Central Information Commission: (Room No.315, B Wing, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110 066)
Central Information Commission: (Room No.315, B Wing, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110 066)
Central Information Commission: (Room No.315, B Wing, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110 066)
(Room No.315, BWing, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110 066)
CIC/DS/A/2013/001754SA
Appellant : Usha Kant Asiwal
Respondent : Directorate of Vigilance, GNCTD
Date of hearing : 19.8.2014
Date of decision : 3.11.2014
Information Commissioner : Prof. M. Sridhar Acharyulu
(Madabhushi Sridhar)
Result : Appeal allowed /
Disposed of
Summary
‘The charge sheet is just like a file or record held by the investigating officer, or public
authority or court of law. As per the RTI Act, any information held by the public authority
can be accessed by the citizen subject to the exceptions provided under Section 8.
Because the chargesheet contains the evidence which need to be adduced in the court
of law, there is a possibility of opening up many details which could be personal or private
or confidential. If the allegation requires to be proved by call data, the charge sheet refers
to sheets of call data, which surely contain call details unrelated to allegation. That could
be private information need to be protected. Hence each charge sheet has to be
separately examined and only after separating unnecessary and unrelated details of
evidence, and only required and permissible information out of chargesheet should be
disclosed. Thus Chargesheet can neither be prohibited enbloc from disclosure nor
disclosed totally. Chargesheet is a document held by concerned authority, which has to
1
examine disclosable aspects visavis Section 8 and 9 of the RTI Act and then decide the
case’.
As per the Criminal Procedure, the chargesheet is the end product of investigation. With
filing of chargesheet, the investigation is closed and defense that investigation might get
impeded does not stand at all. Whether revealing the information impedes
apprehension or prosecution is the next question. The Respondent authority did not even
raise this point and did nothing to explain the Commission about possibility of impeding
apprehension/prosecution by disclosure. The Public Authority just mentioned the section
number and did nothing else. The First Appellate Authority also did not apply the mind
and chose not to give any reasons for upholding the denial by PIO. The exemption of
larger public interest provided in Section 8(1) is not available to this clause (h). Thus it
has to be decided on facts whether disclosure of chargesheet will really obstruct
investigation, apprehension or prosecution.
Considering the provisions of Cr.P.C., Evidence Act, RTI Act, erudite judicial
pronouncements, certain transparency practices in CVC, facts and circumstances of the
case and contentions raised, the Commission holds that the charge sheet is a public
document and it shall be disclosed subject to other restrictions provided under RTI Act.
There cannot be a general hard and fast rule that every chargesheet could be disclosed
or should not be. Each RTI request for copy of Chargesheet required to be examined
and only permissible part should be given. The Commission, hence, directed the
respondent to examine the content of chargesheet and to provide appellant/… the copy
of those portions of chargesheet, which would answer the queries raised by appellant in
his RTI application, within 3 weeks from the date of receipt of the order.
represented by Shri Bir Singh and Shri Uday Singh Saini.
Complaint received by ACB Branch on 25042001.
2
Annexure 1. In relation to this, when the Complaint of Vijay Shankar
Tiwari was received by A.C.B branch day, month and Year detail be given.
2. In A.C.B Branch how was the letter received? Was it received through Post
or was it personally handed over by the Complainant (Vijay Shankar Tiwari).?
3. Whether the letter was received by Post, if so, Certified Copy of the
envelope whereby there is P&T stamp be given. Also information be given if the
letter was sent from Delhi and form which Zone of Delhi was it received from.
4. The above mentioned letter to A.C.B Branch, in which DAK register was it
entered? Copy of that DAK Register be given.
9. Before the action was taken, when did the A.C.B branch call the
Complainant at its level? Copy of the Order be given.
3
of ACB O.P Arora, detail of it. Copy of the entry register of the day in which the
Complainant visited the office.
16. Copy of the statements of the summoned officers.
4
22. Complainant by which medium and how many times had been called,
how many times letter had been written to him. Whether the Complainant had come
in one letter by the ACB or other letter was sent to him. Whether the
Complainant used to live on the address provided by him or in some other
address.
3. The PIO replied on 14.5.13 denying the information u/s 8(1)(h) of the RTI
Act. Appellant filed an appeal dt.6.7.13 with the First Appellate Authority. The
Appellate Authority vide order dt.30.7.13 upheld the decision of the PIO. Being
aggrieved with the reply, the Appellant filed a second appeal dt.9.9.13 before
CIC.
Question No. 1: Whether a chargesheet is a public document? Can it be
given to any person seeking it?
4. In criminal trials, state will prosecute the accused on the basis of charge
sheet. The cause title will be State vs Mr X, unlike the cause title of civil dispute –
Mr A vs Mr B. State in a democracy consists of people at large and the Police
prosecutes the charge sheeted accused on behalf of people constituted into state.
The FIR is in public domain and the trial is conducted in open and the judgments of
conviction and acquittal are pronounced and discussed open. There is a huge
public interest in openness of criminal trial.
Procedure Code, 1973 and any other law. The report made by the police officer
under section 173(2) of the Cr. P C is called a ‘completion report’. It is also known
as “chargesheet”
Section 173 Cr. P. C. and Right to access to chargesheet
5
173. Report of police officer on completion of investigation.
(1) …
(2) (i) As soon as it is completed, the officer in charge of the police station shall
forward to a Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence on a police
report, a report in the form prescribed by the State Government, stating
(a) the names of the parties;
(b) the nature of the information;
circumstances of the case;
(d) whether any offence appears to have been committed and, if so, by whom;
(e) whether the accused has been arrested;
(f) whether he has been released on his bond and, if so, weather with or without
sureties;
(g) whether he has been forwarded in custody under section 170.
(ii) The officer shall also communicate, in such manner as may be prescribed by
the State Government, the action taken by him, to the person, if any, by whom the
information relating to the commission of the offence was first given.
(3) …
(4) …
(5) …
(6) If the police officer is of opinion that any part of any such statement is not
accused is not essential in the interests of justice and is inexpedient in the public
interest, he shall indicate that part of the statement and append a note requesting
the Magistrate to exclude that part from the copies to be granted to the accused
and stating his reasons for making such request.
6
(7) Where the police officer investigating the case finds it convenient so to do, he
may furnish to the accused copies of all or any of the documents referred to in
sub section (5).
(8) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to preclude further investigation in
respect of an offence after a report under sub section (2) has been forwarded to
the Magistrate and, where upon such investigation, the officer in charge of the
police station obtains further evidence, oral or documentary, he shall forward to
the Magistrate a further report or reports regarding such evidence in the form
prescribed; and the provisions of sub sections (2) to (6) shall, as far as may be,
apply in relation to such report or reports as they apply in relation to a report
forwarded under sub section (2).
6. This section in a way provides ‘right to information’ and ‘duty to report’. The
Magistrate [s.173(2)], a public authority who has to prosecute the accused against
who the report of completed investigation i.e., charge sheet is filed. S 173(8)
mandates the investigating officer to forward further evidence, report or reports
regarding evidence etc. which means supplementary or additional charge sheets to
the Magistrate.
7. It also provides to give the report to the person who informed about
offence. That means a complainant or informant has to be provided with a copy of
charge sheet. In a criminal prosecution, complainant/informant is not a party to
trial. He need not be an aggrieved party as he should in civil suits. Anybody can
complain or any person can inform the police about happening of an offence.
Importantly, once the chargesheet is sent to Magistrate, the trial will be set in
motion, which is supposed to be an open trial, which again means any person can
7
have access to the contents of chargesheet and see the prosecution being
present in the court room where trial is going on.
8. Section 173 also deals with the right of accused to information about the
chargesheet. Subsection (6) explains the limitation on this right. If the police
officer finds that its disclosure to the accused is not essential in the interests of
justice and is inexpedient in the public interest, he shall indicate that part of the
statement and append a note requesting the Magistrate to exclude that part from
the copies to be granted to the accused and stating his reasons for making such
request. Thus the accused, informant or complainant, any person who is interested
in, or any person who is present in the open court during trial is entitled to access
to the chargesheet.
8
Public Document:
9. Indian Evidence Act incorporated the list of documents to be called as
public document under section 74 and also laid down the special rules relating to
the proof of public document.
Evidence Act, 1872, Section 74 explains which are public documents –
Thefollowing documents are public documents –(1) documents forming the
acts or records of the acts (i) of the sovereign authority, (ii) of official bodies and
tribunals, and (iii) of public officers, legislative, judicial and executive of any part
of India or of the Common Wealth or of a foreign country; (2) public records kept
in any State of Private Documents.
10. As the chargesheet (report) is sent to Magistrate under Section 173(2) of
Cr P C for next step in prosecution, it forms part of record of public authority
judiciary under Section 74(iii) of Evidence Act. Hence the Chargesheet is a public
document.
11. Judgment order of a court in criminal prosecution is a public document. As
every person will be affected by law he has a right to know. Also because every
person is presumed to have known the law, which include judgments, every person
should have right to inspect the judgments. Dealing with this question, Allahabad
High Court Judge Young said in 1931 (Ladli Prasad Zutshi v. Emperor AIR 1931 All
364).
The words, "any person affected by a judgment or order" in section 548 of the
Criminal Procedure Code should not be construed narrowly; they cannot be
confined to a person who is a party to the judgment or order, for the rights of the
9
accused to a copy of the judgment are dealt with elsewhere in the Code. The
public as a whole cannot fail to be affected by every judgment of a criminal court.
For example, as in the present case, the judgment in a criminal case dealing with
sedition affects the general public. It is a rule of law that every member of the
public is presumed to know the law; it follows that the public must have a right of
access to the judgments of the courts which express that law.
12. In QueenEmpress Vs. Arumugam and Ors (1897) ILR 20 Mad 189.
Shephard, J. explained the right of inspection of private persons:
10. Neither in the Criminal Procedure Code nor in the Evidence Act is there any
provision declaring or limiting the right of private persons interested in criminal
proceedings to inspect documents in the hands of third parties. A right to inspect
public documents is, however, assumed in Section 76 of the Evidence Act; and,
having regard to the authories cited in the order of reference, I think it may be
inferred that the Legislature intended to recognize the right generally for all
persons who can show that they have an interest for the protection of which it is
necessary that liberty to inspect such documents should be given. Within that
limit the right appears to be recognized according to the English authorities.
Chargesheet: A Public Document.
13. There is no specific provision under any law which state that chargesheet
is a public document, but there are several judgment of the Supreme court and
High court which clarify that charge sheet is a public document. Few of them are
discussed below:
14. In the High Court of Kerala in the case of V.J.Thomas Vs. State of kerala
1970 Cri.L.J. 1499 held that:
10
“6. The police is expected to file either a chargesheet or a refer chargesheet, as
the case may be, in respect of every investigation which they took up and the
police has to forward such chargesheet to the Magistrate empowered to take
cognizance of the offence on a police report. The police was also required to
furnish copies of the documents relied upon by them during the investigation to
the accused concerned under Subsection (4) of Section 173. There was a
decision reported in Queen Empress v. Arumugham ILR (1897) Mad 189 which
was made before the amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code of 1955. There
was a finding by two of the 4 learned Judges of the Madras High Court in the
above ruling that the reports made by a police officer in compliance of Section
173, Criminal Procedure Code are public documents within the meaning of
Section 74 of the Indian Evidence Act and consequently an accused person
being a person in respect of such document is entitled by virtue of Section 76 of
regarding the particular aspect of the question referred to above had not been
strictly overruled by later decisions. The Madras High Court in a later Full Bench
AIR1961Mad92 (FB) held that Section 76 of the Evidence Act has no unlimited
right to ride over S. .173 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code.”
15. In L.S Raju vs. Government of Mysore (Criminal Revn. Petn. No. 358 of
195051) of High Court of Mysore it was explained:
“2.The report Under Section 173, Cr. P. C. is enjoined on the officer under that
section. It is, therefore, a public document within the meaning of Section 74,
Evidence Act, according to which documents which form the acts or records of
the acts of public officers, whether legislative, judicial or executive are public
documents.
11
Evidence Act Section 76. Certified copies of public documents.—Every
public officer having the custody of a public document, which any person has a
right to inspect, shall give that person on demand a copy of it on payment of the
legal fees therefore, together with a certificate written at the foot of such copy that
it is a true copy of such document or part thereof, as the case may be, and such
certificate shall be dated and subscribed by such officer with his name and his
official title, and shall be sealed, whenever such officer is authorized by law to
make use of a seal; and such copies so certified shall be called certified copies.
etc "
authorized to deliver such copies, shall be deemed to have the custody of such
documents within the meaning of this section."
16. The crucial question under section 76 is that a certified copy can be given
only to a person who has a ‘right to inspect’. There was no provision in Indian Law
which confers the right to inspect a public document.
17. As observed by Lord Justice Lindly in the case of Rex v. Justices of
Staffordshire(6 Ad & E 84, at p 99):
‘when a right to inspect and to take a copy is not expressly conferred, the extent
of such right depends on the interest which the applicant has in what he want to
copy, and on what is reasonably necessary for the protection of such interest.’
18. But after Right to Information Act, 2005, such right to inspect is provided
12
subsection (2) provided: Notwithstanding anything in the Official Secrets Act, 1923
or any of the exemptions permissible in accordance with sub section (1), a public
authority may allow access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs
the harm to the protected interest.
19. The Police Officer is a Public Officer. The report Under Section 173, Cr. P.
C. is enjoined on the officer under that section. It is, therefore, a public document
within the meaning of Section 74, Evidence Act, according to which documents
which form the acts or records of the acts of public officers, whether legislative,
judicial or executive are public documents.
Case Law on Right to Inspect a Chargesheet:
Arumugan and Ors ( (1897) ILR 20 Mad 189) has held that any person has an
interest in criminal proceeding has a right to inspect under section 76 of the Indian
Evidence Act. Relevant para is extracted as under:
10. …A right to inspect public documents is, however, assumed in Section 76 of
the Evidence Act; and, having regard to the authorities cited in the order of
reference, I think it may be inferred that the Legislature intended to recognize the
right generally for all persons who can show that they have an interest for the
protection of which it is necessary that liberty to inspect such documents should
be given. Within that limit the right appears to be recognized according to the
legitimately interested in knowing beforehand the particulars of the charge made
against him, and the names of the witnesses who are going to support it. His
interest is none the less a legitimate one, because some persons might make
13
improper use of the information so obtained. If, therefore, the documents sought
to be inspected are public documents, and if they are unprotected by special
privilege, it follows that the claim to inspection must be allowed…. There is the
report which the officer in charge of a Police station is bound, under the
provisions of Section 157 of the Code, to send to the Magistrate. There is the
officer in charge of the station, and there is the final report which under Section
173 the officer in charge of the station has, on completing his investigation, to
send to the Magistrate. Section 74 of the Evidence Act defines public documents,
and if any of these reports is a public document, it must be because it forms the
act or the record of the act of a public officer. Now, taking the first of them
commonly called the occurrence report and applying the language of the
Evidence Act, I cannot see how it can possibly be called a public document. In
obeying the provisions of Section 157 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the Police
officer, as far as regards the Magistrate, docs no act except the act of writing and
dispatching a report founded on information received by him. It is clear that this
report does not form an act of the stationhouse officer within the meaning of the
Section, and it cannot be the record of an act, because there has been no act on
his part to record. In popular language any report which a subordinate officer is
called a public document; but the Evidence Act lends no support to this view.
Voters’ right to know criminal charges against contestants
21. Right to information is provided in Representation of People’s Act, 1956,
after it was amended to add Section 33A.
A candidate shall, apart from any information, which he is required to furnish,
under this Act or the rules made thereunder, in his nomination paper delivered
under subsection(1) of Section 33, also furnish information as to whether: (i) he
is accused of any offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or more in
14
a pending case in which a charge has been framed by the count of competent
jurisdiction.
22. This provision is forced into the law by the public interest litigation filed by
Association of Democratic Reforms [(2002) 5 SCC 294]. All political parties and
Parliament had to accept the new norm and bring legislation after their effort to
stall it was failed. This law further reinforced the principle that there is public
interest in keeping the information about criminal charges in public domain though
in a limited way.
website and has published the names of officers from the elite administrative and
imposed for corruption. Details of convictions of public servants by the courts are
also presented, along with Information on officers from the All India Services
against whom an enquiry has been initiated or a penalty imposed. This section
also highlights the performance of various departments responsible for conducting
investigations. One of the IAS Associations passed a resolution against the CVC
stating that publication of a name on the site could bias the process of
departmental inquiry/action. Under the law, no defamation has been caused by
publicizing the names of the charged officers; yet the general perception seemed
to be that the CVC website exposed a kind of a rogues gallery.
24. In response to these criticisms the CVC argued that all it had done was to
extend to the departmental inquiries a practice that is as old as the Indian Penal
Code in criminal cases. Under criminal law, when a person is accused he is legally
15
innocent untill proven guilty; but the name of the accused enters the public domain.
A poll by the Economic Times, a leading business paper of India, reported that 83
percent of respondents believed that publishing the names of charged officers on
Vigilance Commissioner in the India States Forum 2000, held in New Delhi, 2325 November 2000,
and from newspaper reports on CVC website. Date submitted: Sept. 14, 2001,
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONA
NDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,contentMDK:20485999~menuPK:1767268~pagePK:21
0058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:702586,00.html)
However, right to know the charges does not mean that every candidate has to
give copy of chargesheet along with nomination paper. Right to know charges
against the contestant is different from having a copy of entire chargesheet.
25. Supreme Court in Vineet Narain & Others vs Union Of India & Another
on 18 December, 1997, Bench: S.P. Bharucha, S.C. Sen, directed:
provide the general public with a feedback on investigations and information for
redress of genuine grievances in a manner which does not compromise with the
operational requirements of the CBI. (Direction No. 14)
26. In almost all police websites the FIRs (First Information Report) are made
available to any person. Section 154 of Cr P C deals with ‘First Information Report’
based on the complaint or report filed with police by any person. It is an important
document which puts the law in motion. If investigation proved the complaint in FIR
is true, it would lead to filing of chargesheet. FIR in fact is a complaint registered in
police station. It may contain serious allegations which might turn out to be
frivolous and not even become charge sheet. Mere filing of FIR also will not make
accused out of suspect. During pendency of investigation or even before start of
investigation, the FIR or complaint by any person is put in public domain which can
16
be verified by anybody. Compared to FIR, the chargesheet is a document
which could be described as ‘wild’, the Chargesheet makes a person accused
criminal trial which leads to ‘framing of charges’ by the court and then after
prosecution might result in either conviction or acquittal. Charge sheet is more
authentic and legally strong document than a primary complaint called FIR. It is
argued that if FIR can be in public domain, why chargesheet should not be.
27. Chargesheet is a report of completion of investigation which contain within
it details of evidence that prosecution wants to rely upon. Evidence added to
chargesheet might contain relevant and things which are not relevant also. Some
apprehensions were raised saying the charge sheet may contain certain aspects
which might not be proved at the end and that might cause invasion of privacy or
defamation attracting Section 8(1)(j) restriction on ground of privacy. The charge
sheet is a very significant phase in trial, which gets altered or remain same at
‘framing of charges’ by the court and only after open trial it could be proved or not
proved.
In case of criminal charge neither the private citizen nor the public servant can
claim right of privacy. The public interest and rule of law demands open trial of a
charge where there is no scope for privacy etc. The right to reputation and
defamation are similarly not capable of holding the criminal trial when charges are
framed after due investigation. Hence charge sheet is public document, after it
Executive and Judiciary. The chargesheet is accessible in open court, and FIR is
17
accessible in public domain of police department. When public servants or high
profile public personalities like MPs, MLAs, Chief Ministers and former Chief
Ministers becoming accused and chargesheets are being filed against them, it is
all the more important that those charge sheets should be in public domain. It is
also in the public interest that anybody from any corner of the world can come
forward to inform the police or judiciary or political executive about the evidence or
information he has with regard to charge.
Section 8(1) says…
There shall be no obligation to give any citizen.. (h) information which
prosecution of offenders; ..
28. During the hearing before Commission the respondent authority and
appellant agreed that the information sought is part and parcel of the information
contained in a Chargesheet and its disclosure would answer all the questions. As
per the Criminal Procedure, the chargesheet is the end product of investigation.
investigation might get impeded does not stand at all.
CIC Decisions on 8(1)(h)
29. In Mr. A. L. Motwani v. ITI Limited (CIC/MA/A/2008/1233/AD, 5 August
related to his case pending prosecution in a CBI Court since 1998 as a result of a
CBI investigation and charge sheeting of the Appellant, have the potential to
18
impede the process of investigation, apprehension or prosecution of offenders, as
maintained by the CBI and the Public Authority?”
30. The judgment of the Delhi High Court in W.P.(C) No.3114/2007 – Shri
Bhagat Singh Vs. Chief Information Commissioner & Ors on this aspect is of
relevance, since it deals with the applicability of the Section 8(1)(h) of the RTI Act
2005: S Ravinder Bhat J specifically notes, “As held in the preceding part of the
hampered by sharing the materials collected till the notices were issued to the
assessee, the respondents could not have rejected the request for granting
information. …”
Charge sheet ruling out the contention of exemption under Section 8(1)(j).
The Respondent authority in present case did not addressed this point and did
apprehension/prosecution by disclosure. The Public Authority just mentioned the
Section number and did nothing else. The First Appellate Authority also did not
apply the mind and chose not to give any reasons for upholding the denial by PIO.
The exemption of larger public interest provided in Section 8(1) is not available to
this clause (h). Section 8(2) mandates to consider ‘public interest’ either in
disclosure or denial. Thus it has to be decided on facts whether disclosure of
chargesheet will really obstruct investigation, apprehension or prosecution.
It can be inferred that there is no specific provision anywhere prohibiting the
19
disclosure of chargesheet and if there disclosure does not affect
investigation or prosecution it can be permitted under RTI, unless there is a
under Prevention of Corruption Act, especially against public servants, need
to be in public domain, in public interest.
32. The charge sheet is just like a file or record held by the investigating officer,
or public authority or court of law. As per the RTI Act, any information held by the
public authority can be accessed by the citizen subject to the exceptions provided
under Section 8. Because the chargesheet contains the evidence which need to
be adduced in the court of law, there is a possibility of opening up many details
which could be personal or private or confidential. If the allegation requires to be
proved by call data, the charge sheet refers to sheets of call data, which surely
contain call details unrelated to allegation. That could be private information need
to be protected. Hence each charge sheet has to be separately examined and only
after separating unnecessary and unrelated details of evidence, and only required
examine disclosable aspects visavis Section 8 and 9 of the RTI Act and then
decide the case.
33. On the perusal of the RTI application, the Commission has found that the
information sought by the applicant are the part and parcel of the information
contain in the chargesheet prepared after the completion of the investigation
under section 173 of Cr. P. C. The purpose of the appellant will be served if the
copy of the same would be provided to the appellant. The respondent authority
also agreed to provide the copy of charge sheet. Although the prosecution is still
20
going on but the respondent authority has failed to prove that how the disclosure of
charge sheet will impede the process of prosecution, the copy of charge sheet is
not hit by exemption Section 8(1)(j). Even assuming that it might warrant invocation
under Section 8(2) as discussed above mandates disclosure. The public character
Information Act, 2005. The citizen of this country has a right to know about how
and what kind of accusation was made by the state against an individual by charge
sheet.
34. Considering the provisions of Cr.P.C., Evidence Act, RTI Act, erudite judicial
pronouncements, certain transparency practices in CVC, facts and circumstances
of the case and contentions raised, the Commission holds that the charge sheet is
a public document and it shall be disclosed subject to other restrictions provided
under RTI Act. There cannot be a general hard and fast rule that every charge
sheet could be disclosed or should not be. Each RTI request for copy of Charge
sheet required to be examined and only permissible part should be given. The
Commission, hence, directs the respondent to examine the content of charge
sheet and to provide appellant the copy of those portions of chargesheet, which
would answer the queries raised by appellant in his RTI application, within 3 weeks
from the date of receipt of the order.
35. The appeal is disposed with the above direction.
Sd/
(M. Sridhar Acharyulu)
Information Commissioner
21
(The Commission acknowledge the research inputs from Professor R Venkat Rao, Vice
Chancellor of National Law School of India University, Benguluru, Sri Basanth Seth, Central
Information Commissioner, Mr U. Rammohan, SP, Cyber Crimes, Hyderabad, Prof. K V K Santhy,
Faculty (Criminal Law), NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, Legal Consultants Mr. Srikanth
and Ms Sonali Varshney)
Authenticated true copy
(Babu Lal)
Dy. Registrar
22