Official documents of the Catholic Church have evolved and differentiated over time, but

commonly come from four basic sources: 1) Papal documents, issued directly by the Pope under
his own name; 2) Church Council documents, issued by ecumenical councils of the Church and
now promulgated under the Pope's name, taking the same form as common types of papal
documents; 3) Curial documents, issued by offices of the Holy See but authorized by the Pope;
and 4) Bishops documents, issued either by individual bishops or by national conferences of
bishops. The types of each are briefly explained below. Not all types of documents are
necessarily represented currently in this Bibliography.

The level of magisterial authority pertaining to each type of document - particularly those of the
Pope - is no longer always self- evident. A Church document may (and almost always does)
contain statements of different levels of authority commanding different levels of assent, or even
observations which do not require assent as such, but still should command the respect of the
faithful. The Second Vatican Council, speaking through Lumen Gentium (The Dogmatic
Constitution on the Church) identified as many as four different kinds of authority (n. 25). Msgr.
Fernando Ocáriz Braña, Vicar General of Holy Cross, recently clarified this hierarchy of
authority in an article in L'Osservatore Romano, the "semi-official" periodical of the Holy See:

Those affirmations of the Second Vatican Council that recall truths of the faith naturally
require the assent of theological faith, not because they were taught by this Council but
because they have already been taught infallibly as such by the Church, either by a
solemn judgment or by the ordinary and universal Magisterium. So also a full and
definitive assent is required for the other doctrines set forth by the Second Vatican
Council which have already been proposed by a previous definitive act of the
Magisterium.

The Council’s other doctrinal teachings require of the faithful a degree of assent called
“religious submission of will and intellect”. Precisely because it is “religious” assent,
such assent is not based purely on rational motives. This kind of adherence does not take
the form of an act of faith. Rather, it is an act of obedience that is not merely disciplinary,
but is well-rooted in our confidence in the divine assistance given to the Magisterium,
and therefore “within the logic of faith and under the impulse of obedience to the faith”
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Donum Veritatis, 24 May 1990, n.
23). This obedience to the Magisterium of the Church does not limit freedom but, on the
contrary, is the source of freedom. Christ’s words: “he who hears you hears me” (Lk
10:16) are addressed also to the successors of the Apostles; and to listen to Christ means
to receive in itself the truth which will make you free (cf. Jn 8:32).

Documents of the Magisterium may contain elements that are not exactly doctrinal — as
is the case in the documents of the Second Vatican Council — elements whose nature is
more or less circumstantial (descriptions of the state of a society, suggestions,
exhortations, etc.). Such matters are received with respect and gratitude, but do not
require an intellectual assent in the strictest sense (cf. Instruction Donum Veritatis, nn. 24-
31).
(Fernando Ocáriz Braña, On Adhesion to the Second Vatican Council, L'Osservatore Romano,
Dec. 2, 2011, at A1, available at http://www.osservatoreromano.va/portal/dt?
JSPTabContainer.setSelected=JSPTabContainer
%2FDetail&last=false=&path=/news/religione/2011/278q11-Nel-cinquantesimo-anniversario-
dell-indizio.html&title=%20%20%20On%20adhesion%20to%20the%20Second%20Vatican
%20Council%20%20%20&locale=en)

Papal Documents

Decretal letter (Litteras decretals) - Once a common papal document, decretals are now
restricted to dogmatic definitions and (more commonly) proclamation of canonizations
and beatifications.

Apostolic Constitution (Constitutio apostolic) - Apostolic constitutions are considered

the most solemn kind of document issued by a pope in his own name. Constitutions can
define dogmas but also alter canon law or erect new ecclesiastical structures. An example
is John Paul II’s apostolic constitution Ex Corde Ecclesiae, defining the role and
responsibility of Catholic institutions of higher education.

Encyclical Letter (Litterae encyclicae) – Encyclicals are the second most important
papal documents, exhorting the faithful on a doctrinal issue. Its title taken from its first
few words in Latin, an encyclical is typically addressed to the bishops but intended for
instruction of Catholics at large. Most of the best known social teaching documents have
been encyclicals. Examples include Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum, first introducing
Catholic social teaching, and John Paul II’s Centesimus Annus, expanding on the
application of the social teaching of Rerum Novarum in the post-Cold War world.

Apostolic Letter (Litterae apostolicae) – Apostolic letters are issued by popes to address
administrative questions, such as approving religious institutes, but have also been used
exhort the faithful on doctrinal issues. Apostolic letters do not typically establish laws,
but rather should be thought of an exercise of the Pope’s office as ruler and head of the
Church. Paul VI issued Octogemisa adveniens in 1971 as an apostolic letter because it
was addressed to one person, Cardinal Maurice Roy.

Declaration (declamatio) - A declaration is a papal document that can take one of three
forms: 1) a simple statement of the law interpreted according to existing Church law; 2)
an authoritative declaration that requires no additional promulgation; or 3) an extensive
declaration, which modifies the law and requires additional promulgation. Declarations
are less common now as papal documents, but were resorted to several times by the
Vatican II Council. An example is Dignitatis Humanae, the Declaration on Religious
Liberty.

Motu Proprio – A Motu Proprio is a decree issued by the Pope on his own initiative. A
motu proprio can enact administrative decisions, or alter Church law (but not doctrine).
An example is Benedict XVI’s Summorum Pontificum, which relaxed restrictions on
celebration of the traditional mass.
 Apostolic Exhortation (Adhortatio apostolica) – An apostolic exhortation is a formal
instruction issued by a pope to a community, urging some specific activity. Lower in
import than an encyclical or apostolic letter, an exhortation does not define doctrine. An
example is John Paul II’s Familiaris Consortio, affirming the meaning and role of
marriage and the family.

Allocutions (allocutions) – An allocution is an oral pronouncement by a pope, with

pastoral, not doctrine, import. Increasingly common in the modern age, allocutions are a
way for popes to exhort the faithful both within and outside the context of homilies. An
example is John Paul II’s 2003 homily in Rijeka, The Family Requires Special
Consideration.

Conciliar Documents

Traditionally, Church councils have issued documents only in the form of decrees or
constitutions. The Fathers of Vatican II, however, intended a pastoral rather than a strictly
doctrinal council, and as a result issued a number of different kinds of documents, all
promulgated under the Pope's name and therefore taking the same name and form as
papal documents. The highest form of document was the constitution, of which there
were four (Ex: Gaudium et Spes, the Pastoral Constitution on the Modern World). Ten
other documents were issued as decrees, addressing specific issues within Church life
(Ex: Unitatis Redintegratio, the Decree on Ecumenism). Finally, three documents were
issued as declarations, fairly brief documents (Ex: Dignitatis Humanae, the Declaration
on Religious Liberty).

Curial Documents

Instruction – Instructions are statements issued by a Congregation, always with the

approval of the pope. Instructions are usually intended to explain or clarify documents
issued by a Council or decrees by a Pope. An example of an instruction is Donum Vitae,
an instruction issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, clarifying Church
teaching on the respect due in law for human life in its earliest stages.

Recognitio – A recognitio supplies the acceptance by the relevant office of the Holy See
of a document submitted to it for review by a local conference of bishops. Such
acceptance is required for such conference documents to modify universal law. A
recognitio thus gives conference documents legislative effect.

Replies to Dubia – Dubia are official responses to questions (dubia) of bishops

addressed to the Holy See seeking clarification on statements of doctrine or discipline.
Dubia are addressed to congregations having jurisdictions. An example is the Letter
Concerning the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) Regarding Ordinatio
Sacerdotalis, confirming that the latter document’s affirmation that the Church doesnot
have the authority to ordain women to the priesthood belongs to the deposit of the faith.

Bishops’ Documents
National bishops’ conferences were formally established by the Vatican II (Christus
Dominus 38). Bishops conferences issue pastoral letters, explaining how Church
teaching is to be put into effect in the relevant country. To have authority, however, such
letters must be consistent with the teaching of the universal Church; they must also
receive official confirmation from the Holy See by means of a recognitio from the
relevant curial office.

Statements issued by an individual bishop only have authority within that bishop’s
diocese, and only provided that such statements do not conflict with the Church’s
universal law and teaching.