:
Address:
NHS number if known:
I am managing the periodontal health of and I understand they attend your diabetes clinic. As
you know, diabetes can increase the risk of periodontal disease and compromise treatment,
particularly with unstable glycaemic control (typically HbA1c more than 7.0%). I would therefore
be grateful for your advice on their diabetes control and recent HbA1c levels would be helpful.
Thank you in advance for your help
Yours sincerely
Dentist details
Copy: Patient’s name
Section 7 Smoking and tobacco use
Tobacco use in England continues to kill healthy disease-free life (Tsai et al., 2009,
more than 70,000 people every year, nearly Johnson and Bain, 2000). Tobacco use, both
1,900 of these people die from oral cancer smoking and chewing tobacco, seriously
(The Office of National Statistics, 2013). affects general and oral health. At least 50
Action by dental teams to reduce tobacco different diseases are caused by tobacco
use will help to improve dental treatment use including various types of cancers,
outcomes, promote oral and general health ischaemic heart disease, strokes and chronic
and ultimately save lives. lung disease. The most significant effects
The following are key recommendations of tobacco use on the oral cavity are oral
made in the related publication ‘Smoke free cancers and pre-cancers, increased severity
and smiling’, those relevant to dental teams and extent of periodontal diseases, tooth loss
are also reproduced within this document for and poor wound-healing post operatively
ease of reference: (Johnson and Bain, 2000). Smokers are
seven to ten times more likely to suffer from
•• people who use tobacco receive advice oral cancer than people who have never
to stop and are offered support to do so smoked (Warnakulasuriya, Sutherland and
with a referral to their local stop smoking Scully, 2005) and in long-term regular users
service of smokeless tobacco this risk is more than
•• dental schools, postgraduate deaneries 11 times that of a non-user (Prabhakaran
and other providers and commissioners and Mani, 2002). Within England, mortality
of dental teaching should ensure that from oral cancer (ICD10 codes: C00-06/
tobacco cessation training is available C09-10/C12-14) was 1,883 in 2011 (males,
and meets national standards 1,221; females, 662) (The Office of National
Statistics, 2013).
•• dental teams are routinely proactive in
engaging users of tobacco While the impact of tobacco use on health
is alarming, the benefits of stopping are
•• commissioning bodies implement substantial, particularly for people under 35
appropriate measures that support the years of age, who if they quit successfully
above recommendations will have a normal life expectancy (Doll and
Bradford Hill, 1954, Jha et al., 2013). As many
Smoking remains the leading cause of of the adverse effects of tobacco use on the
preventable death and disease in England oral tissues are reversible, this provides a
and has a significant impact on health useful means of motivating patients to stop.
inequalities and ill health. Other forms of
tobacco or ‘smokeless tobacco’ (which Whether smoked or chewed, nicotine from
are especially prevalent among the South tobacco is highly addictive. Consequently
Asian population) also impact on leading a stopping is a major challenge for most users.
The majority of cigarette smokers report strategy has been to establish a nationwide
that they would like to stop, and make many network of local stop smoking services. These
attempts to quit (West and Brown, 2012). services provide evidence-based treatment
While some people (less dependent smokers) and support for users of tobacco. Cessation/
seem capable of stopping without any quit rates among smokers who use these
support, the majority of people would benefit services are substantially higher than among
from using smoking cessation medications those who only receive advice from primary
and the support of their local stop smoking care professionals (West and Brown, 2012).
service. This is especially true for people who Carr and Ebbert’s most recent Cochrane
are more dependent on tobacco (Department systematic review (2012) demonstrated that
of Health, 2010). tobacco cessation interventions (including
The latest Adult Dental Health Survey (2009) smoking cessation) were beneficial and
identified that 61% of dentate adults in England increased quit rates when compared to no
reported they attended the dentist for a regular care from an oral health professional within
check-up, 10% on an occasional basis and a dental setting. This is the first systematic
27% when they had trouble with their teeth review to demonstrate oral health professionals
(The Health and Social Care Information Centre, increasing quit rates within the dental setting
2011). Dental teams are therefore in a unique (Carr and Ebbert, 2012).
position to provide opportunistic advice to a A key priority is therefore to ensure that
large number of ‘healthy’ people who may use primary care professionals, such as members
tobacco and need professional support to stop of a dental team, engage users of tobacco,
(Chestnutt, 1999). Thirteen percent of women advise that their local stop smoking service
continue to smoke during pregnancy and many provides the best chance of stopping, and
of these women attend for free dental treatment provide a referral to those services.
(The Health and Social Care Information Centre, The role of the dental team in supporting
2012). Dental teams working in the primary people who use tobacco
care, salaried services and in hospitals also
have a potentially important role to play in In the vast majority of cases, dental teams
cessation. Surveys indicate that dental teams will only be involved in delivering very brief
have an increasingly positive attitude towards advice (VBA) to tobacco users. Use of the
tobacco cessation and are becoming more following pathway will increase the chance
actively involved in the care pathway (John, of a successful quit attempt and reduce time
Thomas and Richards, 2003). of delivery.
All health professionals share an ethical The National Centre for Smoking Cessation
duty of care to provide evidence-based and Training (NCSCT) has developed a
interventions. Although progress has been simple form of advice designed to be used
made, with many dental teams routinely opportunistically in less than 30 seconds in
recording information on tobacco use and almost any consultation with a tobacco user.
advising users to quit, there are dental teams This is VBA and there are three elements to it:
who do not routinely offer tobacco cessation 1. Establishing and recording smoking
advice to their patients. status (ASK)
Reducing tobacco use is a key priority for 2. Advising on the personal benefits of
the NHS (Department of Health, 2010) and quitting (ADVISE)
a major part of the government’s tobacco
3. Offering help (ACT).
A large study of advice given by GPs across Act

England found that smokers were almost twice All tobacco users receive advice about the
as likely to try to stop when they received an value of attending their local stop smoking
offer of help, rather than only received advice services for specialised help in stopping.
to stop (Jha et al., 2013). When compared with Those who are interested and motivated to
no advice to smokers, recommending both stop receive a referral to these services.
treatment and support in the VBA, increased
the odds of quitting by 68% and 217% For some people, it might not be the right
respectively (Aveyard et al., 2012). time to stop. For those not interested in
stopping a simple, “that is fine but help will
Ask always be available, let me know if you
All patients should have their tobacco use change your mind” works best.
(current, ex, never used) established and
checked at least annually. The member of
the dental team who elicits this information
ensures the update of this information in the
patient’s clinical notes.
Advise
Having found someone is a tobacco user,
the traditional approach has been to warn
them of the dangers of use and advise them
to stop. This is deliberately left out of VBA for
two reasons:
1. It can immediately create a defensive
reaction and raise anxiety levels
2. It takes time and can generate a
conversation about their tobacco use,
which is more appropriate during a
dedicated stop smoking consultation
There is no need to ask how long someone

has used tobacco, how much they use or Figure 7.1 Very brief advice on smoking
even what they use (cigarettes, shisha, cigars,
chewing tobacco or paan). Stopping use will Harm reduction
be beneficial in every case and the details
of this are better saved for the stop smoking People who are not ready or willing to stop
consultation. The best way of assessing may wish to consider using a licensed
motivation to stop is simply to ask: “Do you nicotine-containing product to help them
want to stop smoking/chewing tobacco?” reduce their smoking. The NICE guidance on
Therefore, what VBA involves is a simple Harm reduction: tobacco (PH45) provides the
statement advising that, the best way to following advice (NICE, 2013).
stop is with a combination of support and Most health problems are caused by other
treatment, which can significantly increase the components in tobacco smoke, not by the
chance of stopping.
nicotine. Smoking is highly addictive, largely For more information on harm reduction
because it delivers nicotine very quickly to please access the NICE guidance PH45
the brain and this makes stopping smoking ‘Tobacco: harm-reduction approaches
difficult. Licensed nicotine-containing to smoking’: guidance.nice.org.uk/PH45/
products are an effective way of reducing Guidance/pdf/English
the harm from tobacco for both the person The VBA process can be found here:
smoking and those around them. It is safer http://elearning.ncsct.co.uk/vba-stage_2
to use licensed nicotine-containing products To date, over 25,000 people have viewed
than to smoke. People who reduce the the promotional film and over 28,000 have
amount they smoke without supplementing accessed the training module. Dental health
their nicotine intake with a licensed nicotine professionals including hygienists, therapists,
product will compensate by drawing smoke nurses, practice managers, receptionists, and
deeper into their lungs, exhaling later and dentists have all completed the module.
taking more puffs. It is recommended that
those individuals reducing the number of Further information section of the VBA
cigarettes they smoke use a licenced nicotine module makes specific reference to ‘Making
containing product to give them some every contact count’ and includes a link to
‘therapeutic’ nicotine which is more likely to this document (Every contact counts, 2012).
reduce the amount that they smoke and to Published in January 2012, the document
improve their health. Nicotine replacement emphasised the importance of healthcare
therapy (NRT) products have been professionals using every patient contact as
demonstrated in trials to be safe to use for at an opportunity to maintain or improve that
least five years. There is reason to believe that individual’s mental and physical health and
lifetime use of licensed nicotine-containing wellbeing, including tobacco, diet, physical
products will be considerably less harmful activity and alcohol.
than smoking. Training and support for dental teams in
Licensed nicotine-containing products are tobacco cessation
available on prescription, over the counter As in any area of clinical and preventive
at pharmacies and on general sale at many practice, appropriate training is essential
retail outlets. to enable dental teams to deliver tobacco
If someone indicates that they are interested cessation support and advice. The oral
in trying a harm reduction approach to their pathology associated with tobacco use and,
smoking then you should inform them that to a more limited extent, tobacco cessation
the health benefits from smoking reduction is taught in detail to undergraduate dental
are unclear. However, advise them that if they students. Basic training may expose other
reduce their smoking now they are more likely members of the dental team to other teaching
to stop smoking in the future. Explain that on tobacco cessation.
this is particularly true if they use licensed
nicotine-containing products to help reduce
the amount they smoke.
Cessation case study accreditation for delivery of smoking

cessation for practitioners (National Centre
The NCSCT ‘Very brief advice on smoking’ for Smoking Cessation Training, 2014). This
module was made available to medics on training consists of a two-stage knowledge
the BMJ learning website. and practice assessment and supporting
The 1,329 BMJ learning users who online training modules.
had taken the module were sent email A clear need exists to:
invitations to take part in the survey and
followed-up with a reminder email a week •• support and promote the NCSCT
later. A total of 276 respondents submitted accredited training, therefore ensuring
the questionnaire, a response rate of all dental teams are competent to
20.6%. In the year before completing the deliver VBA and/or brief interventions in
‘Very brief advice on smoking’ module, tobacco cessation. The NCSCT offers
the average proportion of consultations online courses at www.ncsct.co.uk/
in which smokers were offered help with pub_training.php, and local stop smoking
smoking cessation by survey respondents services may also provide training for
was 36.8% (0–100, SD=25.33). Since teams
completing the module, the average •• ensure all dental undergraduate, dental
proportion of consultations in which care professional, postgraduate and
smokers were offered help with smoking continuing professional development
cessation by survey respondents was programmes facilitate access to such
60.4% (0 –100%, SD=27.82). training which meets the national quality
standards
“This is a really useful module. Has all the
information you need and the use of video, •• support dental teams to identify smokers
slides and MCQ is really engaging. The and users of smokeless tobacco, raise
most advanced and engaging module I awareness among them of the associated
have completed on BMJ Learning.” [Medic health risks and provide signposting to
accessing the NCSCT ‘Very brief advice on their local stop smoking service
smoking’ module hosted by BMJ learning).
“It’s inspiring, and helps to remind me of Training, regardless of whether it occurs in
the point of asking about smoking...” [GP, an undergraduate or dental settings, should
Leicester] be consistent and in line with national training
standards. The minimum standard that every
dental practice member should achieve is
Since the development of the Maudsley ‘Very brief advice, just 30 seconds to ask,
model of training for stop smoking advise and act’ (National Centre for Smoking
practitioners in the early 1990s, training Cessation Training, 2012).
for stop smoking practitioners has
continued to evolve. In 2003, the Health
Development Agency published the set of
competencies required to be present in all
smoking cessation training courses (Health
Development Agency, 2003). In 2010, the
NCSCT updated these competences and
launched the first nationally recognised
Case study. Teaching smoking- How can dental teams engage with users
of tobacco?
cessation to aspiring members of the
dental team Local stop smoking services have helped
many thousands of people to successfully
The General Dental Council, in its
stop using tobacco. In 2011-12 over 400,000
recently published guidance on learning
people, 49% of attendees, stopped by using
outcomes required for registration, states
these services. Indeed, smokers are up to
that members of the dental team should
four times more likely to stop if they attend
be able to communicate appropriately,
these services and use medication, than by
effectively and sensitively with patients
trying to quit on their own without support
about smoking (General Dental
and medication (West and Brown, 2012). As a
Council, 2012).
result, policy guidance to health professionals
At Cardiff University Dental School, now emphasises the importance of referring
teaching smoking-cessation counselling all who wish to stop using tobacco to their
is a vehicle for providing undergraduate local stop smoking services for specialist
dental, dental hygiene and dental therapy assistance and support (National Institute for
students with a number of skills. Changes Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006):
in smoking patterns are used to teach
•• the best outcomes occur when those
epidemiology. Psychological theories
who are interested in stopping take-up
underlying behaviour change are taught
a referral for specialist support. Timing
didactically and students also learn why
is crucially important: the quicker the
people smoke, what is necessary to
contact by a local stop smoking service,
motivate behaviour change, and the impact
the greater the motivation and interest
of addictive behaviour. Junior students
in the individual. Dental patients, who
use role-play techniques to learn how
express a desire to stop, signposted
to raise the topic of smoking-cessation
directly into their local stop smoking
in a sensitive manner, enabling them to
services receive the best opportunity to
develop their communication skills. A
stop smoking. The dental team’s role is
self-directed learning exercise is used
vital in giving the patient information on
to familiarise student dental hygienists
how to contact their local stop smoking
with resources that are available to help
service. It just takes 30 seconds and
patients who are considering stopping
can give patients the motivation to seek
smoking and where to direct those patients
professional help which will increase their
who want to quit. An awareness of the
chances of quitting
different forms in which patients from
different ethnic backgrounds may use •• dental teams and the local stop smoking
tobacco provides a focus for discussion services can work collaboratively in
of how cultural practices may impact on a variety of ways. As a first step, it is
oral health. Assessment of knowledge important that all members of a dental
and competency in this area are tested team are fully aware of the services
using objective structured assessments, offered locally and of how these operate.
involving the use of actors to play the role Arranging a meeting with a representative
of smokers, with different attitudes to using of a local service could provide a useful
tobacco. opportunity for dental teams to learn
about the service and the best ways of is effective in helping patients who chew
signposting dental patients to it tobacco to stop. Current NICE guidance
•• teams working together provide much (National Institute for Health and Clinical
more support to the patient in stopping Excellence, 2012), regarding smokeless
smoking. It is important that no matter tobacco users in South Asian communities,
who makes the referral, the patient’s recommends dental teams:
progress in stopping is assessed and Ask people if they use smokeless tobacco,
is recorded in their clinical notes at using the names that the various products
each subsequent dental appointment. are known by locally. If necessary, show
Stopping tobacco use can be a difficult them a picture of what the products look like,
process and is often associated with using visual aids. (This may be necessary if
a range of unpleasant, short-term the person does not speak English well or
withdrawal symptoms, some of which, does not understand the terms being used).
such as ulcers, directly affect the oral Figure 7.2 gives an example of a resource
cavity. Reassurance and advice from that could be used, with details of each
dental team members may help patients product on the reverse. This resource also
deal more effectively with these problems, provides information on shisha (water pipe
thereby increasing their chances of top left image on resource below) use. Shisha
quitting successfully is not a smokeless tobacco product and
•• when tobacco users express a desire can be as damaging as smoking cigarettes
to stop their dental team can offer or chewing any of the smokeless tobacco
advice and support. This advice and products listed. Users of shisha, who wish
support should only be delivered by to stop smoking, should be referred to the
dental staff trained to the current NCSCT stop smoking service in the same way as
Training Standard and preferably are other users of tobacco. Advise the patient of
fully NCSCT certified; having passed the the health risks (eg, the risk of lung cancer,
knowledge (Stage 1) and practice (Stage respiratory illness and periodontal disease)
2) assessments (National Centre for (Akl et al., 2010) associated with tobacco use
Smoking Cessation Training, 2014). In this and advise them to stop. Where services
case, as with any provider of services, exist locally, refer people who want to quit to
continued commitment to governance local specialist tobacco cessation service.
and performance monitoring is required Record the outcome in the patient’s notes.
to ensure that service users continue VBA (ask, advise, act) is the same method
to be provided with the best available you would apply to smokers or smokeless
intervention tobacco users.
Among certain ethnic minority groups,

chewing tobacco and/or areca nut (paan)
is a common cultural practice. Evidence
indicates that chewing tobacco and other
products is associated with the development
of oral cancers and other oral pathologies
(Carr and Ebbert, 2012, Tsai et al., 2009). A
recent Cochrane systematic review showed
that advice delivered in dental surgeries
Figure 7.2 Niche tobacco resource developed by Bradford & Airedale stop smoking service
Ensuring that referral pathways are quick •• all dental teams should signpost and
and easy to use is essential if systematic offer VBA within their current contractual
local delivery of VBA and referrals are arrangements. In a small number of
to be achieved. Secondary care is one cases, dependent upon local need,
setting that has often been regarded as a dental teams may be commissioned
‘missed opportunity’ when it comes to the to provide a specialist support service
identification and referral of smokers. The (taking patients through a full quit attempt)
NCSCT has developed a national electronic
referral system in a hospital setting (www. Further details regarding the commissioning
ncsct.co.uk/publication_national-referral- of smoking cessation services within dental
system.php). This resulted in a 600% increase teams can be found in the related document
in referrals to local stop-smoking services in ‘Smokefree and smiling’ (second edition) or
the pilot site and the system has now been from local stop smoking services.
adopted by 17 trusts.
Case Study. Collaborative working ethnic minority groups. Access to the service
is either direct, or through referral by a health
between GDP and local stop smoking
professional. To date, the majority of referrals
service
have been through GPs and practice nurses.
“Our dental team was trained by NHS However, other primary care professionals,
Bradford & Airedale stop smoking service such as dentists and pharmacists, are
in November 2012 to be able to conduct potentially very important sources of suitable
VBA and brief interventions with our referrals to these services. Details of the local
patients regarding smoking and tobacco stop smoking services can be obtained from
use. We enjoyed the training and since the smoking helpline (0800 169 0 169) or by
then feel more confident when asking and visiting www.gosmokefree.nhs.uk
advising patients about their tobacco. It’s a
quick system that enables us to refer on to
local stop smoking services to support our
Supporting materials and
patients to quit. At our dental practice we resources
recognise smoking and tobacco cessation
is a team effort and we all have a role to •• The National Centre for Smoking
play. The systematic approach we have Cessation and Training (NCSCT)
been trained to deliver (Ask, Advise, Assist) The NCSCT was established in 2009 by
means we all give consistent messages the Department of Health to develop and
to the patient. Patients seem relaxed with integrate national programmes of training and
our approach that is professional and assessment to improve the overall quality of
confident. It’s been great to make the behavioural support delivered to smokers.
connection with the local Stop Smoking The NCSCT website (www.ncsct.co.uk) offers
team, now we know they are always at resources for commissioners, managers and
hand to give advice and support to our practitioners in addition to these courses:
team whenever we need it.”
1. NCSCT Training and Assessment
Waqar Mohammed – principal dentist Programme: Nearly 17,000 people have
Sahdia Fazil – practice manager registered with the NCSCT. Over 14,600
have passed the knowledge (Stage 1)
assessment and of these more than
7,500 have gained full NCSCT certification
Stop smoking services by also passing the practice (Stage 2)
assessment.
The majority of stop smoking services offer 2. Face-to-face courses in providing
one-to-one treatment and group sessions, behavioural support to smokers: 1,200
delivered by trained advisors on a weekly practitioners from 100 PCTs have been
basis, normally over an eight-week period. trained on these courses.
Behavioural support and access to stop
smoking medications are provided, focusing Online module on ‘Very brief advice on
on preventing relapse in the early stages of smoking’ www.ncsct.co.uk/VBA. 20,000
quitting. In addition, specialist advisors often people have viewed the promotional film and
provide support for priority groups, such as 7,500 have taken the formal assessment
pregnant smokers, young people, people attached to the training module.
with mental health problems and certain
•• ‘Choosing better oral health: an oral Nicotine inhaled from smoking tobacco is
health plan for England’, Department of highly addictive. But it is primarily the toxins
Health, 2003. and carcinogens in tobacco smoke – not
Linked directly to the broader public health the nicotine – that cause illness and death.
agenda, this document outlines approaches The best way to reduce these illnesses
needed to promote oral health and reduce and deaths is to stop smoking. In general,
inequalities across England. A key priority stopping in one step (sometimes called
is the need for dental teams to become ‘abrupt quitting’) offers the best chance
more actively engaged in tobacco cessation of lasting success (see NICE guidance on
activity. smoking cessation). However, there are other
ways of reducing the harm from smoking,
•• ‘Brief interventions and referral for even though this may involve continued use
smoking cessation’ (PH1), NICE, 2006 of nicotine.
This guidance is for GPs and other This guidance is about helping people,
professionals working in local health services, particularly those who are highly dependent
pharmacies and dental practices – and NHS on nicotine, who may:
hospitals.
1. Not be able (or do not want) to stop
Monitoring systems should be set up so that smoking in one step.
health professionals know whether or not
their patients smoke. 2. Want to stop smoking, without
necessarily giving up nicotine.
•• Tobacco and oral health: A survey of
dental education and training in tobacco 3. Not be ready to stop smoking, but want
issues, NICE, 2007 to reduce the amount they smoke.
This report presents results from an October It recommends harm-reduction approaches

2003 survey to audit the extent and nature which may or may not include temporary or
of training on tobacco issues and smoking long-term use of licensed nicotine-containing
cessation in the dental curricula. products.
•• ‘Smokeless tobacco cessation – South •• ‘Brief interventions and referral for
Asian communities’ (PH39), NICE, 2012 smoking cessation in primary care and
This guidance aims to help people of South other settings’, NICE, 2006.
Asian origin to stop using smokeless tobacco. Based upon a comprehensive and detailed
The phrase ‘of South Asian origin’ is used in review of the available evidence, this
this guidance to mean people with ancestral document outlines guidance on brief smoking
links to Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan cessation interventions and on referrals to
or Sri Lanka. The term ‘smokeless tobacco’ specialist services.
is used in this guidance to refer to any type
of product containing tobacco that is placed An additional smoking cessation training
in the mouth or nose and not burned and resource for dental teams is planned for
which is typically used in England by people publication by NICE at the same time as this
of South Asian origin. guidance (NICE, 2007). Based upon national
cessation training guidelines, this flexible
•• ‘Tobacco: harm reduction approached to training resource has been produced to
smoking’ (PH 45), NICE, 2013 develop the knowledge of dental teams and,
in particular, the practical skills they need to Aveyard P, Begh R, Parsons A and West R,
deliver effective tobacco cessation. (2012). Brief opportunistic smoking cessation
•• ‘Proceedings of the 1st European interventions: a systematic review and meta-
workshop on tobacco use, prevention analysis to compare advice to quit and offer
and cessation for oral health of assistance. Addiction, 107, 1066-73.
Professionals’, published in Oral Health Carr A, Ebbert J. Interventions for tobacco
and Preventive Dentistry 2006; 4:1–77. cessation in the dental setting. Cochrane
This is a detailed report on a workshop that Database of Systematic Reviews 2006,
reviewed all aspects of tobacco use and Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005084. DOI:
cessation for oral health professionals. It 10.1002/14651858.CD005084.pub2.
includes papers on public health aspects of Chestnutt I (1999). What should we do about
tobacco control, an evaluation of tobacco patients who smoke? Dental Update, 26,
cessation in the dental surgery, cessation 227-231.
in dental and dental hygiene undergraduate
education, and cessation in continuing Department of Health (2010). Healthy Lives,
education for dentists and hygienists. A useful Healthy People: Our strategy for public health
tobacco cessation care pathway is also in England. London.
presented. Doll R and Bradford Hill A (1954). The
•• ‘Tobacco or oral health: an advocacy mortality of doctors in relation to their
guide for oral health professionals’, FDI smoking habits: a preliminary report. British
World Dental Press, 2005. Medical Journal, 328, 1529-33.
This guide, developed jointly by the FDI World Every Contact Counts (2012). Raising Health
Dental Federation and WHO, provides an Consciousness Using Brief Interventions.
overview of tobacco facts, discusses the www.everycontactcounts.co.uk/
role of the dental team in tobacco control, General Dental Council (2012). Preparing for
examines the role of advocacy, and provides practice – Dental team learning outcomes for
a number of recommendations on ways of registration, London, General Dental Council.
moving the tobacco control agenda forwards.
Health Development Agency (2003). Standard
Resource for use in dental for training in smoking cessation treatments.
surgeries London.
Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V,
www.gosmokefree.nhs.uk – a website that Rostron B, Thun M, Anderson RN, McAfee
includes information on local stop smoking T and Peto R (2013). 21st-century hazards
services and other smoking cessation leaflets of smoking and benefits of cessation in
and resources. the United States. New England Journal of
Medicine 368, 341-50.
References John J, Thomas D and Richards D (2003).
Smoking cessation interventions in the Oxford
Akl EA, Gaddam S, Gunukula SK, Honeine R,
region: changes in dentists’ attitudes and
Jaoude PA & Irani J (2010). The effects
reported practices 1996-2001. British Dental
of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health
Journal, 195, 270-275.
outcomes: a systematic review. International
Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 834-57.
Johnson N and Bain C (2000). Tobacco and The Health and Social Care Information
oral disease. British Dental Journal, 189, Centre (2012). Statistics on Women’s
200-206. Smoking Status at Time of Delivery: England.
National Centre for Smoking Cessation Quarter 4, 2012/13.
Training (NCSCT), (2012). Very Brief Advice www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/
www.ncsct.co.uk/vba. health-and-lifestyles/nhs-stop-smoking-
services/statistics-on-nhs-stop-smoking-
National Centre for Smoking Cessation services-england-april-2009--march-2010
Training (NCSCT), (2014). Training Modules
http://www.ncsct.co.uk/training. The Office of National Statistics (2013).
Cancer Registration Statistics, England. 2011.
National Institute for Health and Clinical
www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/cancer-
Excellence (2006). Brief interventions and
statistics-registrations--england--series-mb1-/
referral for smoking cessation in primary care
no--42--2011/rft-main-tables.xls
and other settings: Public Health Intervention
Guidance no.1. London: National Institute for Tsai KY, Su CC, Lin YY, Chung JA and
Health and Clinical Excellence. Lian IeB (2009). Quantification of betel quid
National Institute for Health and Clinical chewing and cigarette smoking in oral
Excellence (2012). Tobacco: helping people of cancer patients. Community Dental & Oral
South Asian origin to stop using smokeless Epidemiology, 37, 555-61.
tobacco. London: National Institute for Health Warnakulasuriya KA, Sutherland G and
and Clinical Excellence. Scully C (2005). Tobacco, oral cancer and
National Institute for Health and Clinical treatment dependence. Oral Oncology, 41,
Excellence (2013). Tobacco: harm-reduction 244-260.
approaches to smoking In: Excellence, West R and Brown J (2012). Smoking and
National Institute for Health and Clinical Smoking Cessation in England 2011
Excellence. Public Health Intervention www.smokinginengland.info.
Guidance no.45. London.
Prabhakaran PS and Mani S (2002).
Epidemiology of oral cancer. Oral oncology.
Bangalore: Kidwai Memorial Institute of
Oncology.
Public Health England (2014). Smokefree
and Smiling – Helping Dental Patients to quit
tobacco – 2nd Edition.
www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/288835/
SmokeFree__Smiling_110314_FINALjw.pdf
The Health and Social Care Information
Centre (2011). Adult Dental Health Survey.
Adult dental health survey 2009. London.
www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/
dentalsurveyfullreport09
Section 8 Alcohol misuse and oral health
Introduction Impact of alcohol misuse on oral

health
Alcohol misuse is a major and growing
problem in England. This section will highlight Drinking above the recommended limits
the extent of the problem and summarise the adversely affects oral health in a range
links between alcohol and oral health. Dental of ways. The most important effect is
teams are in a unique position to provide undoubtedly the significantly increased risk of
brief advice and support to their patients who oral cancers among drinkers. The incidence
drink above the lower-risk levels. of oral cancer has steadily increased since
the 1970s and now oral cancer among men
What is the extent of the problem? is more common than cervical cancer in
women (Conway et al., 2006). The most
Alcohol misuse in England is a significant important risk factors for oral cancers are
public health problem with major health, the combined effect of tobacco use and
social and economic consequences. The consumption of alcohol, which together
consumption of alcohol has almost doubled account for about three quarters of oral
since the 1950s and it is estimated that cancer cases (La Vecchia et al., 1997). It is
about 22% of adults exceed the Department estimated that heavy drinkers and smokers
of Health guidelines (Department of Health, have 38 times increased risk of developing
2010). However, over 83% of people who oral cancer than those people who abstain
regularly drink above these guidelines do not from both products (Blot, 1992). Excessive
think their drinking is putting their long-term alcohol intake is also associated with dental
health at risk (Stationery Office, 2012). Alcohol trauma and facial injury either through
consumption above lower risk levels is a accidental falls, road traffic accidents or
major cause of illness, injury and premature violence, both domestic and street related
death. Alcohol related crime, disorder and (Hutchison et al., 1998). Drinking above
domestic violence are also significant social recommended levels is also associated with
consequences of alcohol misuse. The non-carious tooth surface loss due to the
annual total cost of alcohol misuse to the acidity of drinks such as alcopops, cider and
UK economy is estimated to be in excess of wine (Robb and Smith, 1990). Finally, there is
£21 billion (Stationery Office, 2012). some evidence that alcohol is also associated
with increased risk of periodontal disease
(Amaral et al., 2008).
What is a unit of alcohol?

One unit of alcohol is 10ml (1cl) by volume or 8g by weight of pure alcohol. This is
equivalent to:
•• half a pint of ordinary strength beer, lager or cider (3-4% alcohol by volume)
•• a small pub measure (25ml) of spirits (40% alcohol by volume)
•• a standard pub measure (50ml) of fortified wine such as sherry or port (20% alcohol by
volume)
•• half a glass (87.5ml) of wine (12% by volume)
www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/_library/Change4Life/408723_Your_Drinking_And_You.
pdf this link is the source of the picture below
Department of Health guidelines Role of dental team in supporting

•• men should not regularly consume drinkers
more than three to four units per day
Alcohol consumption is clearly an important
•• women should not regularly consume risk factor to good oral health. A significant
more than two to three units per day proportion of the healthy general population
•• alcohol should be avoided for 48 hours visit a dentist on a regular basis, 56% of
following a heavy drinking session to adults in England were seen by a dentist in
allow the body to recover. the last two years (Health and Social Care
Information Centre, 2013). Dental teams are
•• pregnant women or women trying to
therefore in a unique position to provide very
conceive should avoid drinking alcohol
brief advice and support to members of the
but if they choose to drink limit to no
public who are hazardous or harmful drinkers
more than one to two units once or
and signpost to GP and or local alcohol
twice a week and avoid getting drunk
services (where appropriate).
A substantial body of high quality evidence
Defining drinking categories has highlighted the effectiveness of delivering
Hazardous drinking (increasing risk) – is a brief advice to drinkers. The most recent
level of alcohol consumption or pattern of Cochrane review included 29 RCTs of brief
drinking that increases the risk of harm if interventions delivered in primary care
current drinking habits persist, eg, regularly settings. It reported significant reductions in
drinking more than three to four units per weekly drinking at one year follow up with
day for men and regularly drinking more an average reduction of four to five drinks
than two to three units per day for women. per week (Kaner et al., 2007). However,
Harmful drinking (higher risk) – is a pattern more limited research has been conducted
of alcohol consumption that is causing in dental settings. A trial conducted in a
mental and/or physical damage or for men, maxillofacial out-patient clinic demonstrated
regularly consuming more than eight units a significant effect of brief advice on reducing
per day for men or more than 50 units per alcohol intakes among a sample of young
week and for women, regularly consuming men (Smith et al., 2003). Evidence also
more than six units per day or more than suggests that dentists are increasingly
35 units per week. interested and motivated to become more
actively involved in providing alcohol advice to
Alcohol dependence – a term used to their patients (Goodall et al., 2006; Smith et
describe a cluster of behavioral, cognitive al., 2003; Cruz et al., 2005).
and physiological factors that typically
include a strong desire to drink alcohol The identification of those drinking above
despite harmful consequences and lower-risk levels and offering brief advice
difficulties in controlling its use. Alcohol consist of three basic stages:
dependent people may need specialist 1. Initial screening, determining if the patient
treatment to support them to overcome is drinking above lower-risk limits.
their dependence. 2. Offering brief advice to patients who are
drinking above the recommended levels.
3. Referring or signposting possible high questionnaire but, as it had ten questions it

risk drinkers to their GP or local alcohol was too long for many health settings.
support service(s). A useful training resource for dental teams
in Bradford and Airedale has used the
The overall goals of screening and providing AUDIT-C tool (Bush et al 1998). This takes
brief advice to patients includes: approximately three minutes to complete
•• raising awareness of drinking guidelines and offers direct and personalised feedback
and whether they are exceeding these to the patient, identifying excessive drinking
lower-risk levels within the last year.
•• offering them feedback on how their Once a total score has been established the
drinking may adversely affect their oral following advice should be given:
and general health Patients with a total score of 0-4
•• providing support eg resources to •• feedback that the patient is at a lower risk
support the need to reduce alcohol of harm from alcohol
consumption levels
•• give advice on the safe limits
A variety of alcohol screening questionnaires •• encourage and congratulate them
have been developed for use in primary care
settings (AUDIT; AUDIT-C; AUDIT-PC; FAST) Patients with a total score of 5-9
and all have been shown to be a reliable
and valid means of detecting alcohol misuse •• feedback that the patient is at increasing
among patients (Fiellin, Reid and O’Connor, or higher risk from alcohol related
2000). AUDIT was the ‘gold standard’ problems
AUDIT (C): Alcohol use disorder identification test
Score Your
Questions 0 1 2 3 4 score
How often do Never Monthly 2-4 times 2-3 times 4+ times
you have a drink or less per per week per week
containing alcohol? month
How many units 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-9 10+
of alcohol do you
drink on a typical
day when you are
drinking?
How often have Never Less Monthly Weekly Daily or
you had 6 or more than almost
units if female, or 8 monthly daily
or more if male, on
a single occasion
in the last year?
•• give advice on the safe limits www.healthscotland.com/documents/6124.

•• encourage them to think about their aspx
drinking and benefits of cutting down, eg, Patient resources
reduced risk of: www.nhs.uk/Change4Life/Pages/drink-less-
•• oral cancer alcohol.aspx
•• dental and facial injury www.drinkaware.co.uk/
•• tooth surface loss and periodontal www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/home
disease
•• physical and mental health problems References
•• Give a leaflet and list of local services if
available Amaral Cda S, Vettore MV and Leao A,
(2009). The relationship of alcohol
dependence and alcohol consumption with
Patients with a total score of 10 plus
periodontitis: a systematic review. Journal of
If the patient has a score of 10 or more they Dentistry; 37: 643-651.
should be given the brief advice as above
Blot W, (1992). Alcohol and Cancer. Cancer
but the importance of referral to their GP or a
Research 52: 2119-2123.
local alcohol support service stressed.
Bush K, Kivlahan D, McDonell M, Fihn S
Useful resources and contacts and Bradley K, (1998). The AUDIT alcohol
consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an
Professional resources effective brief screening test for problem
drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality
This is a key website providing online Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use
resources and learning for commissioners, Disorders Identification Test. Archives of
planners and practitioners working to Internal Medicine 158(16):1789-95.
reduce alcohol-related harm: www.
alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/ Conway DI, Stockton DL, Warnakulasuriya
KAAS, Ogden G and Macpherson LMD,
Additional information can be found at: (2006). Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal
Oral cancer statistics: www. cancer in the United Kingdom (1990-1999)
cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/ – recent trends and regional variation. Oral
cancerstats/types/oral/uk-oral-cancer- Oncol;42: 586-592.
statistics Cruz GD, Ostroff JS, Kumar JV and Gajendra
Oral cancer risk factors: www. S, (2005). Preventing and detecting oral
cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/ cancer. Oral health care providers’ readiness
cancerstats/types/oral/riskfactors/oral- to provide health behavior counseling
cancer-risk-factors and oral cancer examinations. Journal of
American Dental Association; 136: 594-601.
Alcohol and oral health developed by NHS
Health Scotland for professionals working as Fiellin DA, Reid MC and O’Connor PG,
part of a dental team: ‘Understanding risk, (2000). Screening for alcohol problems in
raising awareness and giving advice’ primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine;
160: 1977-1989.
Goodall CA, Crawford A, Macaskill S and Smith AJ, Hodgson RJ, Bridgeman K and
Welbury R, (2006). Assessment of hazardous Shepherd JP, (2003). A randomized controlled
drinking in general dental practice. Journal of trial of a brief intervention after alcohol-related
Dental Research; 85: 1219. facial injury. Addiction; 98: 43-52.
Health and Social Care Information Centre,
(2013). NHS Dental Statistics for England
– 2012-13: NHS Dental Statistics: 2012/13
www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?
productid=12370&q=dental+
attendance&topics=0%2fPrimary+care+
services&sort=Relevance&size=10&
page=1#top
HM Government, (2012). The Government’s
Alcohol Strategy. London, The Stationery
Office.
Hutchison IL, Magennis P, Shepherd JP and
Brown AE. The BAOMS UK survey of facial
injuries part 1: aetiology and the association
with alcohol consumption. British Journal of
Oral Maxillofacial Surgery; 36: 3-13.
Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer FR, Campbell
F, Schlesinger C, Heather N, Saunders
JB, Burnand B, Pienaar ED. Effectiveness
of brief alcohol interventions in primary
care populations. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art.
No.: CD004148. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.
CD004148.pub3. Effectiveness of brief
alcohol interventions in primary care
populations. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. CD004148.
La Vecchia C, Tavani A, Franceschi S, Levi F,
Corrao G and Negri E, (1997). Epidemiology
and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncology;
33: 302-312.
National Audit Office, Department of Health,
(2008). Reducing Alcohol Harm: health
services in England for alcohol misuse.
London, The Stationery Office.
Robb ND and Smith BG, (1990). Prevalence
of pathological tooth wear in patients with
chronic alcoholism. British Dental Journal;
169: 367-369.
Section 9 Prevention of pathological tooth

wear
Introduction Tooth wear in the UK

Tooth wear is the loss of tooth structure Severe tooth wear affects only 2% of dentate
involving mechanical and chemical factors adults in the UK, however, the latest adult
leading to attrition, abrasion and/or erosion. dental health survey suggests that over
Mechanical wear involves physical contact three quarters of adults (77%) have some
with another material or object such as tooth wear and that moderate tooth wear
a brush or erosive paste or an opposing has increased, with the greatest increases
surface leading to attrition and/or abrasion. in younger adults (The Information Centre
Erosion is the chemical loss of hard tissue for Health and Social Care, 2011). Among
through exposure to acids (extrinsic and/ teenagers, national surveys suggest that
or intrinsic), which are of non-bacterial origin tooth wear is increasing in 15 year-olds, with
or chelation; however, it is now commonly 22% demonstrating wear on first molars and
accepted that dental erosion is a more 11% on incisors labially and 33% palatally
complex process than merely chemical wear. (Chadwick et al., 2006). Tooth wear is
Often these processes may be combined, generally a relatively slow process and should
leading to a loss in tooth tissue with a change be picked up at regular dental visits. It may
in shape and form. also be cyclical.
Tooth wear is a natural part of ageing and
so the extent and seriousness of any visible What factors are associated with
wear must be judged against a patient’s age erosion?
to determine whether or not it is pathological.
Severe tooth wear may lead to poor Much pathological toothwear involves an
aesthetics and/or sensitivity and therefore erosive component. Epidemiological studies
should be identified, and actively managed, suggest that there is an association with
as early as possible. Management of the extrinsic acid from the diet, both food and
condition for affected individuals should have drink, as well as intrinsic acid from the
secondary prevention at its core. At present stomach due to gastro-oesophageal reflux,
there is insufficient evidence or rationale rumination, vomiting and eating disorders.
to recommend a population approach to Erosive tooth wear is defined as the chemical,
prevention of tooth wear. The focus, therefore, or combined chemical and mechanical loss
should be on the identification of individuals of hard tissue, through acids (extrinsic and/
who are giving concern because there is or intrinsic), which are of non-bacterial origin
evidence of pathological wear. or chelation. The current range of associated
factors is listed in table 9.1. The impact of acid
will depend on its pH, titratable acidity and
its chemical composition. There is likely to be guides the management of the condition
individual variation in response to the erosive for the practitioner (Bartlett, Ganss and
effects of acids. This may be due to a range Lussi, 2008).
of factors including the quantity and quality of 4. Seeking medical advice for management
saliva, features of the pellicle, individual habits of intrinsic sources of acid involving
with regard to acid availablity. Furthermore, reflux or eating disorders and/or the
oral swishing, frothing and retention may management of medications.
prolong the effect and overwhelm any
protective capacity of saliva. Current Advice that may be given to manage erosive
evidence suggests that if erosion is present in tooth wear for affected individuals. This is
pathological tooth wear, then fruit, and fruit- based on professional advice and evidence
based drinks, may be the most important from cross sectional studies of association or
extrinsic risk factors. The aetiological risk laboratory or in situ studies of erosion should
factors for mechanical tooth wear are listed in be tailored to individual patients and their
table 9.2. identified risks:
•• avoid frequent intake of acidic foods or
Professional action for high risk drinks
patients •• keep acidic drinks to mealtimes and limit
the number of fruit drinks (no more than
The most important preventive action
one a day) (Bartlett et al., 2011, Fung and
(secondary prevention) for an individual who
Messer, 2013)
has developed pathological tooth wear to
ensure that the potential source, or sources, •• use toothpaste containing at least
of wear are identified and removed and, 1,450ppmF twice daily (Lussi et al., 2006)
where possible, lifestyle is modified. It is also •• consider high fluoride toothpastes to
important to assess and record the condition protect enamel (5000ppm) (Austin et al.,
and enable patients to manage it with the 2010, Ren et al., 2011)
necessary expert help.
•• ensure toothpaste is low abrasive in
Professional actions that may be taken for nature (Macdonald et al., 2010)
patients who actions concern include the
following: •• do not brush immediately after eating or
drinking acidic food or drinks (Bartlett et
1. Sensitive investigation of general health al., 2011)
and diet as well as toothbrushing
behaviours to identify possible sources of •• do not brush immediately after vomiting
acid and wear. (for recurrent vomiters) (Milosevic, 1999,
Bartlett et al., 2013)
2. Provision of tailored, specific advice for
each individual patient to manage the •• facilitate patients in seeking medical
tooth wear. assistance for management of gastro
oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and
3. Recording and monitoring of tooth wear eating disorders, as there is evidence that
using the basic erosive wear examination anti-reflux medication reduces enamel
(BEWE). This is a partial scoring system loss from gastric erosion (Wilder-Smith et
recording the most severely affected al., 2009)
surface in a sextant. The cumulative score
•• ensure regular medication is acid free and older adults (ie, those aged 65 years
and be aware of medications that reduce and over) 4.4 portions. Furthermore, there is
the flow of saliva, and thus impact on recent evidence that dietary intake nationally
clearance of fruit and vegetables may be reducing,
particularly the latter (Department for
Environment 2013). In light of the paucity of
Management of severe wear intervention studies to support the avoidance
of extrinsic acids, advice should stress the
For severe wear, consideration may be given importance of healthy nutrition whereby fresh
to the following: fruit is an important part of a healthy diet
•• using of dentine bonding agents and consumption should be encouraged for
(Sundaram et al., 2007) and sealants everyone.
(Wagehaupt, Tauböck and Attin, 2013)
•• providing a mouth guard if bruxism is
present
Further research to underpin the evidence

base for managing pathological tooth wear is
required including longitudinal studies.
Population advice
As a nation, we are not at risk of excessive
erosion because of fruit consumption. There
is evidence that the majority of children and
adults do not consume enough fruit and
vegetables for a healthy diet. Nationally,
surveys of diet and nutrition among young
people aged 11 to 18 years suggest that
only 11% of boys and 8% of girls in this age
group met the five-a-day recommendation
(the population advice is to consume ‘at
least five-a-day’). The average consumption
of fruit and vegetables was three portions
per day for boys and 2.8 portions per day
for girls (Bates et al., 2013). A higher, yet
still relatively small, proportion of adults met
the five-a-day recommendation with 31% of
adults and 37% of older adults eating five or
more portions per day (equivalent to 400g for
adults) (Bates et al., 2013). Adults aged 19 to
64 years on average consumed 4.1 portions
of fruit and vegetables per day (including
the contribution from composite dishes)
Table 9.1 Sources of acid that may lead to erosive tooth wear
Extrinsic sources of acid Intrinsic sources of acid

Drinks containing citric acid, including natural Eating disorders including bulimia nervosa
fruit juices – eg, orange, grapefruit, lemon,
blackcurrant
Acidic fresh fruit, particularly in high quantities Gastric acid reflux including GORD (gastro
– other than banana and avocado – all fruit oesophageal reflux disease)
may be erosive, with lemons, oranges and
grapefruit most so
Carbonated drinks Chronic vomiting
Alcopops and designer drinks (such as
fortified wines with fruity flavours)
Smoothies
Cider
Wine (white and red)
Fruit teas (but not camomile)
Sports drinks which contain acid
Vinegar-based foods, including pickles
Acidic sweets, eg, acid drops, sherbet
lemons, etc.
Chewable vitamin C tablets
Aspirin
Some iron preparations
Medications and other conditions reducing
salivary flow
Other rare sources
Hydrogen peroxide
Occupational exposure to acid
Table 9.2 Sources of mechanical wear tooth wear
Mechanical wear
Tooth brushing
Abrasive toothpaste
Abrasive food
Bruxism
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(2013). National Food 2012. London, Office of Wilder-Smith CH, Wilder-Smith P, Kawakami-
National Statistics. Wong H, Voronets J, Osann K and Lussi A,
Fung A and L B Messer, (2013). Tooth wear (2009). Quantification of Dental Erosions
and associated risk factors in a sample of in Patients With GERD Using Optical
Australian primary school children. Australian Coherence Tomography Before and After
Dental Journal 58(2): 235-245. Double-Blind, Randomized Treatment With
Esomeprazole or Placebo. American Journal
of Gastroenterology 104(11): 2788-2795.
Section 10 Helping patients to change their

behaviour
Introduction underpinned by population and community

based oral health improvement strategies that
All healthcare providers, including dental tackle the broader causes of poor oral health
teams, have a role in making every contact in society.
count, helping their patients to change This section provides a brief overview of:
behaviour and improve their health and
wellbeing. •• the principles of behaviour change
•• the role of the dental team in supporting
patients to change behaviour
“You should aim to take every
appropriate opportunity to encourage •• key considerations for effective
and support patients and colleagues to communication with patients
improve their health and wellbeing.”
(Section 4b of the NHS Constitution)
‘Making every contact count’ is an
Overview of behaviour change
opportunity to improve patient care,
A large number of psychological theories
treatment and outcomes and help
and models have been developed to explain
people live well for longer
behaviour change. However, the key issues
are summarised below.
Oral hygiene practices, tobacco and alcohol
use, certain dietary practices, the use of Understanding the process of change:
fluorides and dental attendance are all
•• changing behaviour is a lengthy and often
important oral health related behaviours.
difficult process that may involve several
The prevention of oral diseases is largely
attempts before the new behaviour is
dependent upon patients changing these
maintained
behaviours in line with professional guidance.
Patients need to be equipped with the •• the ability to change behaviour is
appropriate health knowledge, motivation influenced by an array of individual,
and skills to maintain good oral health. Dental social and environmental factors. Socio-
teams can provide guidance and support economic circumstances are a major
using very brief advice and signposting (30 influence
second approach), brief interventions and •• the provision of health information alone is
when appropriate, full support to enable their unlikely to achieve sustained changes in
patients to change health related behaviour. behaviour for most people
Supporting behaviour change in a clinical
setting is very important but this must be
•• do not expect patients to be able to their patient’s social circumstances, the

change behaviours quickly or easily, just process of change and the motivation and
because they have been given a leaflet barriers to achieving it. All members of
the dental team can be involved and it is
Recognising different motivations for important that each member’s role is carefully
change: considered and agreed within the team and
•• for many patients there may be a varied the individuals have access to appropriate
set of motivations and reasons for altering training to support them in this role.
their behaviour
•• avoiding disease is only one of a range
Role of the dental team in
of reasons for changing. For example, supporting behaviour change
smokers wishing to quit might be
motivated by the negative effects of Dental team members have skills that can
smoking on their children, appearance, or support patients to change behaviour, which
the costs of tobacco can positively impact on their oral health.
Figure 10.1 outlines how behaviour change
Clustering of behaviours – shared links: can be approached with patients, using either
very brief (between 30 seconds to a minute)
•• groups of behaviours, such as smoking,
or more in depth advice such as a brief
alcohol misuse and poor hygiene habits,
intervention (between five and ten minutes). It
often cluster together in particular groups
is important to consider the most appropriate
of people
team member to deliver the intervention.
•• therefore altering one behaviour may be For example, the dentist may give very
problematic if it is linked to others, unless brief advice (and ensure this is written in
careful thought is given to the underlying the patient’s notes). Brief interventions and/
influences on these clusters of behaviour or signposting to local services may be
undertaken by dental therapists, health
Barriers to change – obstacles to educators or dental nurses.
overcome:
Training
•• clinical, psychological, social and
It is important to ensure that training is
environmental factors may all be barriers
available for the dental team to support
to change
patients to consider behaviour change and
•• highly motivated individuals, with that dental team members access this
well-developed social networks and training. For example, NHS stop smoking
supportive living environments will be services (www.ncsct.co.uk/pub_training.
more likely to succeed php) and the alcohol learning centre (www.
•• opportunities to change may be more alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/eLearning/IBA/)
likely at certain key points in the life both provide free online training. This is a
course, such as pregnancy or new useful way to ensure that consistent clear
parenthood, leaving school, starting a messages can be given to patients.
new relationship or entering retirement
In order to support patients to change

behaviour, dental teams need to consider
Raise the issue
Patient unsure about

changing behaviour
Patient receptive to
Very brief advice (VBA) advice
Patient resistant to
Signpost to support VBA advice
services or brief
intervention (consider Signpost to support VBA
which team member can services or brief
Raise the issue at the
deliver this advice) intervention (consider
next appointment
which team member can
Work on building the deliver advice)
patient’s confidence to
change behaviour
Figure 10.1 Raising the issue of behaviour change
Key considerations for effective Effective communication skills:

communication with patients •• use a range of communication skills
•• employ active listening skills
It is important to consider how to
communicate effectively with patients to •• use open questions and an encouraging
maximise the impact of advice and ensure tone
it is supportive and non-threatening, and •• do not to rush discussions as people
allows for review and maintenance of the need time to explain themselves
behaviour change. Figure 10.2 outlines the
•• don’t use threatening, patronising or
key considerations.
prescriptive language
Getting the right message across:
•• consider the impact of non-verbal
•• ensure oral health information delivered to communication, eg, facial expressions,
patients is clear, concise, evidence-based body posture and eye contact
and consistent with health messages
delivered by other health professionals
•• personalise and tailor information to
match the individual’s circumstances
•• deliver positive messages as this is more
effective in eliciting change
Figure 10.2 Role of dental teams in promoting behaviour change
Reviewing benefits of changing and past Goal setting:

experiences: •• once a person has decided they want to
•• try to increase patients’ self-confidence to change, it is important to negotiate and
change agree a clearly defined goal
•• explore the personal benefits of changing •• goals should be SMART:
a particular behaviour to increase Specific – clear and precise goals provide
motivation and enthusiasm to change focus and clarity of purpose.
•• review patients’ previous behaviour Measurable – setting goals that can
change attempts as this can help identify be easily measured and quantified is
what helped or hindered them previously important
and can provide insight and increase
patients’ self-confidence to attempt Achievable – set goals that are
change challenging but within the patient’s
reach. Setting unachievable goals merely
demotivates people
Relevant – it is essential that the goal
is considered relevant to the patient’s
circumstances, motivations and needs
Timely – it is important to check that influences on change and provide evidence-

the goal is the right thing for patient to based guidance and support.
achieve right now. Setting a clear time
frame is also important to help maintain Key references
motivation and to monitor progress
•• once SMART goals have been agreed, Department of Health, (2008). Improving
it is then possible to develop an health: Changing behaviour. NHS Health
individualised action plan mapping out Trainers Handbook. Department of Health,
the practical steps needed to achieve the London.
goals agreed Handbook to the NHS constitution for
•• identifying suitable and appropriate England 26th March 2013. www.nhs.
rewards for any progress achieved is an uk/choiceintheNHS/Rightsandpledges/
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Harris R, Gamboa A, Dailey Y, Ashcroft A.
Monitoring progress: One-to-one dietary interventions undertaken
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for characterizing and designing behaviour
•• friends, colleagues and family members
change interventions. Implementation
can all provide encouragement and
Science, 6: 42.
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person is going through NICE, (2007). Behaviour change: NICE public
health guidance 6. National Institute for
•• it is also useful to help predict potentially
Health and Clinical Excellence, London.
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patients predict potentially difficult NICE, (2014). Behaviour change, individual
situations ahead and to develop coping approaches (PH49). National Institute for
mechanisms with patients. For example, Health and Clinical Excellence, London www.
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Churchill Livingstone, London.
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Motivational interviewing in health care:
The dental team has an important role in helping patients to change behaviour.
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behaviour. Changing behaviour is not an
easy task. Therefore it is important that
dental teams understand the processes and
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Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the expert advice received from the Cochrane Oral Health
Group and for their review of the draft document.
Membership of the working group
Chairs: Sue Gregory Head of dental public health, PHE
Jenny Godson Lead for oral health improvement, PHE
Secretary: Amit Bose Department of Health
Collator: Gill Davies Specialist in dental public health, PHE
Jan Clarkson Professor, co-director, dental health services
research unit, University of Dundee School of
Dentistry
Julia Csikar Senior public health manager, PHE
Barry Cockcroft Chief dental officer, NHS England
Nigel Carter Chief executive, British Dental Health Foundation
Jenny Gallagher BASCD president (2011-12)
Semina Makhani Consultant in dental public health, PHE
John Milne Chairman of BDA General Dental Practice
Committee, general dental practitioner
Keith Milsom Consultant in dental public health, PHE
Paula Moynihan Professor of nutrition and oral health, University
of Newcastle
Ian Needleman Professor of restorative dentistry and evidence-
based healthcare, University College London,
Eastman Dental Institute
Derek Richards Director, Centre for Evidence Based Dentistry
Susie Sanderson British Dental Association, general dental
practitioner
David Thomas Chief dental officer, Wales
Richard Watt Professor of dental public health, UCL
We wish to acknowledge the original work carried out by:
Mrs J T Duxbury Miss M A Catleugh
Prof R M Davies Dr G M Davies
And on section 9 by:
David Bartlett Kathy Harley

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Delivering better oral health: an

evidence-based toolkit for prevention

About Public Health England

Public Health England

© Crown Copyright 2014

Published June 2014

About Public Health England

Prof. Kevin Fenton, director of Health and Wellbeing

Sue Gregory, head of dental public health

Public Health England

Introduction to third edition

periodontal disease. Where new evidence

Sue Gregory OBE

Public Health England

The prevention toolkit

The grades of evidence given are as follows:

Grade Strength of evidence

6 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 7

Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 9

10 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Risk factor control

Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 11

12 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Prevention of peri-implant disease

Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 13

14 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Advice EB Professional intervention EB

Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention 15

16 Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention

Section 2 Principles of toothbrushing for oral

The major dental conditions of caries and

While there is evidence that some powered

•• children need to be helped or supervised

Section 3 Increasing fluoride availability

Small amount placed on Large amount placed on

1,450ppm 0.05mg 20 fold 1.02mg

Source: Bentley, Ellwood and Davies, 1999

Putting these pieces of evidence together

Children aged three to six years should use

Types of over-the-counter This table cannot provide information about

Higher concentration fluoride gives better protection against decay

Toothpastes containing 1,000-1,500ppmF-

Toothpastes containing 1,000-1,500ppmF-

Toothpastes containing 1,000-1,500ppmF-

Toothpastes containing exactly 1,000ppmF-

Toothpastes containing no fluoride

Toothpastes containing no fluoride

Fluoride varnish a thorough prophylaxis is not essential prior

recommence on the day following application

Prescribing high concentration Sodium fluoride 5,000ppm toothpaste

Use of additional fluoride A recent systematic review of fluoride

effects of fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride in References

Section 4 Healthier eating advice

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has •• table sugar

•• ice cream and sorbets Frequency of consumption of foods and

Figure 4.1 Illustration of effects of infrequent sugar intakes.

Figure 4.2 Illustration of effects of frequent sugar intakes.

•• whether any intakes containing sugars

In some cases it can be helpful to use a diet

About Public Health England

Section 2 Principles of toothbrushing for oral

6. Improving periodontal health –

Section 9 Prevention of pathological tooth

Section 10 Helping patients to change their