ECR2014 - Ultrasound Evaluation of Scrotal Pathology
ECR2014 - Ultrasound Evaluation of Scrotal Pathology
ECR2014 - Ultrasound Evaluation of Scrotal Pathology
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Learning objectives
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Background
Scrotal anatomy
The scrotal sac, a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle containing the
testes, epididymis and lower end of the spermatic cords, is made up of numerous
layers, namely the skin, the dartos fascia, the external spermatic fascia, the cremaster
muscle, the internal spermatic fascia and the tunica vaginalis. The layers are usually not
distinguishable at ultrasonography (US). The tunica vaginalis consists of a parietal and
a visceral layer, and between them there is a virtual space where free or collected fluid
may develop.
The testis is surrounded by a thick fibrous layer, the tunica albuginea. Multiple thin
septations arise from this tunica, converging posteriorly to form the mediastinum testis,
which supports the testicular vessels and ducts.
The testis contains hundreds of seminiferous tubules, and they all course centrally,
converging in order to form 20-30 larger ducts, the tubuli recti, that enter the mediastinum
testis and form a network of channels called the rete testis. The rete testis drains into the
efferent ductules in the epididymal head.
Each spermatic cord is sheathed in connective tissue and contains a network of arteries,
veins, nerves, as well as the first section of the vas deferens through which sperm pass
in the process of ejaculation. The cords extend from the testes to the inguinal rings the
fascia transversalis, passing through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity.
The testicular arteries, arising from the abdominal aorta, are the main blood supply to the
testes. There is collateral circulation from the deferential artery (a branch of the inferior
vesical artery, which arises from the internaliliac) and the cremasteric artery (a branch of
the inferior epigastric artery). The testicular arteries, as well as the pampiniform plexus,
nerves, and lymphatics, converge within the spermatic cord and course toward the tunica
albuginea The remaining portions of the scrotum receive arterial blood from the pudendal
arteries, which arise from the internal iliac artery.
US tecnique
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US is the imaging modality of choice for evaluating acute and nonacute scrotal disease.
Scrotal ultrasound exam is ideally performed with the patient in the supine position, with
a rolled towel or pillow placed between the legs to support the scrotum and with the penis
positioned superiorly.
A high-frequency transducer (8-MHz to15-MHz) is used for scanning, but lower frequency
transducers can be employed for an edematous scrotum.
Sagittal and transverse images of each testicle should be obtained, as well as transverse
side-by-side images of both testes in order to compare echogenicity, scrotal wall
thickness and flow symmetry. Color and power Doppler ultrasound can also be used to
detect perfusion and verify abnormal flow patterns.
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Images for this section:
Fig. 1: Scrotal ultrasound: sagittal image of the normal testicle, showing medium
homogeneous echogenicity.
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Fig. 2: Scrotal ultrasound: transverse image of both testicles, showing normal medium
homogeneous echogenicity.
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Fig. 3: Scrotal ultrasound: sagittal image of the normal mediastinum testis, an echogenic
band along the long axis of the testicle. It supports the testicular vessels and ducts.
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Fig. 4: Scrotal ultrasound: sagittal image of the normal epididymis head, located adjacent
to the superior pole of the testis, usually isoechoic or hypoechoic relative to the testicle.
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Fig. 6: Scrotal ultrasound: sagittal image of the normal epididymis body, usually isoechoic
or slightly hypoechoic relative to the head.
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Findings and procedure details
Inflammatory disease of the epididymis and testis presents with scrotal pain and
swelling, and sometimes fever and chills. The pain can be relieved by elevating the
testis over the symphysis pubis, and this clinical sign, called the Prehn sign, helps
differentiate epididymitis from torsion of the spermatic cord, in which scrotal pain
is not relieved by this maneuver.
Testicular abscess (Fig 15, 16) is a sequela of epididymo-orchitis but can also be
caused by mumps, infarction or trauma. The US appearance is diverse. The testicle
is usually enlarged, containing an ill-defined, heterogeneous and hypoechoic area
containing fluid or internal echoes. An irregular wall can be seen and there is
typically peripherical hypervascularity.
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Granulomas can be seen in cases of tuberculosis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis,
leprosy, and syphilis.
Testicular Torsion
Testicular torsion is one of the most common indications for scrotal ultrasound,
for it must be identified and treated within a few hours after its onset in order to
prevent infarction of the hemodynamicallycompromised testicle.
The predisposing factors to torsion include a long and narrow mesentery and
a congenital abnormality called the "bell-clapper deformity", which consists on
a failure of normal posterior anchoring of the gubernaculum, epididymis and
testis, leaving the testis free to swing and rotate within the tunica vaginalis. This
abnormality is bilateral in most cases.
The risk of infarction varies with the degree of torsion. Torsion of 90 degrees
causes lymphatic and venous obstruction and may not cause infarction for days.
But torsion of 720 degrees obstructs arterial flow and may cause ischemia and
infarction within 2 hours.
If diagnosed and surgically treated within the first 6 hours, the salvage rate is nearly
100%, but if left untreated for more than 12 hours it may decrease to only 20%.
It can occur at any age, however, it is most frequent in young teenage boys,
and clinically manifests with acute scrotal pain and swelling, as well as nausea,
vomiting, and a low-grade fever. The pain cannot be relieved by elevation of the
scrotum.
Gray-scale US findings are nonspecific for testicular torsion, and often appear
normal in the early phases of torsion.
US evaluation within the first 4-6 hours usually shows decreased echogenicity of
the testicular parenchyma with edema, but may be heterogeneously increased with
superimposed hemorrhage.
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24 hours after onset, the testis has a heterogeneous echotexture due to vascular
congestion, hemorrhage, and infarction (Fig 17, 18).
Color and power Doppler US demonstrates absent or decreased flow with low peak
systolic velocity in the symptomatic testis compared to the opposite one.
The appendix testis and appendix epididymis can also suffer torsion, clinically
presenting with acute scrotal pain and a small palpable nodule on the superior
aspect of the testis, exhibiting a bluish discoloration of the overlying skin - the
"blue dot" sign.
The treatment for this condition is conservative and essentially focused on pain
relief.
In many cases, the appendix suffers atrophy and may even calcify within a few
days.
Nonpalpable Testis
Testis may be nonpalpable if they are congenitally absent, or in case of atrophy, ectopia
or cryptorchidism.
Ectopic testis may be found in the contralateral hemiscrotum, in the perineum, femoral
canal or superficial inguinal pouch, the latter being the most common ectopic location.
There are some complications related to cryptorchidism, such as infertility, torsion, bowel
incarceration and even an increased risk for malignant degeneration, seminoma being
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the most common tumor associated with this condition. This increased risk for malignancy
remains even after orchiopexy.
The undescended testis is normally smaller and slightly less echogenic than the normal
testis. It may be mistaken for a large lymph node or the pars infravaginalis gubernacula
(Fig 19).
Scrotal calcification
Testicular microlithiasis consists of multiple tiny echogenic foci with a variable distribution
within the testis, measuring 1-3 mm in diameter, usually with a symmetrical distribution of
foci, although a unilateral pattern can also be found. They show no acoustic shadowing,
probably owing to their small size (Fig 20.21.22).
Extratesticular calcification is more frequent than intratesticular one and usually means
benign disease, often being related to previous inflammatory disease of the epididymis.
The focus of calcification is usually solitary and the site of calcification points towards
the diagnosis.
The scrotal pearl (Fig 24) is a calcified body measuring up to 1cm in diameter and located
between the internal and external layers of the tunica vaginalis, whose etiology is still
unclear, probably representing a fibrinous deposit in the tunica vaginalis or a remnant of
a detached torsed appendix testis or appendix epididymis.
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Occasionally, the tunica vaginalis may calcify extensively and produce a linear plaque
with acoustic shadowing.
Cystic lesions
Usually incidental findings, cystic lesions are not always benign, for some tumors may
suffer cystic degeneration due to hemorrhage or necrosis.
But unlike cystic tumors, testicular benign cysts do not require surgery, only conservative
treatment.
Cysts of the tunica albuginea - Usually solitary and unilocular (although they can also
be multiple and multilocular), they are simple cysts enclosed by a cuboid or cylindrical
epithelium. The etiology of these cystic lesions is unknown, but they probably have a
mesothelial origin. Ranging from 2-5mm in size, they are usually asymptomatic and
detected only when there is a palpable mass.
Simple cysts - these pure serous liquid lesions are enclosed by a thin, smooth wall,
and have a variable size, ranging from 2mm to 2cm. They are located adjacent to the
mediastinum testis, usually solitary (but may be multiple) and frequently associated with
extratesticular spermatoceles. Trauma, surgery or prior inflammation constitute some of
the suspected causes.
At US they are anechoic, well-defined lesions, with no perceptible wall and with through-
transmission (Fig 26,27,28).
Epidermoid cysts - also known as keratocysts, they are benign tumors of germ cell
origin, ranging in size from 1-3cm.
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The US appearance of these cyst varies with the degree of maturation. The classic
appearance is an "onion-ring" pattern with alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic
layers, with no internal blood flow on Doppler US.
A benign condition common in men older than 55 years, resulting from partial
or complete obstruction of the efferent ducts due to trauma or inflammation. The
US appearance is of several fluid-filled tubular structures in or adjacent to the
mediastinum testis, frequently bilateral (Fig 29,30).
These extratesticular cystic lesions are more common than the intratesticular
ones, and can be found in the spermatic cord, epididymis,
Spermatoceles are more common than epididymal cysts, and almost always
arise in the epididymis head. They represent cystic dilatation of the efferent
ductules of this segment of the epididymis and therefore contain spermatozoa
and a proteinaceous fluid. They are predominantly solitary, with size up to 2-3-cm
diameter, and septations are common.
Epididymal cysts contain clear serous fluid and may arise throughout the
epididymis. They are often multiple, with usual size <1 cm, and can be found
anywhere along the epididymis.
Both spermatoceles and epididymal cysts may result from previous episodes of
epididymitis or trauma.
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Malignant conditions of the scrotum
While the majority of extratesticular masses are benign, intratesticular masses are more
likely to be malignant.
Testicular cancer accounts for only 1-2% of all malignant lesions in men.
There are some known risk factors this malignancy, namely white men, cryptorchism,
Klinefelter syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis.
Patients generally present with a unilateral, painless scrotal mass, although some may
mention minor discomfort in the scrotum. Sometimes there is just a diffuse enlargement
of the testicle. Constitutional symptoms such as fever are infrequent.
Most malignant tumors of the testicle are hipoechogenic related to the testicular
parenchyma. But the presence of hemorrhage, necrosis or calcification may increase
the echogenicity of these lesions. Additionally, there are many benign intratesticular
conditions, such as hematoma, abscess, orquitis, infarction and granuloma, that mimic
testicular malignancy and must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis.
In the majority of malignant tumors, color and power Doppler US will reveal increased
vascularity, but this is not a specific feature for the diagnosis of malignancy, and
sometimes it is not easy to prove increased blood flow in small tumors.
There are two main types of malignant tumors of the testis: Germ Cell Tumors and
Gonadal Stromal Tumors.
Germ Cell Tumors account for 90-95% of testicular tumors and are divided in two
groups, seminomatous and nonseminomatous, both having different biological behavior,
treatment and prognosis.
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Seminoma is the most common single-cell type of testicular tumors in adults, accounting
for nearly 50% of all germ cell tumors.
They have a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decades, and are rare before puberty.
Seminomas are less aggressive than other testicular tumors and are highly sensitive to
radiation and chemotherapy, therefore are associated with a favorable prognosis.
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) arise in younger men, having a peak
incidence in the second and third decades.
They include embryonal cell carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma.
Mixed tumor histology is common.
These lesions are more aggressive than seminomas, frequently invading the tunica
albuginea and causing distortion of the testicle contours. Metastization is also more
common, and they are less sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, therefore these
masses hold a worse prognosis.
Gonadal Stromal Tumors represent 3-6% of testicular tumors, and arise from the
supporting stromal tissue of the testis.
They include Leydig cell tumors, Sertoli cell tumors and the very rare granulosa
cell tumors.
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These lesions are normally small and usually discovered incidentally.
Leydig cell tumor is the most common type of gonadal stromal tumor of the
testis and can occur in any age group. Patients present with a painless scrotal
enlargement and gynecomastia due to secretion of androgens by the lesion.
Children present with symptoms of precocious puberty due to the same motive.
Gonadal Stromal Tumors do not have a specific US appearance, but usually appear
as small, well-defined hypoechoic lesions. In some cases there may exist foci of
hemorrhage and/or necrosis.
Clinically, patients present with a painless enlarged testis and, less commonly,
with constitutional symptoms.
Leukemia (both acute and chronic) is the second most common secondary
malignant lesion of the testicle, many times diagnosed during clinical remission.
This happens because systemic chemotherapy does not reach the intratesticular
tumor in sufficient concentration to eliminate the tumor cells.
Metastization from other tumors to the testis is uncommon, and usually happens in
a context of diffuse and advanced spreading of the disease. Metastases originate
most commonly from prostate, renal, lung, and gastrointestinal carcinoma and
malignant melanoma.
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Tumorlike Lesions in the Testis
Some intratesticular lesions detected by US within the testicle may mimic a tumor
at US, and these include orchitis, hemorrhage, ischemia or infarction and scar
tissue from prior biopsy.
These lesions are often more ill-defined than tumors, but the US appearance can
be deceiving.
Granulomatous orchitis can also manifest as a testicular mass, and may be caused
by several pathogens including tuberculosis, syphilis,
Usually this condition has a more indolent course, and tends to involve the
epididymis to a much greater extent than the testis.
Paratesticular tumors are rare, and most of them involve the epididymis.
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These tumors clinically present as a painless firm scrotal mass.
Adenomatoid tumors represent 30% of these masses, and are benign neoplasms
with no reported metastases or recurrence after excision.
The US appearance is also very diverse, ranging from a primary cystic mass with
an intramural solid component to an almost completely solid mass.
Trauma
Frequently results from motor vehicle accident, athletic injury or a direct blow. It may
lead to contusion, hematoma, fracture, or rupture of the testis. Rupture demands a fast
diagnosis for it is a surgical emergency, and a precocious surgery can save the testicle.
Up to one third of cases will show an echogenic fluid collection representing an acute
hematocele (Fig 49). Focal areas of altered parenchymal echogenicity may signify
intratesticular hemorrhage or infarction, not necessarily with evidence of testicular
rupture.
Testicular Prostheses
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The indications for insertion of testicular prosthesis include orchidectomy for a number
of causes such as malignancy, torsion and orchitis.
The most common substance used around the world in the manufacture of these implants
is silicone;
Silicone may cause some sound enhancement and reverberation artifacts (Fig 50).
In the majority of cases, the normal scrotum usually has a minimum amount of fluid
between these two layers, which is seen at US evaluation and is not considered
hydrocele.
At US, hydroceles are anechoic fluid collections, usually surrounding the anterolateral
aspects of the testis, avascular on Doppler evaluation. (Fig 51,52). Sometimes, internal
low-level echoes may be seen, indicating a high protein or cholesterol content (Fig 53,
54).
Pyoceles result from the rupture of an intratesticular abscess into the virtual space
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis, or sometimes from an untreated
epididymo-orchitis.
At US both conditions are complex cystic lesions, with internal echogenic content,
septations and loculations (Fig 55,56,57,58). In chronic cases, scrotal wall thickening and
calcifications may also exist.
Varicocele
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Varicocele is an abnormal dilatation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform
plexus, usually due to incompetent valves in the internal spermatic Vein (idiopathic
varicocele), leading to an impaired drainage of blood into the spermatic cord veins
in the upright position or during the Valsalva maneuver.
This condition develops over time, and affects nearly 15% of adult men.
Varicoceles are more common on the left side for several reasons, namely: the left
testicular vein is longer and enters the left renal vein at a right angle; in some men,
the left testicular artery curves over the left renal vein and compresses it; the left
testicular vein is more susceptible to compression by the descending colon when
it is distended with feces.
Clinically, there may be a palpable scrotal mass, and the patient often describes it
as feeling "like a bag of worms". An aching pain within the scrotum or a feeling of
heaviness in the testicle are also common symptoms.
One of the main functions of the pampiniform plexus, which is keeping the
temperature of the testicles low, is lost when varicocele is present, and if untreated,
it will lead to testicular atrophy and, consequently, infertility.
The veins of the pampiniform plexus normally range from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter,
and the main draining vein can reach 2 mm in diameter.
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Images for this section:
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Fig. 7: Acute epididymitis - enlarged and heterogeneous head of epididymis, with
increased vascularity at color Doppler US.
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Fig. 8: Acute epididymitis : enlarged and heterogeneous head of epididymis, with
increased vascularity at color Doppler US.
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Fig. 9: Acute epididymitis : enlarged, hypoechoic and heterogeneous body and tail of
epididymis, with increased vascularity at color Doppler US.
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Fig. 11: Acute epididymitis : Scrotal wall edema and thickening
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Fig. 12: Acute epididymo-orchitis : secondary involvement of the testicle, with an
enlarged, heterogeneous and hypoechoic testicle, as well as increased vascularity at
color Doppler US.
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Fig. 13: Acute epididymo-orchitis : secondary involvement of the testicle, with an
enlarged, heterogeneous and hypoechoic testicle, as well as increased vascularity at
color Doppler US.
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Fig. 14: acute epididymitis : Reactive hipervascularity of the vascular structures of the
spermatic cord
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Fig. 15: Testicular abscesses : hypoechoic areas with ill-defined walls, containing fluid
as well as low-level internal echoes.
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Fig. 16: Microabscesses of the head and tail of the epididymis, already visible in previous
US studies, probably a sequela of epididymo-orchitis.
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Fig. 17: Testicular torsion : an enlarged testicle with highly heterogeneous echotexture
in a 9-year-old boy with an acute onset of scrotal pain and enlargement.
Fig. 18: Testicular torsion - an enlarged testicle with highly heterogeneous echotexture
and absent flow on Doppler evaluation in a 9-year-old boy with an acute onset of scrotal
pain and enlargement. Vascularization is seen in the epididymis area.
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Fig. 19: Undescendent testicle - right testicle visualized near the inguinal canal, next to
the external inguinal ring, The left testicle was correctly inserted in the scrotal sac and
was a little bigger than the right one.
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Fig. 20: Testicular microlithiasis - multiple tiny echogenic foci within the testis, with no
acoustic shadowing
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Fig. 21: Testicular microlithiasis - multiple tiny echogenic foci within the testis, with no
acoustic shadowing
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Fig. 22: Testicular microlithiasis - multiple tiny echogenic foci within the testis, with no
acoustic shadowing
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Fig. 23: Seminoma of the testis with a cluster of calcification.
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Fig. 24: Scrotal pearl : a calcified loose body lying between the membranes of the tunica
vaginalis, usually solitary, round and measuring up to 1 cm in diameter, producing a
discrete acoustic shadowing.
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Fig. 25: Microcalcifications of the head of epididymis, a common fiding in chronic
epididymitis.
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Fig. 26: A small, unilocular simple cyst of the testicle. anechoic, well-defined, with no
perceptible wall.
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Fig. 27: Unilocular simple cyst of the testicle. anechoic, well-defined, with no perceptible
wall, and with through-transmission.
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Fig. 28: Multilocular cyst of the testicle.
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Fig. 29: Tubular ectasia of rete testis : fluid-filled tubular structures in or adjacent to the
mediastinum testis. There is no change in the peri-testicular soft tissues.
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Fig. 30: Tubular ectasia of rete testis - fluid-filled tubular structures in or adjacent to the
mediastinum testis. There is no change in the peri-testicular soft tissues.
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Fig. 31: Spermatocele / epididymal cyst - a bulky hypoechoic with posterior acoustic
enhancement lesion, occupying practically the entire head of the epididymis. There is
also a discrete pure hydrocele
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Fig. 32: Spermatocele / epididymal cyst - a bulky hypoechoic with posterior acoustic
enhancement lesion, occupying practically the entire head of the epididymis.
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Fig. 33: Spermatocele / epididymal cyst - a large hypoechoic with posterior acoustic
enhancement lesion of the epididymis head.
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Fig. 34: Spermatoceles / epididymal cysts - a patient with a large hypoechoic with
posterior acoustic enhancement lesion, occupying practically the entire head of the
epididymis, with internal septa.
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Fig. 35: Spermatocele / epididymal cyst : A small, 5mm hypoechoic lesion in the head of
the epididymis, representing a benign cystic lesion.
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Fig. 36: Spermatoceles / epididymal cysts - Two small hypoechoic lesions in the head
of the epididymis.
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Fig. 37: Seminoma - a large hypoechoic lesion occupying practically the entire testicle,
hypervascular at color Doppler US. The histological report confirmed a seminoma.
Fig. 38: Seminoma - a large hypoechoic lesion occupying practically the entire testicle,
hypervascular at color Doppler US. The histological report confirmed a seminoma.
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Fig. 39: Seminoma - a homogeneous, hypoechoic lesion, confined by the tunica
albuginea. The histological report confirmed a seminoma.
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Fig. 40: Seminoma - a hypoechoic lesion, confined by the tunica albuginea. The
histological report confirmed a seminoma.
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Fig. 41: Embryonal carcinoma : a large, predominantly hypoechoic lesion with poorly
defined margins and an inhomogeneous echotexture, with a few small cystic-like areas. It
invades the tunica albuginea and causes distortion of the testicle countours in the upper
pole. The histological report confirmed an embryonal carcinoma. A small hydrocele is
present.
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Fig. 42: Embryonal carcinoma - a large, predominantly hypoechoic lesion with poorly
defined margins and an inhomogeneous echotexture, with a few small cystic-like areas. It
invades the tunica albuginea and causes distortion of the testicle countours in the upper
pole. The histological report confirmed an embryonal carcinoma. A small hydrocele is
present.
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Fig. 43: Testicular metastasis from lung tumor (right testicle) : multiple, bilateral lesions
os the testis, predominantly hypoechoic but with inhomogeneous echotexture, in a patient
with a known small cell lung carcinoma in advanced stage (innumerable metastasis in
the contralateral lung, liver and bone). Autopsy confirmed metastasis of the testis.
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Fig. 44: Testicular metastasis from lung tumor (left testicle) : multiple, bilateral lesions os
the testis, predominantly hypoechoic but with inhomogeneous echotexture, in a patient
with a known small cell lung carcinoma in advanced stage (innumerable metastasis in
the contralateral lung, liver and bone). Autopsy confirmed metastasis of the testis.
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Fig. 45: Intratesticular hematoma : a hypoechoic, well-defined lesion of the testicular
parenchyma, avascular at color Doppler US, in a patient with a recent history of trauma.
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Fig. 46: Intratesticular hematoma : a hypoechoic, well-defined lesion of the testicular
parenchyma, avascular at color Doppler US, in a patient with a recent history of trauma.
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Fig. 47: Paratesticular leiomyoma : a solid lesion in the head of epididymis, with
heterogeneous echotexture, showing internal vascularization at color Doppler evaluation,
in a patient with a palpable nodule in the left scrotum. Histological report confirmed a
paratesticular leiomyoma. Both testis showed no pathological findings.
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Fig. 48: Paratesticular leiomyoma : a solid lesion in the head of epididymis, with
heterogeneous echotexture, showing internal vascularization at color Doppler evaluation,
in a patient with a palpable nodule in the left scrotum. Histological report confirmed a
paratesticular leiomyoma. Both testis showed no pathological findings.
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Fig. 49: Testicular trauma : a small intratesticular hemorrhage in a patient after an
athletic injury. There is no interruption of the tunica albuginea. The remainder testicular
parenchyma is homogeneous.
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Fig. 50: Testicular Prosthesis : anechoic oval structure in the hemi scrotum, in a patient
submitted to orchidectomy due to a malignant lesions (seminoma).
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Fig. 51: Hydrocele - an anechoic fluid collection within the scrotal sac
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Fig. 52: Hydrocele - an anechoic fluid collection within the scrotal sac
Fig. 53: Hydrocele : an anechoic fluid collection within the scrotal sac, with internal low-
level echoes, indicating a high protein or cholesterol content.
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Fig. 54: Hydrocele : a large fluid collection, with significant internal echogenic content, in
a patient with several follow-up US evaluations, representing a case of chronic hydrocele.
The left testicle is pushed down by the hydrocele.
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Fig. 55: Hematocele : A complex cystic lesions in the scrotal sac and extending to the
ipsilateral inguinal canal, in a patient recently submitted to surgery. The fluid collection is
heterogeneous, non pure, with echogenic content, representing an hematoma.
Fig. 56: Hematocele : a complex fluid collection with septation and debris, that appeared
a few days following a scrotal trauma, indicating hematocele in the cavity of the tunica
vaginalis. The testis is intact. Pyocele has a similar appearance.
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Fig. 57: Hematocele : a complex fluid collection with septation and debris that appeared
a few days following a scrotal trauma, indicating hematocele in the cavity of the tunica
vaginalis. The testis is intact. Pyocele has a similar appearance
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Fig. 58: Hematocele : Scrotal sac filled with a large, heterogeneous and mixed collection,
with internal non pure cystic áreas and thick septations, in a patient with a few follow-up
US evaluations, representing a case of chronic hematocele.
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Fig. 59: Varicocele : enlarged, serpiginous and tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus.
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Fig. 60: Varicocele : enlarged, serpiginous and tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus.
Internal low-level echoes are obvious, representing slow venous flow.
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Fig. 61: Varicocele : enlarged, serpiginous and tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus.
Internal low-level echoes are obvious, representing slow venous flow.
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Fig. 62: Varicocele : enlarged, serpiginous and tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus.
Internal low-level echoes are obvious, representing slow venous flow.
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Conclusion
Understanding of scrotal anatomy, having a good knowledge of the normal and pathologic
US appearance of the scrotum, application of adequate US technique and familiarity with
scrotal benign and malignant disorders improve the radiologist's ability to make accurate
diagnoses.
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References
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