Lesson 13

Solving Definite Integrals

 How to find antiderivatives

We have three methods:

1. Basic formulas
2. Algebraic simplification
3. Substitution
 Basic Formulas
If f(x) is… …then an antiderivative is…

x n 1
x n +1 except if n = –1
n +1

k kx (assuming the variable is x!)

cos(kx) sin(kx)/k
sin(kx) –cos(kx)/k
ekx ekx /k
1
ln x
x
ax ax /ln(a)
 Algebraic Simplification
" ! + = " ! = 3 x ! x+C
2 1 3
( x 1)( x 1) dx x 1 dx

! (3x + 1) dx =
2

! + + = + + + = + + x+C
2 9 3 6 2 3 2
9 x 6 x 1 dx 3 x 2 x x C 3 x 3 x

x + x2 x (1 + x )
! x
dx = ! x
dx = ! 1 + x dx = x + 12 x 2 + C
 Integrals by Substitution
Start with
du
du
Let u = g(x). = g!(x) so du = g!(x) dx
dx

! x sin(x 2 )dx Let u =? u = x 2 ! du = 2xdx

1 1 1
" = " = " = ! )+C
2 2 2
x sin( x ) dx sin( x ) 2 x dx sin( u ) du cos( x
2 2 2
 Antiderivative Practice
Problem 1 " 2sin(3t) ! e 4t
+ 4 t
dt Use basic formulas:

" ! + = ! ! + 4t + C
4t t 2 1 4t 1
2 sin(3t) e 4 dt 3 cos(3t) 4 e ln(4 )

z 2 + 2z
Problem 2 ! 2
dz Simplify algebraically first, then integrate.
z
z2 + 2z z2 2z 2
! z 2 dz = ! z 2 + z 2 dz = ! 1 + z dz = z + 2 ln z + C
6t
Problem 3 ! 4+t 2
dt Make a substitution: Let u=4+t2, so du=2tdt.

6t 2t 1
! 4 + t2 = ! 4 + t2 = !u = + = + +C
2
dt 3 dt 3 du 3ln u C 3ln 4 t
 Antiderivative Practice
2
Problem 4 ! y ln(ky)
dy Make a substitution: u=ln(ky), so du=dy/y.

2 2 1 2
! y ln(ky )
dy = !
ln(ky ) y
dy = ! du = 2 ln u + C = 2 ln ln(ky ) + C
u

Problem 5 Find the particular function F(x) such that F'(x) = x2 and
the graph of F(x) passes through (1, 2).
The general antiderivative is ! x 2 dx = 13 x 3 + C
Then to find C, we must have F(1) = 13 1 + C = 2
3

Thus, C = 5/3, and our function is F(x) = 13 x 3 + 53

 Solving Definite Integrals
Theorem: (Fundamental Theorem I)

Or: If F is an antiderivative for f, then

Example
We determined using Simpson’s Rule :
Now use the fundamental theorem:
An antiderivative for f(x) = 3x + 5 is
12
So: ! 0
3x + 5 dx = F(12) - F(0) = 276 - 0 = 276
 Example
3
!2
x 3 dx We have to
• find an antiderivative;
• evaluate at 3;
• evaluate at 2;
• subtract the results.

!2 x dx = x
3 3 4 3
= 14 3 " 14 2 = " 146 = 645 = 16.25
1 4 4 81
4 2 4

This notation means: Don’t need to include “+ C” in our

evaluate the function at antiderivative, because any
3 and 2, and subtract the antiderivative will work.
results.
 Examples
!
" 2sin( x ) + 3x dx = –1 = 1
0
!
! 3x 2 " 3! 2 #
) 2sin( x ) + 3x dx = $2 cos x + = % $2 cos ! + & $ ($2 cos 0 + 0 )
0 2 0 ' 2 (
" 3! 2 # 3! 2
Alternate notation = % $2( $1) + & $ ($2(1) + 0 ) = 4 +
' 2 ( 2

1
!1
"!2 s ds
!11 !1
"!2 s ds = ln s !2
= ln1 ! ln 2 =!! ln 2
 Practice Examples
5 1 4
! 1 e
dx =
e

! () ()
9 9 3/ 2 3/ 2
!
9
3 s ds = 3s ds = 2 s
1/ 2 3/ 2
=2 9 "2 2 = 54 " 4 2
2 2 2

ses + 1
!1
"!2 s ds
!1 1 !1
= " e + ds = (e + ln s ) !2 = e!1 + ln1 ! (e!2 + ln 2)
s s
!2 s
1 1
=!! ! 2 ! ln 2
e e
 Substitution in Definite Integrals
• We can use substitution in definite integrals.
• However, the limits are in terms of the original variable.
• We get two approaches:
– Solve an indefinite integral first
– Change the limits
Method I:
First solve an indefinite integral to find an antiderivative.
Then use that antiderivative to solve the definite integral.
Note: Do not say that a definite and an indefinite integral are equal
to each other! They can’t be.
 Example
u = t2 + 4
! 3t
First: Solve an indefinite integral. dt
t +4
2
du = 2t dt

! 3t
t +4
2 dt =
3
2
! 2t
t +4
2 dt =
3
2
! 1
u
du = 32 ln t 2 + 4 + C

Pull out the 3, 2t dt Here’s an

and put in a 2. becomes du antiderivative!

Second: Use the antiderivative to solve the definite integral.

3t
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2

! dt = ln t + 4 = ln 8 " ln 5 = 23 ln 85
3 2 3 3
1 t +4
2 2
1
2 2

Here’s the antiderivative

we just found.
 Example
When discussing population growth, we worked backwards to find out
what we got from evaluating

P!(t ) u = P(t)

Let’s find an antiderivative using substitution. " dt
P (t ) du = P'(t) dt
P !(t)
" "
1
dt = du = ln u + C = ln P(t) + C
P(t) u

Of course, P(t) is always non-negative, so we don’t need absolute

values…
P !(t) $ P(b) '
So we get: "a dt = ln(P(t)) a = ln (P(b)) # ln (P(a)) = ln&
b b
)
P(t) % P(a) (
 Method II: Convert the Limits
We start with x = a and x = b, and a substitution formula u = …
Just put a and b into the substitution formula and get new limits.
Note: You do not have to go back to x then!
u = t2 + 4
Example !1 2
2 3t
dt Start with the same substitution
t +4 du = 2t dt

2 3t 3 2 1 3 81
( )
8
!1 t 2 + 4 2 !1 t 2 + 4
dt = 2 t dt =
2 !5 u
du = 3
2 ln u
5
= 3
2 ln 8
5

becomes du When t = 1, u = 5.

becomes u
When t = 2, u = 8.
What happens to t = 1? And when t = 2,
2
u = t2 + 4 = 1^2 + 4 = 5. u =  t  + 4 = 2^2 + 4 = 8.
 Example
y = 1: u = 5
( 5 y )dy
8 u = 5y2
!
2
y 3
1
du = 10y dy y = 8: u = 320
320
4

( 5 y )dy = )
1 1 1
1 8 1 1 u
y (5 y ) dy = ) (5 y 2 )3 10 y dy = ) u 3 du =
8 8 320 3

)
2 2 3
y 3
1 1 10 1 10 5 10 4
3 5

3 ! 4 4
"
= % 320 3 # 5 3 & $ 163.5
40 ' (
Note that we can also do

( ) dy = ! y (5y ) " 1 2%
1 1 5
this problem without u-sub 8 8 8 8
! dy = ! $ 53 y 3 ' y dy = 53 ! y 3 dy
2 2 3
y 3
5y
--try algebraic simplification 1 1 1
# & 1

8
5
1 1 8 +1
8
y 3 3
=5 3
= 53 (8 3 ( 13 ) ) 163.5
5 8
+1
3 1
 1 e4 x Practice Example
!0
1+ e 4x
dx
e4 x
Method I: Firstly compute ! 1+ e 4x
dx
1
1 " +1
u = 1 + e4 x e4 x 1 4e4 x 1 1 1 1 u " 2

du = 4e4 x dx
! 1 + e4 x
dx = !
4 1 + e4 x
dx = !
4 u
du = ! u du =
4 4 1
2
+C
" +1
2
1 12 1 + e4 x
= u +C = +C
2 2
1 e4 x 1 1 1 1 1
!0
1 + e4 x
dx =
2
1 + e4 x |10 =
2
1 + e4 "
2
1 + e0 =
2
1 + e4 "
2
2

Method II: u = 1 + e4 x u(0) = 1 + e4*0 = 2,u(1) = 1 + e4*1 = 1 + e4 1

1 " +1
4x 4x
1 e 1 1 4e 1 1+ e 1 4
1 1+ e
4
" 1 u 2

! 4 !0 1 + e4 x 4 !2 4 !2
1+ e4
dx = dx = du = u du =
2
|2
0
1 + e4 x u 4 1
" +1
2
1 12 1+ e4 1 + e4 2
= u |2 = "
2 2 2
 Using Definite Integrals
We can now evaluate many of the integrals that we have been able
to set up.
Example
Find area between y = sin(x) and the
x–axis from x = 0 to x = π, and from
x = 0 to x = 2π.
! !
The area from 0 to π is clearly: #
0
sin( x ) dx = " cos( x ) = 1 + 1 = 2
0
2!
The area from 0 to 2π is more complicated. We note that "0
sin( x ) dx =0

But this is obviously not the area!

The area from 0 to 2π can be found by:
( )( )= 4
! 2! ! 2!
#0
sin( x ) dx " # sin( x ) dx = " cos( x ) 0 + cos( x ) !
!
 Summary
• Used the fundamental theorem to evaluate
definite integrals.
• Made substitutions in definite integrals
– By solving an indefinite integral first
– By changing the limits
• Used the fundamental theorem to evaluate
integrals which come from applications.