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    Piping System 1

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    Keith Yang
    1. The document discusses piping systems and losses in pipes. It presents equations to calculate head loss due to friction in pipes based on pipe diameter, roughness, and flow rate. 2. Simple pipe systems are analyzed for series, parallel, and branch configurations. Equations of continuity and energy are applied to each configuration. 3. For branch piping, the unknowns are the piezometric head and flow rates at junctions. Mass and energy equations are set up and solved through successive approximations. The presence of a pump adds another unknown of pump head.

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    Piping System 1

    Uploaded by

    Keith Yang
    18 views8 pages
    1. The document discusses piping systems and losses in pipes. It presents equations to calculate head loss due to friction in pipes based on pipe diameter, roughness, and flow rate. 2. Simple pipe systems are analyzed for series, parallel, and branch configurations. Equations of continuity and energy are applied to each configuration. 3. For branch piping, the unknowns are the piezometric head and flow rates at junctions. Mass and energy equations are set up and solved through successive approximations. The presence of a pump adds another unknown of pump head.

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    Fluid Mechanics_Piping System 1

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    1. The document discusses piping systems and losses in pipes. It presents equations to calculate head loss due to friction in pipes based on pipe diameter, roughness, and flow rate. 2. Simple pipe systems are analyzed for series, parallel, and branch configurations. Equations of continuity and energy are applied to each configuration. 3. For branch piping, the unknowns are the piezometric head and flow rates at junctions. Mass and energy equations are set up and solved through successive approximations. The presence of a pump adds another unknown of pump head.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views8 pages

    Piping System 1

    Uploaded by

    Keith Yang
    1. The document discusses piping systems and losses in pipes. It presents equations to calculate head loss due to friction in pipes based on pipe diameter, roughness, and flow rate. 2. Simple pipe systems are analyzed for series, parallel, and branch configurations. Equations of continuity and energy are applied to each configuration. 3. For branch piping, the unknowns are the piezometric head and flow rates at junctions. Mass and energy equations are set up and solved through successive approximations. The presence of a pump adds another unknown of pump head.

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    CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics

    Lecture 21: Piping Systems (1)

    11.1 to 11.3 of “Mechanics of Fluids,” M. C. Potter and D. C. Wiggert, Brooks/Cole,


    2001.

    Topics:
    1. Losses
    2. Simple pipe systems

    1. Losses

    It is convenient to express friction losses in pipes as

    hL = rQ 2 (1)

    where according to lecture 19 r has the form (Darcy Weisbach formula)

    fL
    r= (2)
    2gDA2

    with A being the pipe cross sectional area. Using the expression of Swamee and Jain for f

    1.325
    f = (3) for 0.01>e/D>10-8 and 108>R>5000
    [ln(e / 3.7 D ) + 5.74 / R )]
    0.9 2

    gives

    L 1.07
    r= (4)
    [ ]
    gD ln( e / 3.7 D ) + 5.74 / R 0.9 ) 2
    5

    where we have replaced A=πD2/4. Note that for fully rough regime (large R), f (and thus
    r) becomes only a function of e/D.

    Using the equivalent length LE, the minor losses can also be incorporated into r.

    f ( L + LE )
    r=
    2gDA2
    2. Simple pipe systems

    Pipe systems are comprised of several pipe lines. Depending on the line arrangement
    three cases will be analyzed: series, parallel and branch piping.

    a) Series piping
    The beginning of each line coincides with the end of the previous line. The simple
    pipe problems solved in lectures 19 and 20 belong to this case.

    Mass conservation states that the discharge is constant for all lines, i.e.,

    Q1 = Q2 = ..... = Q N = Q (5) N= number of pipe lines

    The energy equation applied between the two ends A and B of the system reads
     pA  p 
     + z A  −  B + z B  = r1Q12 + r2Q22 + ..... + rN Q N2 (6)
     γ   γ 

    which can be written, using (5), as


     pA  p  N
     + z A  −  B + z B  = Q 2 ∑ ri (7)
     γ   γ  i =1
    Example
    b) Parallel piping
    All pipe line beginnings and ends coincide.

    Mass conservation at A and B states

    N
    Q = Q1 + Q2 + ..... + Q N = ∑ Qi (8)
    i =1

    One energy equation can be written for each line, i.e.,

     pA  p 
     + z A  −  B + z B  = ri Qi2 (9)
     γ   γ 

    Combining (8) and (9) gives

    p  p  Q2
    W =  A + z A  −  B + z B  = (10)
     γ   γ
    2
      N 1 
    ∑ 
     i =1 r 
     i 
    Example
    c) Branch piping
    Systems are connected but without forming a closed loop

    Flow directions need to be assumed in this case. The unknowns are the
    p 
    piezometric head at B HB=  B + z B  and the discharges Q1, Q2 and Q3. Mass
     γ 
    conservation at the junction B reads

    Q1 − Q2 − Q3 = 0 (11)
    for the elements connected at the junction, the energy equation gives:

     pA  p 
     + z A  −  B + z B  = r1Q12
     γ   γ 
     pB  p 
     + z B  −  C + zC  = r2Q22 (12, 13, 14)
     γ   γ 
     pB  p 
     + z B  −  D + z D  = r3Q32
     γ   γ 

    we have four equations with four unknowns. The solution can be obtained by
    successive approximations as follows:
    a) assume Q1 and get HB or assume HB and get Q1 using (12)
    b) get Q2 and Q3 from (13) and (14), respectively
    c) use (11) to check for continuity. Instead of 0, (11) will give ∆Q.
    d) adjust Q1 or HB accordingly and repeat a) to c) until ∆Q ≈ 0 within a specified
    error.

    If a pump exists, (12) is modified

     pA  p 
     + z A  −  B + z B  + H P = r1Q12 (15)
     γ   γ 

    bringing to the problem an additional unknown Hp. The additional equation


    needed is given by the head-discharge curve for the pump (lecture 20).

    Example

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