Specification

PIPER-28-161 WARRIOR

SECTION 1- GENERAL

SPECIFICATIONS
VNE.....................................................................................................................................................................................160kts

VNO.....................................................................................................................................................................................126kts

VA (2440lb)........................................................................................................................................................................111kts

VFE......................................................................................................................................................................................103kts

VR........................................................................................................................................................................................55kts

VX........................................................................................................................................................................................63kts

VY........................................................................................................................................................................................79kts

VS1..................................................................................................................................................................................... 50kts

VSO.....................................................................................................................................................................................44kts

MTOW Refer Flight Manual

BEW Refer Flight Manual

Total useable fuel............................................................................................................................................................181L

Oil range............................................................................................................................................................................2 to 8 quarts

Tyre Pressure.................................................................................................................................................24 mains, 30 nose psi

Powerplant:

Lycoming,Four Cylinder,Direct Drive,Horizontally Opposed, Air Cooled.

Approach profile

Normal Base.............................................................................................................................................................. FLAP 25 / 80kts

Final..............................................................................................................................................................................FLAP 40 / 70kts

VAT ..............................................................................................................................................................................FLAP 40 / 65kts

Flapless.......................................................................................................................................................................Base 85kts

Flapless.......................................................................................................................................................................Final 75kts

VAT...............................................................................................................................................................................70kts

Short field Base..........................................................................................................................................................FLAP 25 / 80kts

Final .............................................................................................................................................................................FLAP 40 / 60kts

Go arround............................................................................................................…………………………………. 79kts

FUEL

AVGAS ONLY

a) Fuel Capacity (U.S. gal) (total) …………….................................................................................................… 50

b) Usable Fuel (U.S. gal) (total) ………....................................................................................................……… 48

c) Fuel

(1) Minimum Octane ………………..............................................................……… 100 Green or 100LL Blue Aviation Grade

(2) Alternate Fuel …………………………… Whenever 100 or 100LL grade fuel is not available, commercial grade 100/130 should be used.
LIMITATION

PIPER-28-161- WARRIOR

SECTION II- LIMITATION

AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS

Never Exceed Speed (VNE) – Do not 160 KIAS//153 KCAS

exceed this speed in any operation.

Maximum Structural Cruising Speed 126 KIAS//122 KCAS

(VNO) – Do not exceed this speed

except in smooth air and then only

with caution.

Maximum Flaps Extended Speed 103 KIAS//100 KCAS

(VFE) – Do not exceed this speed

with the flaps extended.

Design Maneuvering Speed (VA) -

Do not make full or abrupt control

movements above this speed.

At 2440 LBS. G.W. 111 KIAS//108 KCAS

At 1531 LBS. G.W. 88 KIAS//89 KCAS

CAUTION
Manoeuvring speed decreases at lighter weight

as the effects of aerodynamic forces become more pronounced.

Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate gross weights.

Manoeuvring speed should not be exceeded while operating in rough air.

AIRSPEED INDICATOR MARKINGS

Red Radial Line (Never Exceed).....................................................................160 KIAS

Yellow Arc (Caution Range – Smooth Air Only)............................................126 KIAS to 160 KIAS

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range)..............................................................50 KIAS to 126 KIAS

POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS

a) Number of Engines.........................................................................................1

b) Engine Manufacturer...................................................................................... Lycoming

c) Engine Model No............................................................................................ O-320-D3G

d) Engine Operating Limits:

(1) Maximum Horsepower................................................................................160

(2) Maximum Rotation Speed (RPM)............................................................. 2700

(3) Maximum Oil Temperature......................................................................... 245° F

e) Oil Pressure

Minimum (red line)............................................................................................ 25 PSI

Maximum (red line)............................................................................................115 PSI

f) Fuel Pressure

Minimum (red line) ............................................................................................5 PSI

Maximum (red line) ...........................................................................................8 PSI

g) Fuel (AVGAS ONLY)

(minimum grade)...............................................................................................100 or 100LL Aviation Grade

h) Number of Propellers...................................................................................1

i) Propeller Manufacturer..................................................................................Sensenich

j) Propeller Model .............................................................................................74DM6-0-60

k) Propeller Diameter

Minimum...............................................................................................................72 IN.

Maximum.............................................................................................................74 IN.

l) 74DM6-0-60 Propeller Tolerance

(static rpm at maximum permissible Throttle setting, Sea Level, ISA)

Not above...........................................................................................................2430 RPM

Not below...........................................................................................................2330 RPM

POWER PLANT INSTRUMENT MARKINGS

a) Tachometer

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range).........................................................500 to 2700 RPM

Red Line (Maximum Continuous Power)................................................... 2700 RPM

b) Oil Temperature

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range)........................................................100° to 245°F

Red Line (Maximum)......................................................................................245°F

c) Oil Pressure

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range)........................................................55 to 95 PSI

Yellow Arc (Caution Range) (Idle)..............................................................25 to 55 PSI

Yellow Arc (Ground Warm-Up)....................................................................95 to 115 PSI

Red Line (Minimum)......................................................................................25 PSI

Red Line (Maximum).....................................................................................115 PSI

d) Fuel Pressure

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range) .....................................................0.5 to 8 PSI

Red Line (Minimum).....................................................................................0.5 PSI

Red Line (Maximum)....................................................................................8 PSI

e) Vacuum

Red Line (Minimum).....................................................................................4.8 in. Hg.

Green Arc (Normal Operating Range)......................................................4.8 in. Hg. to 5.2 in. Hg.

Red Line (Maximum)....................................................................................5.2 in. Hg.

WEIGHT LIMITS
a) Maximum Weight.....................................................................................Normal=2440 LBS//Utility=2020 LBS

b) Maximum Ramp Weight.........................................................................Normal=2447 LBS//Utility=2027 LBS

c) Maximum Baggage.................................................................................Normal=200 LBS//Utiliry=0 LBS

FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS

a) Positive Load Factor (Max.)..................................................................Normal=3.8 G//Utility=4.4 G

b) Negative Load Factor (Min.).................................................................No inverted manoeuvres approved

MANEUVER LIMITS

a) Normal Category – All acrobatic manoeuvres including spins prohibited.

b) Utility Category – Approved Manoeuvres for bank angles exceeding 60°:

ENTRY SPEED

Steep Turns.................................................................................................111 KIAS

Lazy Turns...................................................................................................111 KIAS

Chandelles..................................................................................................111 KIAS

FUEL LIMITATIONS

a) Total Capacity........................................................................................50 U.S. GAL

b) Unusable Fuel.......................................................................................2 U.S. GAL

The unusable fuel for this airplane has been determined as 1.0 GAL in each wing in critical flight attitudes.

c) Usable Fuel............................................................................................48 U.S. GAL

The usable fuel in this airplane has been determined as..................24.0 GAL per wing.

Center of Gravity limits

Normal category

Weight: 2440 lbs FWD limit: 88.3 AFT limit :93.0

Weight:1950 lbs FWD limit: 83.0 AFT limit: 93.0

Utility category

Weight: 2020 lbs FWD limit: 83.8 AFT limit: 93.0

Weight: 1950 lbs FWD limit: 83.0 AFT limit: 93.0

NOTE

Straight line variation between points given.

The datum used is 78.4 inches ahead of the wing leading

edge at the inboard intersection of the straight and tapered section.

It is the responsibility of the airplane owner and the

pilot to insure that the airplane is properly loaded.

Performance

PA-28-161 WARRIOR

SECTION V- PERFORMANCE

MAXIMUM SPEED (kts)............................................163 (IAS)

CRUISING SPEEDS:(TAS)

75% at 5,000 ft//ISA+10.............................................114 kts......Best Power

65% at 5,000 ft//ISA+10.............................................109 kts......Best Economy

55% at 5,000 ft//ISA+10.............................................100 kts......Best Economy

CRUISE RANGE

(Cruising range includes 45-minute fuel reserve at max. range power plus

allowance for fuel used during taxi, take-off, climb at MCP, cruise at stated

mixture and descent)

Power

75% at 5,000 ft.........................................................414 NM

65% at 5,000 ft ........................................................475 NM

55% at 5,000 ft.........................................................515 NM

RATE OF CLIMB (At Sea Level,ISA, and 2440 lbs Wt)

Full Throttle (fpm/mpm).......................................................................................644 ft/min

STALL SPEED(IAS)
Flaps Down Full ......................................................44 kts

Flaps Up ...................................................................50 kts

TAKE-OFF DISTANCE

(Sea Level, Zero Wind, Standard Temperature, 25o flaps)

Ground Run .....................................................................................................................1100 ft

Total over 50 ft obstacle..................................................................................................2000 ft

LANDING DISTANCE

(Sea Level, Zero Wind, Standard Temperature)

Ground Roll .......................................................................................................................625 ft

Total over 50 ft obstacle ..................................................................................................1160 ft

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR

SECTION VI- WEIGHT & BALANCE

In order to achieve the performance and flying characteristics which are designed into the airplane, it must be flown with the weight and center of gravity (C.G.) position within

the approved operating range (envelope). Although the airplane offers a flexibility of loading, it cannot be flown with the maximum number of adult passengers, full fuel tanks

and maximum baggage. With this loading flexibility comes responsibility. The pilot must insure that the airplane is loaded within the loading envelope before takeoff.

Misloading carries consequences for any aircraft. An overloaded air-, 'plane will not take off, climb or cruise as well as a properly loaded one. The heavier the airplane is loaded,

the less climb performance it will have.

Center of gravity is a determining factor in flight characteristics. If the C.G. is too far forward in any airplane, it may be difficult to rotate for takeoff or landing. If the CiG, is too far aft,

the airplane may rotate prematurely on takeoff or tend to pitch up during climb. Longitudinal stability will be reduced. This can lead to inadvertent stalls and even spins; and spin

recovery becomes more difficult as the center of gravity moves aft of the approved limit.

A properly loaded airplane, however, will perform as intended. Before the airplane is licensed, it is weighed, and a basic empty weight and e.G. location is computed

(basic empty weight consists of the standard empty weight of the airplane plus the optional equipment). Using the basic empty weight and e.G. location, the

pilot can easily determine the weight and e.G. position for the loaded airplane by computing the total weight and moment and then determining whether

they are within the approved envelope.

WEIGHT AND BALANCE DETERMINATION FOR FLIGHT

(a) Add the weight of all items to be loaded to the basic empty weight.

(b) Use the Loading Graph (attached below) to determine the moment of all items to be carried in the airplane.

(c) Add the moment of all items to be loaded to the basic empty weight moment.

(d) Divide the total moment by the total weight to determine the CG. location.

(e) By using the figures of item (a) and item (d) (above), locate a point on the C.G. range and weight graph (Figure 6-15). If the point falls within the CG. envelope, the loading

meets the weight and balance requirements.

WIGHT (LBS) ARM AFT OF DATUM MOMENT (IN-LBS)

BEW 1500.0 85.9 128850

PILOT & FRONT PASSENGER 340.0 80.5 27370

PASSENGERS (REAR SEATS) 340.0 118.1 40154

FUEL (48 GALLON MAX) 267.0 95.0 25365

BAGGAGE* (200 LBS MAX) 142.8

RAMP WEIGHT (2447 LBS) 2447.0 90.6 221739

FUEL ALLOWANCE (START, TAXI & RUN UP) -7 95.0 -665

TAKE OFF WEIGHT (2440 LBS) 2440 90.6 221074

Weight & Balance

Airframe

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR

SECTION VII SYSTEMS

AIRFRAME

The Warrior airframe is constructed primarily of aluminium alloy with lightweight plastic used on the wingtips, engine cowling

and other non-structural components.

Fuselage is semi-monocoque structure with one main entry and a baggage door.

The dihedral wing is semi-tapered with a laminar flow National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 65 2415.

The wings are attached to each side of the fuselage by insertion of butt ends into a spar box which is an essential part of the fuselage

structure.

CONTROL SURFACES

Control surfaces are activated by manipulating the control column, rudder pedals and flap lever. This movement is transferred to

the control surface via a cable and chain system.

The control column activates the ailerons and the horizontal stabilizer.

The Warrior ailerons are differential, which assists in reducing adverse yaw.

Empennage consists of vertical stabilizer and rudder and a horizontal stabilator.

The rudder is equipped with a weighted horn balance.

The horizontal stabilator is all moving and incorporates an anti-balance tab to reduce control surface stress and provide longitudinal trim.

Rudder pedals operate the rudder surface. The top of the rudder pedal is the brake pedal.

Trim control for the rudder is on the floor near the feet position while trim control for the horizontal stabilator is on the floor between the

seats.

FLAPS

The slotted fowler flaps have four settings: 0 °, 10 °, 25 ° and 40° and are extended by pulling a lever on the floor. To retract the flap,

depress the button and lower the lever. When in the 0 ° position, the right hand flap will act as a step to enter the cockpit.
Power plant

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR

SECTION VII SYSTEMS

THE ENGINE

The Warrior is powered by a four cylinder, direct drive, horizontally opposed, air cooled engine.

It is rated at 160 HP at 2700 RPM.

It has a compression ratio of 8.5:1.

The displacement is 319.8 cubic inches.

The engine can be accessed for inspection through side panels on the nose of the aircraft.
The throttle is used to adjust engine RPM and the mixture control lever is used to adjust the fuel-to-air mixture.

Engine oil for the warrior is W100 ashless dispersant oil.

Maximum oil capacity for the engine is 8 quarts with a minimum safe quantity of 2 quarts.

Standard Operating Procedures require a minimum of 5 quarts prior to a flight. If oil is below this quantity, add one quart and record on

oil dispatch sheet and on maintenance release. Maximum oil quantity is 6 quarts. See an instructor.

An oil cooler is situated on the rear of the engine and receives air from the main cooling intakes.

Propeller

The aluminium alloy propeller is fixed pitch with a minimum allowable diameter of 72 inches and a maximum allowable diameter of 74 inches.

Care must be taken when moving the propeller to protect against inadvertent starting of the engine or ‘kick back’.

Whenever the engine is not operating, the ignition keys shall be placed on the floor of the aircraft. Under no circumstances are keys to be

left in the ignition.

Undercarriage

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR III

SECTION VII SYSTEMS

Undercarriage

The tricycle undercarriage is fixed and the main wheels are fitted with single disc hydraulic brakes.

The brakes are actuated by toe pedals attached to the top of the rudder pedals and can be activated separately to allow differential braking.

The three oleo struts are air/oil type with normal extension being 3.25 (8 cm) inches for the nose and 4.5 (11 cm) inches for the mains.

The main tyres require 24 PSI while the nose requires 30 PSI.
PARKING BRAKE

It is released by pulling the lever and disengaging the tab.

Hydraulic cylinders are located above each pedal and adjacent to the park brake, which is connected to the master cylinder.

The parking brake can be activated by pulling the lever back and depressing the tab.
Electrical system

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR III

SECTION VII

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The electrical system includes a 28 volt, 60 amp alternator, a 24 volt battery and a standby alternator.

The ammeter indicates alternator output which can be read off of the Primary Flight Display (PFD).

The electrical system provides for the starter motor, electric fuel pump, stall warning, PFD, Multi Function Display (MFD), annunciator panel an

The magneto system is mechanically operated and will continue to function in the event of a complete electrical failure.
Fuel system

PIPER 28-161-WARRIOR III

SECTION VII SYSTEMS

FUEL SYSTEM

The Warrior has one 25 gallon tank in each wing. Only 24 gallons from each wing is useable, providing 48 useable gallons.

The Warrior uses 100LL AVGAS which can be recognised by its blue colour.

The fuel tank selector is adjacent to the left hand rudder pedal.

To turn the fuel selector switch off a metal tab must be depressed.

The fuel system has an engine driven fuel pump and an electrical driven fuel pump.

The engine driven fuel pump has a bypass in the event of a failure of the engine driven fuel pump. A fuel strainer in the system after the fuel se
Each fuel tank has a drain on the underside of the wing and the fuel strainer has a drain on the lower left engine cowling.

Each tank has a fuel cap on the top surface of each wing which has a vent in it to equalise pressure inside and

outside of the tank.

An electric priming system assists starting. By pressing the primer button,the electric fuel pump is automatically activated to open a solenoid va

Each tank has a fixed tab to assist in determining useable fuel remaining.

The tabs indicate 17 useable gallons of fuel remaining.