Financial Management - 1 PDF

HOMEWORK
SECTION
J. K. SHAH CLASSES I.P.C.C. - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER - 1
ACCOUNTING RATIOS
Q. 1. Using the following information, complete the Balance Sheet given below :
(i) Total debt to net worth 1:2
(ii) Total assets turnover 2
(iii) Gross profit on sales 30%
(iv) Average collection period (Assume 360 days in a year) 40 days
(v) Inventory turnover ratio based on cost of goods sold and year - end inventory 3
(vi) Acid Test Ratio 0.75
Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2014
Liabilities ` Assets `
Equity Shares Capital 4,00,000 Plant and Machinery ----
Reserves and Surplus 6,00,000 and other Fixed Assets
Total Debt : Current Assets :
Current Liabilities ---- Inventory ----
Debtors ----
Cash ----
Q. 2. The following figures and ratios are related to a company :

(i) Sales for the year (all credit) ` 30,00,000
(ii) Gross Profit Ratio 25 percent
(iii) Fixed Assets Turnover (basis on cost of goods sold) 1.5
(iv) Stock Turnover (basis on cost of goods sold) 6
(v) Liquid Ratio 1:1
(vi) Current Ratio 1.5 : 1
(vii) Debtors Collection Period 2 months
(viii) Reserve and Surplus to Share Capital 0.6 : 1
(ix) Capital Gearing Ratio 0.5 : 1
(x) Fixed Assets to Net Worth 1.20 : 1
You are required to prepare :
(a) Balance Sheet of the company on the basis of above details.
: 1 : ACCOUNTING RATIOS
Q. 3. The following accounting information and financial ratios of M Limited relate to the
year ended 31st March, 2014 :
Inventory Turnover Ratio 6 Times
Creditors Turnover Ratio 10 Times
Debtors Turnover Ratio 8 Times
Current Ratio 2.4
Gross Profit Ratio 25%
Total sales ` 30,00,000; cash sales 25% of credit sales; cash purchases ` 2,30,000;
working capital ` 2,80,000; closing inventory is ` 80,000 more than opening inventory.
You are required to calculate:
(i) Average Inventory (v) Average Payment Period
(ii) Purchases (vi) Average Collection Period
(iii) Average Debtors (vii) Current Assets
(iv) Average Creditors (viii) Current Liabilities
Q. 4. The financial statements of a company contain the following information for the year
ending 31st March, 2014:
Particulars `
Cash 1,60,000
Sundry Debtors 4,00,000
Short-term Investment 3,20,000
Stock 21,60,000
Prepaid Expenses 10,000
Total Current Assets 30,50,000
Current Liabilities 10,00,000
10% Debentures 16,00,000
Equity Share Capital 20,00,000
Retained Earnings 8,00,000
Statement of Profit for the year ended 31st March, 2014
Sales (20% cash sales) 40,00,000
Less: Cost of goods sold 28,00,000
Profit before Interest & Tax 12,00,000
Less: Interest 1,60,000
Profit before tax 10,40,000
Less: Tax @ 30% 3,12,000
Profit After Tax 7,28,000
(i) Quick Ratio
(ii) Debt-equity Ratio
(iii) Return on Capital Employed, and
(iv) Average collection period (Assuming 360 days in a year).
Q. 5. MN Limited gives you the following information related for the year ending 31st March, 2009:
(1) Current Ratio 2.5 : 1
(2) Debt-Equity Ratio 1 : 1.5
(3) Return on Total Assets 15%
(4) Total Assets Turnover Ratio 2
(5) Gross Profit Ratio 20%
(6) Stock Turnover Ratio 7
(7) Current Market Price per Equity Share ` 16
(8) Net Working Capital ` 4,50,000
(9) Fixed Assets ` 10,00,000
(10) 60,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each
(11) 20,000, 9% Preference Shares of ` 10 each
(12) Opening Stock ` 3,80,000
(i) Quick Ratio
(ii) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
(iii) Proprietary Ratio
(iv) Earnings per Share
(v) Price-Earning Ratio.
Q. 6. JKL Limited has the following Balance Sheets as on March 31, 2006 and March 31, 2005:
Balance Sheet
` in lakhs
March 31, 2006 March 31, 2005
Sources of Funds:
Shareholders Funds 2,377 1,472
Loan Funds 3,570 3,083
5,947 4,555
Applications of Funds:
Fixed Assets 3,466 2,900
Cash and bank 489 470
Debtors 1,495 1,168
Stock 2,867 2,407
Other Current Assets 1,567 1,404
Less: Current Liabilities (3,937) (3,794)
5,947 4,555
The Income Statement of the JKL Ltd. for the year ended is as follows:
Required:
(i) Calculate for the year 2005-06:
(a) Inventory turnover ratio
(b) Financial Leverage
(c) Return on Investment (ROI)
(d) Return on Equity (ROE)
(e) Average Collection period.
(ii) Give a brief comment on the Financial Position of JKL Limited.
Q. 7. Ganpati Limited has furnished the following ratios and information relating to the year
ended 31st March, 2013.
Sales 60,00,000
Return on net worth 25%
Rate of income tax 50%
Share capital to reserves 7:3
Current ratio 2
Net profit to sales 6.25%
Inventory turnover (based on cost of goods sold) 12
Cost of goods sold 18,00,000
Interest on debentures 60,000
Sundry debtors 2,00,000
Sundry creditors 2,00,000
You are required to:
(a) Calculate the operating expenses for the year ended 31st March, 2013.
(b) Prepare a balance sheet as on 31st March in the following format:
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2013
Liabilities Assets
Share Capital Fixed Assets
Reserve and Surplus Current Assets
15% Debentures Stock
Sundry Creditors Debtors
Cash
J. K. SHAH CLASSES I. P. C. C. - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER - 2
LEVERAGES
Q. 1. Complete the following financial statement from the information given below :
Particulars Company L (in ` ) Company M (in `)
Sales
Less : Variable Cost
Contribution
Less : Fixed Cost
Profit before Interest and Tax
Less : Interest
Profit before Tax
Less : Tax at 50%
Profit after Tax 25,000 40,000
Operating Leverage 2 times 3 times
Combined Leverage 4 times 3 times
Variable Cost Ratio 60% of Sales 70% of Sales
Q. 2. Calculate the degree of operating leverage, degree of financial leverage and the degree
of combined leverage for the following firms and interpret the results :
P Q R
Output (units) 2,50,000 1,25,000 7,50,000
Fixed Cost ( `) 5,00,000 2,50,000 10,00,000
Unit Variable Cost ( ` ) 5 2 7.50
Unit Selling Price ( `) 7.50 7 10.0
Interest Expenses (`) 75,000 25,000 ----
Q. 3. The following data relate to RT Ltd. :

`
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) 10,00,000
Fixed Cost 20,00,000
Earnings Before Tax (EBT) 8,00,000
Required : Calculate combined leverage.
Q. 4. The following details of RST Limited for the year ended 31st March, 2014 are given below:
Operating Leverage 1.4
Combined Leverage 2.8
Fixed Cost (Excluding Interest) ` 2.04 lakhs
Sales ` 30.00 lakhs
12% Debentures of ` 100 each ` 21.25 lakhs
Equity Shares Capital of ` 10 each ` 17.00 lakhs
Income tax Rate 30 percent
: 5 : LEVERAGES
Required :
(i) Calculate Financial Leverage.
(ii) Calculate P/V ratio and Earning per Share (EPS)
(iii) If the company belongs to an industry, whose assets turnover is 1.5, does it
have a high or low assets leverage?
(iv) At what level of sales the Earning before Tax (EBT) of the company will be
equal to zero?
Q. 5. X Ltd. details are as under :

Sales (@ 100 per unit) ` 24,00,000
Variable Cost 50%
Fixed Cost ` 10,00,000
It has borrowed ` 10,00,000 @ 10% p.a. and its equity share capital is ` 10,00,000
( ` 100 each). The company is in a tax bracket of 50%.
Calculate :
(a) Operating Leverage
(b) Financial Leverage
(c) Combined Leverage
(d) Return on Equity
(e) If the sales increases by ` 6,00,000 ; what will the new EBIT?
Q. 6. Betatronics Ltd. has the following balance sheet and income statement information :
Balance Sheet as on March 31st
Liabilities (` ) Assets (` )
Equity Capital (`10 per share) 8,00,000 Net Fixed Assets 10,00,000
10% Debt 6,00,000 Current Assets 9,00,000
Retained Earnings 3,50,000
19,00,000 19,00,000
Income Statement for the year ending March 31st
(`)
Sales 3,40,000
Operating expenses (including ` 60,000 depreciation) 1,20,000
EBIT 2,20,000
Less : Interest 60,000
Earnings before Tax 1,60,000
Less : Taxes 56,000
Net Earnings (EAT) 1,04,000
(a) Determine the degree of operating, financial and combined leverages at the current
sales level, if all operating expenses, other than depreciation, are variable costs.
(b) If total assets remain at the same level, but sales (i) increase by 20 percent and
(ii) decrease by 20 percent, what will be the earnings per share at the new sales level?
: 6 : LEVERAGES
CHAPTER - 3
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Q. 1.Goodluck Charm Ltd., a profit making company, has a paid-up capital of ` 100 lakhs
consisting of 10 lakhs shares of ` 10 each. Currently, it is earning an annual pre-
tax profit of ` 60 lakhs. The company's shares are listed and are quoted in the
range of ` 50 to ` 80. The management wants to diversify production and has
approved a project which will cost ` 50 lakhs and which is expected to yield a
pre-tax income of ` 40 lakhs per annum. To raise this additional capital, the following
options are under consideration of the management:
(a) To issue equity capital for the entire additional amount. It is expected that the
new shares (face value of ` 10) can be sold at a premium of ` 15.
(b) To issue 16% non-convertible debentures of ` 100 each for the entire amount.
(c) To issue equity capital for ` 25 lakhs (face value of ` 10) and 16%
non-convertible debentures for the balance amount. In this case, the company
can issue shares at a premium of ` 40 each.
You are required to advise the management as to how the additional capital can be
raised,keeping in mind that the management wants to maximise the earnings per
share. The company is paying income, tax at 50%.
Q. 2. Three financing plans are being considered by ABC Ltd. which requires ` 10,00,000 for
construction of a new plant. It wants to maximize the EPS and the current market price of
the share is 30. It has a tax rate of 50% and debt financing can be arranged as follows :
Up to ` 1,00,000 @ 10%; from ` 1,00,000 to ` 5,00,000 @ 14%; and over ` 5,00,000 @
18%. The three financing plans and the corresponding EBIT are as follows:
Plan I: ` 1,00,000 debt; expected EBIT ` 2,50,000
Plan II : ` 3,00,000 debt; expected EBIT ` 3,50,000
Plan III ` 6,00,000 debt; expected EBIT ` 5,00,000
Find out the EPS for all the three plans and suggest which plan is better from the
point of view of the cornpany.
Q. 3.Delta Ltd. currently has an equity share capital of ` 10,00,000 consisting of 1,00,000
equity share of ` 10 each. The company is going through a major expansion plan
requiring to raise funds to the tune of ` 6,00,000. To finance he expansion the
management has following plans:
Plan-I : Issue 60,000 Equity shares of ` 10 each.
Plan-II : Issue 40,000 Equity shares of ` 10 each and the balance through long-
term borrowing at 12% interest p.a.
Plan-Ill : Issue 30,000 Equity shares of ` 10 each and 3,000 ` 100, 9% Debentures.
Plan-IV : Issue 30,000 Equity shares of ` 10 each and the balance through 6%
preference shares.
The EBIT of the company is expected to be ` 4,00,000 p.a. assume corporate tax
rate of 40%.
Required:
(i) Calculate EPS in each of the above plans.
(ii) Ascertain the degree of financial leverage in each plan
: 7 : CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Q. 4.A new project is under consideration in Zip Ltd., which requires a capital investment
of ` 4.50 crore. Interest on term loan is 12% and Corporate Tax Rate is 50%. If the
Debt Equity ratio insisted by the financing agencies is 2 :1, calculate the profit of
indifference of the project.)
Q. 5.Calculate the level of earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) at which the EPS
indifference point between the following financing alternatives will occur:
(i) Equity share capital of ` 6,00,000 and 12% debentures of ` 4,00,000
OR
(ii) Equity share capita! of ` 4,00,000, 14% preference share capital of ` 2,00,000
and 12% debentures of ` 4,00,000.
Assume the corporate tax rate is 35% and par value of equity share is ` 10 in each case.
Q. 6. A Company needs ` 31,25,000 for the construction of new plant. The following 3 plans
are feasible: The Company may issued 3,12,500 equity shares at ` 10 per share.
II The Company may issue 1,56,250 ordinary equity shares at ` 10 per share and
15,625 debentures of ` 100 denomination bearing a 8% rate of interest.
III The Company may issue 1,56,250 equity shares at ` 10 per share and 15,625
preference shares at ` 100 per share bearing a 8% rate of dividend.
(i) If the company's earnings before interest and taxes are ` 62,500, ` 1,25,000,
` 2,50,000, ` 3,75,000 and ` 6,25,000, what are the earnings per share under
each of three financial plans? Assume a Corporate Income tax rate of 40%.
(ii) Which alternative would you recommend and why?
(iii) Determine the EBIT-EPS indifference points by formulae between Financing Plan
I and Plan II, Plan I and Plan III.
Q. 7.PCB Corporation has plans for expansion which calls for 50% increase in assets.
The alternatives before the corporation are issue of equity shares or 14% debt. The
balance sheet of the firm and the income statement for the year ending
Dec.31, are as follows:
Balance sheet as on Dec. 31
Liabilities ` ) Assets
Amount (` `)
Amount (`
Equity share capital 100,00,000 Total assets 200,00,000
(10,00,000 shares)
Genera] reserves 75,00,000
12% debentures 25,00,000
200,00,000 200,00,000
Income Statement for the year ending Dec. 31
Sales ` 750,00,000
-Total Operating Cost 675,00,000
EBIT 75,00,000
Interest on Debenture 3,00,000
Profit before Tax 72,00,000
-Taxes 36,00,000
Profit after Tax (PAT) 36,00,000
Number of shares 10,00,000
EPS (`
`) 3.60
P/E Patio 5
Market price (`
`) 18.00
If the corporation finances the expansion with debt, the PE is expected to be 4
times. However, if equity shares are issued, then the issue is expected to be made
at 25% premium. Find out:
1. If the EBIT is 10%. of sales, calculate EPS at the sales level of ` 4 crores,
` 8 crores and ` 10 crores.
2. After expansion, determine at which level of EBIT, the EPS would be same
under both financing plans.
3. Using PE ratio, calculate the market price of the share at each sales level
and for both the financing plans.
Q. 8.A Company earns a profit of ` 3,00,000 per annum after meeting its Interest liability
of ` 1,20,000 on 12% debentures The Tax rate is 50%. The number of Equity
Shares of ` 10 each ore 80,000 and the retained earnings amount to 112,00,000.
The company proposes to take up an expansion scheme tor which a sum of
` 4,00,000 is required. It is anticipated that after expansion, the company will be
able to achieve the same return on investment as at present. The funds required for
expansion can be raised either through debt at the rate of 12% or by issuing Equity
Shares at par Required:
(i) Compute the Earnings Per Share (EPS), if:
- the additional funds were raised as debt
- the additional funds were raised by issue of equity shares,
(ii) Advise the company as to which source of finance is preferable.
COST OF CAPITAL
CHAPTER - 4
Q. 1. Calculate the cost of capital in each of the following cases:
(i) A 7-y ears ` 100 bond of a firm can be sold for a net price of ` 97.75 and
is redeemable at a premium of 5%. The coupon rate of interest is 15% and
the tax rate is 55%.
(ii) A company issues 10% Irredeemable Preference Shares at` ` 105 each
(FV = 100).
(iii) The current market price of share is ` 90 and the expected dividend at the
end of current year is ` 4.50 with a growth rate of 8%.
(iv) The current market price of share is ` 100. The firm needs ` 1,00,000 for
expansion and the new shares can be sold only at ` 95. The expected dividend
at the end of current year is ` 4.75 with a growth rate of 6%. Also calculate
the cost of capital of new equity.
(v) A company is about to pay a dividend of ` 1.40 per share having a market
price of ` 19.50. Thecxpected future growth in dividends is estimated at 12%.
Q. 2. (a) A company raised preference share capital of ` 1,00,000 by the issue of 10%
Preference shares of ` 10 each. Find out the cost of preference share capital
when it is issued at (i) 10% premium, and (ii) 10% discount.
(b) A company has 10% redeemable preference share which are redeemable at
the end of 10th year from the dale ol issue. The underwriting expenses are
expected to 2%. Find out the effective cost of preference share capital.
(c) The entire share capital of a company consist of 1,00,000 equity share of ` 100
each. Its current earnings are ` 10,00,000 p.a. The company wants to raise
additional funds of ` 25,00,000 by issuing new shares. The flotation cost is
expected to be 10% of the face value. Find out the cost of new equity capita!
given that the earnings are expected to remain same for coming years.
Q. 3.The following figures are taken from the current balance sheet of Delaware & Co.
Capital ` 8,00,000
Share Premium 2,00,000
Reserves 6,00,000
Shareholder’s funds 16,00,000
12% Perpetual debentures 4,00,000
An annual ordinary dividend of ` 2 per share has just been paid. In the past, ordinary
dividends have grown at a rate of 10 per cent per annum and this rate of growth is expected
to continue. Annual interest has recently been paid on the debentures. The ordinary shares
are currently quoted at ` 27.5 and the debentures at 80 per cent Ignore taxation.
You are required to estimate the weighted average cost of capital (based on market
values) for Delaware & Co.
: 10 : COST OF CAPITAL
Q. 4. The capital structure of XYZ & Co. is comprising of 8.57% debenture, 9% preference
share and some equity share of ` 100 each in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 5. The company is
considering to introduce additional capital to meet the needs of expansion plans by raising
10% loan from financial institutions. As a result of this proposal, the proportions of different
above sources would go down by 1/10, 1/15 and 1 /6 respectively.
In the light of the above proposal, find out the impact on the WACC of the firm given that
(i) tax rate is 30%, (ii) expected dividend of ` 9 at the end of the year; and (iii) the growth
rate, g, may be taken at 5%. No change is expected in dividends, growth rate, market
price of the share etc. after availing the proposed loan.
Q. 5. H Ltd-and Z Ltd. have the same levels of business risk and their market values and earnings
are summarised below :
H Ltd. Z Ltd.
Market Values :
Equity ` 6,00,000 ` 3,00,000
Debt ---- 2,50,000
6,00,000 5,50,000
Earnings 90,000 90,000
Less:Interest ---- 22,000
90,000 68,000
Calculate the post-tax cost of equity, cost of debt and weighted average cost of capital of
both the companies. Assume that the income-tax rate is 35% and the additional tax on
dividend distribution is 20%.
Q. 6. The following is the capital structure of Simons Company Ltd.

Equity shares: 10,000 shares (of `100 each) ` 10,00,000
10% Preference Shares (of `100 each) 4,00,000
20,00,000
The market price of the company's share is `110 and it is expected that a dividend of
` 10 per share would be declared after 1 year. The dividend growth rale is 6% :
(i) If the company is in the 40% Tax bracket, compute the weighted average cost of
capital.
(ii) Assuming that in order to finance an expansion plan, the company intends to borrow
a fund of ` 10 lacs bearing 11.67% rate of interest, what will be the company's
revised weighted average cost of capital? This financing decision is expected to
increase dividend from ` 10 to ` 12 per share. However, the market price of equity
share is expected to decline from ` 110 to ` 105 per share.
Q. 7. The following balances appear in the balance sheet of Nagraj Alloys Ltd.
Equity shares of ` 5 each ` 8,00,000
10% Pref. Shares of ` 10 each 5,00,000
Reserves & Surplus 6,00,000
The company is expected to earn an EBIT of ` 9,00,000 p.a. and the tax rate is 40%.
The current market prices of the equity and preference shares are ` 12 50 and ` 8
respectively. However, the debentures are being traded at par. Find oui the WACC
given that retained earnings and dividends are valued equally by shareholders.
Q. 8. ABC Ltd wishes to raise additional finance of ` 20 Lakhs for meeting its investment
plans. The Company has ` 4,00,000 in the form of Retained Earnings available for
investment purposes. The following are further details
1. Debt Equity Ratio 25:75.
2. Cost of Debt at the rate of 10% (before tax) upto ` 2,00,000 and 13% (before
tax) beyond that,
3. Earnings Per Share = ` 12.
4. Dividend Payout = 50% of Earnings.
5. Expected Growth Rate in Dividend 10%.
6. Current Market Price per Share = ` 60.
7. Company's Tax Rate is 30% and Shareholder's Personal Tax Rate is 20%
Calculate the following -
1. Post Tax Average Cost of Additional Debt.
2. Cost of Retained Earnings and Cost of Equity.
3. Overall Weighted Average (after tax) Cost of Additional Finance.
Q. 9. The R & G Co. has following capital structure at 31st March 2010, which is considered
to be optimum -
Particulars Amount (in ` )
11% Preference Share Capital 1,20,000
Equity Share Capital (2,00,000 Shares) 19,20,000
The Company's Share has a Current Market Price of ` 27.75 per Share. The expected
Dividend per Share in the next year is50% of the 2010 EPS. The EPS of last 10 years
is as follows. The past trends are expected to continue -
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EPS( ` ) 1.00 1.120 1.254 1.405 1.574 1.762 1.974 2.211 2.476 2.773
The Company can issue 14% New Debenture. The Company's Debenture is currently
selling at ` 98. The New Preference Issue can be sold at a net price of ` 9.80,
paying a dividend of ` 1.20 per Share. The Company's Marginal Tax Rate is 50%.
Required:
1. Calculate the After Tax Cost - (a) of new Debt and new Preference Share Capital,
(b) of ordinary Equity, assuming new Equity comes from Retained Earnings.
2. Calculate the Marginal Cost of Capital.
3. How much can be spent for Capital Investment before new ordinary share must
be sold? Assuming that retained earning available for next year's investment
are 50% of 2010 earnings.
4. What will be Marginal Cost of Capital (cost of fund raised in excess of the amount
calculated in Part (3), if the Company can sell new Ordinary Shares to net ` 20
per share? Cost of Debt and of Preference Capital is constant.
CHAPTER - 5
CAPITAL BUDGETING
Q. 1.Machine A costs ` 1,00,000 payable immediately. Machine B costs ` 1,20,000 half
payable immediately and half payable in one year's time. The cash receipts expected
are as follows :
Year (at end) Machine A Machine B
1 ` 20,000 —
2 60,000 ` 60,000
3 40,000 60,000
4 30,000 80,000
5 20,000 —
At 7% opportunity cost, which machine should be selected on the basis of NPV?
Q. 2. A company is considering a new project for which the invest-ment data are as follows:
Capital outlay ` 2,00,000
Depreciation 20% p.a.
Forecasted annual income before charging depreciation, but after all other charges
are as follows:
Year 1 ` 1,00,000
2 1,00,000
3 80,000
4 80,000
5 40,000
4,00,000
On the basis of the available data, set out calculations, illustrating and comparing
the following methods of evaluating the return :
(a) Payback method.
(b) Rate of return on original investment.
Q. 3.A company has to consider the following Project:

Cost ` 10,000
Cash inflows :
Year 1 ` 1,000
2 1,000
3 2,000
4 10,000
Compute the internal rate of return and comment on the project if the opportunity cost is 14%.
: 14 : CAPITAL BUDGETING
Q. 4.A firm whose cost of capital is 10% is considering two mutually exclusive projects X
and Y, the details of which are :
Year Project X Project Y
Cost 0 ` 1,00,000 ` 1,00,000
Cash inflows 1 10,000 50,000
2 20,000 40,000
3 30,000 20,000
4 45,000 10,000
5 60,000 10,000
Compute the Net Present Value at 10%, Profitability Index, and Internal Rate of Return
for the two projects.
Q. 5.P. Ltd. has a machine having an additional life of 5 years which costs ` 10,00,000 and
has a book value of ` 4,00,000. A new machine costing `20,00,000 is
available.Though its capacity is the same as that of the old machine, it will mean
a saving in variable costs to the extent of ` 7,00,000 per annum. The life of the
machine will be 5 years at the end of which it will have a scrap value of ` 2,00,000.
The rate of income-tax is 40% and P. Ltd.'s policy is not to make an investment if
the yield is less than 12% per annum. The old machine, if sold today, will realise
1,00,000; it will have no salvage value if sold at the end of 5 th year. Advise P. Ltd.
whether or not the old machine should be replaced.
Q. 6.The expected cash flows of three projects are given below. The cost of capital is 10
per cent.
(a) Calculate the payback period, net present value, internal rate of return and
accounting rate of return of each project.
(b) Show the rankings of the projects by each of the four methods.
Period Project A (`` ) Project B(` ` )
0 (5,000) (5,000)
1 900 700
2 900 800
3 900 900
4 900 1,000
5 900 1,100
6 900 1,200
7 900 1,300
8 900 1,400
9 900 1,500
10 900 1,600
Q. 7. Lockwood Limited wants to replace its old machine with a new automatic machine. Two
models A and B are available at the same cost of ` 5 lakhs each. Salvage value of the
old machine is ` 1 lakh. The utilities of the existing machine can be used if the company
purchases A. Additional cost of utilities to be purchased in that case are ` 1 lakh. If the
company purchases B then all the existing utilities will have to be replaced with new
utilities costing ` 2 lakhs. The salvage value of the old utilities will be ` 0.20 lakhs. The
earnings after taxation are expected to be:
(cash in-flows of)
Year A B P.V. Factor
` ` @ 15%
1 1,00,000 2,00,000 0.87
2 1,50,000 2,10,000 0.76
3 1,80,000 1,80,000 0.66
4 2,00,000 1,70,000 0.57
5 1,70,000 40,000 0.50
Salvage Value at the end of Year 5 50,000 60,000
The targeted return on capital is 15%. You are required to (i) Compute, for the two
machines separately, net present value, discounted payback period and desirability factor
and (ii) Advice which of the machines is to be selected.
Q. 8. A Hospital is considering to purchase a Diagnostic Machine costing ` 80,000. The pro-

jected life of the machine is 8 years, and it has an expected Salvage Value of ` 6,000
at the end of 8 years. The annual operating cost of the machine is ` 7,500. It is expected
to generate revenues of ` 40,000 per year for 8 years. Presently, the Hospital is
outsourcing the diagnostic work and is earning Commission Income of ` 12,000 per
annum, net of taxes.
Required: Whether it would be profitable for the Hospital to purchase the machine? Give
your recommendation under Net Present Value and Profitability Index Methods. PV
Factors at 10% are given below -
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PV Factor 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621 0.564 0.513 0.467
Q. 9. A Company is considering a proposal of installing a Drying Equipment. The equipment

would involve a cash outlay of its.6,00,000 and net Working Capital of ` 80,000. The
expected life of the project is 5 years without any salvage value. Assume that the Company
is allowed to charge depreciation on straight-line basis for income-tax purpose.
The estimated before-tax cash inflows are given below -
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Before Tax Cash Inflows (` ` 000s) 240 275 210 180 160
The applicable income tax rate to the Company is 35%. If the Company's
opportunity cost of capital is 12%, calculate the equipment's - (a) Discounted
Payback Period, (b) Payback Period, (c) NPV and (d) IRR.
Q. 10.WX Ltd has a machine which has been in operation for 3 years. Its remaining es-
timated useful life is 8 years with no salvage value in the end. Its current market value
is ` 2,00,000. The Company is considering a proposal to purchase a new model of
machine to replace the existing machine. The relevant information is as follows :
Particulars Existing Machine New Machine
Cost of Machine ` 3,30,000 ` 10,00,000
Estimated Life 8 Years 8 Years
Salvage Value Nil ` 40,000
Annual Output 30,000 units 75,000 units
Selling Price per unit ` 15 ` 15
Annual Operating Hours ` 15 3,000
Material Cost per unit ` 4 ` 4
Labour Cost per hour ` 40 ` 70
Indirect Cash Cost per annum ` 50,000 ` 65,000
The Company follows the Straight Line Method of Depreciation. The Corporate Tax
Rate is 30% and WX Ltd does not make any investment, if it yields less than 12%.
Present Value of Re.1 at 12% rate of discount, received at the end of the 8th year
is 0.404. Ignore Capital Gain Tax.
Q.11. Fill in the blanks of each of the following cases.

Assume that there are no salvage values for investments and no Income tax.
Project Life Cash initial Cost of IRR NPV PI

(in years) inflows p.a investment Capital
ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

CHAPTER - 7
Q. 1. Grow More Ltd. is presently operating at 60% level, producing 36,000 units per annum. In
view of favourable market conditions, it has been decided that from 1st January 2014, the
company would operate at 90% capacity. The following informations are available :
(i) Existing cost price structure per unit is given below :
Raw material ` 4.00
Wages 2.00
Overheads (Variable) 2.00
Overheads (Fixed) 1.00
Profits 1.00
(ii) It is expected that the cost of raw material, wages rate, expenses and sales
per unit will remain unchanged.
(iii) Raw materials remain in stores for 2 months before these are issued to
production. These units remain in production process for 1 month.
(iv) Finished goods remain in godown for 2 months.
(v) Credit allowed to debtors is 2 months. Credit allowed by creditors is 3 months.
(vi) Lag in wages and overhead payments is 1 month. It may be assumed that wages
and overhead accrue evenly throughout the production cycle.
You are required to :
(a) Prepare profit statement at 90% capacity level ; and
(b) Calculate the working requirements on an estimated basis to sustain the
increased production level.
Assumptions made if any, should be clearly indicated.
Q. 2. ABC Ltd. is currently producing 2000 units per month. It is contemplating to increasing the
monthly production to 4000 units by working an extra shift in such a way that the work
started in the first shift will continue in the extra shift. A quantity discount of 10% on all
purchase of raw material is expected from supplier. The selling price, variable costs and
fixed costs would remain same. Following is the income statement for the current year :
Income Statement
Sales (24,000 x ` 18) ` 4,32,000
Less : Raw Material (24,000 x ` 6) ` 1,44,000
Wages - Variable (24,000 x ` 3) 72,000
- Fixed 48,000
Overheads - Variable (24,000 x 1) 24,000
- Fixed 96,000 3,84,000
Profit 48,000
: 18 : ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL
Other Information :
(a) The credit period allowed to customers is 3 months and would remain same.
(b) The lag period for payment of suppliers would remain same at 2 months.
(c) Wages and overheads are paid with a lag of half a month and would be same.
(d) Finished goods stock at present is maintained at 4500 units. Raw material
holding period is 3 months.
(e) The work-in-progress period is 1 month and is valued at prime cost.
You are required to prepare the income statement for next year after the increase in
monthly production is introduced. Also find out the working capital requirement, both
at present and for next year.
Q. 3. Shellcal Limited sells goods at a uniform rate of gross profit of 20% on sales including
depreciation as part of cost of production. Its annual figure are as under :
(` )
Sales (At 2 months' credit) 24,00,000
Materials consumed (Suppliers credit 2 months) 6,00,000
Wages paid (Monthly at the beginning of the subsequent month) 4,80,000
Manufacturing expenses (Cash expenses are paid - one month in arrear) 6,00,000
Administration expenses (Cash expenses are paid - one month in arrear) 1,50,000
Sales promotion expenses (Paid quarterly in advance) 75,000
The company keeps one month stock each of raw materials and finished goods. A
minimum cash balance of ` 80,000 is always kept. The company wants to adopt a
10% safety margin in the maintenance of working capital. The company has not
work - in - progress.
Find out the requirements of working capital of the company on cash cost basis.
Q. 4. From the following information of XYZ Ltd., you are required to calculate :
(a) Net operating cycle period.
(b) Number of operating cycles ina year.
(` )
(i) Raw material inventory consumed during the year 6,00,000
(ii) Average stock of raw material 50,000
(iii) Work-in-progress inventory 5,00,000
(iv) Average work-in-progress inventory 30,000
(v) Finished goods inventory 8,00,000
(vi) Average finished goods stock held 40,000
(vii) Average collection period from debtors 45 days
(ix) No. of days in a year 360 days

Q. 5. The following figures and ratios are related to a company:
(i) Sales for the year (all credit) ` 30,00,000
(ii) Gross Profit ratio 25 percent
(iii) Fixed assets turnover (based on cost of goods sold) 1.5
(iv) Stock turnover (based on cost of goods sold) 6
(v) Liquid ratio 1:1
(vi) Current ratio 1.5 : 1
(vii) Debtors collection period 2 months
(viii) Reserves and surplus to Share capital 0.6 : 1
(ix) Capital gearing ratio 0.5
(x) Fixed assets to net worth 1.20 : 1
You are required to prepare:
(a) Balance Sheet of the company on the basis of above details.
(b) The statement showing working capital requirement, if the company wants to
make a provision for contingencies @ 10 percent of net working capital
including such provision.

RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER - 8
Q. 1.Radiance Garments Ltd. manufacturers ready-made garments and sells them on credit
basis through a network of dealers. Its present sale is ` 60 lakhs per annum with 20
days credit basis through a network of dealers. The company is contemplating an
increase in the credit period with a view to increasing sales. Present variable costs are
70% of sales and the total fixed costs ` 8 lakhs per annum. The company expects
pre-tax return on investment @ 25%. Some other details are given as under :
Proposed Credit Policy Average Collection Period Expected Annual Sales
(days) (` Lakhs)
I 30 65
II 40 70
III 50 74
IV 60 75
Required : Which credit policy should the company adopt? Present your answer in
a tabular form. Assume 360 days a year. Calculations should be made upto two
digits after decimal.
Q. 2.A company has prepared the following projections for a year :

Sales 21,000 units
Selling Price per unit ` 40
Variable Costs per unit ` 25
Total Costs per unit ` 35
Credit Period Allowed One month
The company proposes to increase the credit period allowed to its customers from
one month to two months. It is envisaged that the change in the policy as above will
increase the sales by 8%. The company desires a return of 25% on its investment.
You are required to examine and advise whether the proposed Credit Policy should
be implemented or not.
Q. 3.A company is presently having credit sales of ` 12 lakh. The existing credit terms are
1/10, net 45 days and average collection period is 30 days. The current bad debts
loss is 1.5%. In order to accelerate the collection process further as also to increase
sales, the company is contemplating liberalization of its existing credit terms of 2/
10, net 45 days. It is expected that sales are likely to increase by 1/3 of existing
sales, bad debts increase to 2% of sales and average collection period to decline
to 20 days. The contribution to sales ratio of the company is 22% and opportunity
cost of investment in receivables is 15 percent (pre-tax). 50 per cent and 80 per
cent of customers in terms of sales revenue are expected to avail cash discount
under existing and liberalization scheme respectively. The tax rate is 30%.
Should the company change its credit terms? (Assume 360 days in a year).
: 21 : RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENT
Q. 4. A company currently has an annual turnover of ` 50 lakhs and an average collection
period of 30 days. The company wants to experiment with a more liberal credit
policy on the ground that increase in collection period will generate additional sales.
From the following information, kindly indicate which policy the company should adopt:
Credit Policy Average Collection Period Annual Sales ( ` lakhs)
A 45 days 56
B 60 days 60
C 75 days 62
D 90 days 63
Costs : Variable cost : 80% of sales
Fixed Cost : ` 6 lakhs per annum
Required (pre-tax) return on investment : 20%
A year may be taken to comprise of 360 days.
Q.5. A Ltd has total sales of ` 3.2 crores and its average collection period is 90 days.
The past experience indicates that bad-debts losses are 1.5% on sales. the
expenditure incurred by the firm in administering its reveivable collection efforts are
5,00,000. A factor is prepared to buy firm's receivable by charging 2% commission.
The factor will pay advance on reveivable to the firm at an interest rate of 18%
p.a. withholding 10% as Reserves. Calculate efective lost of factoring to the firm.
: 22 : RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER - 9
FUND FLOW STATEMENT
Q. 1. Balance Sheets of OP Ltd. as on 31st March 2013 and 2014 are as follows :
Additional Information :
1. New Machinery for 3,00,000 was purchased but an Old Machinery Costing 1,45,000
was sold for 50,000, and Accumulated Depreciation thereon was 75,000.
2. 10% Debentures were redeemed at 20% premium.
3. Investments were sold for 45,000, and its profit was transferred to General Reserve.
4. Income - tax paid during the year 2013-2014 was 80,000.
5. An Interim Dividend of 1,20,000 has been paid during the year 2013-2014.
6. Assume the Provision for Taxation as Current Liability and Proposed Dividend
as Non - Current Liability.
7. Investments are Non - Trade Investments.
Prepare :
(a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital, and
(b) Funds Flow Statement.
: 23 : FUND FLOW STATEMENT

Q. 2. The following are the Balance Sheets of Gama Limited for the year ending 31st March,
2013 and 31st March 2014.
Note : Debtors are net of Provision for Doubtful Debts of 45,000 and 56,250
respectively for 2013 and 2014 respectively.
1. During the year 2013-2014, Fixed Assets with a Net Book Value of 11,250
(Accumulated Depreciation = 33,750) was sold for 9,000.
2. During 2013-2014, Investments costing 90,000 were sold, and also

Investments costing 90,000 were purchased.
3. Debentures were retired at a premium of 10%.
4. Tax of 61,875 was paid for 2012-2013.
5. During the year 2013-2014, Bad Debts of 15,750 were written off against the
Provision for Doubtful Debts A/c.
6. The Proposed Dividend for 2012-2013 was paid in 2013-2014.
Prepare a Funds Flow Statement (Statement of Changes in Financial Position on

Working Capital basis) for the year ended 31st March, 2014.

Q. 3. Following are the Financial Statements of Zed Ltd. (in )
Balance Sheet
Income Statement for the year ended March 31, 2014 (in )
Net Sales 13,50,000
Less : Cost of Goods Sold and Operating Expenses 12,58,950
(including Depreciation on Buildings of ` 6,600 and Depreciation on Machinery of ` 11,400)
Net Operating Profit 91,050
Gain on Sale of Trade Investments 6,400
Gain on Sale and Machinery 1,850
Profits before Tax 99,300
Income - Tax 48,250
Profits after Tax 51,050
1. Machinery with a Net Book Value of 9,150 was sold during the year.
2. The Shares of 'A' Ltd. were acquired by Issue of Debentures.
Prepare a Fund Flow Statement (Statement of Changes in Financial position on

Working Capital basis) for the year ended March 31, 2014.

Q. 4. From the following summarized Balance Sheets of a Company, as at 31st March, you are
required to prepare Funds Flow Statement. All working should form part of your answer.
1. During the year, additional equity capital was issued to the extent of 25,000
by way of bonus shares fully paid up.
2. Final dividend on preference shares and an interim dividend of 4,000 on
equity shares were paid on 31st March, 2014.
3. Proposed dividends for the year ended 31st March, 2013 were paid in October, 2014.
4. Movement in Reserve for replacement of machinery account represents transfer
to Profit and Loss Account.
5. During the year, one item of plant was upvalued by 3,000 and credit for this
was taken in the Profit and Loss Account.
6. 1,700 being expenditure of fixed assets for the year ended 31st March, 2013
wrongly debited to Sundry Debtors then, was corrected in the next year.
7. Fixed Assets costing 6,000 (accumulated depreciation 4,800) were sold
for 250. Loss arising therefrom was written off.
8. Preference shares redeemed during the year were out of a fresh issue of equity
shares. Premium paid on redemption was 10%.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

CHAPTER - 10
Q. 1.The Balance Sheet of Sagar Ltd. are as follows :
Balance Sheet as on 31st December
Liabilities 2013 2014 Assets 2013 2014
` ` ` `
Equity Share Capital 1,50,000 2,50,000 Goodwill 55,000 45,000
General Reserve ---- 30,000 Land & Building 80,000 90,000
Profit & Loss A/c ---- 29,000 Plant and Machinery 40,000 1,00,000
Debentures 1,00,000 ---- Stock 42,000 53,000
Sundry Creditors 57,000 46,000 Debtors 90,000 98,000
Bills Payable 30,000 6,000 Bills Receivable 8,000 12,000
Provision for Tax ---- 25,000 Prepaid Expenses 6,000 4,000
Proposed Dividend ---- 20,000 Cash in Hand 10,000 4,000
Profit & Loss A/c 6,000 ----
Total 3,37,000 4,06,000 3,37,000 4,06,000
1. During the year 2014 Depreciation of ` 8,000/- and ` 10,000/- have been
charged on Land & Building and Plant & Machinery respectively.
2. An Interim Dividend of ` 7,500 was paid during the year 2014.
3. During the year 2014 Machinery having a Book value of ` 8,000 was sold for
` 7,000.
Prepare a Cash Flow Statement (by Indirect Method) f or the year ended
31st December, 2014 as per AS 3.
Q. 2. The Balance Sheet JK Limited as on 31st March for two years are given below - (` 000s)
Liabilities Year 1 Year 2 Assets Year 1 Year 2
Share Capital 1,440 1,920 Fixed Assets 3,840 4,560
Capital Reserve ---- 48 Less : Depreciation 1,104 1,392
General Reserve 816 960 Net Block 2,736 3,168
P & L A/c 288 360 Investments 480 384
9% Debentures 960 672 Cash 210 312
Current Liabilities 576 624 Other Current Assets
Proposed Dividend 144 174 (including Stock) 1,134 1,272
Provision for Tax 432 408 Preliminary Expenses 96 48
Unpaid Dividend ---- 18
Total 4,656 5,184 Total 4,656 5,184
: 27 : CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Prepare a Cash Flow Statement from the above and the following additional information:
(a) During the year, certain Fixed Assets with a book value of ` 2,40,000
(Accumulated Depreciation ` 84,000) was sold for ` 1,20,000.
(b) Provided ` 4,20,000 as Depreciation.
(c) Some Investment are sold at a profit of ` 48,000 and Profit was credited to
capital Reserve.
(d) It decided that Stocks to be valued at Cost, whereas previously the practice was
to value Stock at Cost less 10%. The Stock was ` 2,59,200 as on 31st March of
Year 1. The Stocks as on 31st March of Year 2 was correctly valued at ` 3,60,000.
(e) Decided to write off Fixed Assets costing ` 60,000 on which depreciation of
` 48,000 has been provided.
(f) Debentures are redeemed at ` 105.
Q. 3. Prepare a Cash Flow Statement as per AS 3 (Revised) from the following information -
(Direct & Indirect Method)
Summarized Balance Sheet of XYZ Ltd. as on 31st March, 2013 and 2014. (` in 000')
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2014
Particulars ` 000s Particulars ` 000s
To Opening Stock 806 By Sales 6,331
To Purchases 2,080 By Closing Stock 1,105
To Wages 650
To Gross Profit c/d 3,900
Total 7,436 Total 7,436
Particulars ` 000s Particulars ` 000s

To Depreciation 390 By Gross Profit b/d 3,900
To Office Expenses 390 By Discount 39
To Rent 130 By Commission 91
To Selling & Distribution Expenses 780 By Dividend 260
To Income - tax 1,040
To Net Profit c/d 1,560
To Dividend 650 By Balance b/d 1,690
To Balance c/d 2,600 By Net Profit b/d 1,560
Q. 4. Balance Sheet of a Company as on 31st March, 20X1 and 20X2 were as follows :
1. Investments were sold during the year at a profit of ` 15,000.
2. During the year, an old machine costing ` 80,000 was sold for ` 36,000. Its
WDV was ` 45,000.
3. Depreciation charged on Plant and Machinery at 20% on the Opening Balance.
4. There was no purchase or sale of Land and Building.
5. Provision for tax made during the year was ` 96,000.
6. Preference Shares were issued for consideration of cash during the year.
From the above, prepare -
(a) Cash Flow Statement as per AS - 3
(b) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital.

Q. 5.X Ltd. has the following balance as the beginning of a financial year.
` `
`
The Company made the following estimates for the financial year :
1. The Company will pay a free of tax dividend of 10% of rate of tax being 25%.
2. The Company will acquire Fixed Assets costing ` 1,90,000 after selling one
machine for ` 38,000 costing ` 95,000 and on which depreciation provided
amounted to ` 66,500.
3. Stocks and Debtors, Creditors and Bills Payable at the end of financial year
are expected to be ` 5,60,500, ` 1,48,200 and ` 98,800 respectively.
4. The Profit would be ` 1,04,500 after depreciation of ` 1,14,000.
Prepare Projected Cash Flow Statement & ascertain the Bank Balances of X Ltd.
at the end of the financial year.
Q. 6.The Balance Sheet of X Ltd. as on 31st March, 2010 is as follows :
The following additional information is available :

1. Stock Turnover Ratio based on Cost of Goods Sold would be 6 times.
2. Cost of Fixed Assets to Sales Ratio would be 1.4.
3. Fixed Assets costing ` 30,00,000 to be installed on 1st April 2010, Payment
would be made on 31st March, 2011.
4. In March, 2011, a dividend of 7% on Equity Capital would be paid.
5. ` 5,50,000, 11% Debentures would be issued on 1st April, 2010.
6. ` 30,00,000, Equity Shares would be issued on 31st March, 2011.
7. Creditors would be 25% of Materials Consumed.
8. Debtors would be 10% of Sales.
9. Cost of Goods Sold would be 90% of Sales, including Materials 40% and
Depreciation 5% of Sales.
10. The Profit is subject to Debenture Interest and Taxation at 30%.
Prepare :
1. Projected Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2011, and
2. Projected Cash Flow Statement in accordance with AS 3.

CHAPTER - 11
CASH BUDGETS
Q. 1. Prepare monthly cash forecast for the company XYZ Ltd. for the quarter ending
31st March, from the following details :
(i) Opening balance as on 1st January is ` 22,000.
(ii) Its estimated sale for the month of January and February ` 1,00,000 each
and for the month of March is ` 1,20,000. The sale for November and
December of the previous year have been ` 1,00,000 each.
(iii) Cash and credit sales are estimated 20% and 80% respectively.
(iv) The receivables from credit sales are expected to be collected as follows :
50% of the receivable on an average of one month from the date of sales ;
and balance 50% after the two months from the date of sale. No bad debts
on the realization of sales.
(v) Other anticipated receipt is ` 5,000 from the sale of machine in March.
The forecast of payment is as follows :
(a) The purchase of materials worth ` 40,000 in January and February and
materials worth ` 48,000 in March.
(b) The payments for these purchases are made approximately a month after the
purchase. The purchase for December of the previous year have been
` 40,000 for which the payment will be made in January.
(c) Miscelleneous cash purchase of ` 2,000 per month.
(d) The wages payments are expected to be ` 1,500 per month.
(e) Manufacturing expenses are expected to be ` 20,000 per month.
(f) General selling expenses are expected to be ` 10,000 per month.
(g) A machine worth ` 50,000 is proposed to be purchased on cash in March.
Q. 2. Lal & Co. has given the forecast sales for January 2014 to July 2014 and actual
sales for November and December 2013 as under. With the other particulars given,
prepare a Cash Budget for the months i.e. from January to May 2014.
(i) Sales
November ` 1,60,000
December ` 1,40,000
January ` 1,60,000
February ` 2,00,000
March ` 1,60,000
April ` 2,00,000
May ` 1,80,000
June ` 2,40,000
July ` 2,00,000
: 31 : CASH BUDGETS
(ii) Sales 20% cash, and 80% credit, credit period two months.
(iii) Variable expenses 5% on turnover, time lag of half month.
(iv) Commission 5% on credit sale payable in two months.
(v) Purchases are 60% of the sales. Payment will be made in 3rd month of purchases.
(vi) Rent ` 6,000 paid every month.
(vii) Other payments : Fixed assets purchases - February ` 36,000 and March
` 1,00,000 ; Taxes - April 40,000.
(viii) Opening cash balance ` 50,000.
Q. 3. Vivek & Co. are manufacturers of check valves which are sold at ` 50 each. The
cost data are :
(a) Variable manufacturing cost : ` 25 per unit.
(b) Variable selling expenses : ` 5 per unit.
(c) Fixed manufacturing cost paid in cash : ` 1.5 lacs.
Fixed selling expenses : ` 1 lac payable in cash each month.
(d) Depreciation : ` 30,000 per month.
Other Information :
(i) The company's policy is to hold at the end of each month an inventory of
finished goods representing targeted production for next two months. Opening
inventory on 1st January was 30,000 units.
(ii) The raw material required each month is purchased in cash which is included
in Variable manufacturing cost of ` 25. No inventory of raw material is held.
(iii) All sales are on credit. Collection is 50% in the same month and the balance
in the following month. The debtors balance was ` 4 lacs on 1st Janaury.
(iv) All manufacturing costs are paid in cash in the month of production.
(v) The company pays 80% of its Variable selling expenses in the month of sale
and the balance in the following month. On 1st January, the company owed
` 25,000 for December expenses.
(vi) The minimum desired cash balance is ` 50,000 which is held on 1st January.
(vii) The company borrows at the beginning of the month and repays at the end,
amount available in excess of ` 50,000.
Ignore interest.
(viii) The sales budget is :
Month Units Month Units
January 15,000 February 20,000
March 25,000 April 27,000
May 30,000 June 30,000
Prepare cash budget of the company (i) for January, February and March ; and
(ii) in total.
: 32 : CASH BUDGETS
SOLUTIONS
ACCOUNTING RATIOS
Ans. 1. Balance Sheet as at 31st March 2014

Liabilities ` ` Assets ` `
Net Worth Plant & Machinery
Equity Share Capital 4,00,000 and other F.A. 4,25,000
Reserves and Surplus 6,00,000 10,00,000
Current Assets
Total Debt Inventory 7,00,000
Current Liabilities 5,00,000 Debtors 3,33,333
Cash 41,667 10,75,000
15,00,000 15,00,000
Working Notes:
(i) Total Debt to Net Worth = 1:2
Total Debt : Net Worth
1 : 2
p p
(?) 10,00,000
= 5,00,000
(ii) Total Assets tuneover = 2

Sales
2 =
Total Assets
Sales ? Sales = 30,00,000

2 =
15,00,000
(iii) Avg collection period = 40 days

C/g Debtors x 360
40 =
Cr. sales
? c/g Debtors = 30,00,000 x 40 = 3,33,333
360
(iv) Inventory Turnover
COGS
=
clg stock
3 = sales (-) G.P.

Clg .stock
21,000 ? clg Stock = 7,00,000

3
Clg. Stock
:1 :
QA = Debtors + Cash
v Quick Ratio =
QL Current Liabilities
0.75 = 3,33,333 + Cash

5,00,000
? Cash = 41,667
(vi) Since QR is 1:1; it indicates for ` 1 of CL we have ` 1 o f QA.
CR of 1.5:1 indicates for ` 1 of CL we have 1.5 of CA to repay CA
Stock + QA : CL
0.5 + 1 1
p p p
3,75,000 (?) (?)
= 7,50,000 7,50,000
Ans. 2.(a) Balance Sheet as at 31st March

Liabilities ` ` Assets ` `
Fixed Assets 15,00,000
Net worth
Share Capital 7,81,250
Reserves & surplus 4,68,750 12,50,000 Current Assets
Stock 3,75,000
Debt 6,25,000
Debtors 5,00,000
Cash Bank 2,50,000 11,25,000
26,25,000 26,25,000
Working notes:
(a) G.P. Ratio = 25%
Sales = COGS+ GP
100 = 75 25
30,00,000 (?)
= 22,50,000
(b) FA Turnover = 1.5

COGS 1.5 = 22,50,000 ? FA = 15,00,000
1.5 =
FA FA
(c) Stock Turnover = 6

COGS
6 =
STOCK Stock 22,50,000 = 3,75,000
6
:2 :
(d) Fixed Assets : Net worth
1.2 : 1
p p
(?) 12,50,000
= 15,00,000
(e) Capital gearIng Ratio = 0.5 : 1

Debt : Equity
0.5 : 1
p p
(?) : 12,50,000
= 6,25,000
(f) Reserves : Share capital

0.6 : 1
? Reserves 0.6 o (?) 4,68,750

+ Capital 1 o(?)
o 7,81,250
Net Worth 1.6 o 12,50,000
(g) Debtors collection period

Clg Debtors x 12
2 =
Cr. Sales
2 = Clg Debters x 12 ? Clg Debtors = 5,00,000

30,00,000
Ans. 3. (i) Average inventory

Stock turnover = COGS
Avg stock
6 = Sales (-) G.P.
Avg stock
30,00,000 (-) 7,50,000
6 =
Avg stock
? Avg. stock = 3,75,000
(ii) Purchases=
Let opening stock beF
? closing stock will be F
FF+ 80,000
Avg stock =
2
? 3,75,000 x 2 = 2F 80,000
2F = 6,70,000
? F = 3,35,000
:3 :
? Opg stock = 3,35,000
? Clg stk = 4,15,000
Opening stock +Purchase (-) clg stk = COGS

3,35,000+ Purchase - 4,15,000 = 22,50,000
? Purchase - 4,15,000 - 23,30,000
(iii) Average Debtors

Debtors turnover = Credit sales
Avg Debtors
8= 24,00,000 ? Avg Debtors = 3,00,000

Avg Debtors
Let the credit sales be F
? Cash sales be will be 0.25 F
FF= 3,00,000
? F
(iv) Average creditors

Cr Purchase
Creditors Turnover =
Avg Creditors
10 = 21,00,000 ? Average Crs. = 2,10,000
Avg Crs.
(v) Avg Payment Period

1 x 365
=
Creditors turnover
= 1
x 365 = 36.5 days
10
(vi) Avg collection Period

1 x 365
=
Debtors turnover
1
= x 365 = 45.625
8
(vii) Current Assets & Current Liabilities
CR = 2.4 :1
W.C = CA (-) CL
p p p
1.4 2.4 1
p p p
2,80,000 (?) (?)
= 4,80,000 2,00,000
? CA = 4,80,000
CL = 2,00,000
:4 :
Ans. 4. (i) Quick Ratio
Q.A = Cash + Debtors + Short term Invetsments
=
Q.L C.L.
= 1,60,000 + 4,00,000 + 3,20,000

10,00,000
= 8,80,000
10,00,000 = 0.88 : 1
(ii) Debt Equity Ratio
Debt = 10% Debentures
Equity E.S.C + Retained Earnings
= 16,00,000 = 0.57 : 1
20,00,000 + 8,00,000
(iii) ROCE = EBIT x 100

Capital Employed
= 12,00,000 x 100 = 27.27%

16,00,000 + 28,00,000
(iv) Avg colln period

Debtors x 360
=
Cr.Sales
4,00,000 x 360 = 45 days

=
32,00,000
Ans. 5. (i) Current ratio = Current Assets = 2.5 : 1

Current Liabilities
WC = CA (-) CL
p p p
1.5 2.5 1
p p p
4,50,000 (?) (?)
? CA = 7,50,000
CL = 3,00,000
(ii) Total Asset turnover = 2
Sales
2 = Total assets
[ FA + CA]
? Sales = 2 x [ 10,00,000 + 7,50,000]
sales = 35,00,000
(iii) Stock turnover = COGS =7
Avg. stock
COGS
7 =
Avg. stock
Sales (-) G.P.
7 =
Avg. stock
? Avg stock = 4,00,000
:5 :
(iv) Avg stock = Clg stock + Opening stock
2
4,00,000 = Clg Stk + 3,80,000

2
? Clg stk = 4,20,000
(v) F.A. turnover

Sales 35,00,000
= = = 3.5 times
F.A. 10,00,000
(vi) Total funds = Fixed assets + Working capital

= 10,00,000 + 4,50,000
= 14,50,000
? Capital employed = 14,50,000

Debt equity
1 1.5
Debt 1 o (?) 5,80,000
+ Equity 1.5 o(?)
o 8,70,000
Capital employed 2.5 o14,50,000
o
Equity = 8,70,000
Eq. share Cap. P.S.C R&S

6,00,000 2,00,000 70,000
(vii) Proprietory Ratio
= Prop. Funds
Total Assets
= 8,70,000 = 0.5 times

17,50,000
(viii) Return on Total Assets

15 = PAT x 100 ? PAT = 2,62,500
17,50,000
PAT 2,62,500
(-) P.D. (18,000)
Earnings for E.S.H.S 2,44,500
yno. of equity shares 60,000
EPS 4.075
(xi) PE Ratio = MPS = 16 = 3.93 times

EPS 4.075
:6 :
Summary
(i) Quick ratio = QA = CA (-) stk = 7,50,000 (-) 4,20,000 = 1.1 : 1
QL CL 3,00,000
(ii) FA turnover = 3.5 times
(iii) Prop.Ratio = 0.5
(iv) EPS = 4.075
(v) PE Ratio = 3.93 times
Ans. 6. (i) Average stock = Opg stk+ Clg Stock = ( 2407 + 2867)
2 2
= 2637
Stock turnover = COGS = 20,860 = 7.91 times

Avg stock 2637
(ii) Financial Leverage
= EBIT = 170 = 2.98 times
EBT 57
(iii) Average capital emplyed
opg Cap.employed + clg cap employed
=
2
4555 + 5947 = 5251
=
2
EBIT x 100 = 170 x100
ROI =
Avg cap.employed 5251
= 3.24%
EAT x100
(iv) ROE =
Avg. equity share holder funds
34 x 100 = 1.77 %
=
1472 +2377
2
(v) Average colln period

Avg Debtors x 365
=
Cr.sales
116 + 1495 x 365

=
2
22,165
= 22 days
:7 :
Ans. 7. (a) Calculation of operating expenses.
Sales 6,00,000
Less: COGS 18,00,000
G.P. 42,00,000
Less: Operating Exp. 33,90,000
EBIT 8,10,000
Less: Interest on Debentures 60,000
EBT 7,50,000
Less: Tax @ 50% 3,75,000
EAT @ 6.25% 3,75,000
Balance Sheet as at 31st March
Share capital 10,50,000 Fixed Assets 17,00,000
Reserves & Surplus 4,50,000 Stock 1,50,000
15% Debentures 4,00,000 Debtors 2,00,000
Sundary creditors 2,00,000 Cash 50,000
21,00,000 21,00,000
Stock T/O = COGS
Clg stk
12 = 18,00,000 ?closing stock = 1,50,000
Closing stock
CR = CA = 2
CL
2 = CA ? CA = 4,00,000
2,00,000
Ineventory Debtors Cash /Bank

1,50,000 2,00,000 50,000
Return on Net Worth

= EAT x 100
Equity
25 = 3,75,000 x 100
equity
? Equity = 2,50,000
7:3
Share capital R&S
= 10,50,000 4,50,000
:8 :
LEVERAGES
Ans. 1. Income Statement
` `
` ` ` `
`
EBIT
` `
` `
Ans. 2. Estimation of Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL), Degree of Financial Leverage

(DFL) and Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL)
P Q R
Output (in units) 2,50,000 1,25,000 7,50,000
Selling Price (per unit) 7.50 7 10
Sales Revenues 18,75,000 8,75,000 75,00,000
Less: Variable Cost 12,50.000 2,50,000 56,25,000
Contribution Margin 6,25,000 6,25,000 18,75,000
Less: Fixed Cost 5,00,000 2,50,000 10,00,000
EBIT 1,25,000 3,75,000 8,75,000
Less: Interest Expense 75,000 25,000 -
EBT 50,000 3,50,000 8,75,000
Contribution 5 1.67 2.14
DOL = EBIT
DFL= EBIT 2.5 1.07 -
EBT
DCL = DOLx DFL 12.5 1.79 2.14
Ans. 3. Contribution:
C = S - V and
EBIT = C- F
10,00,000 = C - 20,00,000
?C
? = 30,00,000
Operating leverage = C / EBIT = 30,00,000/10,00,000 = 3 times
Financial leverage - EBIT/EBT = 10,00,000/8,00,000 = 1.25 times
Combined leverage = OL x FL = 3 x 1.25 = 3.75 times
: 10 :
Where, C = Contribution
S = Sales
V = variable cost
Ans. 4. (i) DCL = DOL x DFL

2.8 = 1.4 x DFL
DFL =2
C x 100
(ii) Operating leverage =
C-F
C
1.4 =
C - 2,04,000
1.4 (C - 2,04,000) = C
1.4 C - 2,85,600 = C
2,85,600
C = 0.4
C = 7,14,000
C x 100
P/V ratio =
S
P/V ratio = 7,14,000 x 100 = 23.8%
30,00,000
Therefore, P/V Ratio = 23.8%
Profit after tax
EPS =
No. of equity shares
EBT = Sales - V - FC - Interest
= 30,00,000 - 22,86,000 - 2,04,000 - 2,55,000 = 2,55,000
PAT = EBT - Tax
= 2,55,000 - 76,500 = 1,78,500
1,78,500 = 1.05
EPS =
1,70,000
Sales 30,00,000
(iii) Assets turnover = = = 0.784
Total Assets 38,25,000
0.784 < 1.5 means lower than industry turnover.
Operating FC + Interest = 2.04,000 + 2,55,000 = 19,28,571
(iv) Overall BEP =
P/V ratio 23.8%
Therefore, at 19,28,571 level of sales, the Earnings before Tax of the company
will be equal to zero.
Ans. 5. `
Sales 24,00,000
Less: Variable cost (12,00,000)
Contribution 12,00,000
Less: Fixed cost (10,00,000)
EBIT 2,00,000
Less: Interest (1,00,000)
EBT 1,00,000
Less: Tax (50%) (50,000)
EAT 50,000
No. of equity shares 10,000
EPS 5
: 11 :
(a) Operating Leverage = 12,00,000 = 6 times
2,00,000
(b) Financial Leverage = 2,00,000 = 2 times
1,00,000
(c) Combined Leverage = DOL x DFL - 6 x 2 = 12 times.
(d) R.O.E. = 50,000 x 100 = 5%
10,00,000
(e) Operating Leverage = 6
% age change in EBIT %
6 =
% age change in Sales
6 x 25% = % age change in EBIT

? % age change in EBIT = 150%
Increase in EBIT = ` 2,00,000 x 150% = ` 3,00,000
New EBIT = 5,00,000
Ans. 6.(a) Calculation of Degree of Operating (DOL), Financial (DFL) and Combined
leverages(DCL).
` 3,40,000 - ` 60,000
DOL = = 1.27
` 2,20,000
DFL = 2,20,000
1,60,000
DCL = DOL x DFL = 1.27 x 1.37 = 1.75
(b) Earnings per share at the new sales level
Increase by 20% Decrease by 20%

(` ) `)
(`
Sales level 4,08,000 2,72,000
Less: Variable expenses 72,000 48,000
Less: Fixed cost 60,000 60,000
Earnings before interest and taxes 2,76,000 1,64,000
Less: Interest 60,000 60,000
Earnings before taxes 2,16,000 1,04,000
Less: Taxes 75,600 36,400
Earnings after taxes (EAT) 1,40,400 67,600
Number of equity shares 80,000 80,000
EPS 1.75 0.84
Working Notes:
(i) Variable Costs = ` 60,000 (total cost - depreciation)
(ii) Variable Costs at:
(a) Sales level, ` 4,08,000 = ` 72,000
(b) Sales level, ` 2,72,000 = ` 48,000
Alternatively we could have used the concept of leverage and we could
have answered the required part.
: 12 :
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Ans. 1. Calculation of Earning Per share under the three options:
P articulars Option I Option II Option III
(Equity Only) (Debenturesonly) (Equity & Debentures)
Number of Equity shares (lakhs):
Existing 10 10 10.00
New issued 2 - 0.50
50L 25L
25 50
Total 12 10 10.50
1 6% debentures NIL 50 25
Estimated total Income:
From current Operations 60 60 60
From new projects 40 40 40
EBIT 100 100 100
Less: Interest on 16% debentures ---- 8 4
Profit before tax 100 92 96
Less: Tax at 50% (50) (46) (48)
Profit after tax 50 46 48
EPS ` 4.17 ` 4.60 ` 4.57
Advise : Option II i.e., issue of 16% debentures is most suiatable to maximise the
earning per share.
Ans. 2. Statement showing calculation of EPS

Plan I Plan II Plan III
EBIT ` 2,50,000 ` 3,50,000 ` 5,00,000
Less: Interest @ 10% (10,000) (10,000) (10,000)
@ 14% ------ (28,000) (56,000)
@ 18% ---- ---- 18,000
EBT 2,40,000 3,12,000 4,16,000
Less: Tax @ 50% (1,20,000) (1,56,000) (2,08,000)
EAT 1,20,000 1,56,000 2,08,000
No. of shares 30,000 23,333 13,333
EPS ` 4.00 ` 6.68 ` 15.60
EPS is highest at ` 15.60 in Plan III, so may be accepted by the company.
Note: It has been presumed that the issue of equity shares has been made at ` 30
in each case.
Ans. 3. Capital Structure (Amount in ` )

Particulars Plan I Plan II Plan III Plan IV
Equity share capital (old) 10,00,000 10,00,000 10,00,000 10,00,000
Equity share capital (new) 6,00,000 4,00,000 3,00,000 3,00,000
12% long term loan - 2,00,000 - -
9% Debentures - - 3,00,000 -
6% Preference shares - - - 3,00,000
: 13 :
Statement showing computation of EPS and Financial Leverage (Amount in `)
Particulars Plan I Plan II Plan III PlanIV
EBIT 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000
Less: Interest on 12% loan - (24,000) - -
Less: Interest on 9% Debentures - - (27,000) -
EBT 4,00,000 3,76,000 3,73,000 4,00,000
Less : Tax (40%) (1,60,000) (1,50,400) (1,49,200) (1,60,000)
EAT 2,40,000 2,25,600 2,23,800 2,22,000
Less: Preference Dividends@ 6% - - - (18,000)
Earnings available for equity shareholders (A) 2,40,000 2,25,600 2,23,800 2,22,000
No. of Equity shares (B) 1,60,000 1,40,000 1,30,000 1,30,000
(i) EPS (A) 1.50 1.61 1.72 1.71
(B)
(ii) Degree of financial Leverage (DFL) 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000
EBIT 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000-18,000
EBI- Preference Div (1-0.40)
(1-t) = 1.00 = 1.06 = 1.07 = 1.08
Ans. 4. If financing agencies insist 2 : 1 Debt Equity ratio then company has two options;
(i) To arrange whole amount the company as issue equity shares.
(ii) Company should arrange 3 crores by 12% term loan and 1.50 crore through
equity share so that 2:1 Debt-equity ratio can be maintained.
In first option interest will be Zero and in second option the interest will be
` 36,00,000 Let EBIT be x
(X-I1) (1-T) = (X-I2) (1-T)
N1 N2
Or (X-0) (1- 0.5) = (X- 36 Lakhs) (1-0.5)
45 Lakhs 15Lakhs
Or 0.5x = 0.5x18
45 15
Or 7.5x = 22.5x - 810
Or 810 = 22.5x - 7.5x
Or 810 = 15x
810 = 54 Lakhs
X=
15
EBIT at point of indifference will be ` 54 Lakhs.
: 14 :
Ans. 5. In order to determinne the indifference level of EBIT, the EPS under the alternative
plan should be equated as follows:
(EBIT -0.12 x ` 4,00,000) ( 1- 0.35)= (EBIT - 0.12 x ` 4,00,000) (1-0.35)- (0.14 x ` 2,00,000)
60,000 40,000
or (0.65 EBIT - ` 31,200) (0.65 EBIT - ` 31,200) = (0.65 EBIT - ` 56,200)
3 2
or 1.30 EBIT - ` 62,4000 = 1.95 EBIT - ` 1,77,600
or (1.95-1.30) EBIT = ` 1,77,600 - ` 62,400
or EBIT = ` 1,15,200
0.65
or EBIT = 1,77,231
Ans .6.(a) (i) Computation of EPS under three - financial plans:

Plan I : Equity Financing (Amount in ` )
EBIT 62,500 1,25,000 2,50,000 3,75,000 6,25,000
Less: Interest 0 0 0 0 0
EBT 62,500 1,25,000 2,50,000 3,75,000 6,25,000
Less: Taxes 40% (25,000) (50,000) (1,00,000) (1,50,000) 2,50,000)
EAT 37,500 75,000 1,50,000 2,25,000 3,75,000
No. of equity shares 3,12,500 3,12,500 3,12,500 3,12,500 3,12,500
EPS 0.12 0.24 0.48 0.72 1.20
Plan II: Debt - Equity Mix (Amount in ` )

EBIT 62,500 1,25,000 2,50,000 3,75,000 6,25,000
Less: Interest (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000)
EBT (62,500) 0 1,25,000 2,50,000 5,00,000
Less: Taxes 40% 0 (50,000) (1,00,000) (2,00,000)
Add. Tax saving 25,000
EAT (37,500) 0 75,000 1,50,000 3,00,000
No. of equity shares 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250
EPS (0.24) (0) 0.48 0.96 1.92
Plan III:Preference shares - Equity mix (Amount in ` )

EBIT 62,500 1,25,000 2,50,000 3,75,000 6,25,000
Less:Interest 0 0 0 0 0
EBT 62,500 1,25,000 2,50,000 3,75,000 6,25,000
Less:Taxes 40% (25,000) (50,000) (1,00,000) (1,50,000) (2,50,000)
EAT 37,500 75,000 1,50,000 2,25,000 3,75,000
Less:Pref dividends (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000) (1,25,000)
EAT for ordinary (87,500) (50,000) 25,000 1,00,000 2,50,000
shareholders
No Equity shares 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250 1,56,250
EPS (0.56) (0.32) 0.16 0.64 1.60
: 15 :
(ii) The choice of the financing plan will depend on the state of economic conditions. If
the company’s sales are increasing. the EPS will be maximum under plan II: Debt-
Equity Mix. Under favourable economic economic conditions, debt financinf gives
more benefit due to tax sheild availabilty than equity or preference financing.
(iii) EBIT - EPS Indifference Point: Plan I and Plan II
(EBIT) x (1-t) (EBIT- Interest) x (1-t)
=
N1 N2
EBIT(1-0.40) (EBIT- 1,25,000) x (1-0.40)

=
3,12,500 1,56,250
EBIT = 3,12,500 x 1,25,000 = ` 2,50,000

3,12,500 - 1,56,250
EBIT - EPS Indifference Point: Plan I and Plan III
EBIT (1-t) = EBIT (1-t) - Pref. Div
N1 N2
N1 x Pref. Div
EBIT =
N1 - N2 1-t
= 3,12,500 x 1,25,000
3,12,500-1,56,250 1-0.4
= ` 4,16,666.67
Ans. 7.1. Calculation of EPS ( When only equity shares are issued)
I II III
EBIT 40,00,000 80,00,000 1,00,00,000
Less: Interest on 12% Debt (3,00,000) (3,00,000) (3,00,000)
EBT 37,00,000 77,00,000 97,00,000
Less : Tax @ 50% (18,50,000) ( 38,50,000) (48,50,000)
EAT 18,50,000 38,50,000 48,50,000
No. of equity shares 18,00,000 18,00,000 18,00,000
10 lakhs + 1Cr
12.5
EPS ` 1.03 ` 2.14 ` 2.69
P/E ratio 5 5 5
MPS 5.15 10.70 13.45
2. Calculation of EPS (When only 14% debts are issued)
Particulars I II III
EBIT 40,00,000 80,00,000 ,00,00,000
Less: Interest
- on 12% debt (3,00,000) (3,00,000) (3,00,000)
- on 14% debt (14,00,000) (14,00,000) (14,00,000)
EBT 23,00,000 63,00,000 3,00,000
Less Tax @ 50% 11,50,000) (3150000) (41,50,000)
EAT = EAE 11,50,000 31,50,000 41,50,000
No. of equity 1,00,000 10,00,000 10,00,000
EPS 1.15 3.15 4.15
P/E 4 4 4
MPS ` 4.60 ` 12.60 ` 16.60
: 16 :
3. Calculation of Indiffrence point
Plan A (Equity) Plan B (Debt)
= (EBIT - interest) (1-t) = (EBIT - interest) (1-t)
NA NB
= (EBIT - 30000) (1-0.5) = (EBIT - 1700000) (1-0.5)
1800000 1000000
= 10 EBIT - 30,00,000 = 18 EBIT - 3,06,00,000
8 EBIT = ` 2,76,00,000
EBIT = ` 34,50,000
Ans. 8 Working notes:

1. capital employed before expansion plan:
(`)
Equity shares 8,00,000
Debentures (`1,20,000/12) x 100 10,00,000
Retained earinng 12,00,000
Total capital employed 30,00,000
2. Earning before the payment of interest and tax (EBIT)
EBT 3,00,000
Interest 1,20,000
EBIT 4,20,000
3. Return on investment (ROI)
ROI = EBIT x 100 = ` 4,20,000 x 100 = 14%
capital employed ` 30,00,000
4. Earning before the payment of interest and tax (EBIT) after expansion
After expansion, capital employed = ` 34,00,000
Desired EBIT = 14% x ` 34,00,000 = ` 4,76,000
(i) statement showing Earing Per share (EPS)
Expansion scheme
Additional funds raised as
Debt (`
`) Equity (` `)
EBIT: (A) 4,76,000 4,76,000
Interest - Old capital 1,20,000 1,20,000
- New capital 48,000 ------------
(`
` 4,00,000 x 12%)
Total interest: (B) 1,68,000 1,20,000
EBT: {(A) - (B)} 3,08,000 3,56,000
Less: Tax (50%) (1,54,000) (1,78,000)
EAT 1,54,000 1,78,000
Numbers of Equity shares 80,000 1,20,000
E.P.S 1.925 1.48
(ii) Advice to the company: Since EPS is greater in the case when
company arranges additional funds as debt.
Therefore debt scheme is better.
: 17 :
COST OF CAPITAL
Ans.1. (i) 7.68% (ii) 9.52% (iii) 13% (iv)12%
(v) 10.75% and 11% and (vi) 19.18%
Ans.2. (a) 9.09% and 11.11% (b) 10.30% (c) 11.1%
Ans.3. In order to calculate the WACC, the specific cost of equity capital and debt are to be
calculated as follows:
D1 ` 2 x 1.10
Ke= + g = + 0.10 = 18%
P0 ` 27.50
The market value of equity is 80,000 x ` 27.50 = ` 22,00,000
I ` 12
Kd = = = 15%
B0 ` 80
The market value of debt is 4,00,000 x 0.80 = ` 3,20,000.

Now the WACC is (22,00,000/ 25,20,000) x 0.18 + (3,20,000/ 25,20000) x 0.15=
0.176 = 17.6%
Note: In this case, the dividend of ` 2 has just been paid so, D 0= ` 2 and D1 i.e.,
dividend expected after one year from now will be D0 x (1+ g) = ` 2 x1.10
Ans.4. Return avaliable to equity Shareholders:

Earnings before Interest and Taxes ` 9,00,000
- Interest 1,20,000
Profit before Tax 7,80,000
- Tax @ 40% 3,12,000
Profit for shareholder 4,68,000
- Pref. dividends 50,000
Earning for Equity shareholders 4,18,000
Market value of equity shares (1,60,000 x ` 12.50) ` 20,00,000
Ke = (Earnings ÷ Market Value) 20.9%
KP = (` ` 50,000 ÷ 4,00,000) 12.5%
Kd = 0.12 (1- .4) 7.2%
WACC can be calculated as follows:
Source Amount Weight C WxC

Equity shares ` 20,00,000 .5882 .209 .1229
Pref. shares ` 4,00,000 .1176 .125 .147
12% Debentures ` 10,00,000 .2942 .072 .0212
34,00,000 1 .1588
WACC = 15.88 %
: 18 :
Ans. 5. The present WACC and the proposed WACC of the firm may be ascertained as
follows:
Cost of equity capital = Ke = (D 1/ P0 )+ g
= (9/100) + .05
= .14 or 14%
It has been assumed that the equity shares, preference shares and the debentures
are being traded at par.
Source Weight C/C Weighted C/C Weight C/C Weighted C/C
Equity shares 5/10 14% 7.00% .5/15 14% 4.62%
Pref. share capital 2/10 9% 1.80% .2/15 9% 1.26%
8.57% Debentures 3/10 6% 1.80% .3/15 6% 1.20%
10% Loan (New) ---- ---- ---- 5/15 7% 2.31%
WACC 10.60% 9.39%
So, the new WACC of the company would change from 10.60% (present level) to
9.39%
Working Note:
The new weights of different sources have been calculated as follows:
Equity (5/10-1/6) = 1/3 = 5/15
Preference share (2/10-1/15) = 2/15
12% Debentures (3/10 -1/10) = 1/5 = 3/15
Loan (New) ( 1/10 + 1/15 + 1/6) = 5/15.
Ans. 6. Calculation of Specific cost of capital:

H Limited
Earnings of H Ltd. ` 90,000
Less: Taxes @ 35% 31,500
58,500
Less: Additional Tax on Dividend (20/120 x 53,000) 9,750
Earnings for equity shareholder 48,750
Cost of equity ,Ke = 48,750 ÷ 6,00,000 = 8.125%
Cost of debt is NIL, as the company has no debt in its capital structure.
Weighted average cost of capital = K0 = Ke= 8.125% (being unlevered company)
Z Limited:
Earnings of Z Ltd. ` 68,000
Less : Taxes @ 35% 23,800
44,200
Less: Additional Tax on dividebd (20/120) x 44,000 7,367
Earnings for Equity share holders 36,833
Cost of equity = 36,833 ÷ 3,00,000 = .1227
Cost of debt = (22,000 ÷ 2,50,000) (1 - .35) = .0572
Ratio of Equity to Debt = Equity : Debt = 30: 25
Weighted Average Cost of capital
= K0 = Kd W d + K e W e
= [(0.1227) (30/55)+ [(0.0572) (25/55)]
= 0.06692 + 0.026
= 0.09292 or 9.29%
: 19 :
Ans .7. (i) Computation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Source Weight (W) C/C Wx C/C
Equity share 0.5 15.09 7.54
10% Preference share 0.2 10.00 2.00
10% Debentures 0.3 6.00 1.80
Weighted Average Cost of Capital 11.34
(ii) Computation of revised Weighted Average Cost Capital

Source W C/C WxC/C
Equity Shares 0.333 17.42 5.80
10% Preference share 0.134 10.00 1.33
10% Debentures 0.200 6.00 1.20
11.67% Loan 0.333 7.00 2.33
Revised Weighte d Average
Cost of capital 10.66%
Working notes:
(1) Cost of Equity shares (Ke) ( Present)
D1
Ke = + g
P0
10
= + 0.06
100
= 0.11509 or 15.09%
(2) Revised cost of Eqiuty shares ( Ke)
12
Revised Ke = + 0.06
105
= 0.1742 or 17.42%
Ans. 8. Particulars Result

1. Loan required = 25% of 20. lakhs ` 5,00,000
2. Interest on loan = (`
`2,00,000 x 10%) + (`
` 3,00,00,000 x13%)
= ` 20,000 + `39,000 ` 59,000
Interest x (100% - Tax Rate) = ` 59,000 x (100% -30%) = 8.26%
3. Kd =
Net Proceeds of Issue ` 5,00,000
DPS1 ` 12 x 50% x 10% + 11%
4. Kr = Ke = +g= + 10% =
21.00%
MPS0 ` 60
5. K0 = ( Kd x W d) + (Ke xW e) = (8.2%+ x 25% ) + 21% x 75% = 17.82%
Shareholders Personal Tax Rate is not considered since Dividends are exepmt from
Tax in their hands.
: 20 :
Ans.9. 1. Computation of cost of Additional Capital (Component wise)
Interest x (100% - Tax Rate) = 14 x (100% - 50%) = 6.63%(Note1)
1. (a) After Tax Cost of New Debt Kd =
Net Prodeeds of Issue 105.54
Preference Dividend ` 1.20
1.(b) After Tax Cost of new Preference share capital Kp = = = 12.24%
Net prodeeds of Issue ` 9.80
DPS
1.(c) After Tax Cost of ordinary Equity ke = + g ` 2.773 x 50% + 12% = 5% + 12% = 17.00% (Note 2)
MPS
Note 1: Since Current 13% Debentures is selling at ` 98 (` 100 presumed as par value), the
Company can sell 14% New Debentures at 14% x ` 98
= `105.54
13%
Note 2: For computing "g" i.e., Growth Rate under Realised yeild Method, the past average Growth
rate is taken at 12%, in the following manner-
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EPS (` `) 1.00 1.120 1.254 1.405 1.574 1.762 1.974 2.211 2.476 2.773
Additional EPS - 0.120 0.134 0.151 0.169 0.188 0.212 0.237 0.265 0.297
% increase in EPS - 12.00% 11.96% 12.04% 12.03% 11.94% 12.03% 12.01% 11.99% 12.00%
Additional EPS 0.120

Note : % Increase in EPS = , e.g. etc
Previous Year EPS 1.000
2. Marginal Cost of capital : Since the present Capital structure is optimum (Refer 1 st
sentence in the question), the additional funds will be raised in the same ratio in ored
to maintain the capital structure. Hence , the Marginal Cost of Capital is 15.20%,
computred as under:
Component ` % Individual Cost WACC
Debt 3,60,000 15% K d = 6.63% 0.99%
Preference Capital 1,20,000 5% Kp = 12.24% 0.61%
Equity Capital 19,20,000 80% Ke = 17.00% 0.13.60%
Total 24,00,000 100% WACC = Ko 15.20%
Note : When Kd is taken at 7.14% Ko will be 15.28%.
3. Retained Earnings available for further investments = 50% of 2010 EPS

= 50% x ` 2.773 x 2,00,000 shares = 2,77,300
Hence, amount to be used by way of retaned Earnings, before selling New Ordinary Shares : ` 2,77,300
` 2,77,300
As Equity = 80% of Total funds, the Capital before issuing fresh equity shares = = ` 3,46,625
80%
4. Computation of Revised Marginal Cost of Capital if Equity Issue is made at ` 20

per Share
DPS ` 2.773 x 50%
Note: Revised Cost Ordinary Equity Ke = +g= + 12% = 6.93% + 12% = 18.93%
MPS ` 20
Component ` % Individual Cost WACC
Debt 3,60,000 15% Kd= 6.63% 0.99%
Prefrence Capital 1,20,000 5% Kp= 12.24% 0.61%
Equity Capital 19,20,000 80% Ke= 18.93% 15.15%
Total 24,00,000 100% WACC = Ko= 16.75%
Note : When Kd is taken at 7.14, Revised Ko Will be 16.82%
: 21 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES I .P. C. C. - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
CAPITAL BUDGETING
Ans. 1. Calculation of NPV
Machine A Machine B
Year Cash flows PVF(7%n) PV (ìì ) Cash flows PVF (7%) PV ( `)
`
0 - ` 1,00,000 1.000 -1,00,000 - `
`60,000 1,000 -60,000
1 20,000 .935 .18,700 - ` 60,000 .935 -56,100
2 60,000 .873 52,380 60,000 .873 52,380
3 40,000 .816 32,640 60,000 .816 48,960
4 30,000 .763 22,980 80,000 .763 1,040
5 20,000 .713 14,260 ----- ---- ----
NPV 40,870 46,280
Machine B is having higher : NPV and may be selected.
Ans.2. Since there is no tax , the annual income befo re depreciation and after other changes
is equivalent to cash Flows (CF).
(a) Capital outlay of ` 2,00,000 is recovered in the first two years, ` 1,00,000
(year + 1) + `1,00,000 (year 2 ), therefore, the payback period is two years.
(b) Rate of return on original investment.
Year Income (`
`) Depreciation (`
`) Net Income (``)
1 1,00,000 40,000 60,000
2 1,00,000 40,000 60,000
3 80,000 40,000 40,000
4 80,000 40,000 40,000
5 40,000 40,000 -
2,00,000
Average Income = ` 2,00,000 / 5 = ` 40,000
Average income
Rate of Return = x 100
Original investment
= ` 40,000 x 100 = 20%
` 2,00,000
Ans. 3. Internal Rate Return:

Cost = ` 10,000
Calculation of IRR:
Year Cash inflows PVF (10%n) PV(`
`) PVF (11%n) PV(`
`)
1 `1,000
` 0.909 909 .901 901
2 1,000 .826 826 812 812
3 2,000 .751 1,502 .731 1,462
4 10,000 .683 6,830 .659 6,590
Total PV inflows 10,067 9,765
NPV of the Proposal 67 -235
: 22 :
IRR may be found by interpolation between 10% and 11% as follows:

IRR = 10% + 67 x (11-10)
67 - (-237)
= 10% + .22 = 10.22%
As the opportunity cost of the firm is 14 %, the project having IRR of 10.22 should be
rejected.
Ans. 4. Calculation of NPV:

CF (``) PVF (10%,n) Total PV (`
`)
Year X Y X Y
1 10,000 50,000 0.909 9,090 45,450
2 20,000 40,000 0.826 16,520 33,040
3 30,000 20,000 0.751 22,530 15,020
4 45,000 10,000 0.683 30,735 6,830
5 60,000 10,000 0.621 37,260 6,210
Total PV 1,16,135 1,06,550
Less cash outflow 1,00,000 1,00,000
NPV 16,135 6,550
PI= (PV of Inflows / PV of outflows) 1.161 1.065
Calculation of IRR :
Project X
Year CF(``) PV Factors Total PV (`
`)
14% 15% 14% 15%
1 10,000 0.877 0.870 8,770 8,700
2 20,000 0.769 0.756 15,380 15,120
3 30,000 0.675 0.658 20,250 19,740
4 45,000 0.592 0.572 26,640 25,740
5 60,000 0.519 0.497 31,140 29,820
1,02,180 99,120
By interpolation between 14% and 15%, the IRR comes 14.71%.

Project Y
Year CF(``) PV Factor Total PV(`
`)
13% 14% 13% 14%
1 50,000 0.885 0.877 44,250 43,850
2 40,000 0.783 0.769 31,320 30,760
3 20,000 0.893 0.675 13,860 13,500
4 10,000 0.613 0.592 6,130 5,920
5 10,000 0.543 0.519 5,430 5,190
1,00,990 99,220
By interpolation between 13% and 14%, the IRR comes 13.56%. The results of the
above calculations may be summerized as follows:
Project X Project Y
NPV ` 16,130 ` 6,550
PI 1.161 1.065
IRR 14.71% 13.56%
: 23 :
Ans. 5. 1. Cash Outflows
Cost of new machine ` 20,00,000
- Scrap value of old 1,00,000 ` 19,00,000
2. Cash Inflow (Annual):
Net savings in variable costs ` 7,00,000
Net benefit 7,00,000

3. Cash Inflow at the end of year 5:
Salvage value of new (incremental) ` 2,00,000
4. Calculation of NPV:
Cash outflow at year 0 ` - 19,00,000
Cash inflow : 7,00,000 x 3.605 (i.e., PVAF (12% 5y)) 25,23,500
: 2,00,000 x .567 (i.e., PVF (12%5y)) 1,13,400
Net Present value 7,36,900
As the NPV of the new machine is negative, the firm should replace the old machine
with the new machine.
Ans.6. (a) Payback Period Method

A = 5 + (500 /900) = 5.5 years
B = 5 + (500/1200)= 5.4 years
Net Present Value

NPVA = (-5000) + (900 x 6.145) = (5000) + 5530.5 = ` 530.5
NPV B is calculated as follows:
Year Cash flow (`

`) 10% discount factor Present value (`
`)
0 (5000) 1.000 (5,000)
1 700 0.909 636
2 800 0.826 661
3 900 0.751 676
4 1000 0.683 683
5 1100 0.621 683
6 1200 0.564 677
7 1300 0.513 667
8 1400 0.467 654
9 1500 0.424 636
10 1600 0.386 618
1591
Internal Rate of Return
NPV at 12 % = (5000) + 900 x 5.650
= (5000) + 5085 = 85
NPV at 13% = (5000) + 900 x 5.426
= (5000) + 4883.40 = -116.60
85
IRRA = 12 + x (13-12) = 12+ 0.42
85+ 116.60
IRRA = 12.42%
: 24 :
IRRB
Year Cash Flow 10% discount Present value 20% Present
(`
`) factor (`
`) discount value
factor (`
`)
0 (5,000) 1,000 (5,000) 1.000 (5,000)
1 700 0.909 636 0.833 583
2 800 0.826 661 0.694 555
3 900 0.751 676 0.579 521
4 1,000 0.683 683 0.482 482
5 1,100 0.621 683 0.402 442
6 1,200 0.564 677 0.335 402
7 1,300 0.513 667 0.279 363
8 1,400 0.467 654 0.233 326
9 1,500 0.424 636 0.194 291
10 1,600 0.386 618 0.162 259
1,591 (776)
Interpolating: IRR = 10 + 1,591 x10 = 10 + 6.72 = 16.72 per cent
Accounting Rate of Return

5,000
ARRA: Average capital employed = = ` 2,500
2
(9,000 - 5,000) = ` 400
Average accounting profit =
10
(400 x 100)
ARRA = = 16 per cent
2,500
(11,500 - 5,000)
ARRB = Average accounting profit = = ` 650
10
(650 x 100)
ARRB = = 26 per cent
2,500
(b) Summary of Results Rankings

Project A B A B
payback (years) 5.5 5.4 I I
ARR (%) 16 26 I I
IRR (%) 12.4 16.7 I I
NPV (`
`) 530.5 1,591 I I
: 25 :
Ans. 7(i) Expenditure at year zero (`
` in lakhs)
Particulars A B
Cost of machine 5.00 5.00
Cost of utilities 1.00 2.00
Salvage of Old Machine (1.00) (1.00)
Salvage of Old utilities - (0.20)
Total Expenditure (Net) 5.00
(ii) Discounted Value of Cash inflows

(`
` in lakhs)
Machine A Machine B
Year NPV Factor Cash Discounted Cash Discounted
@ 15% Inflows value of Flows Value of
inflows inflows
0 1.00 (5.00) (5.00) (5.80) (5.80)
1 0.87 1.00 0.87 2.00 1.74
2 0.76 1.50 1.14 2.10 1.60
3 0.66 1.80 1.19 1.80 1.19
4 0.57 2.00 1.14 1.70 0.97
5 0.50 1.70 0.85 0.40 0.20
salvage 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.60 0.30
5.44 6.00
Net Present Value (+) 0.44 (+) 0.20
iii) Discounted Pay-back Period

(`
` in lakhs)
Machine A Machine B
Year Discounted Cumlulative Discounted Cumulative
cash inflows Discounted cash inflows Discounted
cash inflows cash inflows
0 (5.00) - (5.80) -
1 0.87 0.87 1.74 1.74
2 1.14 2.01 1.60 3.34
3 1.19 3.20 1.19 4.53
4 1.14 4.34 0.97 5.50
5 1.10* 5.44 0.50 6.00
* Includes salvage value
Discounted Pay back period (For A and B):
4 years + (0.66) x 1 = 4.6 years 4 years + (0.30) x 1 = 4.6 years
1.10 0.50
Profitability Index : Sum present value of net cash inflow
Initial cash Outlay
` 5.44 lakhs ` 6.00 lakhs
` 5.00 lakhs = 1.08 (A) ` 5.80 lakhs = 1.034 (B)
(iv) Since the absolute surplus in the case of A is more than B and also the
desirably factor, it is better to choose A .
The discounted payback period in both cases is same, also the net present
value is positive in both the cases but the disirability factor (Profitablity index) is
higher in the case of Machine A, it is therefore better to choose Machine A.
: 26 :
Ans.8.1. Given (a) Initial Investment = ` 80,000, (b) Project life = 8 years and (c) Cost of
capital = 10%
2. Depreciation p.a. (assuming SLM) = ` 80,000 - ` 6,000 = ` 9,250
8 years
3. Computation of Additional CFAT p.a from New Machine :
Particulars Computation `
Gross Revenue Given 40,000
Less: Operating Costs, i.e., Cash Expenses Given -7,500
Non- Cash, i.e. Depreciation WN 2 -9,250
EBT 23,250
Less: Tax Assumed 40% -9,300
EAT 13,950
Add: Depreciation WN 2 -9,250
CFAT (EAT + Depreciation) 23,200
Less: Post-Tax Commission Income from existing operation Given - 12,000
Additional CFAT p.a.by purchasing new
Diagnostic Machine 11,200
4. Computation of Discounted Cash Flows, NPV and PI
Year Cash Flow Disc. Factor at 10% DCFAT
1-8 Additional CFAT p.a= 11,200 (0.909 +0.826 +0.751 +0.683 +0.621+ 0.564+ 0.513 + 0.467) 59,741
8 Salvage Value of M/c = 6,000 0.467 2,802
Total DCFAT 62,543
Less: Initial Investment - 80,000
Net Present Value (17,457)
` 62,543
Probability Index 0.78
` 80,000
Conclusion:The purchase ofnew Diagnostic Machine is not worthwhile, since NPV is
negative, and PI is less than 1.
Ans. 9. 1. Computation of CFAT of the Drying Equipment
: 27 :
2. Computaion of NPV, IRR and Payback periods

Year CFAT Cum CFAT PVF 12% DCFAT12% Cum DCFAT 12% PVF14% DCFAT 14%
1 1,98,000 1,98,000 0.8929 1,76,794 1,79,794 0.8772 1,73,686
2 2,20,750 4,18,750 0.7972 1,75,982 3,52,776 0.7695 1,69,867
3 1,78,500 5,97,250 0.7118 1,27,056 4,79,832 0.6750 1,20,488
4 1,59,000 7,56,250 0.6355 1,01,045 5,80,877 0. 5921 94,144
5 2,26,000 9,82,250 0.5674 1,28,232 7,09,109 0.5194 1,17,384
9,82,250 Total DCFAT 7,09,109 6,75,596
Less: Initial Investment 6,80,000 6,80,000
Net Present value 29,109 (4,431)
Q.9. (i) PBP = 3 yrs + 82750

1,59,000
= 3.52 yrs
(ii) Discountede PBP
= 4 yrs + 99123
1,28,232
= 4.77 yrs
(iii) NPV = ` 29,109
(iv) = 12 + 1.74
(?) 229109
Ans.10. 1. Computation of CFAT
Particulars Existing Machine New Machine
(a) Initial Investment (Old M/c already available ) Hence, Nil (see Note) = ` 8,00,000
(b) Life Balance 8 years 8 years
3,30,000 10,00,000 - ` 40,000
= ` 30,000 = 1,20,000
(c) Depreciation 11 years 8 years
(d) selling Price Less Materials Cost ` 15 - ` 4 = ` 11 p.u ` 15 - ` 4 = ` 11p.u.
(e) Quatity 30,000 units 75,000 units
(f) Total Contribution (d x e) ` 3,30,000 8,25,000
(g) Labour Cost 3,000 hrs at ` 40 ph = ` 1,20,000 3,000 hrs at 70Ph = ` 2,10,000
(h) indirect Cost ` 50,000 ` 65,000
(i) EBT (f- g- h-c) ` 1,30,000 ` 4,30,000
(j) Tax at 30% on EBT ` 39,000 ` 1,29,000
(k) EAT (i-j) ` 91,000 ` 3,01,000
(l) CFAT (k+ c) ` 1,21,000 ` 4,21,000
: 28 :
Hence, additional CFAT of new machine = 4,21,000 - ` 1,21,000 = ` 3,00,000 P.a.

Note: Purchase of new M/c automatically means that the Old M/c will be sold immediately now.
Hence the Net Initial Cash Outflow = Purchase Price of new M/c ` 10,00,000 Less Present Sale
value of Old M/c ` 2,00,000.
2. Computation of Incremental NPV on replacement

Particulars Years Disc.Factor at 12% cash flow Disc. Cash Flow
Additional CFAT 1-8 4.968 3,00,000 14,90,400
Additional Salvage 8 0.404 40,000 16,160
Additional discounted cash inflows 15,06,560
Less: Additional Initial Investment - 8,00,000
Additional NPV 7,06,560
Conclusion:It is advisable to purchase the new machinery, since additional NPV is positive
Ans.11. Project A : Cost = 4,19,250 NPV = 45,656

COC = 17%
Project B : Cash inflow p.a. = 67.387
PI 1.20 IRR = 20%
Project C : NPV = 43875, life = 8 yrs, IRR = 16%
: 29 :
ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Ans. 1. Statement of probability at 90% capacity
Units (at 90% capacity 54,000
Sales (54,000 x ` 10) (A) ` 5,40,000
Cost:
Raw material (54,000x ` 4) 2,16,000
` 2)
Wages (54,000 x` 1,08,000
Variable overhead (54,000 x ` 2) 1,08,000
` 1 x 36,000)
Fixed overhead (` 36,000
Total Cost (B) 4,68,000
Net [profit (A- B) 72,000
Statement of Working Capital Requirement
A. Current Assets
Stock of raw materials ( 2 months x 4,500 x ` 4) ` 36,000
Work - in progress:
Materials (1 montyh x 4,500 x ` 4) ` 18,000
Wages (1/2 month) 4,500
Overheads (1/2 month) 6,000 28,500
Finished goods (2 months) 78,000
Debtors [ 2 months x ( 4,68,000 / 12) 78,000
Total Current Assets 2,20,500
B. Current Liabilities
Sundary creditors (3 months) 54,000
Outstanding wages(1 month) 9,000
Outstanding overhead (1 month) 12,000
Total Current liabilities 75,000
Working capital requirement 1,45,500
Working Note:
Overhead and wages - The work in progress period is one month. So, the wages
and overheads included in work-in- progress, are on an average, for half month or
1/24 of year.
` 1,08,000
Wages = = ` 4,500
24
Overhead = ` 1,08,000 + 36,000 = ` 6,000

24
: 30 :
The valuation of finished goods can also be arrived at as follows:
Number of units = 4,500 x 2 = 9,000
Variable cost = ` 8 per units
` 36,000 /12 ) X 2
Fixed cost (` = ` 6,000
Total cost of finished goods ( 9,000 x 8) + 6,000 = ` 78,000
Ans. 2. The comparative statement of working capital requirement may be prepared sa under:
Statement of working Capital Requirement
Current Year Next Year
Current Assets:
Raw Material (2,000 X6 X3) ` 36,000 (4,000 X 5.40 X 3) `64,800
Work in Progress:
Raw Material (2,000 x 6 X 1) 12,000 (2,000 X 5.40 x 1) 10,800
Wages - Variable (2,000 x 3 x 50%) 3,000 (2,000 X 3 X 50%) 3,000
- Fixed (4,000 x 50%) 2,000 (4,000 x 50%) 2,000
Finished goods (3,84,000 y24,000) x 4,500 72,000 (5,95,200 y 48,000)9,000 1,11,600
Debtors (3,84,000 y 12) x 3 96,000 (5,95,200 y12) x 3 1,48,800
2,21,100 3,41,000
Current Liabilities:
Creditors (2,000 x 2 x 6) 24,000 (4,000 x 2 x 5.40) 43,200
Wages (72,000 + 48,000) y 24 5,000 (1,44,000 + 48,000) y 24 8,000
Overheads (24,000 + 96,000) y 24 5,000 (48,000 + 96,000) y 24 6,000
34,000 57,200
Working Capital (CA - CL) 1,87,000 2,83,800
Assumptions:
(i) Debtors are taken at cost price
(ii) As work in progress is consisting of prime cost (i.e., Material + Labour), it is
Ans. 5. Refer to Practice manual

Ans. 4. Calcutation of net Operation of Cycle period of XYZ Ltd.
Days
Raw material storage peiod : 30
Average stock of raw material
Average Cost of Raw material Consumption per day
( ` 50,000 / 1667*)
` 6,00,000/360 days)
*(`
W.I.P. holding period : (b)
Average work - in Progress inventory
Average Cost of Production per day 22
( ` 30,000 / 1,388)**
` 5,00,000/360 days)
**(`
Finished goods storage period :(c)
: 31 :
Average Stock of finished goods
Average cost of good sold per day 18
` 40,000/2,222)***
(`
***(`` 8,00,000/360 days)
Debtors collection period : (d) 45
Total Operating Cycle period : 115
[(a) + (b) + (c) + (d) ]
Less: average Credit period availed 30
(i) Net Operating cycle period 85
(ii) Number of Operating cycles in a year 4.2
(360 days/ 85 days)
Ans. 3. Statement of working Capital Requiremnets (Cash Cost Approach)
A. Current Assets
Raw material (bsed on RM Consumed) ` 6,00,000 x
Finished Goods strock (based on Cash COP) ( ` 6,00,000 +`

` 4,80,000 + ` 6,00,000) x
Debtors (based on sales Less Profit & Deprn) ` 24,00,000 - ` 2,55,000 + ` 2,40,000 ) x 2
(` 3,17,500
Prepaid Sales Promotion Expenses (given) `
B. Current LiabilitiesCreditors (Based on RM consumed ) ` 6,00,000 x 2 1,00,000

12
Wages payable (given) ` 4,80,000 x 1 40,000
12
Manufacturing OH Payable (given) ` 6,00,000 x 1 50,000
12
Administration ` 1,50,000 x 1 12,000
12
Total 2,02,500
C. Net Working Capital A- B 4,03,750
D. Safely Margin 10% on ` 4,03,750 40,375
E. Required working Capital C+D 4,44,125
: 32 :
RECEIVABLES MANGEMENT
Ans. 1. Statement showing Evaluation of the Proposed Credit Policies
(Amount ` in Lakhs)
Credit Policies
Proposed
Present I II III IV
Average Collection Period (20 days) (30 days) (40 days) (50 days) (60 days)
(days)
Sales (Annual) 60.00 65.00 70.00 74.00 75.00
Less: Variable cost 42.00 45.50 49.00 51.80 52.50
(70% sales)
Contribution [A] 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.20 22.50
(Variable cost + Fixed Cost
Average investment in debtors 2.33 3.79 5.44 7.19 8.75
V.C* credit period
360
Interest lost @ 25% [B] 0.5825 0.9475 1.36 1.7975 2.1875

Profit: (A) - (B) 17.4174 18.5525 19.64 20.4025 20.3125
Decision: The Company should be adopt the credit policy III (with collection period
of 50 days) as it yields a maximum profit to the company.
It is assumed that Debtors are valued on Total Coat.
Ans. 2.
Particulars Existing 1 mts Proposed 2 mts
Sales Qty 21,000 22,680
Sales in 8,40,000 9,07,200
(-) Variable cost (5,25,000) (5,67,000)
Contribution [A] 43,750 94,500
V.C * credit period
12
Interest lost @ 25% [B] 10,939 23,625
[A-B] 3,04,062 3,16,575
Company is advised to implement the proposed credit policy as it will increase the
profit.
: 33 :
Ans. 3. Evaluation of Credit Policy
Working Notes:
(i) Calculation of Cash Discount
Cash Discount = Total credit sales x % opf customers who take up
discount x Rate
12,000 x 50 x.01
Present policy = = ` 6,000
100
Proposed Policy = 16,00,000 x 0.80 x 0.02 = ` 25,000
(ii) Opportunity cost of Investment in Receivables
Present Policy = 9,36,000 x (30/ 360) x 15% = 78,000 x 11,700
Proposed policy = 12,48,000 x (20/360) x 15% = ` 10,400
Statement Showing Evaluation Of Credit Policies
Particulars Present Policy Proposed policy
Credit sales [A] 12,00,000 16,00,000
Variables Cost @ 78% of sales [B] 9,36,000 12,48,000
Bad debts @ 1.5% and 2% [C] 18,000 32,000
Cash Discount [D] 6,000 25,600
Profit [A - B - C - D ] = [E] 2,40,000 2,94,400
Opportunity cost of Investment in Receivables [F] 11,700 10,400
Net Profit [E - F] 2,28,300 2,84,000
Advise: Proposed Policy should be adopted since the net benefit will increased by
(`
` 55,700 & post tax it will increase by 38,990,[55,700 x (1-0-3)]
Debtors are valued on Variable Cost
Ans. 4. Evaluation of policies

Credit Policy Present A B C D
Average collection period 30 45 60 75 90
Annual Sales 50 56 60 62 63
Contribution 20% on sales(` ` lakhs) 10.00 11.20 12.00 12.40 12.60
Incremental contribution (`
` lakhs) - 1.20 2.00 2.40 2.60
Average sales x credit 4.17 7.00 10.00 12.92 15.75
Average debtors Annual sales x credit
360
Period (`
` lakhs)
Investment in debtors 3.34 5.60 8.00 10.34 12.60
at variable costs 80% (` ` lakhs)
Incremental Investment in debtors (`
` lakhs) - 2.26 4.66 7.00 9.26
Requirement return on incremental
debtors @20 % (` ` lakhs) - 0.45 0.93 1.40 1.85
Excess of incremental contribution over - 0.75 1.07 1.00 0.75
Incremental return (`
` lakhs)
Recommendation: since excess of incremental contribution over incremental

returns is maximum i.e, 1.07 lakhs, when the average collection period is 60 days,
therefore, Creditpolicy B should be adopted.
: 34 :
Ans. 5 Annual Cost Under in-house management
Bad-debts 4,80,000
Administrative cost p.a. 5,00,000
Total 9,80,000
Annual cost of factoring to the firm

Commission p.a.[3.2 crores * 2%] 6,40,000
Interest on Advance from factor 12,70,000
Total 19,10,080
Effecative cost of factoring to the firm = 19,10,080 - 9,80,000

= 9,30,080
Effective Cost in % 9,30,080 * 100 = 13.18%
70,56,000
Assimption : Since cost of capital under in-house management is not given interest lost on
funds getting locked up under in-house management & factor reserve have been ignored.
Working notes
Amount receivable from factor for whole year 3,20,00,000
Net receivable from factor for whole year 3,13,60,000 360 days
78,40,000
Advance from facator
: 35 :
FUND FLOW STATEMENT
Ans. 1. 1. Schedule of changes in working Capital

Particulars 31.03.2013 31.3.2014 Increase Decrease
A. Current Assets: Stock 4,80,000 8,50,000 3,70,000 -
Debtors 6,00,000 7,98,000 1,98,000 -
Prepaid Expenses 50,000 40,000 - 10,000
Cash and Bank balances 1,40,000 17,73,000 5,68,000 65,000
Sub- total Current Assets 12,70,000 17,73,000 5,68,000 65,000
B. Current Liabilities: Creditors 4,00,000 5,80,000 1,80,000 -
Outstanding Expenses 20,000 25,000 5,000 -
Provision for taxation 1,00,000 1,20,000 20,000 -
Sub- total Current Assets 5,20,000 7,25,000 2,05,000 -
C. Net working Capital 7,50,000 10,48,000 3,63,000 65,000
Adjustment: Increase in working Capital 2,98,000 - 2,98,000
Total 10,48,000 10,48,000 3,63,000 3,63,000
2. (a) Investment A/c

Particulars ` Particulars `
To balance b/d - opening balance (given) 4,00,000 By Bank (Sale proceeds) (given) 45,000
To Genral Reserve (Pft on sale transfer) 17,000 By balance c/d -closing balance (given) 3,72,000
Total 4,17,000 Total 4,17,000
(b) Plant and Machinery A/c

To balance bld - Opg balance (given) 18,00,000 By Bank ( Sale Proceeds of M/c) given 50,000
To Bank - New m/c purchased (given) 3,00,000 By P&L (Loss on sale of Machine) 20,000
(1,45,000 - 75,000, - 50,000)
By P& L A/c (Deprn for the year) (bal. fig.) 2,80,000
By balance c/d - Closing balance (given) 17,50,000
Total 21,00,000 Total 21,00,000
(c) Depreciation of Buildings during the year= Closing Bal. less Opening bal.= ` 15,00,000-
` 14,00,000= ` 1,00,000
(d) Transfer to General Reserve out of current profit = ` 4,50,000 - ` 4,00,000- Invt transfer
` 17,000 = ` 33,000
(e) ` 10,00,000 - ` 8,00,000) +20% Premium =
Amount paid on redemption of debentures = (`
` 2,40,000 .
: 36 :
3.Computation of Funds from Operatios by preparing the Adjusted P& L Account-
To Loss on sale of Machinery 20,000 By balance b/d - Opening balance (given) 2,50,000
To Depereciation on Plan & Machinery 2,80,000
To Depreciation on Buildings 1,00,000
To premium on Redemption of Debentures 40,000
To Tranfer to General Reserve 33,000
To Proposed Dividend 3,60,000 By Funds from Operations (bal. fig) 9,43,000
To balance c/d - Closing balance (given) 3,60,000
Total 11,93,000 Total 11,93,000
4.Statement of sources and Application of Funds (Funds Flow Statement)

Sources of funds ` Application of Funds `
Funds from operations 9,43,000 Increase in Working Capital 2,98,000
Bank (Long Term) 1,00,000 Purchase of new Machinery 3,00,000
Sale of Old Machinery 50,000 Redemption of Debetures at Premium 2,40,000
Sale of Investment 45,000 Dividend Paid (Fin. Year 2012 - 13) 3,00,000
Total 11,38,000 Total 11,38,000
Ans.2. 1. Statement of Changes in Working Capital

A. Current Assets: Stock 2,25,000 3,03,750 78,750
Debtors(Net) 2,53,125 2,75,625 22,500
Bills Receivable 45,000 73,125 28,125
Prepaid Expenses 11,250 13,500 2,250
Sub- total Current Assets 5,34,375 6,66,000 1,31,625
B. Current Liabilities: Accrured Expenses 11,250 13,500 2,250
Creditors 1,80,000 2,94750 1,03,500
Sub- total Current liabilities 1,91,250 2,94,750 1,03,500
C. Net working Capital 3,43,125 3,71,250 28,125
Adjustment: Increase in working Capital 28,125 - 28,125
Total 3,71,250 3,71,250 28,125 28,125
2. (a) Increase in share Capital = ` 7,87,500 - ` 6,75,000 = ` 1,12,500 (Source of Fund)

(b) Sale proceeds of Investment = Cost + Profit = ` 90,000 + ` 11,250 = ` 1,01,250.
(source of fund)
(c) ` 3,37,500 - ` 2,25,000 ) + 10% = ` 1,23,750
Redemption of Debentures = (`
(Application of Fund)
: 37 :
(d) Tax Provision Made during the year = Closing Balance + Tax paid - Opening Balalnce
= 85,500+ 61,875 - 78,750 = ` 68,625 (taken to Adjusted P&L A/c).
(e) Gross Book Value of Asset Sold = Net Book Vlaue + Accum. Depreciation =
11,250 + 33,750 = 45,000.
(f) Fixed Assets purchased during the year = Closing Balance + Gross Book Value of asset
sold -Opening = ` 13,50,000 + ` 45,000 - ` 11,25,000 = ` 2,70,000.( Application of Fund )
(g) Depreciation Provided for the year = Closing Balance + Gross Book value of Asset Sold -
Opening balance = ` 2,81,250 + ` 33,750 - ` 2,25,000 = ` 90,000 (taken to Adjusted
P/L A/c).
(h) Misc. Exp. W/ off during the year = ` 16,875 - 11,250 = ` 5,625. (Taken to Adjusted
P & L A/c)
3. Adjusted P & L A/c ( to compute funds from Operations )
To Misc. Expenditure written off 5,625 By balance c/d (Opening Bal. in P&L A/c) 1,12,500
To Provision for Depreciation 90,000 By Funds from Operations (bal.fig.) 3,84,750
To Loss on sale of Asset (11,250- 9,000) 2,250
To Premium, on Deb. redemption 11,250
To Provision of taxation 68,625
To Proposed Dividend 38,250
To General Reserve - Transfer 56,250
To balance c/d (closing Bal. in P&L A/c) 2,25,000
Total 4,97,250 Total 4,97,250
4. Statement of Sources and Application of funds (Funds Flow Statement)
Sources of Funds ` Application of Funds `
Funds from Operations( WN 3 ) 3,84,750 Purchase of Fixed Assets ( WN 2f) 2,70,000
Sale of Fixed Assets (given ) 9,000 Purchase of Investment (given) 90,000
Sale of Invetsments (WN 2b) 1,01,250 Redemption of Debentures (WN 2c) 1,23,750
Issue of Share Capital ( WN 2a) 1,12,500 Payment of Taxes (given) 61,875
Payment of Dividend (for 2013) 33,750

Increse in net Working Cap. (WN1 ) 28,125
Total 6,07,500 Total 6,07,500

: 38 :
Ans. 3. 1. Statement of Changes in Working Capital
A. Current Assets: Stock 46,150 58,000 12,650
Prepaid Expenses 2,300 1,900 400
Debtors 77,150 76,350 800
cash 95,900 77,400 18,500
Total Current Assets 2,21,500 2,14,450 12,650 19,700
B. Current Liabilities: creditors 27,100 28,800 1,700
Accrured Expense 4,600 4,350 250
Bank Overdraft 6,250 7,500 1,250
Sub- total 37,950 40,650 2,950 250
C. Net working Capital 1,83,550 1,73,800 9,700 19,450
Adjustment: Decrease in working Capital 9,750 9,750
Total 1,83,550 1,83,550 19,450 19,450
2. Fixed assets Account

Particulars Building Machinery Particulars Building Machinery
To balance b/d 1,78,400 1,07,050 By Depreciation 6,600 11,400
To Bank a/c (bal fig.) 4,30,000 24,250 By Machinery disposal a/c 9,1500
- assets acquired during the year By balance c/d 6,01,800 1,10,850
6,08,400 1,31,400 6,08,400 1,31,400
3. Proceeds from issue of shares = Difference between Closing & Opening Balance in share
capital & share Premium a/c = (1,67,50 - 1,50,000) + (3,35,000- 2,37,500) = ` 17,500 +
97,500 = 1,15,000
4. Proceeds from issue of Debentures = 2,40,000 - 75,000 for investment in A Ltd = 1,65,000
5. Trade Investment Sold = Opening Bal. Less closing Bal . Gain on sale = 1,05,000- 40,000
+ 6,400= ` 71,400
6. Amount received by Sale of Machinery = Book Value of M/c + Profit on sale = 9,150+1,850
= 11,000
7. Long Term Repaid = Opening Balance - Closing Balance = 50,000 - 40,000 = 10,000
8. Funds from Opertions = Operating + Depriciation = 91,050 + 6,600 + 11,400 = 1,09,050
9.Funds Flow Statement of Sorces and Application Of Funds )

Sources of Funds ` Application of Funds `
Funds from opertions (WN 8 ) 1,09,050 Purchase of Machinery (WN 2 ) 24,350
Sale of Machinery (WN 6) 11,000 Purchase / Construction of Building 4,30,000
Sale of Trade Investment (WN5) 71,400 Income Tax paid (F.Y. 2012 - 13) 16,850
Debentures Issue (WN4) 1,65,000 Long term Loan repaid 10,000
Prodeeds from shares Issue (WN 3) 1,15,000
Decrease in Net Working Capital (WN 1) 9,750
4,81,200 4,81,200
: 39 :
Ans.4. FUND FLOW STATEMENT
For the year ending 31.3.2014
Sources Amount Application Amount
Funds from Operations ` 71,560 Purchase of Fixed Assets 14,960
Sale of Machinery 250 Purchase of Investment 15,000
Issue of Equity Share Capital 20,000 Redemption of Preference Shares 22,000
Funds from Long Term Loans 40,000 Dividend paid on Equity Shares 12,000
Interim Dividend 4,000
Final Dividend on Pref. Shares 8,000
Increase in Working Capital 55,850
1,31,810 1,31,810
SCHEDULE OF CHANGE IN WORKING CAPITAL

2009 2010 Increase Decrease
`)
(` `)
(` in WC in WC
Current Assets:
Stock 98,000 1,04,000 6,000 -
Trade Debtors( 88,000- 1,700) 86,300 85,000 - 1,300
Bank 11,750 32,000 20,250 -
Current Liabilities
Bank Overdraft 22,000 - 22,000
Trade Creditors 84,450 75,550 8,900
Total 57,150 1,300
Increase in Working Capital 55,850
ADJUSTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
To Depreciation ` 13,260 By Balance b/d ` 1,00,350
To Bonus Shares 25,000 By Fixed Asset A/c 3,000
To Loss on sale of Fixed Assets 950 By Reserve for Replacement 5,000
To Premium on Redemption of By Funds From Operation 71,560
Preference Shares 2,000 (Balancing Figure)
To Interim Divedend 4,000
To Proposed Dividend on Equity Shares 24,000
To Final Dividend on pref. Shares 8,000
To Balance c/d 1,02,700
1,79,910 1,79,910
: 40 :
Working Notes:
Fixed Assets Account
To Balance b/d ` 2,40,070 By Depreciation A/c ` 4,800
To Adjusted P& L A/c 3,000 By Bank (sale) 250
To Sundry Debtors A/c 1,700 By Adjusted P & L A/c 950
To Bank ( Purchase) 14,960 By Balance c/d 2,53,730
2,59,730 2,59,730
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT

To Fixed Assets Account ` 4,800 By Balance b/d ` 90,020
To Balance c/d 98,480 By Adjusted P& L A/c 13,260
1,03,280 1,03,280
: 41 :
CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Ans. 1. Sagar Ltd.

Cash Flow statement for the year end 31st December, 2014
` `
Cash flows from operating activities
Net profit before taxation and extra - ordinary items 1,17,500
Adjustments for:
Depreciation on Land and Buildings 8,000
Depreciation on Plant and Machinery 10,000
Loss on Sale of Plant and Machinery 1,000
Goodwill w/ off 10,000
Operating profit before working Capital Changes 1,46,500
Increase in stock -11,000
Increase in Debtors -8,000
Increase in B.R. -4,000
Decrease in Prepaid Expenses 2,000
Decrease in creaditors -11,000
Decrease in B.P. -24,000
Net Cash from Operating Activities 90,500
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Sale of Plant and Machinery 7,000
Purchase of Land and Building - 18,000
Purchase of Plant and Machinery - 78,000 - 89,000
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Redemption of Debentures -1,00,000
Issue of Equity Capital 1,00,000
Payment of interim Dividend - 7,500 -7,500
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents - 6,000
Cash and Cash equivalents at the begaining of the year 10,000
Cash And Cash equivalents at the end of the year 4,000
Working Note :
Calculation of Net profit before tax
P & L A/c at the beginning (6,000)
Add : Profit for the period [PAT] 92,500
Loss : Transfer to Reserves (30,000)
Add : Transfer from Reserves ----
Les : Proposed dividend (20,000) + (7,500)
P/L A/c at the ende 29,000
Net profit before tax 1,17,500

Less : Provision for tax 25,000
Net profit after tax 92,500
: 42 :
Ans. 2. 1. Investments A/c
To balance c/d (given) 4,80,000 By Bank (bal. fig)
Sale value of Investment 1,44,000
To capital Reserve
( Profit on sale on Invts) 48,000 By balance c/d (given) 3,84,000
Total 5,28,000 Total 5,28,000
2. Fixed Assets A/c

To balance b/d (given) 38,40,000 By Assets Disposal A/c- transfer 2,40,000
To Bank A/c (bal. Figure - By Fixed Assets written off A/c -
assets purchased) 10,20,000 transfer 60,000
By balance c/d (given) 45,60,000
Total 48,60,000 Total 48,60,000
3. Accumulated Depreciation A/c

To Assets Disposal A/c 84,000 By balance b/d (given) 11,04,000
(on assets sold)
To Fixed Assets w/ off 48,000 By P&L A/c - (Depreciation
(on assets w/off) for the year) 4,20,000
To balance c/d (given) 13,92,000
Total 15,24,000 Total 15,24,000
4. Assets Disposal A/c

To fixed Assets A/c - Cost 2,40,000 By Bank a/c (Sale of Assets) 1,20,000
of Assets
By Accumulated Depreciation A/c 84,000
By P& L A/c - Loss on sale of Fixed
Assets 36,000
Total 1,20,000 Total 1,20,000
5. Fixed Assets Written off A/c

To Fixed Assets A/c - 60,000 By Accumulated Depreciation A/c 48,000
Cost Of Assets w / off By p&L A/c - Loss on W/ Off of 12,000
Fixed Assets
: 43 :
6. Computation of Net Profit before Taxation
Particulars `
Profit made during the year = Increase in P& L Account Balalnce
= ` 3,60,000 - 2,88,000 72,000
Add back: Provision for Taxation for the year 4,08,000
Provision dividends 1,74,000
Transfer to Reserve during the year = ` 9,60,000 - ` 8,16,000 1,44,000
Less : Revaluation of opening stock will increase stock and reduce profits by
10
` 2,59,200 x
90 (28,800)
Net profit before Taxation, taken to cash Flow statement 7,69,200
` 2,59,200
Note: Corrected Value Opening will be = ` 2,88,000
90%
7. Computation of Increase / Decrease in other current Assets
Particulars 31st March of year1 31st March of Year 2
Other current Assets (as per balance sheet) 11,34,000 12,72,000
Less: Stock included in the above 2,59,200 3,60,000
Hence, other Current Assets (excluding stock) 8,74,800 9,12,000
Note: Other Current Assets are taken as per Balancesheet, Which includes the uncorrected
amount of stock as on 31st March of Year 1 . Hence, the uncorrected stock amount is
reduced threrfrom, to determine the Other Current Assets.
: 44 :
9. Cash Flow statement for the year ended 31st March of year 2
Particulars ` `
A. CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Profit before Taxation (after adjustments for Stock) (WN 6) 7,69,200
Adjustment for: Preliminary Expenses written off ( ` 96,000 - ` 48,000) 48,000
Depreciation (WN 3) 4,80,000
Loss on Sale of Fixed Assets (WN 4) 36,000
Decrease in value of Fixed Assets written off (WN 5) 12,000
Premium on Redemption of Debentures ( ` 9,60,000 - ` 6,72,000)x 5% 14,400
Operating profit before working Capital Changes 12,99,600
` 6,24,000 - ` 5,76,000)
Adjustment for : Increase in Current Liabilities (` 48,000
` 3,60,000 - `2,88,000) ( See Note below WN 6)

Increases in stock (` (72,000)
` 9,12,000 - ` 8,74,800 ) (WN 7)

Increase in other Current Assets (` (37,200)
Cash generated from operations 12,38,000
Less: Income Taxes Paid (4,32,000)
Net Cash flow from/ (used in) Operating Activities 8,06,000
B. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of Fixed Assets (WN 2) (10,20,000)
Proceeds from sale of fixed Assets (WN 4) 1,20,000
Proceeds from sale of Investments (WN 1) 1,44,000
Net cash flow from (used in) Investing Activities (7,56,000)
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
` 19,20,000 - ` 14,40,000)
Proceeds from issuance of share capital (` 4,80,000
Redemption of Debentures (` 9,60,000 - ` 6,72,000) at 105% (3,02,400)
Dividend paid ( ` 1,44,000 - ` 18,000) (1,04,000)
Net cash flow / (used in) financing activities 51,600
D. Net Increase / (decrease) in cash Equivalents (A+B+C) 1,02,000
E. Cash and Cash equivalents at the begainjing of the year (given) 2,10,000
F. Cash And Cash Equivalents at the end of the year (given) 3,12,000
: 45 :
Ans. 3. Cash Flow statement for the year ended 31st March 2014. [Indirect Method]
Particulars ` 000s ` 000s
A. Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net Profit after Taxation 1,560
Add back:Provision for Taxation 1,040
Depreciation 390
Less: Divided Income (taken in investing Activities (260)
Operating profit before working capital changes 2,730
Adjustment for: Increase in stock ( 676 - 975) (299)
Increase in Debtors (728- 1,131) (403)
Increase in Prepaid selling Expenses(26-52) (26)
Increase in Creaditors (1,222 - 936) 286
Increase in outsting Rent (65- 52) 13
Cash generated from operations 2,301
Less: Income Tax Paid (OB + Provn - CB) = (520+1040 -195) (1,365)
Net Cash Flow from / (used in ) Operating Activities 936
B. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of plant and M/c (CB + Deprn- OB) = 5,525 + 390 - 3,978) (1, 937)
Dividend Income Received 250
Net Cash Flow / (used in) Investing Activities (1,677)
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issue of Equity Shares (5,200 - 3,900) 1,300
Proceeds from issue of 12% Debentures (1,300 - Nil) 1,300
Dividend paid (as per P & L A/c) (650)
Net Cash Flow from / (used in) Financing Activities 1,950
D. Net Incease / (Decrease) in cash Acsh equivalents (A+ B+C) 1,209
E. Cash and cash Equivalents at the begaining of the year (494 + 26) 520
F. Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the year (1,677 + 52) 1,729
Ans. 4. 1. Plant and Machinery Account

To Balance b/d 6,00,000 By Bank A/c (Sale of Assets) 36,000
To Bank A/c (bal. figure - assets 2,25,000 By P & L (Loss on sale of assets) 9,000
Purchased)
By Depreciation (20% on Opening bal.) 1,20,000
By Balance c/d (given) 6,60,000
Total 8,25,000 Total 8,25,000
: 46 :
2. Investment Account
To Balance b/d 2,40,000 By Bank A/c (Bal. fig invts sold ) 35,000
To Profit on sale of invts (given) 15,000 By balance c/d 2,20,000
Total 2,55,000 Total 2,55,000
3. Cash Flow statement for the year ended 31st March 20x2
Particulars ` `
A. Cash Flow Operating activities

Profit made during the year = Increase in P&L bal.= ` 3,00,000 - ` 2,10,000 90,000
Add: Provision for Taxation for the year 96,000
Proposed Dividends ( for year 20x2) 1,44,000
Transfer to Reserve during the year (` 1,45,000 - ` 1,20,000) 25,000
Net Profit before Taxation 3,55,000
Add back: Goodwill written off (`1,00,000 - ` 80,000) 20,000
Depriciation on Plant and Machinery 1,20,000
Depreciation on Building ( ` 7,00,000 - ` 6,50,000) 50,000
Loss on sale of Machinery 9,000
Less: Profit on sale of investments (15,000)
Operating Profit before working Capital Changes 5,39,000
Add / Less:Adjustment for changes in current Assets / Liabilities
Decrease in stock ` 4,00,000 - ` 3,85,000)
(` 15,000
` 15,000 - `11,000)
Decrease in prepaid Expenses (` 4,000
Increase in creaditors ` 2,15,000 - `1,85,000)
(` 30,000
Increase in debtors ` 4,15,000 - ` 2,88,000)
(` (1,27,000)
Cash Generated from Operations 4,61,000
Less: Income Tax paid ( ` 80,000 + ` 96,000 - ` 1,05,000) (71,000)
Net Cash Flow from / (used in) Operating Activities 3,90,000
B. Cash Flow from Investing activities:
Purchase of Plant and Machinery (WN 2) (2,25,000)
Proceeds from Sale of Machinery 36,000
Proceeds from Sale of Investment (WN 3) 35,000
Net Cash from / (used in ) Investing Activities (1,54,000)
: 47 :
Particulars ` `
C. Cash Flow from Financing Activites:
Issue of Preference shares at Premium ( ` 1,00,000 + ` 25,000) 1,25,000
` 2,00,000 + ` 20,000)
Redemption of Debetures at premium (` (2,20,000)
Dividend paid (for year 20x1) (1,36,000)
Net Cash flow from / (used in) Financing Activities 2,31,000)
D. Net Increase / (Decrease) in cash Equivalents (A + B+ C) 5,000
E. Cash And Cash Equivalents at the begining of the year 88,000
F. Cash and Casg Equivalent at the end of the year 93,000
4. Statement of Changes in Working Capital

Particulars 31.3.20x1 31.03.20x2 Increase Decrease
A. Current Assets: Stock 4,00,000 3,85,000 15,000
Debtors 2,88,000 4,15,000 1,27,000
Prepaid Expenses 15,000 11,000 4,000
Cash & Bank 88,000 93,000 5,000
Sub - Total Current Assets 7,91,000 9,04,000 1,32,000 19,000
B. Current Liabilities: Creditors 1,85,000 2,15,000 30,000
Provision for Taxation 80,000 1,05,000 25,000
Proposed Dividend 1,36,000 1,44,000 8,000
Sub-Total Current Liabilities 4,01,000 4,64,000 63,000 Nil
C. Net Working Capital 3,90,000 4,40,000 69,000 19,000
Adjustment: Increase in Working Capital 50,000 - 50,000
Total 4,40,000 4,40,000 69,000 69,000
Ans. 5. Projected Cash Flow statement of X Ltd as on 31.03.2008

Particulars ` `
A. CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Profit for the year (as given)
1,04,500
Add: Depreciation for the year 1,14,000
` 95,000 - ` 66,500 - ` 38,000)
Less: Profit on sale of Fixed Assets (` (9,500)
Cash Flow from Operations before working capital changes 2,09,000
Add/ Less: Adjustement for working Capital items excluding Cash
(a) Increase in stock and Debtors ( ` 4,75,000 - ` 5,60,500) (85,000)
(b) `1,14,000 - ` 1,48,200)
Increase in Creditors (` 34,200
(c) ` 76,000 - ` 98,800)
Increase in Bills Payable (` 22,800
Net Cash flow from / (used in ) Operating Activities 1,80,500
: 48 :
Particulars ` `
B. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of Fixed assets (1,90,000)
Sale of Machinery Item 38,000
Net Cash Flow from / (used in ) Investing Activities (1,52,000)
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Dividend (net of tax ) 10% on ` 5,70,000 (57,000)
Dividend Distribution Tax ` 57,000 x 25/75) (19,000)
Net cash Flow from /(used in) Financing Activities (76,000)
D. Net increase / (Decrease) in Cash & Bank Balances during the year (A +B+C) (47,500)
E. Cash & Bank Balances at the begainig of the year (Given) 66,500
F. Estimated Closing Balance of Cash & Bank (D+E) 19,000
Ans. 6. 1. workings/ Basic Calculations
( ` ` `
` `
`
` `
` ` ` `
` `
` ` `
` ` `
` ` `
` `
` `
` `
: 49 :
2. Projected Profit & Loss Statemnet of X Limited for the ended 31.3.2011
Sale (WN 1b) 1,37,50,000
Less: Material Cost 40 % of ` 1,37,50,000 55,00,000
Labour & other production cost 45% of ` 1,37,50,000 61,87,500
Depreciation 5% of ` 1,37,50,000 6,87,500
EBIT 10% of 1,37,50,000 13,75,000
Less: Interest on Debentures (WN 1) 2,55,500
EBT 11,19,500
Less: Taxation 30% of EBT 3,35,850
EAT 7,83,650
Less: Preference Dividend 8% x ` 32,50,000 2,60,000
Residual Earnings available for Equity Shareholder 5,23,650
Less: Equity Dividend 7 % X ` 60,00,000 4,20,000
Balance carried to Balance Sheet 1,03,650
3.Projected Balance Sheet of X Limited as on 31st March 2011

Share Capital: Equity share capital 90,00,000 Fixed Assets - Gross 1,92,50,000
8 % preference capital 32,50,000 Less: Depereciation 58,87,500 1,33,62,500
Reserves & surplus (incl. P& A/c ) 15,03,650 Current Asset
Secured Loans - 10% Debentures 19,50,000 Stock (WN 1g) 21,75,000
- 11% Debentures 5,50,000 Debtors (WN 1K) 13,75,000
Current Liabilities: Creditors (WN 1) 13,75,000 Cash & Bank (Bal. fig) 10,52,000
Tax Provision 3,35,850
Total 1,79,64,500 1,79,64,500
4. Projected Cash Flow Statement for the period eneded 31 st March 2011 (Indirect Method)
Particulars ` `
A. Cash Flows from Operating activities:
Net Profit before Tax and extra ordinary items 11,19,500
Adjustment for : Depreciation 6,87,500
Debenture Interest 2,55,500
Operating Profit before working Capital changes 20,62,500
Adjustyment for: Increase in Stock ` 21,75,000 - 19,50,000)
(` (2,25,000)
Decrease in Creditors ` 32,50,000 -13,75,000)
(` (18,75,000)
Decrease in Debtors ` 26,00,000 - ` 13,75,000)
(` 12,25,000
Net cash Flow From / (used in) Operating Activities 11,87,500
B. Cash Flow From Investing Activities : Purchase of fixed assets (30,00,000)
C. Cash Flow from financing activities:
Dividend on prefrence & Equity Capital ( 6,80,000)
Interest paid on Debentures (2,55,500)
Issue of 11% Debentures 5,50,000
Issue of Equity shares 30,00,000
Net Cash Flow / (used in ) Financing Activities 26,14,500
D. Net Increase/ (Decrease) in Cash & Bank during the year (A + B+ C) 8,02,000
E. Cash & Bank Balances at the begining of the year (Given) 2,50,000
F. Estimated Closing Balance of Cash & Bank (D+E) 10,52,000
: 50 :
CASH BUDGET
Ans. 1. Cash Budget the period January - March

January February March
Opening Cash ` 22,000 ` 35,000 ` 48,000
Cash Inflows:
Cash Sales 20,000 20,000 24,000
Debtors Collected 80,000 80,000 80,000
Sale of machine - - 5,000
Total Cash (A) 1,22,000 1,35,000 1,57,000
Cash Outflows:
Cash Purchases 2,000 2,000 2,000
Payment to creditors 40,000 40,000 40,000
wages 15,000 15,000 15,000
Manufacturing expenses 20,000 20,000 20,000
General selling expenses 10,000 10,000 10,000
Purchase of machine - - 50,000
Total Outflows ( B) 87,000 87,000 1,37,000
Cash balance (A- B) 35,000 48,000 20,000
Ans. 2. Cash Budget for January - May , 2014

Jan Feb. March April May
Opening balance 50,000 94,100 1,05,500 48,100 65,100
Cash Flows:
Sales cash 32,000 40,000 32,000 40,000 36,000
Credit 1,28,000 1,12,000 1,28,000 1,60,000 1,28,000
Total Cash (A) 2,10,000 2,46,100 2,26,500 2,48,100 2,29,100
Outflows:
Creditors 96,000 84,000 96,000 1,20,000 96,000
Variable expenses 7,500 9,000 9,0000 9,000 9,500
5% Commision 6,400 5,600 6,400 8,000 6,400
Rent 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000
Fixed assets - 36,000 1,00,000 - -
Taxes - - - 40,000 -
Total cash outflows(B) 1,15,900 1,40,600 2,17,400 1,83,000 1,17,900
Balance (A- B) 94,100 1,05,000 48,100 65,100 1,11,200
The ouflows on account of variable expenses have been calculated as follows: The variable
expenses are payable with a time lag of half a month of January 2014, Payment would be
made in respect of half month sales of January 2014 and half month of sales of December
2013. So,- payment would be 5 % of [ 1/2(1,40,000) + 1/2 (1,60,000)]. Similarly, payment
for other months can also be calculated.
: 51 :
Ans. 3. Calculation of Units to be Produced
January February March Total

Sales 15,000 20,000 25,000 60,000
+ Closing Inventory
(next 2 months requirements) 45,000 52,000 57,000 57,000
60,000 72,000 82,000 1,17,000
- Opening stock 30,000 45,000 52,000 30,000
Production (Balancing Figure) 30,000 27,000 30,000 87,000
CASH BUDGET
(`in lacs)
January February March Total
Cash Balance (opening) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
A. Cash Inflows from
Debtors:
Current Month @ 50% 3.75 5.00 6.25 15.00
Previous month 4.00 3.75 5.00 12.75
Total 8.25 9.25 11.75 28.25
B. Cash Outflows:
Varible Manufacturing
Costs@ 25each 7.50 6.75 7.50 21.75
Fixed Manufacturing cost 1.50 1.50 1.50 4.50
Fixed selling Expenses
Variable selling Expenses
Current month (80%) 0.60 0.80 1.00 2.40
Next month (20%) 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.60
Total 10.85 10.20 11.20 32.25
Balance -2.60 -0.95 +0.55 -4.00
Desired minimum cash
Balance +0.50 +0.50 +0.50 +0.50
Loan required 3.10 1.45 - 4.50
Repayment - - 0.05 -
Closing Balance 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
: 52 :

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HOMEWORK

Q. 2. The following figures and ratios are related to a company :

Q. 3. The following data relate to RT Ltd. :

Q. 5. X Ltd. details are as under :

Q. 6. The following is the capital structure of Simons Company Ltd.

2. Calculate the Marginal Cost of Capital.

Q. 3.A company has to consider the following Project:

Q. 8. A Hospital is considering to purchase a Diagnostic Machine costing ` 80,000. The pro-

Q. 9. A Company is considering a proposal of installing a Drying Equipment. The equipment

Q.11. Fill in the blanks of each of the following cases.

Project Life Cash initial Cost of IRR NPV PI

ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

: 19 : ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

: 20 : ESTIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Q. 2.A company has prepared the following projections for a year :

2. 10% Debentures were redeemed at 20% premium.

4. Income - tax paid during the year 2013-2014 was 80,000.

7. Investments are Non - Trade Investments.

(a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital, and

(b) Funds Flow Statement.

: 23 : FUND FLOW STATEMENT

2. During 2013-2014, Investments costing 90,000 were sold, and also

3. Debentures were retired at a premium of 10%.

4. Tax of 61,875 was paid for 2012-2013.

6. The Proposed Dividend for 2012-2013 was paid in 2013-2014.

Prepare a Funds Flow Statement (Statement of Changes in Financial Position on

: 24 : FUND FLOW STATEMENT

Net Sales 13,50,000

Less : Cost of Goods Sold and Operating Expenses 12,58,950

(including Depreciation on Buildings of ` 6,600 and Depreciation on Machinery of ` 11,400)

Net Operating Profit 91,050

Gain on Sale of Trade Investments 6,400

Gain on Sale and Machinery 1,850

Profits before Tax 99,300

Income - Tax 48,250

Profits after Tax 51,050

2. The Shares of 'A' Ltd. were acquired by Issue of Debentures.

Prepare a Fund Flow Statement (Statement of Changes in Financial position on

: 25 : FUND FLOW STATEMENT

: 26 : FUND FLOW STATEMENT

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

: 27 : CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Particulars ` 000s Particulars ` 000s

: 29 : CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Q. 6.The Balance Sheet of X Ltd. as on 31st March, 2010 is as follows :

The following additional information is available :

: 30 : CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Ans. 1. Balance Sheet as at 31st March 2014

(ii) Total Assets tuneover = 2

Sales ? Sales = 30,00,000

(iii) Avg collection period = 40 days

3 = sales (-) G.P.

21,000 ? clg Stock = 7,00,000

0.75 = 3,33,333 + Cash

(vi) Since QR is 1:1; it indicates for ` 1 of CL we have ` 1 o f QA.

CR of 1.5:1 indicates for ` 1 of CL we have 1.5 of CA to repay CA

Ans. 2.(a) Balance Sheet as at 31st March

(b) FA Turnover = 1.5

(c) Stock Turnover = 6