Banks & NBFCs Classification

- A Financial
Intermediary (FI:
वित्तीय मध्यस्थ) is an
entity that acts as the
middleman between
two parties in a
financial transaction-
between lenders vs.
borrowers, investors
vs. entrepreneurs,
households vs
business firms.
- Such FI can be
subdivided into (1)
Formal (2) Informal.

5 FORMAL FI  BANKS
5.1 RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI): भारतीय ररजिव बैंक
1913 Commercial banks were required to register under the Companies Act, but
monitoring was lax. No CRR, SLR, BASEL Norms.
1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Commission)
recommends setting up a central bank named 'Reserve Bank of India'.
1929 Great Depression in USA leads to collapse of 450+ banks in India. So British
Government becomes serious about setting up RBI.
1934 Reserve Bank of India Act was enacted.
1935, RBI becomes operational from 1st April, with 1st Governor Sir _ _ _ _ _ _
April Government ownership was ~4.4% only.
1935, July Commercial Banks fulfilling certain conditions were listed in the 2nd Schedule
of RBI Act, & such “Scheduled Banks” were required to keep CRR with RBI.
1943-49 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ becomes the first INDIAN Governor of RBI. He had also
participated in the Bretton Woods Conference, USA (1944).
1948-49 All private investors’ shares transferred to GoI under the RBI transfer of
ownership act 1948. Therefore, RBI governor answerable to Parliament, has
to pay dividend to Government from its profits.
19__ Banking Regulation Act (बैंक िं ग विवियमि अविवियम) empowered the RBI to
 Give license to companies to open banks, give permission banks to open
new branches.
 Prescribe auditing and liquidity norms for Banks such as SLR.
 Protect interest of depositors. Force elimination / merger of weak banks.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 25

MCQ. In context of independent India's economy, which one of the following was the
earlier event to take place? (Asked in UPSC Prelims-2009)

A) Nationalization of insurance companies B) Nationalization of state bank of India

C) Enactment of Banking regulation Act D) Introduction of first Five year plan

Table 1: RBI Central Board Composition

(Non-Official Directors) (Official Directors)
- 2 Government officials - RBI Governor
- 10 directors nominated by Government. - 4 Dy. Governors
- 4 directors from RBI’s local boards @West, East, North, South

5.1.1 RBI Governor & Dy Governor

- 25th Governor: Shaktikanta Das (Retd. IAS, Former finance secretary, G20 Sherpa,
Member of 15th Finance Commission). He replaced Urjit Patel (2018-Dec).
- RBI Act (Section 8) provides for “NOT MORE than 4” Dy. Governors viz.
1. B.P. Kanungo: from RBI officer cadre.
2. N. S. Vishwanathan: from RBI officer cadre.
3. Mahesh Kumar Jain: Appointed by appointment committee
4. Dr. Viral V. Acharya: Appointed by appointment committee. also, Ex-officio Member
of Monetary Policy Committee.
Their tenure usually 3 years. Re-appointment Possible. They’re selected by Financial sector
regulatory appointment search committee (FSRASC) headed by the Cabinet Secretary (IAS).

Related Topic: RBI Autonomy, Dividend Controversy, Section 7, PCA/BASEL : all with next
NPA Handout.

5.1.2 RBI Offices & Departments

- RBI 4 regions: Northern: Delhi, Eastern: Kolkata, Southern: Chennai, Western: Mumbai
- RBI has various departments looking after Banks, NBFCs, Payment Systems, Foreign
Exchange Management etc.
- Previously individual departments directly acted against violators. WEF 1/4/2017: A New
Enforcement Dept was setup in RBI for centralized action against violators.
- This is different from FinMin’s Enforcement Directorate (प्रिर्ति विदेशालय) that looks after
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Prevention of Money Laundering
Act, 2002 (PMLA)- विदेशी मुद्रा प्रबिंिि अविवियम, और ििशोिि वििारण अविवियम.

5.1.3 RBI: Functions of

1) Controller of Money Supply: Issues M0 under RBI Act, Makes Monetary Policy.
2) Controller of Foreign Exchange: through FEMA Act. (more in Pillar#3)
3) Banker to Governments & Public Debt Manager.
4) Banker’s _ _ _ _ _ : Lender of Last resort, Advises in monetary matters.
5) Regulator of all “BANKS”: through BR Act’49, Payment Systems’07
6) Regulator of AIFI, NBFC-D & others.
7) Promotional Roles: Customer protection through Ombudsman, Financial Inclusion
through PSL norms, 25% rural branch requirements.
8) Data Publication & International Coop. @BASEL, IMF, G20’s Financial Stability Board etc.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 26

MCQ. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) acts as a bankers’ bank. What does it mean?
(Asked in UPSC-Pre-2012)
1) Other banks retain their deposits with the RBI.
2) The RBI lends funds to the commercial banks in times of need.
3) The RBI advises the commercial banks on monetary matters.
Answer codes: (a) 2 & 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

MCQ. The Reserve Bank of India regulates the commercial banks in matters of(Asked
in UPSC-Pre-2013)
1) Liquidity of assets 2) Branch expansion
3) Merger of banks 4) Winding-up of banks
Answer Codes: (a) 1 & 4 only (b) 2, 3 & 4 only (c) 1, 2 & 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 & 4

5.2 SCHEDULED BANKS (अनस

ु चू ित बैंक)
When RBI is satisfied that a bank has (Paid Up Capital + Reserves) = Min _ _ Lakhs & it is
not conducting business in a manner harmful to its depositors, then such bank is listed in the
_ _ _ Schedule of RBI Act, and known as a Scheduled Bank.
Scheduled Bank Non-Scheduled Bank
Required to deposit CRR money to RBI Can maintain the CRR money with
themselves.
Eligible to borrow / deposit funds in RBI’s Depends on RBI’s discretion.
window operations.
are required to protect the interests of Ofcourse, they also have to do it, else RBI
depositors and abide to RBI norms. can shut them down under BR Act.
Can be subdivided into two parts Hundreds of cooperative banks are non-
1) Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCB) Schedule. But we need not see their list at
e.g. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rbi.org.in/CommonPerson/English
2) Schedule Cooperative Banks like /scripts/banksinindia.aspx
Haryana Rajya Sahakari Bank, Tamil
Nadu State Apex Cooperative Bank

5.3 FI COMMERCIAL BANKS PRE-INDEPENDENCE

Table 2: Before Independence (Exact Years Not-IMP.)
1707 Bank of Hindustan, Calcutta (Europeans owned)
1806-42 - Three Presidency Banks at Bengal then Bombay then Madras.
- 1861: all three were given the right to issue currency.
- 1921: They were combined into Imperial Bank of India SBI (1955)
1865 Allahabad Bank (Europeans owned)
1894 PNB: Indian owned, Lala Lajpat Rai helped in foundation.
1908 Bank of Baroda by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III
1913-30s State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Patiala, the rise and collapse of
Banking industry, then Birth of RBI (1935)
1940s State bank of Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Travancore by the respective
princely states / Nawabs. Post-Independence: became ‘Associated Banks of
SBI’, and ultimately, merged in SBI (2017).

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 27

5.3.1 Nationalization of Banks After Independence: Reasons
 NEXUS between Banks and Industrialists: From 1950s to 1960, only 188 elite people
controlled the economy by being in board of top 20 banks, 1452 companies, and
numerous insurances, finance companies. This led to reckless lending to directors and
their firms. So, Banks failed frequently, RBI had to close unviable banks.
 Private Banks unwilling to open in rural areas- this did not help in financial inclusion of
poor, farmers, MSME or achievement of FYP targets or reducing regional imbalance.

Table 3: Nationalization & Merger of Banks after Independence

1948 RBI Transfer of Ownership Act.
1955 Imperial Bank nationalized and became SBI.
1955-56 LIC Act took over private life insurance cos.
1963 State Bank of Jaipur and Bikaner merged together.
1969 'Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance,
1969: 14 Private banks with 50 cr/> deposits were nationalized e.g. Bank of
Baroda, PNB, Dena, Canara etc.
- Catholic Syrian Bank (1920, Kerala), Ratnakar Bank, Dhanlaxmi Bank etc.,
did not have such large deposits, so they were left out & called “_ _ _ _
Private Banks”.
1972-73 GIC Act- took over private Non-Life (=General) insurance cos. Later GIC was
re-organized with 4 subsidiaries: National Insurance, New India Assurance,
Oriental Insurance and United India Insurance.
1980 6 banks with 200 cr/> deposits were nationalized e.g. Corporation Bank, Vijaya
Bank, Oriental bank of Commerce etc.
2008-10 State Bank of Saurashtra and State Bank of Indore merged into SBI.
2013 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ was setup as PSB, HQ Delhi, 100%
ownership by Union Government.
- BMB’s Board of Directors:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Staff & Deposit Holders: both
men and women, Loans given predominantly to women- and that too
without collaterals upto Rs.1 crore.
2017, 1st BMB & 5 Associated Banks of SBI viz. State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur
April (SBBJ), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH), State Bank of Mysore (SBM), State
Bank of Patiala (SBP) and State Bank of Travancore (SBT), merged with SBI
from 1st April by swapping of shares.
2017, - Alternative Mechanism Panel setup under the FM Jaitley’s chairmanship
Nov (other members: Piyush Goyal, Nirmala Sitharaman).
- They examine the proposals for merger/consolidation of the Public Sector
Banks (PSBs) and forward to Cabinet for approval.
- Department of Financial Services coordinates the filework.
2019, 1st ___________________________________ to be merged into Bank of Baroda, by
April swapping of shares. Then BoB will become India’s 3rd largest bank after #1 SBI
and #2 HDFC.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 28

5.4 PRIVATIZATION OF PSBS (साितजवि क्षेत्र े बैं ों ा विजी रण)
- Pro-Arguments: Economies of Scale, Geographical & Technological Synergies, Easier
compliance with BASEL-III norms, reduced cost of business-> better lending & deposit
rates.
- Anti-Arguments: Employees worried seniority, promotion, increments; financial burden
of Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS). Banks may lose regional identities & customer
intelligence with transfer of employees. Big customers may shift to other banks for faster
service and personalized privileges.
5.4.1 UTI Bank -> Transformed to Axis Bank (2007)
 Setup in 60s as a Sarkaari Mutual Fund Company through Unit Trust of India Act 1963
 1993: Obtained License to open UTI Bank.
 2001: Ketan Parekh Sharemarket Scam, Govt has to bailout UTI -> further restructuring
2007-> Became Axis Bank: 77% private shareholding + 23% by Public sector bodies like
LIC, New India Assurance, SUUTI etc. (as of 2019, Jan).

5.4.2 IDBI Bank -> Purchased by LIC (2018)

 Setup in 60s as a Development Financial Institution (DFI) through the Industrial
Development Bank of India Act, (1964).
 2004: Transformed into a Public Sector Bank, after Narasimham-II suggested DFI
abolition.
 IDBI Bank shareholding: 81% Government + ~11% LIC + remaining by other investors
 2014: RBI’s P.J. Nayak Committee that suggest Govt should exit shareholding in smaller
PSBs, to enhance their efficiency.
 Budget 2016: Govt agreed to reduce shareholding to <50% in IDBI Bank.
 2018: IDBI has the highest NPA (28%) among PSB, so no mentally-fit investor willing to
buy Govt’s shares. Govt. forces LIC to buy its 40% for ~9k crores. Thus, LIC will own 51%
in IDBI. Deal was approved by the respective financial regulators (RBI and IRDAI) by
2018-July.
 Positive: Govt. no longer worry about BASEL-recapitalization of IDBI. LIC can market its
insurance policies to IDBI consumers (bancassurance).
 Negative: LIC policy holders’ money is going into a loss-making Bank. They’ll be
deprived of optimal returns (opposite to had LIC invested in a profitable company) = this
amounts to “Financial Repression of Households” (वित्तीय दमन).

5.5 COMMERCIAL BANKS  PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS (PVB) ननजी-क्षेत्र के बैंक

While the nationalization of banks was done with the lofty objectives, but politicization in
Public Sector Banks (PSBs) created new set of problems:
- Government administered loan interest rates for populism= Low profitability for PSBs.
- Low recovery from NPA due to political interference, and legal loopholes.
- Employees unions hampering any innovation or customer responsiveness.
- 1991: the Balance of Payment crisis finally forced Govt. to set up a committee for
Banking Sector Reforms under The former RBI Governor_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . He said:
o Government should ↓ its shareholding in Public Sector Banks.
o RBI should ↓ CRR and SLR, Govt should not dictate interest rates to Banks,
Liberalise the branch expansion policy
o Allow entry of New Private Banks and New Foreign Banks.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 29

 Table 4: Three rounds of private bank licensing in India
Round-1 (1993-95) Round-2 (2001-04) Round 3 (2013-16)
1) ICICI 1) Kotak Mahindra Rajan invited applications,
2) HDFC 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Founder Bimal Jalan Committee
3) Indus Rana Kapoor) made selections:
4) DCB 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (A
5) UTI-> later Axis bank Microfinance company
6) IDBI->now owned by LIC based in W.Bengal)
7) Global Trust Bank-> 2. _ _ _ _ (An infra finance
Merged with Oriental NBFC based in
Bank Maharashtra). Later on,
#8-9-10: Bank of Punjab, another NBFC “Capital
Centurian Bank, Times Bank First” merged so
were merged into HDFC renamed into IDFC-First
5.5.1 On-Tap License to open Private Sector Banks
A private entity can open Bank only after getting license from RBI under Banking Regulation
Act, 1949. Previously, one had to wait till RBI invited applications. But in the On-Tap system
(WEF 2016), one can apply to RBI whenever he wishes, provided that:
1. It’s a Resident Indian individual, NBFC, or private company with min._ _ years of
experience in Banking-Finance Sector, and Min. 500 crore capital, and total assets not
more than Rs. 5000 crores. [Amount / B.com/CA-interpretations not imp. for UPSC]
2. Proposed Bank will be controlled by Indians & willing to open 25% branches in unbanked
rural areas.
5.6 COMMERCIAL BANKS  FOREIGN BANKS (विदे शी बैंक)
In Nehruvian Socialist Economy there was disdain & apprehensions about Foreign Banks.
Only a handful of them were allowed to open branches. But, Post-Narasimham-Reform:
foreign banks approval policy was liberalized.
Foreign Bank - They’re Incorporated abroad (i.e. registered under the Companies
in India Act of a foreign nation) & opening branch / subsidiary in India e.g.
Citibank, Bank of America, HSBC.
- While CRR, SLR & other norms applicable, but PSL norms vary
depending on number of branches. [Ref: Prev. Handout: PSL]
Indian Public - Foreigners can invest max. 20% in its shareholding. E.g. BoB (15%),
Sector Bank SBI (14%), PNB (13%)
- Although Government thinking of raising it to 49% to help capital
mobilization for BASEL-III norms. [More in Next NPA handout]
India Private - Upto 49% (automatic) and upto 74% by approval of Government.
Sector Bank - e.g. HDFC (73%), ICICI (59%) Axis Bank (52%)..
- Although Government thinking of raising it to 100% to help capital
mobilization for BASEL-III norms

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 30

5.7 COMMERCIAL BANKS  DIFFERENTIAL BANKS
Difference Universal Bank (सार्वत्रिक) Differential Bank (भेदकर)
Anywhere: example SBI, ICICI Geographical Restrictions on branch
Branches [*After opening 25% of branches opening for Local Area Bank (LAB),
in unbanked rural areas] Regional Rural Banks (RRB)
Both Time & Demand Deposits Payment Bank – Accept Max. _ _ _ _ only.
Accept
of any amount.
Give Anyone [After 40% PSL] - SFB, RRB: _ _ _ to PSL
Loans to - Payment Bank can’t give loans;
Chronology of differential banks: RRB(1976) ->local area bank (1996)→Small Finance
Bank & Payments bank(2015)→ Wholesale banks (proposed)

5.7.1 Commercial Banks-> Differential Banks-> RRBs & LAB

(Universal) Commercial Regional Rural Banks Local Area Bank
Parameters
Banks सािवत्रत्रक िाणिज्ययक बैंक क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीि बैंक स्थानीय क्षेत्र बैंक
Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank
*Given @bottom
Examples _______________ (Sponsor bank- Central
of table
Bank of India)
Applicable + RRB act
Banking Reg. Only Banking
Applicable 1976 & its amendment in
Act Reg. Act
2015 to facilitate merger
They’re Non-
Applicable but RBI could
CRR, SLR, Sch. Banks so
Applicable prescribe separate
MSF, every norm with
norms.
caveats
PSL Applicable (40%) Applicable & higher: 75%
Free to decide within RBI’s
Can’t be more than Same as
methodology for Marginal
Lending prevailing lending rates Commercial
Cost of Funds Based
Rates of Cooperative Banks in Bank
Lending Rate (MCLR).
the area
[More under NPA]
Max. 3
Restricted to few districts. geographically
Geographical Anywhere (India and even E.g. Baroda Gramin Bank contiguous
Presence overseas branches) branches confined to districts. only 1
Gujarat’s southern districts. urban centre per
district.
Vote power (Union + State +
Depends on Shareholding. Same as UCB
Sponsor bank) = 51%
M.Narasimham’s Accidental FM
Father N/A Committee on Financial _______
Inclusion in 70s budget 1996
Regulator Only RBI RBI + _ _ _ _ _ _ Only RBI
* Local Area Banks: Initially 4: (1) Coastal Bank Andhra Pradesh (first to setup in 99), (2)
Subhadhra Local Area Bank, Kolhapur; (3) Krishna Bhima Samruddhi (Andhra & Karnataka)
and (4) Capital Local Area Bank: Punjab (Largest). But later Capital LAB converted into Small
Finance Bank (2016), so now only 3 left.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 31

5.7.2 Commercial Banks Differential Banks  SFB & PB
On Nachiket Mor Committee’s recommendations (2013-14), Rajan approved these new
types of banks for (1) financial inclusion (2) competition & innovation among players.
Parameters Small Finance Banks लघु वर्त्त बैंक Payment banks भग
ु तान बैंक
Capital Small Finance Bank
7 at present: Airtel, India Post, FINO,
(Punjab), Ujjivan (Karnataka),
Examples Paytm, Aditya Birla Idea,
Utkarsh (UP): Total 10 list at
Jio, NSDL. (Total 11 were selected)
rbi.org.in/scripts/banklinks.aspx
Min.100cr. capital-walla resident Indians,
Min.100cr. capital-walla Resident NBFCs, PPI-wallets (pre-paid payment
Indian, Local Area Bank, NBFC, instrument), mobile telephone
Eligibility
Micro-finance, with 10 years exp. companies, super-market chains,
in banking / finance cooperatives & companies controlled by
resident Indians
RBI Committee gave selection
preference North East & Central India
Area Anywhere
clusters where Universal Banks’
penetration is poor
Selected by? Usha Throat (Former RBI Dy.Gov) Nachiket Mor(Ex-RBI Board Member)
CRR, SLR, Same as Indian Private Banks, but
Same as Indian private banks
Repo, FDI? caveats in SLR.
No need but 25% access points must
Rural Must have 25% branches in
be in rural areas like Business
Penetration unbanked rural areas
correspondence (BC), Kirana Stores
Promoting Small savings
Target Unserved, Underserved Remittance of migrant labors, low income
Consumers Farmers, Micro, Small industries households, unorganized sector, small
business.
- No NRI deposits
Accept - Can accept Time & Demand
Yes, without any restrictions
Deposits Deposits but max. balance Rs. _ _
_ per year per customer.
Debit cards YES (but EMV-Chip-walla) YES (EMV-Chip-walla)
Credit cards YES (but EMV-Chip-walla) No (because can’t “loan”)
- Can’t loan, So no PSL.
- Yes, but _ _ _ _ in PSL, - Min.75% of Demand deposits in
Loans - 50% of loan portfolio of Rs. 25 Gsec, T-Bill;
lakhs/< loans. - Max.25% of all deposits in other
SCBs
Yes, after 5 years can become
Evolve? Not mentioned.
Universal Commercial Bank.
- BASEL-III norms applicable on both of them, and they are tighter than a (universal)
commercial scheduled bank.
- Both can sell Mutual Fund (MF), Pension, Insurance policies with approvals of respective
regulators.
- Payment Bank Challenges? Low profitability due to lending restrictions. 2018: RBI
barred Vijay Shekhar Sharma’s PayTM Payment Bank from opening new accounts as it
could not keep Min.100 crore capital, but the ban lifted in 2018-Dec.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 32

 Asked in UPSC-Pre-2016 Asked in UPSC-Pre-2017
Q. Find correct Statement(s) about Q. What is the purpose of setting up of
Payment Banks? Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India?
1) Mobile telephone companies and 1. To supply credit to small business units
supermarket chains that are owned and 2. To supply credit to small and marginal
controlled by residents are eligible to be farmers
promoters of Payment Banks. 3. To encourage young entrepreneurs to
2) Payment Banks can issue both credit set up business particularly in rural
cards and debit cards. areas.
3) Payment Banks cannot undertake Codes:
lending activities. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
Codes: (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

5.7.3 India Post Payment Bank (IPPB)

- Registered as a Public Limited Company under Companies Act, 100% owned by
Department of Posts (Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.) ->
Obtained RBI’s License under Banking Regulation Act to start working as a Payment
Bank.
- Airtel Payments Bank was first to launch operations in 2017- Jan. Later, IPPB launched
pilot branches at Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Ranchi (Jharkhand). Then IPPB launched full-
fledged operations in 2018. In between, Paytm, Fino, Birla Idea and Jio launched their
Ops. In short IPPB not the first to launch full fledged Ops.
- Motto: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Largest customer reach with 1.55 lakh Post
offices across India. Doorstep banking through Postmen (but fees applicable).
- IntraBank transfer: no fees. IMPS/NEFT/RGST: fees applicable.
- Bank Account Types: Safal, Sugam, Saral (internal differences about ATM withdrawal
limits etc. not important for UPSC).
- Account can be opened with zero balance, no minimum balance requirement. Max.
Balance _ _ _ _ per person per year. Customer Age: 10 years / >
- Also partnered with Bajaj Alliance Life Insurance (BALIC) to sell insurance policies.

MCQ. Which of the following statements about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
is/are correct? [Asked in UPSC-CDS-2018-1]
1) It has been incorporated as a Public Limited Company.
2) It started its operation by establishing two pilot branches at Hyderabad and Varanasi.
Answer codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

5.7.4 Wholesale & Long Term Finance Banks (WLTF)

2017: RBI proposed. Entry capital 1000 crores, can’t accept deposits less than 10 crores,
can give loans only to large corporates & infrastructure projects. Other banks may use it for
PSLC-certificate trading.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 33

5.8 FI BANKS COOPERATIVE BANKS (सहकारी बैंक)
Type Commercial Cooperative Banks
Banks
Banking Reg. Act since 1949 Applicable since 1966.
Regulator RBI _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , State Registrar of Cooperative Societies
CRR, SLR, BASEL- Yes Yes, but, RBI could keep different slabs/ norms.
III
Repo, MSF Eligible Yes, but only selected category of Cooperative Banks
borrow
PSL Lending Yes 40-75% ___
Who can borrow Anyone Only Members
Vote power Shareholding 1 person 1 vote, irrespective of capital contributed
Profit Motive Yes No Profit No Loss motive.
Presence All India & Mainly in Guj,MH,Andhra,TN
overseas

Table 5: Classification of Cooperative Banks

Urban Cooperative Banks (शहरी) Rural Cooperative Banks (ग्रामीण)
Further subcategories depending on 1) Long term: Land Banks, Cooperative
- Scheduled / Non-Scheduled; Agriculture & Rural Development Banks
- Single State / Multi State. 2) Short term: State Cooperative Bank ->
From 2018, RBI allowed them to voluntarily District Central Cooperative Bank (_ _ _
upgrade to Small Finance Banks, with _ _ ) -> Primary Agriculture Cooperative
certain conditions. Society (_ _ _ _)
- Challenges: Politicization due to 1 person 1 vote, casteism, poor recovery of loans,
scams, money laundering.
- They were prevented from exchanging banned 500-1000 notes due to malpractices.
- Budget-2017: provided funds to NABARD for implementing Core Banking Solution
(CBS) within PACS & DCCB- this will help in targeted delivery of farm loans and
subsidies.
Related topics: Jan Dhan Yojana, Lead Bank Scheme etc. later in Pillar#1: Financial Inclusion

6 FORMAL FI  NON-BANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

गैर-बैंक वित्तीय संस्थान

6.1 (EXTINCT) DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS (DFI)

वि ास वित्त सिंस्थाि were meant for Medium to long term loans to industries, including also
support services like arranging foreign currency, underwriting, technical / management
consultancy, Bank guarantee etc. They did not accept DEPOSITs from ordinary people.
Industrial finance corporation of India ltd. (IFCI) Act. Later became a Non-Deposit-
1948
Taking-Systematically-Important (NBFC-ND-SI).
State Finance Corporation (SFI) Act, because IFCI alone couldn’t cater industrial
1951
loan demand.
1955 National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) by Government of India (GoI)
ICICI: Industrial credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd was setup by GoI,
1955
World Bank, and other FI. Later became a Private Sector Bank.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 34

 - Industrial development bank of India (IDBI) Act. For a while, it was also given
regulatory powers over Industrial finance but then overtaken by SIDBI, EXIM
1964
Banks. 2004: Transformed into a Public Sector Bank. 2018: Government sold its
majority shareholding to LIC.
Narasimham-II (‘98) recommend there should be only two categories: Bank or non-bank. DFI
should join either one.
6.2 NON BANK  ALL INDIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (AIFI): अखिल भारतीय वर्त्तीय संस्थान
All four are setup by respective acts of Parliament.
EXIM (Jan 1982) NABARD (Jul 1982) NHB (1988) SIDBI (1990)
Export-Import ____ National Housing _____
Bank of India Bank
Boss: Previously RBI had Boss: RBI (100%). BOSS: SBI, LIC, IDBI
Government of minority-stakes in But, Finance Act other public sector
India (100%) NABARD but as of 2018 amended NHB banks, insurance
2018: 100% Govt Act, for transferring companies etc.
owned. RBI’s stakes to Govt.
Promotes cross - Regulatory - Finance to - Operates Small
border trade and authority: Coop + banks and Enterprises
investment, RRB NBFCs for Development Fund
helps importers- - + Indirect housing (SEDF), which
exports with refinance to projects. receives funding
loans and foreign farmers, artisans - Regulator of from PSL shortfalls
currency. - Operates Rural Housing Finance of Foreign Banks
Infra. Cos (NBFC) with <20 branches.
Development - _ _ _ _ _ index to - Operates _ _ _ _ _ _
fund (_ _ _ _) monitor for loans to small
from PSL residential real entrepreneurs &
shortfalls from estate prices. SME via schemes
SCBs. like Mudra, Stand-
up-India.
- 5th AIFI = Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI) closed in 2012.
- NABARD Amendment Act 2017: 1) increased capital 2) facilitated transfer of RBI shares
to Govt 3) MSME definitions updated.
- AIFIs are are not ‘banks’ because can’t accept direct deposits from people at large.
- RBI is the regulator over AIFI, BASEL norms applicable but RBI can prescribe different /
slabs norms / deadlines.
Asked in UPSC-Pre-2013 Asked in UPSC-Prelims-2004
Q. Which of the following grants/grant Find Correct Statement(s)
direct credit assistance to rural A. NHB, the apex institution of housing
households? finance in India, was setup as a wholly
1) Regional Rural Banks owned subsidiary of RBI
2) National Bank for Agriculture and B. Small industries development bank of
Rural Development India was established as a wholly owned
3) Land Development Banks subsidiary of the Industrial development
Answer Codes: bank of India
(a) 1 and 2 only (d) 1 and 3 only C. Both A and B
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 D. Neither A nor B

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 35

6.3 FI  NON-BANK  PRIMARY DEALERS (PD)- (प्राथममक विक्रेता)
- They deal in "primary" market. directly buy G-sec from RBI’s E-Kuber platform and sell it
in the secondary market.
- Total 21 PD licensed by RBI: 14 of them are Banks. E.g. Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC
(HongKong), SBI, Kotak etc.
6.4 FI  NBFCS (गेर-बैंककंग वित्तीय कंपननया)
Parameter Commercial Banks Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
Registration Banking Regulation Act Companies Act
Supervision RBI Varies: Mutual funds-SEBI, Insurance
Company: IRDA etc.
Entry 500 Cr. 5cr for MicroFin, 2 cr for others; 200 cr. For
Capital reinsurer etc. [figures not imp]
Numbers 22 Public Sector (incl. Post Total 10,190 out of them 108 deposit Taking,
Payment Bank), 56 RRBs, 37 remaining are non-deposit-taking (ND).
private sectors (including SFC,
PB), 44 Foreign Banks.
Deposits - Can accept Time & - Only NBFC-Deposit-Taking (NBFC-D) &
Demand [chequable even they can accept only Time Deposits.
deposit] - Can’t issue their own chequebook,
- Their deposits are insured debit/credit card.
under DICGCI Act. - Deposits are not insured.
Prudential CRR, SLR, applicable NBFC-D: SLR required but RBI can prescribe
Norms different slabs / norms. CRR not applicable on
any NBFC.
BASEL Applicable - Applicable on 108 NBFC-D and
- Applicable on 276 NBFCs – ND – SI (non-
deposit taking Systematically Important with
assets over Rs. 500 crores) e.g. L&T Finance,
Cholamandalam etc.
But RBI can prescribe different slabs / norms
/deadlines.
Investment They can keep depositor’s Can invest clients’ money in share market. E.g.
money in RBI approved Mutual Funds
securities. But can’t invest in
share market per se.
Loan Rate Decided as per RBI’s MCLR Varies & depends on nature of biz.
methodology.
Recovery Loan recovery powers under - Only Housing Finance Companies have
SARFAESI Act. SARFAESI powers.
- Gold Loan company can auction gold.
- Mutual Fund Company may have to wait till
liquidation of bankrupt company.
Consumer RBI’s Ombudsman, Bank’s RBI’s separate Ombudsman for NBFCs
Complaints Internal Ombudsman starting the NBFC-D since 2018.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 36

MCQ: Find correct Statement(s) about NBFCs in India [Asked in UPSC-Prelims-2010]
A. They cannot engage in the acquisition of securities issued by government.
B. They cannot accept demand deposits like savings account.
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

MCQ: The main functioning of the banking system is to [Asked in UPSC-CDS-2013-II]

(a) accept deposits and provide credit (b) accept deposits and subsidies
(c) provide credit and subsidies (d) accept deposits, give credit and subsidies

6.4.1 NBFCs Regulated by RBI

Asset Finance Company Loans for economically productive assets like truck,
(AFC) bulldozer, tractor, pumpset, E.g. SREI Equipment Finance
Infrastructure Finance Gives loan for infra. projects. E.g. Rural Electrification
Company (IFC) Company ltd. (REC): PSU under Power Ministry
Infrastructure Debt Long term loans to highway / port developers etc. e.g. L&T
Fund (IDF) IDF, Kotak IDF, IDFC IDF (“IDFC First” has separate license
for Bank).
Core Investment - They do long term investment in Companies. E.g. Tata /
Company (CIC) Birla / Reliance Capital & Infrastructure Leasing &
Financial Services Limited (IL&FS)
- IL&FS is owned by SBI, LIC and Corporates from Japan
and Abu Dhabi. 2018: In controversy because couldn’t
repay interest to lenders. More in next NPA handout.
Asset Reconstruction They borrow bad loans / NPA from Banks & other NBFCs,
Companies (ARC) and try to salvage value from the underlying assets. E.g Anil
Ambani’s Reliance ARC.
Factoring Companies They lend short term money to client against his invoices /
accounts receivable. E.g. IFCI Factors, Siemens Factoring.
Gold Loan Companies e.g. Muthoot gold loan, Mannapuram Gold. RBI decides their
Loan to Value ratios.
Micro Finance RBI + Dept Corporate Affairs (given on next page)
Institutions (MFI)
Fintech cos: P2P Similar to Olx-Quickr connecting sellers of second hand
Lenders goods with buyers, the P2P lending websites connect
borrowers and lenders. E.g. Faircent.com, Cashkumar.com
Fintech cos: Account - They manage information of a customer’s financial assets
Aggregators (AA) & display it to him or to third party (like loan giver, credit
rating company, App like Google pay etc.)
- 2018-Nov: RBI said it’ll give license to 5 companies. List
awaited.
_ _ _ _ _ _ (अिमशष्ट) Any NBFC that is not regulated by any other regulator- falls
under RBI’s purview.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 37

6.4.2 NBFCs Regulated by SEBI
They help clients buy-sell shares/bonds (=debentures)
Stock Broker depending on his instructions E.g. Motilal Oswal, Indiabulls,
Sherkhan etc.
- They pool clients’ money and MF-manager invests it in
shares/bonds using his own discretion & expertise.
Mutual Funds (MF) - E.g. SBI's Shariah Equity Mutual Fund: clients' money
invested in Sharia compliant Cos. That don’t deal with
alcohol, pork, debt, tobacco or weapons.
Underwriting, Merger & Acquisition, Wealth Management
Investment Banks: (US
of rich people: E.g. Kotak Mahindra, Citigroup, Bank of
term) &Merchant Banking
America. DSP Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Canara
Companies: (UK term)
Bank, SBI capital (separate license)
Venture Capital Fund VCF Help startup companies via equity finance e.g. IFCI, IDG.

6.4.3 NBFCs Regulated by Others

Regulator Example NBFC Companies
- Life Insurance companies e.g. LIC, HDFC Standard Life Insurance
______ - Non-Life (=General) insurance companies e.g. IFFCO-Tokio General
Insurance
____ All Pension Funds, except EPFO
Housing Finance Companies such as DHFL, Muthoot Housing finance
____
etc. (have SARFAESI Powers)
1. NIDHI Companies: Mutual benefit club, only members can borrow.
e.g. South Madras Benefit Fund ltd, Maben Nidhi Ltd (of
Dept of Mannapuram group)
Company 2. Microfinance Companies: They give loan to poor without collateral,
Affairs flexible EMI, But no loans above 50k. e.g. Bandhan (WB- got PvB
license), Disha (A'Bad: got SFB license), SKS (Andhra), Cashpor
(UP), Ujjivan (Karnataka).
State Chit fund is a type of collective investment scheme with monthly
Registrar of contributions & borrowing by contributing members e.g. Shriram Chits.
Chit Funds (More in Pillar#1: Financial Inclusion)

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 38

6.4.4 NBFC Mudra (2015, 100% SIDBI subsidiary)
- Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency. (सूक्ष्म इ ाई वि ास एििं पूि: वित्तपोषण एजेंसी)
- Objective? provides indirect lending via SCB, RRB, Cooperatives, MFI & other NBFCs
through refinancing.
- Ownership? It’s wholly owned by _ _ _ _ _ , and also receives the funding from PSL-
shortfalls via RBI and budgetary support via Department of Financial Services.
- Beneficiary? Non-Farm-Non-Corporate type Micro Enterprises.

Table 6: Definitions in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act / Bill
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Devlp Act, 2006 Bill 2018:
Category Msg: Investment in Plant Services: Investment in Only annual
and Machinery Equipment turnover
Upto 25 lakh Upto 10 lakh Upto 5cr
>25 lakh upto 5 crore >10 lakh upto 2 crore >5cr upto 75 cr
>5cr upto 10 crore >2cr upto 5 crore >75cr to 250cr

Table 7: Mudra-Products:

Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) MUDRA Rupay Card

1) Shishu : loans upto _ _ _ _ _ - ATM cum Debit Card issued against
2) Kishor : >50,000/- upto 5 lakh MUDRA loan account.
3) Tarun : > 5 lakh and upto _ _ _ _ - For working capital component.
- Can be accessed in all modes like a
routine debit card (ATM, MicroATM,
PoS, Online)
- Mudra loans are collateral-free. If borrower defaults on loan, then lender’s losses are
covered through Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units [CGFMU] operated by National
Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd. [NCGTC]- a private ltd company by Dept of
Financial Services (setup in 2016).
- MUDRA Challenges? (1) Loan Interests are high (2) Rising NPA/Bad loans.

MCQ. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at (Asked in UPSC-Pre-2016)

a) bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system
b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops.
c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons.
d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development
and employment generation.

6.4.5 Stand Up India Scheme, 2016 (उवत्तष्ठ भारत)

- Boss? FinMin’s Dept of Financial Services (वित्तीय सेिा विभाग)
- Objective? Each SCB bank branch to give Greenfield Loans between 10 lakh and 1
Crore to at least 1 _ _ _ _ and atleast 1 _ _ _ _ entrepreneur with tenure upto 7 years.
- Collateral? Bank can ask collaterals. If loan without collaterals, then Credit Guarantee
Fund for Standup India (CGFSI) operated by NCGTC.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 39

6.5 NBFC: ISLAMIC BANKING
- Interest (Riba) is prohibited (Haram) in Islam. So, Islamic Banking operates through Ijara,
Murbaha, Musharaka mechanisms- in which depositors’ money is invested in borrower’s
property / business and returns are shared in form of rent / profit but not in the form of _
____.
- While previous committees said give permission to Islamic Banks in India, but _ _ _ is
opposed (2017).
- Pro-Arguments? Financial inclusion of Muslims. Mobilization of deposits from Islamic
countries for Indian Economy.
- Anti-Arguments? Specialized Manpower Required. PM-Jan-Dhan Yojana, Post Office
Payment bank efforts will dissipate. USA authorities say it’s used for terror finance &
money laundering.

7 INFORMAL FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES (अनौपिाररक वित्तीय मध्यस्थ)

- They provide loans without KYC, PAN or Aadhar card but require property/vehicle/home/
goods/crop/gold etc. as collaterals/pawn. They charge very high compound interest rates
& use muscle power for recovery, hence their NPA is minimal.
- They don’t fall under RBI/SEBI purview, but State Governments have individual laws
against them e.g. Bombay Moneylenders Act 1947, Kerala (1958), Gujarat (2011). These
laws require such informal lenders to register, impose ceiling on the interest rate &
prohibit strong-arm tactics.
Types Indigenous Banker Moneylender / Brokers
Medieval time Shroff, Shikarpuri, Kabuli Pathan, Quistwala, Arhatia, Village
known as Chettiar, Marwari, Aiyar, Bania, Soni, Mahajan & Seth, Pawnbrokers,
Rastogi Financial Brokers
Money They used to mobilize They use their own money (or some villain’s
mobilization money from Public via: blackmoney)
1) Hundi: bill of
exchange;
2) Commercial bills

Mains Q: “Discuss the evolution / structure / function / objective of particular FI”- will be a
rather too simplistic Mains Question for UPSC. These institutions have to be seen in the
context of GDP/Economic Growth, Investment/NPA & Inclusive Growth/Financial Inclusion.
So, we’ll try some Mock Mains Qs once we’ve completed those topics.

Mrunal’s Economy Pill#1B: Bank-NBFC Classification - Page 40