Vocational training report

At- baruipur divison, wbsedcl

Name-amartya ghosh
College-future institute of engineering
and management
Dept-e.e
YEAR -3rd YEAR
BARUIPUR DIVISON-WBSEDCL

A REPORT ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING

PREPARED BY- AMARTYA GHOSH

TRAINING PERIOD- 2 TH JAN TO 16TH JAN2016

Signatrure by

mr S.Das(D.M,baruipur divison)-

mr S.Garai(station manager,baruipur ccc)-

miss P.Sen(assistant engg,baruipur divison)-

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It was a great
experience for me to work on training at W.B.S.E.D.C.L through which I could learn how to work in a
professional environment.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of
inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely grateful to MR. S.DAS (D.M) at 33/11 KV substation, BARUIPUR DIVISON who
rendered me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which made this training
actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. S.GARAI,AE(E),BARUIPUR CCC whose affectionate

guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully. I also wish my deep sense of gratitude to
MR. B.DAS,DE(E),BARUIPUR DIVISON and my project guide MR. SAIKAT SANTRA ,SAE(E),STORE other
MR.PRITAM LAHIRI,AE(E) AND MISS.PRIYANKA SEN,AE(E) whose guidance and encouragement made my
training successful.

AMARTYA GHOSH

3 rd year ELECTRICAL DEPT

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION

The creation of WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LIMITED on 2007 is the
result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the Power Sector,
responsible for planning and managing the sector through its distribution and supply of electricity.

W.B.S.E.D.C.L will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run,
providing uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation

1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION BARUIPUR

Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation BARUIPUR

 The main bus 33KV is connected to grid located at BARUIPUR,PADMAPUKUR,WEST BENGAL.
Now the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by
CVT connected parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps down at 110V. A.C. for control panel, at the
location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer
is connected in series with line which measure current and step down current at ratio 800:1 for control
panel.

Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an isolator
at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. The main bus has total
capability of 160 MVA for 33 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer capacity of 80 MVA
(40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two transformer capacity of 80KV (40KV+40KV)
are parallel connected for substation.

At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear equipment
provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 132KV to 33KV. The main bus is provided with switchgear
equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to six feeders transmitting power to BARUIPUR. The
main bus is connected to jack bus or transfer bus through a bus coupler & 11KV is provided with
switchgear equipment. This gives way to feeders transmitting power to BARUIPUR DIVISON.

A step down transformer of 11KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply to the
equipments of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 11KV. It is provided to improve
power factor & voltage profile.
 Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low
voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.

When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

2.1.1 Power transformer

2.1.2 Instrument transformer

2.1.3 Auto transformer

2.1.4 On the basis of working

2.1.5 On the basis of structure

2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers

Types of power transformer:

2.1.1.1 Single phase transformer

2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

 Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

a) Current transformer

b) Potential transformer

2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

 a) Single phase transformer
b) Three phase transformer

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

2.1.4.1 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.

2.1.4.2 Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type

3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 33/11 KV SUB STATION,

INDIRANAGAR,LUCKNOW
 Figure 3.1 Current transformer

3.1 Standard: IS-2785

3.2 Highest System Voltage: 145 KV

3.3 Frequency: 50Hz

3.4 C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec.

3.5 Rated primary current: 800 Ampere

 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1 View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant stations
which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This accomplished by
suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or 33 KV) at the power
station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly
of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the substation. Similarly near the consumer’s
localities, the voltage may have to be step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by
suitable apparatus called substation.

The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called
substation.

The two most ways to classify substation are:-

4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION

4.1.1 According to the service requirement:

4.1.1.1 Transformer substation

4.1.1.2 Switch substation

4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation

4.1.1.4 Frequency change substation

4.1.1.5 Converting substation

4.1.1.6 Industrial substation

4.1.2 According to the constructional features:

4.1.2.1 Indoor substation

4.1.2.3 Outdoor substation

4.1.2.4 Underground substation

4.1.2.5 Pole mounted substation

4.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

 Figure 4.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component
employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served transformer substations
may be classified into:

4.1.1.1.1 STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of
electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to
11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines
runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-
 phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V &
between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

4.2.1 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not
necessarily result in loss of supply.

4.2.2 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and
feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4.2.3 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All
circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4.2.4 Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
4.2.5 Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker
maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.

4.3.1 Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection
to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the
maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage
occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there
are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:

4.3.1.1 Touch Voltage:

 This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed
equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

4.3.1.2 Step Voltage:

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his
feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

4.3.1.3 Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

4.3.2 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site
measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular
conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which
the earthing voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the
system is catered for.

To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are
best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

4.3.3 Earthing Materials

4.3.3.4 Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.

4.3.3.4 Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

4.3.3.5 Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault
currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made
of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

4.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities. These are:

4.3.4.1 Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence
is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
4.3.4.2 Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the
main substation earthing grid.

4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:

4.4.1 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
 4.4.2 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self weight,
and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such
as wind and ice loading.
4.4.3 Should be corona free at rated voltage.
4.4.4 Should have the minimum number of joints.
4.4.5 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
4.4.6 Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used
but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.

In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

4.5 Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

4.5.1 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

4.5.2 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The following
clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1m

11kV - 20kV 6.4m

20kV - 30kV 6.7m

greater than 30kV 7.0m

Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage value

 . BUSBARS

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods
operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations:

6.1 Single bus bar system

6.2 Single bus bar system with section alisation.
6.3 Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little as
possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a system consists
of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler, which consist of the
circuit breaker and isolator.

In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs.
An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load condition. It does not
have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some cases isolators are used
to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.

While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the
isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit breakers, in
order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any section is
required.

INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There
are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in
substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used for bus bars. A
post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is
threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.

Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations

 With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high voltage
and carry high current.

The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means of control
such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break a circuit either
manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short circuit condition.

A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be opened
manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip
coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening
the circuit.

When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to
continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates the
heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that it may
not reach a dangerous value.

The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

7.1. Circuit breakers
They can be classified into:

7.1.1 Oil circuit breaker

7.1.2 Air-blast circuit breaker

7.1.3 Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)

7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers

Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.

7.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

 Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish
the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a
flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.

The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because
of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

7.3 Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast circuit
breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast
circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates
repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid
operation is desired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken
from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with valves
at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator
chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers to each other in series
and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage between the conductor
and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators.

7.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker

In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The
SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6 circuit breaker
have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have
been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10 MVA.

It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are
opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc
interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes.

7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

 Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage
circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers
literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires,
power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s,
and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

7.2.1 Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:

7.2.1.1 Breaking current: 50A

7.2.1.2 Making capacity: 80KA

7.2.1.3 Total break time < 60msec

7.2.1.4 Rated short circuit breaking current:

7.2.1.4.1 Symmetrical: 31.5 KA

7.2.1.4.2 Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA

7.2.1.5 Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec

7.2.1.6 Rated nominal current: 1250 A

 METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT
8.1 RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere
in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to
it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are
employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and
supply the information to the circuit breaker.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current,
phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing in the
line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil, causing
the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the
circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay
ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion
of the system. Basically relay work on the following two main operating principles:

8.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay

8.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay

8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation;

 8.1.3 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure 8.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup
value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

8.1.4 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These relay
are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This relay operates
when phase to phase fault occurs.

8.1.5 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure8.4 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A directional
power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of magnetic field derived
from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The direction of torque depends upon the
current relative to voltage.

8.1.6 TRIPPING RELAY:

 Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in the system,
it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section

8.1.7 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.
CAPACITOR BANK
Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which increases
the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due
to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low power
factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to
ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical stand point it is
important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come
device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be
capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging
reactive component of load current.

Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

9.1.1 Supply reactive power

9.1.2 Increases terminal voltage
9.1.3 Improve power factor

FUSE
 Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it for
sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the fuse element
is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current overheating. It is
worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption functions.

9.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing, maintenance
and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar bus bar, thus keeping
the main bus bar undisturbed.
 10. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION:

10.1 Transformer protection:

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances of
fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very
serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate automatic
protection for transformers against possible faults.

Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up
or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value in the
transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank.

Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the
insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and
replaced when necessary.

Marshalling box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is
further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling
the transformer.

Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat is
called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

10.4.1 Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its
cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

10.4.2 Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous blast of
filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.

10.4.3 Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling
medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil
becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.

10.4.4 Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed in
oil.

10.4.5 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil is
then returned to the bottom of the tank.

10.4.6 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

 In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes
place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

11. CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are
made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts
of the Substation system.

The W.B.S.E.D.C.L has got radio communication in microwave range in order to transmit and
receive data with various Substations in WEST BENGAL to get reliable transmission and distribution of
electricity.