D.B.R.

ARMY LISTS
For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules

BOOK3
ARMIES OF THE
EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION
AND OF
THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

Compiled by

PHIL BARKER

WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP JANUARY 1997

 D.B.R. ARMY LISTS
For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules

BOOK3
ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD
COLONIAL EXPANSION
AND OF THE EUROPEAN
ENLIGHTENMENT

Compiled by

PHIL BARKER

All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder.

(c) Wargames Research Group November 1996.

The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 2ER
Printed in England

WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP JANUARY 1997

 D.B.R ARMY LISTS

BOOK3

These lists are intended for use with our "De Bellis Renationis" wargames rules for Renaissance
Warfare, more familiarly known as DBR. While mainly intended for competition games, they also
provide a general guide to armies' troop classification, proportions and numbers for scenario
games and wargames campaigns, especially when used in conjunction with more detailed sources
such as the W.R.G army handbooks.
They follow the general form of the DBM lists, except that, instead of the armies being arranged
in chronological order, each is grouped together with its main historical opponents. It is often a
criticism of competition gaming that it necessarily encourages unhistorical matches. Our army
grouping should enable competition organisers to arrange that at least the first round of a "Swiss
Chess" competition matches most armies with a contemporary from the same group, while still
permitting enough meetings with unusual opponents to provide variety.

The lists are primarily intended to produce 300 AP to 500 AP armies which closely simulate their
real life prototypes, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to cover historical variations during
the period and minor differences of opinion or personal preference. They are less permissive than
some previous renaissance lists which did not restrict choice by year within a longer period.
A list usually includes about 200 AP of compulsory troops. Unless otherwise specified, the total
value of troops listed as able to be used together is normally around 600 AP, excluding naval
elements, artificial defences and allied contingents; more where historical armies were unusually
varied. This will usually allow the army's largest historical battle to be refough t in condensed
scale. If you wish to refight such battles in normal scale as a multi -player game, for instance as a
public demonstration at a convention, you must multiply the listed minima and maxima by 4 for
cavalry and foot and by 2 for all other troops other than pontooneers, then expect it to take much
longer to complete. Where a historical army was small, its list specifies that only normal scale
should be used in historical refights and quotes the maximum army size provided for.

300-400 AP is a typical army size for games with 1 player on each side. Larger games really
require at least 2 players on each side, ideally 1 player per command. Each army must include a
commander-in-chief (C-in-C) and usually at least 1 other general, who may be a loyal subordinate
or independently enough minded or so fractious as to be classed as an ally. It must also include 2
baggage elements per command, all deployed with the same command.
There is also provision for much smaller games using a single command and only one general.
For these, halve the cost of the general and divide all minima and maxima by 3, rounding up to
the nearest whole element. A 100 AP condensed scale army is very similar to a DBA army and
can be used for the same kind of quick games on a small board.
ALLIED CONTINGENTS
These are specified by reference to their own list. Each such contingent must include 1 general
and 2 baggage elements, loss of which affects only the contingent and not the army joined. An
allied contingent's general can be his list's C-in-C or any of its other generals, but is always
costed and behaves as an ally-general. Unless stated otherwise in a particular list, he commands
only his own contingent and this can include only compulsory troop types. It must have at least a
1/4 of the normal minima for each such type and not exceed 1/3 of the maxima, or 1 element,
whichever is greater. Unless a list specifies otherwise, only 1 allied contingent of each nationality
can be used. Allied contingents must be of the same year as the army they join.
NAVAL
Naval elements each replace a land element of the types that follow it in square brackets and
disembark as that element. The AP quoted is for the naval element, the land element being paid
for separately. AP spent on naval elements are wasted if they have no access to the table. Their
landing troops can then still be deployed, being assumed to have disembarked before the battle.
The elements allowed represent a small squadron co-operating with the army, not the main fleet.
CLIMATE, AGGRESSION, TERRAIN AND ARMY SIZE
The 2nd line of each list specifies the army's home climate, its aggression factor, codes for the
types of terrain feature it can choose from if the defender, and a note of any unusual army size.
The terrain permitted to a defending army is based either on that of its nation's heartland or its
capital or on that of a foreign base of operations. Terrain codes are:
Waterway suitable for ships, such as the sea, lakes or great rivers. WW
Ordinary rivers. Rv
Hill with some or all slopes steep. H(S)
Hill or lesser rise with only gentle slopes. H(G)
Woods. Wd
Orchards or olive or palm groves. О
Vineyards. V
Small fields enclosed by hedges, walls or irrigation ditches. E
Rough going, such as moderately boggy or rocky ground or brush. RGo
Inland marsh not on a river. M
Non-coastal sand dunes. D
Roads or frequently used tracks. Rd
Built-up areas, such as villages or towns. BUA
Ice, if waterways and rivers can freeze solid enough to bear troops. I

If some types listed for an army are underlined, this means that they are compulsory. Even if not
listed, a single patch of coastal dunes or marsh can always be used if in contact with a waterway,
or a single patch of marsh if in contact with a river.

Any notation of unusual army size starts with "Max". This can be followed by:

N, meaning that the listed maxima will reproduce the largest historical army in normal scale,
followed by the AP of the largest wargames army for which it is considered suitable.
С multiplied by a number, which means that at condensed scale listed maxima must be multiplied
by that number to reproduce the largest reported historical army and that those maxima before
multiplication will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.

No notation means that at condensed scale the maxima will reproduce the largest historic al army
and that the maxima will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.
FORTIFICATIONS
An army allowed a BUA can provide it with artificial defences. Otherwise, these can only be
used if specified by the army's list. Note that the costs of defences for a BUA and the extra costs
of any gateways, although not mentioned in lists, must still be paid. Defences specified as for
camps must rest both ends on a table edge and contain all th e army's baggage. Any AP spent on
BUA defences are wasted if the terrain includes no BUA or if you are the invader. Troops which
are specified by lists as to defend camps or BUA must remain within these.

TROOP TYPE ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations are used for troop types in these lists:
Ln = Lancers. Dr = Dragoons. Art = Artillery.
Shp = Ships.
Pi = Pistols. Pk = Pikes. Pon = Pontooneers.
Gal = Galleys.
Si = Sipahis. Sh = Shot. WWg = War Wagons.
Bts = Boats.
LH = Light Horse. Bd = Blades. El = Elephants.
Cm = Camelry. Bw = Bows. Bge
= Baggage.
Sk = Skirmishers.
Wb = Warband.
Hd = Hordes.
PO = Portable obstacle.
FO = Fixed obstacle.
F = Fortification.
 ARMIES INCLUDED

ARMIES OF THE EASTERN COLONIAL EXPANSION

1. Portuguese Colonial. 1494 AD to 1700 AD Page 5
2. Sebastianic Portuguese. 1578 AD 6
3. Maghrebi. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 7
4. Tuareg. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 8
5. West Sudanese. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 8
6. Tupi or Tapuya. 1494 AD to 1692 AD 9
7. West African Forest Peoples. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 9
8. East African Pagan. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 10
9. Arab. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 11
10. Zanj. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 12
11. Somali. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 13
12. Abyssinian. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 14
13. Wadj. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 15
14. Aiwa. 1494 AD to 1504 AD 15
15. Funj Empire. 1504 AD to 1700 AD 16
16. Shaiqiya. 1660 AD to 1700 AD 16
17. Indonesian or Malay. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 17
18. Vietnamese. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 18
19. Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 19
20. Dutch Colonial. 1602 AD to 1700 AD 20
21. Sinhalese. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 21
22. Polynesian or Melanesian. 1494 AD to 1700 AD 21

ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

23. Restoration British. 1661 AD to 1688 AD 22
24. Dutch United Provinces. 1649 AD to 1688 AD 23
25. Scots Western Covenanter Rebel. 1679 AD 24
26. English Monmouth Rebel. 1685 AD 24
27. Scots Jacobite. 1689 AD to 1690 AD 25
28. Scots Constitutional. 1689 AD to 1690 AD 25
29. Irish Jacobite. 1688 AD to 1691 AD 26
30. Williamite Anglo-Dutch. 1688 AD to 1700 AD 27
31. Louis XIV French. 1661 AD to 1700 AD 28
32. Later Spanish. 1660 AD to 1700 AD 29
33. Braganza Portuguese. 1640 AD to 1700 AD 29
34. Savoyard. 1648 AD to 1700 AD 30
35. Later Venetian Colonial. 1645 AD to 1700 AD 30
36. Later Ottoman Turk. 1645 AD to 1700 AD 31
37. Later Imperialist. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 32
38. Hungarian Rebel. 1670 AD to 1685 AD 33
39. Later Bavarian. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 34
40. Later Saxon. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 34
41. Brandenburg-Prussia. 1646 AD to 1700 AD 35
42. Later Minor German States. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 35
43. Later Danish. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 36
44. Caroline Swedish. 1649 AD to 1700 AD 37
45. Russian Conscript. 1648 AD to 1700 AD 38
Later Polish. 1632 AD to 1700 AD 39
 ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION

1. PORTUGUESE COLONIAL 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 3 until 1600, then 1. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Bd (O) @ 27 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Portuguese civilisados foot - up to 1/2 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 10-48
African slave or Arab infantry - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 6-12
Skirmishers - up to 1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest (I) @ 2 AP. 0-5
Cannon - up to 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Nao - Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk). 0-2
Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk), or hulks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any]. 0-3
Fregatas, galleota, terradas or fusta - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk]. 0-2

Only in Brazil:
Tupi allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.

Only in Morocco until 1660 AD:

Garrison ginetes - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 0-4

Only in East Africa:

East African allies - Lists: Either Zanj or East African Pagan (Zimba, Segeju, Monomotapa).

Only in India and Ceylon after 1510 AD:

Indian lascarins with arquebuses - Sh (1) @ 4 AP. 0-8
Indian allies - List: Hindu Indian (Book 2).
Only in Macau or Indonesia after 1520 AD:
Local Chinese - up to 1/4 crossbow or firearm Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP. 0-12

Only in Indonesia from 1520 AD to 1605 AD:

Moluccan allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
Only after 1520 AD:
Replace civilisados Bw (O) crossbowmen with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 1/2-all

Only after 1550 AD:

Replace all civilisados foot with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 26 AP if general, 6 AP if not. All
Replace skirmishers with musketeers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Any
African slave powder-pot throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1
Only after 1620 AD:
Replace civilisados with degredados - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. All
Replace nao with smaller but heavier-gunned warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh, Bd|. All

This army provides a link between the others of this section. While Columbus was acquiring a
few unprofitable islands for Spain, the Portuguese were seeking another route to the fabulous east
down the west coast of Africa, establishing fortified trading stations and colonies as they went. In
1500, they discovered the optimum route to India using the prevailing winds via Morocco, Brazil,
the Cape of Good Hope and East Africa, and then pushed on to reach the Moluccas in 1512,
China in 1513 and Japan in 1543. After beating a combined Gujerati/Mamluk fleet at Malabar,
they established settlements at Ormuz in Persia, Goa in India and Malacca in the East Indies,
giving them a near monopoly of the rich eastern trade. The alternative route across the Pacific via
Cape Horn found for Spain by Magellan in 1520 soon proved economically inferior. Although
Philip II of Spain became ruler of Portugal in 1580, the two colonial empires remained separate.
Portuguese colonial soldiers were badly paid, un-uniformed, slothful, ill-disciplined, rapacious, but
very tough. Their usual tactic was a single volley followed by a wild charge and (usually) the
opponents routing. However, a contemporary remarked that "just as they exceed all other nations
by the speed of their advances, so they surpass them in the celerity of their retreats". Initially
armed with crossbows or a mixture of swords, halberds, boarding axes and bladed half -pikes,
they were later armed almost exclusively with the arquebus, plus a few muskets. African slave
troops with sword and buckler were invaluable, and the African heroine wielding a halberd at
Macau in 1662 deserves a mention. Skirmishers include bandeirantes "adventurers", mamelucos
"half-breeds" and natives. Initially armed with crossbows or native bows, they gradually replaced
all the former and some of the latter with arquebuses. Until 1620, even the biggest nao had only
relatively light guns, though many soldiers. By 1620, soldiers were mainly convict degredados
and their reputation so poor that Indians, Spanish and Dutch called the Portuguese "chickens".

2. SEBASTIANIC PORTUGUESE 1578 AD

Warm. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max 1/2N500
C-in-C (Dom Sebastian) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP or Ln (F) @ 31 AP. 1
Sub-general (Duke d'Aviero) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP, Ln (F) @ 31 AP or LH (O) @ 25 AP. 1
Moorish ally-general (Mulai Mohammed) - Si (O) @ 18 AP. *1
Noble cavalry - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. 2-4
Tangiers garrison ginetes - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 2-4
Moorish allied cavalry - Si (O) @ 8 AP or LH (О) @ 5 AP. 1-6
Portuguese aventuros - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. f 4-8
Tangier garrison arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 4 АР. ( ь 4;,; 2-4
Portuguese conscripts - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. 16-32
Upgrade conscripts stiffened by gentry volunteers to - Pk (F) @ 4 АР. О or 1/4
Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 2-4
Spanish tercio foot: 1/2 pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/2 arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 6-12
German mercenary pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 8-16
German arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 3 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-1 per 4 German Pk
Papal Italian mercenaries - Pk (I) or Sk (O) @ 3 AP, or Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 3-6
Artillery - 1/3-1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (О) @ 20 AP. 2-4
War wagons - WWg (О) @ 10 AP. 2-4
Nao-Shp(S)@6 AP|Pk(I)|. 0-2
Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Pk (I)f. 0-3
This is the army of the young Dom Sebastian of Portugal that perished at El-Ksar el-Kebir in the
"Battle of the Three Kings". Sebastian's death left his uncle Philip II of Spain as heir to the
Kingdom, which he seized 18 months later against minimal resistance. Sebastian's first plan was
to take his army to Goa to carve out an Indian empire, but he had settled for an expedition to
Morocco to dethrone Abd el-Malek, a usurper fostering Turkish corsairs, and just possibly restore
Mulai Mohammed. The army was based on Tangiers. Sebastian's chivalric bent makes it likely
that his entourage included men-at-arms. Aventuros were hot-blooded gentry armed with pikes
who formed the centre of the front line with the Germans on their right and the Spaniards and
Italians on their left. Each were winged by shot, the aventuros by veteran arquebusiers of the
Tangiers garrison. In the battle, the aventuros charged faster than the Germans and Spanish to
break the opposing front line, but were driven back by the second. The othe r Portuguese foot
were mostly conscripts armed exclusively with pikes. 2 regiments formed the flanks of a hollow
square with the baggage inside and were protected by columns of wagons filled with arquebusiers
on each flank. The rear face was formed by 2 more regiments stiffened with volunteers, with a
battalion of arquebusiers between. The noble cavalry was deployed to the left of the square and
the Tangier garrison horse was to its right, supported by the few followers of Mulai Mohammed
who wore red caps to distinguish them. The artillery had 1 gun at the rear of the square and the
rest in front of it. Sebastian expected his ally to attract considerably more support than he did, so
we have allowed a large variation in the maximum number of Moorish elements to simulate this.
A Moorish general must command all and only Moors. The item marked * only applies if more
than 1 element of Moors are used. Mulai drowned fleeing prematurely across a river, Sebastian
found death charging into the enemy and the victor died before the end of the battle, poisoned by
the commander of his Turkish troops. An army list based on a single battle is necessarily rigid
and the historical army was an awkward size. Staying close to the minima will allow a historical
refight in condensed scale, but maxima must be doubled for normal scale.
3. MAGHREBI 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tripoli: Dry. Ag 0. WW, H(G), O, M, RGo, BUA.
Others: Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or Wb (S) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Sipahis (with lances but no bows) - Si (О) @ 8 AP. 6-34
Tribal cavalry - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 0-80
Spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP. 20-40
Skirmishers with crossbows and arquebuses - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-6
Naffatun - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-4
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F)|. 0-3
Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
1 per Gal
Coastal bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Only before 1570 AD:
Replace tribal spearmen with archers - Bw (О) @ 5 AP. 0-12
Only from 1530 AD:
Upgrade skirmishers with long accurate firearms - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. All
Sakers and/or culverins - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Only if Morocco from 1570 AD to 1602 AD:
Mounted arquebusiers - LH (1) @ 4 AP. 0-1 per 4 Si
Replace spearmen with Morisco and other arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 8-25
Only if Morocco in 1578 AD:
Reclassify C-in-C in litter with escort of peiks, solaks and halberdiers - WWg (I) @ 23 AP. 1
Reclassify sub-general as - LH (О) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Only if Tripoli:
Bedouin scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Bedouin warriors - Cm (О) @ 6 AP. 0-9
Only if Algeria until 1552 AD:
Italian and other renegades - Bw (O) crossbowmen @ 5 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-14
Only if Algeria from 1519 AD to 1540 AD and 1543 AD to 1551 AD or Morocco in 1610 AD:
Spanish allies - List: Either Spanish Imperial (Book 1) or Low Countries Spanish (Book 1).
Only from 1533 AD Algeria, 1551 AD Tripoli or 1574 AD Tunisia, or in 1545 AD if Morocco:
Janissaries - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 3-8
Only Tunisia:
Upgrade C-in-C with mamluk bodyguard to - Si (S) @ 10 AP. ' 5 О A f, , \
This covers the armies of the "Barbary States" of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli. At this
time the Moroccan ports were occupied by Portuguese, Spanish and, from 1661 to 1684, English
enclaves. The most typical tactic was a fierce initial cavalry charge exploited by agile infantry
who easily leapt obstacles. The Moroccans were especially adept at concealing ambushes in the
most unlikely places. Janissary garrisons were sent out by the Ottomans as they took control over
Algeria, Tripoli and Tunisia. Moroccan armies used massed arquebusiers, some Andalusian exiles
but also Christian renegades and Turks, to defeat Dom Sebastian's Portuguese army in 1578 and
wreck the Songhai Empire in 1591. The many tribal cavalry present in 1578 had little effect,
possibly due to lack of space. Later armies made less use of firearms. The negro "Abid" foot
relied on by Morocco after 1673 were similar to previous spearmen and skirmishing gunmen.
Incendiary hand grenades were effective against the English garrison of Tangiers in 1678. Corsairs
were armed with swords, bucklers, bows and a few crossbows and later some firearms, including
pistols, and half-pikes. Coastal bombards must be in the fortifications of a BUA on a waterway.
4. TUAREG 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 4. RGo, D, O.
C-in-C - Cm (S) @ 29 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Cm (S) @ 29 AP. 0-2
Ihaggaren and Imrad camel warriors - Cm (S) @ 9 AP. 15-47
Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Imrad or mixed foot - Wb (S) @ 5 AP. 0-40
Replace foot with Iklan skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 0-20
These dreaded inhabitants of the deep Sahara desert differed from their Arab counterparts in
wearing veils and having upper garments dyed with indigo in various shades. A Frenchman later
wrote "To see a Tuareg war charge is to feel complete and utter fear creep through one's body.
Great serried squadrons of tall blue-veiled men mounted on fast white camels crashing forward
like a vast roller". Armies of 12,000 camelmen interfered in the Western Sudan. The Ihaggaren
aristocrats armed with short all-iron "allarh" lance, long straight "takouba" sword and long white
oryx-hide "lamt" shield raided, Imrad vassals with lance and/or javelin herded goats and camels
or traded, and Iklan negro serfs with javelins cultivated and smithed. All could have arm-daggers.

5. WEST SUDANESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(G), either Wd or D, RGo, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Yan lifida - Si (S) @ 10 AP. 0-4
Yan kwarbai - Up to 1/2 Si (I) @ 5 AP, rest LH (О) @ 5 AP. 1-32
Zagi - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-20
Yam baka - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 48-80
Yam lifida baka - Bw (О) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Yam assigiri - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. 0-12
Yam fate-fate - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 0-6
Plashed wood or scrub edge - FO @ 2 AP. 0-4
Palisade or thorn boma/zariba to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
0-2 Tuareg allied contingents - List: Tuareg.
Any except Songhai:
Yam bindiga - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-2
Only if Kanem or Bornu:
Replace yam baka with yam mashi - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 3/4-all
Only if Bornu 1570 AD to 1602 AD:
Tripolitanian "Turkish" mercenary arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP or Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-8
The Western Sudan is the lightly wooded rolling grassland south of the Sahara desert. Its nations
include Songhai until its destruction by Morocco in 1591, Bornu, Kanem and the Hausa states.
Yan lifida, including barde bodyguard, were disciplined charging cavalry in mail and sometimes
plate corslet and/or thick brightly-patterned quilts for man and horse. They were armed with
Tuareg lance, sword and shield. Yan kwarbai varied between mostly unarmoured men on good
horses widi long Tuareg or smaller round shields using short lances and/or javelins, and Shuwa in
loin cloths riding bareback on scrubby ponies with javelins or throwing irons, few shields and
sometimes spear. Zagi foot supported them and resupplied javelins. Yam baka used weak bows
firing unflighted poisoned arrows. Yam lifida baka added quilts, shield and spear. Yam mashi
used javelins and shield. Yam fate-fate had long sword and shield. Yam assigiri held off cavalry
with long iron spears. Yam bindiga had firearms with a disproportionate effect due to noise and
smoke. Black-powder muskets were later preferred to modern rifles as more bang for the buck!
Rebels could lack cavalry. Generals must be cavalry if more than 1 cavalry element is used
6. TUPI OR TAPUYA 1494 AD - 1692 AD
Tropical. Ag 2. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo. Max N500
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. 1-3
Warriors - up to 1/2 Bw (S) @ 7 AP, rest Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 48-120
Scouts - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-3
Canoes - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk]. 0-2
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
Only from 1575 AD if Tupi or 1645 AD if Tapuytf:
Skirmishers with javelin or bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-20
Re-arm skirmishers with firearms - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 1/5-all
Cannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
The Tupi tribes whom the Portuguese found in possession of coastal Brazil were themselves
relatively recent arrivals, having emigrated from inland. Europeans describe them as fighting in
armies of several thousand, and as ferocious cannibals. They fought with long powerful bows and
hardwood clubs, with which, after an initial barrage of arrows, they charged "like bulls". It was
said that they knew no other tactics until a late 16th century English visitor taught them to lay
ambushes. Their canoes each carried up to 50 men. The Tupi resisted the Portuguese until the
decisive defeat of their largest tribe, the Potiguar, in 1601. They fought for the Portuguese in
1634-54, while the similar Tapuya fought against them with the Dutch. The Tupi had acquired
firearms from the French by 1575. These are colourful armies with bright feathers and face paint.

7. WEST AFRICAN FOREST PEOPLES 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, Wd, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Wb (I) @ 23 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Wb (I) @ 23 AP. 1-2
Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 50-155
Scouting or skirmishing archers - Sk (I) @ 2 A P. 0-6
Canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP |Wb, Sk|. 0-6
Stockades - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
Only after 1658 AD:
Re-arm warriors with dane guns - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-1/3
European renegades and their servants - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
This includes the Kingdoms of Ashanti, Yoruba, Benin, Ngola, Kongo, Dahomey from 1600, and
also the cannibal Jaga who emerged from the interior to attack Kongo in 1568-73, only to be
defeated by the Portuguese. Wars among these peoples were fought mainly to obtain slaves for
trading with Europeans or in Dahomey for human sacrifice. The favourite tactic was an ambush
from thick cover and 19th century observers thought the West Africans an excellent example of
the truism that warlike instincts vary inversely as the density of the terrain. An exception lay in
the determined defence of stockades until outflanked. The usual weapons were a large but light
shield, javelins and a short sword. Hunting bows were used by scouts and skirmishers, who in
war were allowed to use poisoned arrows. From 1658, very large numbers of cheap flintlocks
"dane guns" were imported, several being exchanged by Dutch traders for a single slave. They
were employed in war only for ineffectual skirmishing, with great quantities of powder being
expended to produce a very few casualties. The Kingdom of Kongo had been Christian since
1490. Neither this nor its 29 European mercenaries saved it from being destroyed by the
Portuguese after the battle of Ambuila in 1665. A contemporary picture shows massed ranks of
spearmen flying cross-emblazoned flags and preceded by a few archers. The famous Dahomey
amazons were in existence before 1734 and were then gun-armed except for scouting bow girls.
8. EAST AFRICAN PAGAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD.
Monomotapa: Tropical. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA. Max Cx3
Zimba or Segeju: Tropical. Ag 4. Rv, H(G), RGo, BUA. Max Cx3
Dinka or Shilluk: Dry. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA. Max Cx3
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Warriors - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 30-150
Youths with bows or javelins guarding herds or scouting - Sk (1) @ 2 AP. 0-6
Reclassify warriors as elders defending villages - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 0-4
Dry-stone wall or boma extension to protect cattle - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Only Monomotapa:
Upgrade generals to nobles - Wb (S) @ 25 AP. All
Replace warriors with vassal troops - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. ,
0-1/3
Re-classify sub-general as Portuguese adventurer with slaves - Sh (F) @ 16 AP. (2-b 0-2
Only Zimba before 1590 AD:
Reclassify warriors as archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-1/3
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
Only Dinka or Shilluk:
Downgrade generals and warriors to - Wb (1) @ 23 AP if general, 3 AP if not. All
Only Shilluk:
Dug-out canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP [Wb, Sk]. 0-5
This includes the Shona city-building Monomotapa kingdom of Zimbabwe, the Zimba and Segeju
whose migration threatened the Zanj cities, and the pagan nilotic peoples of the East Sudan such
as the Shilluk and Dinka who resisted the Funj Empire's expansion. Monomotapa is a Portuguese
corruption of Mwene Mutapa "Great Pillager", which implies an initially aggressive stance. They
had now abandoned their earlier capital (now the ruins of Great Zimbabwe), but their new cities
were equally impressive stone complexes. Their nobles are described as wearing skins with tails
trailing on the ground as a sign of rank and wearing swords in gold-decorated wooden scabbards
on their left. Other men had spears or bows with good iron arrowheads. They were said to be
"warlike men, as well as great traders". Monomotapa controlled a number of vassal states, some
of which fell into the hands of Portuguese adventurers who recruited armies from them of
10-25,000 men. An adventurer sub-general can only command vassals or youths. A
Monomotapan allied contingent must be commanded by an adventurer and replace all warriors with
vassals. The Zimba were expanding from the rolling grasslands of the interior into the coastal
plain and terrorising its inhabitants by their ferocity and cannibalism. They are described as
armed with bows, poisoned arrows and fire-hardened wooden spears and carrying small wooden
shields. In 1589, they were allied with by the Portuguese who used them to capture Mombasa,
after which they are said to have eaten the whole population except for a few dozen who jumped
into the sea to be shot by Portuguese arquebusiers or killed by sharks. They were shortly after
taken in rear while attacking Malindi by the Segeju, another warlike tribe (possibly Bantu) that
was moving down the coast, and destroyed. The nilotic Dinka and Shilluk each had stabbing spear,
large hide shield and club, but their main weapons were javelins which they drew up in formation
to throw, the rear ranks hurling throwing sticks overhead as a high-trajectory distraction. We assume
that Monomotapan vassals were similar. The only modern East African people to use the bow as
their standard weapon are the Kamba, who themselves ascribe this to being recent immigrants
from a forest hunting environment. The Zimba may have been hunter/gardeners rather than
pastoralists and needed human flesh for lack of other portable food. We suggest including most
Monomotapan and Zimba archer figures as rear ranks of the warband. Modern pastoral peoples
regard hunting with almost the same disdain as they do agriculture. For example, the Masai limited
archery to uncircumcised youths and to the elderly if defending their village. The option to reclassify
village defenders as bowmen is limited to elements initially deployed in a village. Unwalled
villages should be fortified with a fence or thorn boma. Village defences can have an extension to
protect the cattle herd (baggage).

10
9. ARAB 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Coastal: Dry. Ag 3 if Omani, 0 if not. WW, H(S), H(G), О, Е, RGo, BUA. Wd if Oman.
Desert: Dry. Ag 2. H(S), H(G), О, E, RGo, D.

Bedouin cavalry - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 0-12

Bedouin on fast camels - Cm (F) @ 6 AP. 3-25
Bedouin on ordinary camels - Cm (О) @ 6 AP. 0-40
Bedouin foot with sword and spear or bow, or from 1517 matchlock - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-30
Bedouin skirmishers with bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP, or crossbow - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-5
Bedouin skirmishers with sling or javelin - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-15
Only if army is entirely desert Bedouin:
Bedouin C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP, or Cm (F) or (O) @ 26 AP. 1
Bedouin sub-general - As C-in-C. 0-2
Camel element including maiden in bridal dress in camel mirkab - Cm (S) @ 9 AP. *0-1
Herd of riderless black camels driven before army - Cm (S) @ 9 AP. *0-1
Purple banner of Ha'il and hereditary bearer - Cm (S) @ 9 AP or Si (S) @ 10 AP. *0-1
Reclassify cavalry as - Si (S) @ 10 AP. **0-l/2

Only if coastal state:

C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (I) @ 25 AP, Bw (O) @ 25 AP, or Bd (O) @ 27 AP. 1
Sekhan archer bodyguard - Bw (О) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP. 0-2
Bedouin ally-general - Si (S) @ 20 AP, LH (O) @ 15 AP, or Cm (F) or (О) @ 16 AP. 0-1
Household, town or askari cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP. 2-10
Askari negro slave foot with sword and sometimes spear - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 0-6
Town militia, rioters or women, mainly with improvised weapons - Hd (S) @ 2 AP. 0-12
Mountain tribesmen with javelins or spear - Wb (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-24
Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Bd, Bw, Sk, Bge]. 0-6
Only if Oman:
Upgrade mailed household cavalry with frontal lamellar barding to - Si (S) @ 10 AP. 0-2
Baluchi guardsmen - Bd (О) @ 7 AP. 1-4
Omani crossbowmen - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-8
Omani tribal infantry with sword and sometimes shield - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 24-48

Only if Yemen:
Bedouin foot led by unarmed shahidh poet exhorting and satirising - Wb (S) @ 5 AP. 0-1

Only if Yemen before 1517 AD:

Mamluk allies - List: Mamluk (Book 1).

Only if coastal from 1517 AD:

Replace Omani crossbowmen with Omani guardsmen with matchlock - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-4
2-man matchlocks in fortified BUA - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2
Bombards in fortified BUA - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-3
Re-arm Bedouin skirmishers with matchlock - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-4
Bedouin sharpshooters riding camel and dismounting to fire - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 0-1 per
3 LH

Only if Yemen from 1538 AD to 1539 AD and in 1547 AD:

Portuguese mercenaries and/or allies - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 2-6
Only if Oman from 1551 AD to 1554 AD:
Ottoman allies - List: Ottoman Turk (Book 1).
Only if Oman in 1581 AD:
Corsair galleys - Gal (F) @ 3 AP [Bd (F)]. 0-2
Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
1 per Gal

11
Only if Omani after 1650 AD:
Large European-style warships - Up to 1/2 Shp (S) @ 6 AP, rest (0) @ 4 AP [Bd|./ 0-1
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd]. 0-4
Rowing vessels - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Bd|. 0-2
This covers both organised coastal states of the Arabian peninsula such as Oman, the Hejaz, Asir,
Hadhramaut or Yemen and the nomadic camel-herding and raiding Bedouin of the central Arabian
desert, Libya, Syria, Iraq and Nubia. The towns provided cavalry and a militia graded as (S)
because fanatically opposed to both Christian interlopers and to looti ng Bedouin who were the
other main threat. Some could also count on related tribesmen or, as in Yemen, javelin-armed
mountaineers. All these were joined by Bedouin, who could be sedentary or goat-pastoralists. Fast
camel riders represent an elite mounted on racing camels. Other camelry have cheaper camels
used mainly for transport and will look right if depicted with 1 or 2 figures of each base on foot.
Firearms spread among the Bedouin of coastal states, but not those of the deep desert. Horsemen
either charged or skirmished with lances, the camels they had ridden on the march now being
ridden by the matchlock-men who had led the horses on foot. Other sharpshooters rode 2 on a
camel, 1 dismounting to shoot. Most of the cavalry were unarmoured men on unbarded horses,
but a substantial number rode horses in quilted bards and many riders of these were themselves
mailed. Hejaz cavalry substituted short javelins for the lance. If more than 20 Bedouin elements
are used, they must all be commanded by Bedouin generals commanding no other troops. The
proportions of cavalry, camelry and foot varied widely. Only 1 element marked * can be used.
Ghostly black camels were said to bear souls to paradise, making their presence disconcerting! A
maidens accompanied by a group of fanatic "bridegrooms" was a common device to raise morale.
The option marked ** can only be used if any other Si (S) are present. Omani foot favoured the
long straight "kattara" sword and it was not their headlong rush that broke the enemy - it just got
them into position to hew the enemy apart! "Dhow" is used as a generic term for lateen-rigged
sailing vessels such as the bourn, baghla, sambuk, zaruk or badan. Oman captured a Portuguese
80 gun ship in 1650 and shortly after bought 2 other European-style 50 gun ships "which sailed
like slugges" and 18 faster 12-32 gun ships. Boarding tactics were most favoured. Oman now
matched the Portuguese at sea, so could safely intervene to support the Zanj cities. An Omani or
Turkish allied contingent can include naval elements. Armies including naval elements need not
include otherwise compulsory Bedouin.

10. ZANJ 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, WW, H(G), Wd, M, RGo, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Bd (O) @ 27 AP. 1
Sub-general - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 24-56
Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-8
Archers - Bw (O) @ 5 AP.
1 -2 per 4 Bd
Coastal natives - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 0-36
Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sk, Wb, BgeJ. 0-4
0-2 neighbouring Zanj city allied contingents - List: Zanj.
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
Only 1585 AD to 1589 AD:
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F), Art|. 1-4
Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 3-4 per 4 Gal
Dismounted ship artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1 per 4 Gal
Upgrade corsair element as ally-general - Bd (F) @ 15 AP. 0-1
Only after 1585 AD:
Matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-8
Light artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-3
Only after 1650 AD:
Omani allies - List: Arab.

12
The Zanj "empire" was a loose confederation of towns which controlled the coastline of East
Africa when the Portuguese arrived in 1498. These were Omani foundations, but had become
largely africanised in race and language. Expansion inland was blocked by the aggressive Zimba.
We postulate that town forces differed little from those of Oman except for the unsuitability of
the environment for horses. The arabicised, but now Swahili-speaking, upper class would be
supported by a less-arabicised native lower class and unassimilated native country people. The
squadron of Mir AH Bey, a corsair claiming to be an Ottoman admiral, greatly aided the Z anj
against the Portuguese in 1586 and departed replete with loot after blowing holes in the walls of
Portuguese settlements. Unfortunately for himself, Mir Ali Bey made the mistake of returning in
1589 to be captured at the taking of Mombasa and shipped to Portugal in chains. Only 1 foreign
allied contingent can be used. All corsairs must be in the same command.

11. SOMALI 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Dry. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 30 AP. 1
Sub-general - Si (О) @ 30 AP. 0-2
Lancers - Si (О) @ 10 AP. 4-20
Turkish cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP. 0-1
Arab swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Arab or Persian archers - Bw (О) @ 5 AP. 0-8
Hadendoa spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 A P. 0-20
Danakil, Issa and similar spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 16-50
Midgan and similar archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 16-40
Javelinmen or slingers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-6
Dhows - Shp (1) @ 3 AP|Bd, Bw|. 0-4
Only Ada! under Ahmad Gran 1528 AD to 1543 AD:
Turkish arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-12
Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-2
This covers Islamic coastal states of the Horn of Africa (roughly equivalent to modern Somalia),
such as Adal, Fatajar, Ifat, Darwara and Bali. The crucial difference from the Zanj cities was
that the dryer climate here was more suitable for horses. The Sultanate of Adal was an important
opponent of Abyssinia in the first half of the 16th century, especially under the Imam Ahmad ibn
Ibrahim al-Ghazi, nicknamed "Ahmad Gran" (Ahmad the Left-Handed) 1528-1543. Turkish aid
gave it the upper hand until the arrival of the Portuguese, mainly in the the form of arquebusiers
from Zebid in Arabia. Although regular troops, as is implied by their description as "Turks",
these do not seem to have fought in close formation and are described as giving way before
Portuguese charges, then harassing their withdrawal. A small number of Turkish armoured cavalry
were also used on occasion, as at Wofla in 1542. Somali cavalry were fewer but better than
Abyssinian, defeating 10 times their number at Chembra Koure in 1529. They willingly charged
with lances into Portuguese foot garnished with pikes, breaking into them and coming close to
success. An Abyssinian account describes the Somali cavalry as "clad in cuirasses of steel", which
we take as mail or Ottoman-style mail-linked plates, and the infantry as "footmen with buckler,
sword and spear; others who drew the bow and shot like the children of Ephraim, others who
cast stones from slings. None of these warriors had the least fear of battle, and there were among
them those, who at the moment of combat, dashed forward with ardour, like a hunting dog that
sees its prey." Nearly all Somali foot carried a broad-headed thrusting spear. The Hadendoa (the
"fuzzy-wuzzy" of 19th century colonial wars) from Eritrea supplemented this with a long straight
"kascara" sword and shield, the Danakil and Issa from around Djibouti with light javelins, shield
and the "belwa" short sword, and the Midgan of the Ogaden with a long bow shooting unusually
short poisoned arrows and possibly a shield. All Somali shields were dinner-plate size, conical
and of hide. Those of the Danakil differed from those of other Somalis only in being almost
black in colour instead of being bleached to near-white. The Turkish-supplied artillery was crewed
by Indians. Ahmad Gran was reported to have been accompanied everywhere by 3 banners, 2
white with a red crescent and 1 red with a white crescent.

13
12. ABYSSINIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N500

C-in-C - LH (O) @ 25 AP. 1

Sub-generals - LH (О) @ 25 AP. 0-2
Cavalry - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 4-48
Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 6-8
Spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 30-60
Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 4-20
Skirmishing javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 6-12
Palisade, drystone wall or thorn boma - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12

Only until 1529 AD:

Mount C-in-C on elephant - El (i) @ 36 AP. 0-1
Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Wadj subject allies - List: Wadj.
Only from 1533 AD:
Cannon crewed by renegade Arabs or later by Portuguese - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Only from 1541 AD to 1543 AD:
Portuguese ally-general - Pk (F) @ 14 AP or Ln (F) @ 21 AP. 1
Portuguese with half-pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 1-3
Portuguese African slaves - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 1-2
Only after 1543 AD:
Replace spearmen with matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-1/3
Only from 1636 AD:
Upgrade C-in-C and cavalry to "black horse" - Si (S) @ 30 AP if C-in-C, 10 AP if not. 1-4
Upgrade matchlock-men with muskets and rests to - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. All
This covers the armies of the Abyssinian Empire (modern Ethiopia). This was a Christian enclave
constantly at war with its pagan and Islamic states neighbours and was hard pressed from 1529
until the 1541 Portuguese expedition introduced firearms and artillery. Abyssinian cavalry were
mostly provided by the Shawa and Galla of the south, typically armed with a short spear and 2
or more javelins but often no shield, riding scrubby ponies with simple saddles substituting toe
loops for proper stirrups. Shields were prized by those who did have them and those of men who
had distinguished themselves in battle were embellished with silver or with a lion's mane. Some
nobles substituted mail for a shield, but this does not alter classification. Abyssinian foot also had
stabbing spear and javelins, but added a large round hide shield. Swordsmen usually had a long
straight sword, sometimes wielded with both hands after discarding their shields, but some instead
used the enormous sickle-shaped "shotel", intended to hook over opponents' shields. Abyssinian
swordsmen were prized abroad as guardsmen until access was cut-off by Portuguese domination of
the sea. The Portuguese contingent of 1541-43 consisted of 400 Portuguese, mostly aggressive
arquebusiers but with some half-pikes, and 130 fighting slaves. It was accompanied by a drum
and fife band and several banners including that of their king, easily enough for 1 per arquebusier
element. It acquired enough horses to give the general a mixed element of Portuguese lancers and
Abyssinians. All troops prefixed by "Portuguese" and any Portuguese-manned artillery must be
commanded by a Portuguese ally-general who cannot control other troops. The survivors remained
and took local wives, who by 1750 had given rise to a hereditary regiment of 3,000 unruly
half-breed matchlock-men firing muskets from rests. The "black horse" were negro slave troops of the
emperor's household whose large horses and arms were imported from Sinnar. They wore
black-plumed copper helmets with a short mail vizor and hip-length mail shirts, and pushed their
legs through horizontal slots in their horses' quilted barding. They had high saddles with Arab
stirrups and were armed with a 14 foot lance and an axe. They were said to be capable of
charging through all the cavalry of Abyssinia, not however an especially onerous task.

14
13. WADJ 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or LH (О) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Heavy cavalry - Si (О) @ 8 AP. 4-6
Upgrade Si (O) generals and cavalry to - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not. All/0
Light horse - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 24-90
Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 0-100
Reclassify foot as skirmishers with javelins - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-1/5
The Wadj or Hadya were originally tributaries of the Abyssinian Empire, but apparently became
independent after its temporary break-up from 1529. An Abyssinian attempt to re-establish control
in 1569 was probably defeated. Most wargaming attention has previously focussed on the heavy
cavalry as a stiffener for Abyssinian armies lacking that arm, but these were a tiny part of the
army. They were armed with lances, mailed and rode horses which were caparisoned in antelope
hide. Whether this had a protective value or was only decorative is unclear, so both are allowed.
Most of the cavalry were bare-back pony riders armed with stabbing spear, javelins and possibly
throwing irons, a multi-bladed cross between an axe and a boomerang. The foot's main weapon
was the javelin, probably accompanied by the usual small round shield of the area and stabbing
spear. Any skirmishers would most likely be shieldless youthful javelinmen.

14. ALWA 1494 AD - 1504 AD

Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP. 1-2
Court cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP or Si (О) @ 8 AP. 1-5
Mounted warriors - 1/3 to 2/3 Cm (S) @ 9 AP, rest LH (О) @ 5 AP. 12-24
Scouting camelmen - Cm (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Archers - Bw (О) @ 5 AP. 12-24
Sword or spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP. 0-48
Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-6
Thorn boma to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Aiwa was the last to survive of the 3 Christian Nubian kingdoms of the East Sudan, falling in
1504 to the Funj's Abdallabi Arab precursors. The court and nobility were highly civilised and
rich from trade in gold, slaves and linen cloth, but the bulk of the population were poor peasants,
many living in straw huts, although some villages had houses of brick. Mounted troops used both
horses and camels. Cavalry were probably provided by the court nobility and are depicted both
unarmoured and armoured and wearing gold-embroidered robes. The fiercely charging camelry
were described as spearmen swathed in black felt cloaks. The foot archers were renowned, but
the commonest infantry arms of the area in later times were a shortish straight sword, a stabbing
spear and javelins, an armament consistent with earlier Fatimid accounts and depictions.

15
15. FUNJ EMPIRE 1504 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP. 1-3
Court and vassal cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP. 10-32
Nomadic horse - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 8-16
Slave foot - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-32
Shilluk or Dinka mercenaries - Wh (I) @ 3 AP. 0-16
Abdallabi Bedouin allies - List: Arab.
Only after 1650 AD:
Cannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Mercenary matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-1
The origin of the Funj Empire is obscure, but apparently the Bedouin Arab immigrants from the
north that had conquered Aiwa combined with Shilluk cattle-nomads from the south to form a
black Islamic state. After this acquired a fixed capital at Sinnar sometime around 1650, it became
better known as the Empire of Sinnar. The Abdallabi Arab northern component retained
semi-independence under a hereditary viceroy, but it is unclear how much if any of its former
Bedouin character it retained. Funj armies were not commanded by the Sultan, but by his "amin"
(vizier), the Sultan's bodyguard and executioner, a slave general or a provincial ruler. Much use
was made of large copper kettle drums for stiffening morale and signalling. The army's main
strength lay in the armoured cavalry maintained by the Sultan and his vassal magnates. Nearly all
wore mail and spiked iron or copper helmets, most rode horses in complete quilted cotton bards
plus a metal chanfron and frontlet and all carried a long broad-headed lance, javelins, long sword
and a round shield of elephant or giraffe hide. They had saddles with high fronts and cantles, but
rode barefoot, substituting toe loops for stirrups. Royal units could be commanded by the
Sultan's sons or by slave officers. Vassals could command their contingents in person, nominate
a relative to do so or borrow a slave officer from the Sultan. Lighter cavalry were provided by
nomads under their own tribal "qa'id", the whole being supervised by a royal officer called the
"muquddam al-qawawid". The most dangerous enemies of the Funj were Abyssinia and the
Turkish garrison of Egypt, but they also made large conquests among the nilotic peoples of the
eastern Sudan, who then provided large numbers of slave infantry armed with javelins and light
shields. These were segregated by tribal origin in separate compounds and were apparently quite
content with their new career. The tougher Shilluk and Dinka peoples that avoided conquest
provided mercenaries instead. Northern magnates lived in rectangular earth or stone forts with
several 3 or 4 story towers, those of the south in villages surrounded by thorn hedges.

16. SHAIQIYA 1660 AD - 1700 AD

Dry. Ag 4. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (О) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Cavalry - Si (О) @ 8 AP. 6-24
Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 30-80
Skirmishers - Sk (1) @ 2 AP. 0-12
Previously peaceful agricultural subjects of the Abdallabi part of the Funj Empire, the Shaiqiya
broke away between 1660 and 1690 to form the aggressive independent states of Amri, Merowe,
Kajebi and Hannek. These spent the next 130+ years fighting each other and terrorising their
neighbours. The cavalry rode unbarded Dongola stallions in Abyssinian-style saddles with toe
loops. They wore mail, carried shields and were armed with a sword and 4 or 5 throwing spears
in the left hand. They were described as "singularly fearless in attack", "riding up to the very
faces of the enemy with levity and gaiety of heart, as to a festival" and as always prefixing a
fatal spear thrust with the greeting "Salaam aleikoum" (Peace be with you)! Other ac counts add
that they are hard drinkers, fond of dice and untruthful. The foot were also armed with spears.

16
17. INDONESIAN OR MALAY 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA. Moluccas only H(S), Wd.
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Warriors - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 24-90
Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 0-24
Skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 6-16
Upgrade skirmishers to blowpipe men - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 2-6
Light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Any except Moluccan:
Noble cavalry - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 2-8
Only Moluccan from 1512 AD:
Arquebusiers - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-4
Portuguese allies - List: Colonial Portuguese.
Javanese allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
Only Malays, Sumatrans or Javanese:
Upgrade warriors to - Wb (S) @ 5 AP. All
Replace archers with skirmishing matchlock-men - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-8
Jong or prau mayang - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Wb, Bw, Sk, Bge| 0-4
Only Malays or Sumatrans:
Mount generals on elephants - El (I) @ 36 AP. 2-3
Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP. 0-4
Replace Art (I) by heavy guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Any
Only Javanese:
Mount generals as - El (I) @ 36 AP or LH (О) @ 5 AP. All
Only Javanese from 1678 AD:
Replace warriors with charging matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-24
Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.
Only Sumatran:
Great ships- Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Wb|. 0-1
Any except Malays or Sumatrans:
Prahu - Bts (S) @ 3AP |Wb, Sk|. 0-6
Scouting outriggers - Bts (F) @ 2 A P. 0-2
This list covers the Malay sultanate of Malacca until its end in 1511, the declining Javanese
empire of Majapahit until 1513, its powerful successor Mataram, the Sumatran empire of Acheh,
the Moluccas (the "Spice Islands") and the other states of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines
from 1494 until 1700. A 16th or 17th century account of a battle in 1357 between Majapahit and
the west Javanese state of Sunda describes princes in howdahs on elephants, each with a standard
of a distinctive colour and matching parasol, and armed with bows, spears and oblong s hields;
noble cavalry, including "the highest dignitary of Sunda", with spears, swords and shields; and
infantry with shields, swords, throwing-spears and blowpipes (plus cannon and arquebuses,
anachronistic for 1357). One contingent's noble cavalry are uniformed, in gold-embroidered
yellow jackets and yellow loin cloths. Dangerous cavalry mock-combats with the throwing of
blunt javelins are still practised even today in Java and a high level of skill is displayed. The
infantry attacked very fiercely, "as though they were conscious of no peril", "like men who did
not expect to escape with their lives"; combined with the Malay and Javanese reputation for
running amok, this must justify classification as Wb (S). Foot archers are not mentioned as taking
part in the 1357 battle, perhaps because they had been replaced by arquebusiers when the account
was written. A 16th century Portugese account describes Javanese using "huge" bows as well as

17
spears, the wavy-bladed kris, scimitars, blowpipes and wooden shields large enough to protect the
whole body. Javanese accounts of the same battles stress only the generals on their elephants and
the amok charges of infantry with spears and krisses. The blowpipe and its poisoned darts was in
limited use by nearly all the nations of the area, often in the hands of woods-dwelling aborigines.
It was greatly feared and was especially dangerous to animals. A few firearms were used from
the start of the period, but by 1685 the Javanese had 10,000 men with matchlocks. Finally, the
noise of very large gongs and drums was relied on to encourage the troops and overawe the
enemy. The Malays of Malacca are described as wearing cotton sarongs, some of the rich adding
short silk coats, and long black turbans and as fighting "in bands" with bows and poisoned
arrows, spears and krisses. Only the king and those to whom he gave special permission could
wear yellow. The inhabitants of the Moluccas (not to be confused) were described as "swift,
agile, efficient and cruel in war", as headhunters and as using prahu with up to 180 paddlers on
each side. Some Christian-convert islands were given arquebuses and artillery by the Portuguese
and the Moslem sultan of Gilolo captured some of these from the former between 1533 and 1550
and used them against the Portuguese and their allies. The Moluccas were so mountainous and
wooded as to make horses useless, so there were none on the islands. Javanese and Portuguese
allies cannot be used together.

18. VIETNAMESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), ЩСЦ, Wd, E, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - El (O) @ 40 AP. 1
Sub-generals - El (О) @ 40 AP or Si (О) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Elephants - El (О) @ 20 AP. 1-4
Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP. 2-6
Regular crossbowmen and halberdiers - 1/3-2/3 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP. 12-24
Militia - up to 1/2 Bw (I) @ 3 AP, rest Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 12-48
Militia skirmishers - 1/3-1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 6-24
Chinese-style handgunners or arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-6
Chinese-style rocket launchers or light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-3
Chinese-style bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Dug-out boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP |Bd, Bw, Wb, Sk|. 0-4
Khmer allies - List: Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer.
Somewhat remarkably, the Vietnamese were not attacked even once by China during this period,
but instead fought each other and sometimes the Khmer. The Later Le kings were deposed in
1527 by the Mac clan, who were opposed by the Nguyen and Trinh clans in the name of Le
puppets. In 1592, the Mac were ejected from the capital. The Trinh then ruled the north of the
country and the Nguyen ruled the south, intervening in a Khmer civil war as an excuse to occupy
the Mekong delta. From 1627 to 1672 the Trinh fought the Nguyen without either side coming
out on top and eventually divided the country in half with walls running from the coast to the
Laotian frontier. Elephants in Cochin China (the Nguyen territories) were described as having a
2-tier fighting platform carrying a fighting crew of 14. Vietnam had long been under heavy
Chinese influence and we assume that the regular foot were still armed in Chinese style with
crossbows and halberds. An 18th century Chinese picture of Vietnamese coastal peasants being
rounded up shows them mostly unarmed, but a few with swords. We assume that some militia
would instead have spears or halberds and that the bow and crossbow were still favourite
weapons. Skirmishing peasant crossbowmen sniping from cover were still being encountered in
19th and 20th century wars. Chinese-style firearms were used from before the start of the period.
Large dug-out canoes continued in use for river raiding. A Portuguese colony at Faifo near
Danang made little impact.

18
19. SIAMESE, BURMESE, LAOTIAN OR CAMBODIAN/KHMER 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW (except Laos), Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max Cx5

C-in-C - El (I) @ 36 AP. 1

Sub-generals - El (I) @ 36 AP, or Si (I) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP. 0-6
Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP. 2-4
Swords/spearmen - 0-1/3 Bd (F) @ 5 AP, rest Wb (1) @ 3 AP; or all Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 24-60
Archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 8-24
Upgrade archers to crossbowmen - Bw (O) @ 5 AP or Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-8
Arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP or Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-8
Artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2
Grenade throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1
Porters or levies from captured towns - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-6
Stockade for camp - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
River boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sh, Sk|. 0-8
Junks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk|. 0-4

Only if Burmese:
Upgrade elephants with large crews or escorts to - El (О) @ 20 AP. All

Only from 1515 AD:

Upgrade elephants with crew using firearms as - El (S) @ 24 AP. Any
Upgrade foreign-built or manned artillery to - Art (S) @ 25 AP or Art (О) @ 20 AP. Any
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
Only Siamese from 1605 AD to 1632 AD:
Upgrade swordsmen to Japanese guards - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Bd (О) @ 7 AP. 0-8

Only Siamese after 1632 AD:

Moghul, Tartar and Rajput foreign horse guard - Si (S) @ 10 AP. 0-1
Elephants mounting 1 pdr guns - El (S) @ 24 AP. 0-2
The armies of these nations had grown alike through their contacts in war. Burmese, Siamese and
Laotian rulers still duelled on elephants and one colourful episode of the wars was when the
Siamese Queen Suriyot'ai and her daughter fell while armed and mounted on elephants in an
attempt to extricate the King from danger. Traditionally, the driver sat on the elephant's neck, the
warrior fought from a platform howdah with a curved-blade spear and/or javelins and his
parasol-bearer clung to the rump, but in Siam, Cambodia and possibly Laos, the mass import of
Japanese swords led to the warrior instead sitting on the neck where he could reach the enemy,
the parasol-bearer moving to the howdah and the driver sitting on the rump, directing the
elephant with a very long goad. Burmese elephants had previously been reported to have crews
of 8, 10, 12 or 16, but this may have reflected 4 in the howdah and 1-4 on foot guarding each
leg. They were reported in 1568 to have a howdah crew of 4 men with firearms. A general is
reported still fighting in the old style in 1592. Parasols were the insignia of rank, the King's being
white and officers' red. Cavalry were few and inefficient. Foot swordsmen with short sword and
shield did not always form together with the spearmen with leather shields. A lesser number of
men had 2-handed Japanese swords or the ph'kak. King Ekat'otsarot of Siam (1605-1620) enlisted
Japanese guardsmen who revolted in 1611 and were a potent factor in civil wars until their
massacre in 1632. Native foot guards seem to have been spearmen. A Siamese manual of 1518
mentions both cannon and infantry firearms, presumably introduced in the 15th century,
probably from Ming China, and epic poetry describes its use by their enemies as well. The
manual also illustrates a variety of elaborate deployments in depth. Cavalry and elephants are
usually deployed on the flanks, but not usually in the front line and never in the same line.
Feints, feigned flights and ambushes from woods are also mentioned. In one case the
baggage-porters are used to give the impression of more men. In addition to porters, illustrations
of baggage earlier depict ox-carts, pack elephants loaded with sacks, game carried on poles, pigs
led on a string and women with harps or carrying infants. The boats each river village had to
provide are described as dug-outs from a single large teak tree with 50-60 paddlers and 30 shot.

19
20. DUTCH COLONIAL 1602 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N400

C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Sh (O) @ 26 AP. 1

Sub-generals - As above. 0-2
Shot - up to 1/2 arquebusiers Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest musketeers Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 3-24
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 0-2 per 4 Sh (O)
Field guns - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Siege artillery dismounted from warships, or fortress artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-1
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [0-1/2 Sh, Pk or Art (S), rest Wb|. 2-4
Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Sh, Wb, Art (I), Bge|. 2-6
Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb]. 0-1
Longboats - Bts (О) @ 2 AP [Sh, Wb|. 0-3
Sailors - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-1 per Shp or Bts
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Only from 1622 AD:
Grenade-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 12 Sh (O)
Upgrade arquebusiers to musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. All
Only WIC in Brazil from 1634 AD to 1654 AD:
Tapuya allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.

Only VOC in Java or Sumatra:

Kumpani Islam native auxiliaries - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-16

Only VOC in Amboina, the Celebes, or the Moluccas:

Hired head-hunters - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-2

Only VOC in the Celebes or Moluccas:

Native allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.

Only VOC in Ceylon from 1638 AD:

Sinhalese allies - List: Sinhalese.

Only VOC in West Africa in 1648 AD:

Kongo allies - List: West African Forest Peoples.
Only VOC in Java from 1678 AD to 1681 AD:
Javanese allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
This covers the local armies of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) from its founding
in 1602 and its western hemisphere equivalent, the West-Indische Compagnie (WIC) from 1621.
Established as a private company to trade with the Spice Islands, the VOC interpreted legitimate
competition to include destroying other nations' trading posts in Africa, South America and the
east, bullying local rulers with armed force into granting exclusive trading rights and then finally
establishing colonies. In the process, they seized many Portuguese possessions. Soldiers and arms
were provided by the Dutch state, but paid for by the VOC and WIC. The under -paid and ragged
Portuguese were impressed by the dress and well-fed bodies of Dutch colonial soldiers found after
battles. The Javanese were mostly impressed by their arrogance and a Captain Tack was so hated
by his allies that they faked a civil war to kill him and still co mmemorate him with a Punch &
Judy style shadow-puppet villain. The extent to which pikes were used is unclear, but they were
certainly used in Java in 1685, as were grenades. There are many references to musketeers and to
landing parties of musketeers and sailors. Most sailors were Dutch, but Scandinavians, Germans,
English and Scots are also mentioned. Even more soldiers were foreigners, mainly German, but
also Swiss, English, Scots, Irish, Danes, French, Flemings and even Japanese. Wastage was high.
Dutch warships were relatively small and fast with 1 1/2 gun decks like contemporary English
frigates. The large warships used at home from 1664 did not serve on distant stations. Warships
were supplemented by lightly-armed merchantmen and by a few yachts and sloops of 4-6 guns.

20
 21. SINHALESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C on elephant - El (O) @ 40 AP. 1
Sub-generals - El (О) @ 40 AP. 0-2
Elephants - El (О) @ 20 AP. 4-6
Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 12-48
Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. 4-18
Upgrade archers with pavises as - Bw (О) @ 5 AP. Any
Armed camp followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 2-8
Only 1515 AD to 1560 AD: / ,
I Arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 4 AP. { - /° 0-6
I Only after 1560 AD:
I Replace archers with musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP, or Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 4-18
Only 1638 AD to 1658 AD:
Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.
This covers the armies of the Buddhist and Tamil kingdoms of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The
Portuguese established a trading presence on the coast in 1518 and persisted in unsuccessful
attempts to conquer the whole island from 1570 on. Between 1638 and 1663 the Dutch took all
their coastal settlements, at first with Sinhalese co-operation, but by 1700 had not managed to
impose their authority on the inland kingdom of Kandy. Sinhalese armies were generally similar
to those of the Hindu states of the Indian mainland, except that there were no horses in Ceylon.
However, Sinhalese elephants, although smaller than Burmese, were said to be so fierce that other
elephants were afraid of them. Visitors reported that the Sinhalese used little armour, thinking it
cowardly. Most shields were small. They could be round, heart-shaped or rectangular. A 15th
century sculpture shows shoulder-high standing shields, possibly pavises for archers. The most
common weapon was a short, heavy, slightly curved "kastane" sword. A visitor during 1583-91
contrasted the Sinhalese' skilled use of firearms "which be muskets" with the less than competent
caliver-men of Indian armies. Armies of up to 100,000 are reported.

22. POLYNESIAN OR MELANESIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Sub-general - Bd (F) @ 25 AP. 1-2
Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. 48-150
I Maori scouts, skirmishing Polynesian slingers or Melanesian archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. 0-12
II War canoes - Bts (S) @ 3 AP if Maori, Bts (О) @ 2 AP if not |Any|. 0-6
Palisade or stone barricade - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Maori only:
Upgrade warriors to - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. All
This covers those peoples of the Pacific that fielded substantial armies. Polynesians include the
peoples of Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Easter Island and Hawaii, and the Maori of New Zealand.
Melanesians include the peoples of Fiji, the Solomons and the New Hebrides. Generalisation is
tricky but chieftains and their picked followers typically fought with heavy wooden swords or
clubs. Otherwise, Melanesians often favoured long spears and sometimes a small shield. Most
Polynesians prefered javelins and clubs. Coconut fibre armour was used. A favourite weapon of
the Maori was a long wooden sword, the tiaha, with a sophisticated fencing technique. Others
used short greenstone mere or wooden patu. They made huge canoes called waka taua from the
giant kauri pine. In Hawaii, chiefs wore feather-covered crested helmets and red and yellow
feather cloaks, and sent their priests out in front to open each battle by shouting insults.

21
 ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
23. RESTORATION BRITISH 1661 AD - 1688 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (О) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Embark general on ship as - Sh (S) @ 27 AP. 0-1
Life Guards and Blues - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. *4-8
Horse - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 1-12
Guards pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. *6-8
Other pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 6-24
Musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP. 2 per Pk (O)
Artillery of the train - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 1-4
3-decker line-of-battle ship - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [general if Sh]. 0-1 per 4
Shp (O)
2-decker line-of-battle ships - Shp (О) @ 5 AP [Sh or Wb|. 0-4
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh, Wb], or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|. 0-4
Landing parties - up to 1/4 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest sailors Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-1 per Shp
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Only from 1672 AD:
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 1-6
Only from 1678 AD:
Horse grenadiers - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. *l-2
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 1 per 4 Pk
Only from 1684 AD:
Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. All
Re-arm guards musketeers with firelocks as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 2 per guards Pk
Fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-6
Only after 1685 AD:
3 pdr battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1 per 4 Pk
Raw Irish pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. 0-6
Raw Irish musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 2 per Pk (I)
When Charles II was restored to the thrones of England and Scotland, the large Commonwealth
army was disbanded, so that the standing army consisted only of the guards regiments. These
increasingly had to be supplemented by lesser units raised in emergency or to garrison overseas
possessions such as Tangiers. When James II acceded, he used all possible opportunities, such as
the Monmouth Rebellion, to increase such units and make them permanent. Towards the end of
his reign, James dismissed most of the Protestant officers and soldiers stationed in Ireland and
replaced them with Irish recruits who could not be quickly assimilated, convincing many of his
intention to re-catholicise England and Scotland by force. When William of Orange landed in the
"Glorious Revolution" of 1688, the desertion of many senior officers paralysed James into fleeing
the country, although it is quite probable that much of the army would have fought for him out
of loyalty rather than inclination. Guards regiments did not serve overseas. Accordingly, minima
marked * apply only if any troops so marked are used. Horse wore corslets and were armed with
a pair of pistols and a sword. Horse guards added a carbine and these had spread to at least most
of the other horse by 1685. Horse grenadiers were attached to guards cavalry to act as supporting
dragoons. They are not reported as using grenades in action. The new grenadier companies given
to all foot regiments from 1678 were still primarily grenade-throwers rather than the general
purpose assault troops they later became. From 1667 onward, foot mixed a lower proportion of
firelocks with their matchlocks, but this does not affect classification until the guards were
entirely re-equipped with firelocks in 1684. 1/3 remained pikemen. Whether these still had helmet
and corslet is disputed, but Trelawney's regiment had them in 1680, and it has been suggested
that they were still standard issue until 1697. A regiment of fusileers was raised in 1685 to guard
the artillery. The artillery train at Sedgemoor in 1685 was rendered immobile by the desertion of

22
its draught teams and only the loan of the Bishop of Bath & Wells' carriage horses enabled some
guns to be brought into action. Most of the guns were 8 pdr, with a few 12, 6 and 4 pdr guns.
James II later introduced light 3 pdr guns to accompany and be manned by foot regiments. In
1688, he brought over Irish troops to fight against William of Orange. Mostly naval wars were
fought against the Dutch in 1664-67 and 1672-74. Warships now fought in line of battle (single
element wide column). Frigates at this time were not the light warships with a single gun deck of
Napoleonic times, but typically a large but narrow vessel with 1 1/2 gun decks. Most of the fleet
were older 2-decker "great ships" whose tubbier build made them a better gun platform. The few
3-deckers were mainly used as flagships.

24. DUTCH UNITED PROVINCES 1649 AD - 1688 AD.

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, Wd, M, E, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 4-8
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 1-4
Pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 6-20
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 2 per Pk
Artillery - up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-3
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Sh, Wb]. 0-4
Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb, Bge|. 0-6
Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb|. 0-1
Marines and seamen - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-1
per Shp
Fireship - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Only from 1664 AD:
Replace merchant ships with line-of-battle ships - Shp (О) @ 5 AP |Sh, Wb|. 0-3
Only from 1672 AD:
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 4 Pk
Upgrade foot guard musketeers with flintlocks to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 2-6
Only 1674 AD to 1678 AD:
Austrian allies - List: Later Imperialist.
Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia.
Only in England in 1688 AD:
English officer and gentleman volunteers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 0-1
English horse (Duke of Albany's) - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 0-2
English dragoons (Royals) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-1
This covers Dutch armies from the Peace of the Hague until William of Orange became King of
England. During William's 21 year minority, the Dutch were governed by an anti-monarchist
oligarchy, led by Jan de Witt, whose mercantilist policies led to the English wars of 1652-54,
1664-67 and 1672-74. These were mostly fought at sea, but some landings were made or planned,
notably the English descent on Terschelling and Vlieland in 1666 and the famous Dutch raid on
the Medway in 1667. A much more serious threat was the French invasion of 1672-78, which the
Dutch after a disastrous start managed to partly turn round thanks to inundations and the young
William's competent military leadership. Pikemen still retained corslets but the horse had lost
them. Guards and artillery wore blue coats, Scots and Swiss foot and some dragoons wore red,
Walloons green and the rest various shades of grey. Headgear was a broad-brimmed black hat,
except for grenadiers and some dragoons who substituted fur caps. The foot, especially the foot
guards, were considered by their contemporaries to be excellent troops, but not so the horse, who
had reverted to distant shooting and were usually ridden over by the French. The fleet initially
initially depended on 1 1/2 decker frigates supplemented by even worse-armed merchant ships, the
first true battleships appearing in time for the war of 1664. Dutch ships carried more marines
than English ships and these had to be landed in 1674 to support the army.

23
25. SCOTS WESTERN COVENANTER REBEL 1679
Cold. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, BUA, Rd. Max N200
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Reclassify C-in-C or sub-general as - Pi (1) @ 28 AP. 0-1
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 0-2
Covenanters "with sword, pike, fusil or pitchfork" - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 12-24
Skirmishers with firearms - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-3
Families and less enthusiastic supporters - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-12
The terrorist murder of Archbishop Sharp on May 3rd brought to a head the struggle for control
of the Church of Scotland between Episcopalians and Presbyterians. A small force of horse and
dragoons under Claverhouse pursuing the assassins attempted to disperse a "coventicle" (armed
open-air Presbyterian prayer meeting) but was blocked at Drumclog by 3 bodies of rebel horse
and 4 of foot. Provoked into charging by being outshot by the dragoons, the rebel foot swept the
government troops away with heavy casualties. Having failed next day to take Glasgow, the rebels
were crushed on June 22nd at Bothwell Bridge by a much larger force commanded by the Duke
of Monmouth.

26. ENGLISH MONMOUTH REBEL 1685 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N350
C-in-C - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-general - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 0-1
Sub-general - Pk (О) @ 24 AP. 0-1
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 1-7
Pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 15-30
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 10-15
Scythesmen - Bd (I) @ 4 AP. 5-10
Clubmen - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-2
Drakes - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
This covers the West Country rebellion of the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the bastard son of
Charles II, against his Catholic uncle King James II. The army's home territory is Somerset.
Monmouth's ship brought veteran officers, 3 small cannon, 1,500 corslet and helmet cavalry
armours of which only a small proportion were unloaded, some pistols and carbines, a supply of
red coats faced with purple for Monmouth's personal "red" regiment, 500 pikes, 500 swords and
probably 1,000 muskets. Other weapons had to be obtained locally. More pikes and muskets and
red coats faced with yellow were captured from the militia or brought in by militia deserters.
These standard weapons were supplemented by scythe blades set on short poles and by sporting
firearms. The gentry that provided the cavalry no doubt brought swords, pistols and horses. The
foot were typically tradesmen and artisans from the local towns, predominantly cloth workers,
pious nonconformist Protestant family men of mature years. Only 11 % of them were farmers or
farmworkers. Earnestness in the cause and the training immediately commenced under professional
officers made them much more formidable than the pathetic throng of yokels of popular myth. A
huge number of peasant "clubmen" armed only with improvised weapons were reported to have
gathered at Axminster, but actually numbered only 160. The cavalry have also possibly been less
than fairly treated. Although they often fled while led by Lord Grey, some of them led by his
subordinate elicited the admiration of the regular cavalry they fought. A troop of 80 encountered
early in the campaign all had helmets, corslets and double-barrelled carbines and pistols. While
demolishing legends, it is only fair to point out the the "Bloody Assize" that followed the fatal
battle of Sedgemoor according to Judge Jeffreys "was not half bloody enough for him that sent
me". About 300 rebels died in the battle, 700 were slain in the pursuit and 100 were summarily
hung by the army before Jeffreys arrived. Of the 1,336 he tried, 340 were actually executed and
850 transported. Half the rebels present at the battle, all of whom were certainly guilty of high
treason, got away and were covered by a general pardon next year.

24
27. SCOTS JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1690 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H[S), H(G), Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N250
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (F) @ 24 AP or Wb (O) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-general - Pk (F) @ 24 AP. 0-1
Sub-generals - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. 0-2
Cavalry - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 0-1
Irish pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Irish musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
2 per Pk (F)
Highlanders - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 15-50
Locheil's snipers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-1
This covers the rebel army of John Graham of Claverhouse "Bonnie Dundee". Like the later rebel
Jacobite armies of 1715 and 1745, it was raised from Catholic Highland clans and detested by the
vast majority of Scots. It won a spectacular victory at Killiecrankie over a lowland Scots Whig
government army reinforced with a single English regiment, but Claverhouse fell at the moment
of victory. Deprived of his leadership, it failed after a bitter battle to capture Dunkeld and was
defeated and dispersed at Cromdale next year. The cavalry consisted of a single troop of remnants
of Claverhouse's old regular regiment, supplemented by gentleman volunteers. At Killiekrankie, it
split into two parts after its initial charge, one of which Dundee was leading when he was shot.
Only 1 element of Pk (F) can be used. Only the front rank of the Highlanders should be depicted
with sword and targe and/or firelock. Others should be armed with Lochaber axes, spears, a very
few bows, many only with long dirks. Purcell's small Irish regiment was criticised for "charging
like stampeding cattle" beside the Highlanders instead of shooting, which must justify classing
them as (F). At Killiecrankie, Locheil sent a small body to shoot from cottages, though they were
soon driven out by government musketeers.

28. SCOTS CONSTITUTIONAL 1689 AD - 1690 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. Max N250
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-general - Sh (S) @ 27 AP. 0-1
Militia horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 1-2
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 4-16
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (O)
Fusileers/grenadiers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh (O)
Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 0-8
Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (I)
Highland independent company - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-1
Leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-1
In 1689, the Scottish Parliament passed a Claim of Right asserting that, by transforming a limited
constitutional monarchy into an arbitrary Catholic despotism, James II had violated the Scots
constitution and "forfaultit the Croun". The small Scots regular army was insufficient to put down
the revolt of James' Highland supporters and much of it including the cavalry unreliable, so the
Scots brigade was recalled from Dutch service and new regiments raised. The militia horse were
armed with sword and pistols. They did not get red coats until after Killiecrankie, so probably
wore civilian dress. All other troops wore red coats and, except for the grenadiers, black hats.
Hastings' English regiment had yellow facings and all the Scots white except for McKay's and the
artillery, who were both faced red. McKay's, Ramsay's and Balfour's regiments were veterans of
the Dutch service. Leven's were newly raised but well trained, but Kenmore's were extremely
raw and had to be formed 6 deep instead of 3 like the other regiments. The 4 veteran regiments
each had a grenadier company, and it is likely that these provided the detachment of 200 men
with firelocks drawn from these regiments to act as advance and flank guard. The artillery at
Killiecrankie consisted of 3 ineffective under-charged leather guns carried on pack ponies. The
loyalty of the Highland company (which normally functioned as a patrolling police force) was
extremely suspect, so that it was sent to hide in a wood out of the way.

25
29. IRISH JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1691 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.

C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. 1

Sub-generals - Pi (О) @ 30 AP. 1-2
Horse guards - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 0-1
Horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 2-8
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 1-7
Foot guard and veteran musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 4-8
Foot guard and veteran pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
1 per 2 Sh (O)
Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 20-60
Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
1-2 per 2 Sh (I)
Fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-4
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-3
Sharpshooters "with long guns" - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-3
6 pdr field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 1-2
Militia with half-pikes, scythes and a few firearms - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-20
Only in 1690 AD:
18 pdr and 24 pdr siege guns and mortars - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1
French ally-general - Pi (O) @ 20 AP. *1
French musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. *8-16
French pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 1 per 4 Sh (F)
French grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh (F)
Only in 1691 AD:
Regrade sub-general (Sarsfield) as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 1
Ditches - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Soldiers disbanded into rapparee guerillas - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. 0-6
After James II had lost the British throne in the bloodless "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, he fled
to France, then moved to Ireland intending to use it as a base for recovering Britain. He was
enthusiastically supported by the Catholic majority, whose different aims were Irish independence
and Catholic supremacy. James had already sent the Earl of Tyrconnel in 1685 to reorganise the
army in Ireland by purging it of Protestants. It refused disban dment by the new government and
was now vastly expanded, the existing troops of horse guards and horse grenadiers, 3 regiments
of horse, 1 of dragoons, 1 2-battalion regiment of foot guards and 4 1-battalion regiments of
red-coated foot being joined by 5 new regiments of horse, 7 of dragoons and 39 of foot. Louis
XIV had sent 20,000 uniforms (probably French grey/white) and 8,000 firearms by the start of
1689. 18,000 more matchlocks and 8,000 flintlocks were requested, but it is uncertain whether
enough were received for the normal ratio of 2 muskets to 1 pike. Many foot are reported as
clothed in local homespun and armed with half-pikes or pole-scythes. Any flintlocks mainly
equipped the dragoons, with only a few going to fusileers supporting the sparse art illery or acting
as special service troops. Few if any bayonets were issued. 6 battalions of French foot under the
command of the Comte de Lauzun followed in 1690 in exchange for 5 Irish regiments sent to
France, but returned home in September of that year after the lost battle of the Boyne. The
majority of Irish foot remained unskilled until the end of the war. Only the foot guards shine in
battle accounts. Whether the other old regiments kept their discipline or had been excessively
diluted by the need to find instructors for new regiments is unclear. The ordinary foot were best
fighting from the cover of enclosures or ditches with their pikes drawn up behind in support.
In contrast, the horse's wild charges with sword and pistol were greatly feared and the dragoons
were also good. The horse guards were solid troops whose corslets made them tough opponents.
James was brave and hard-working, but stupid and stubborn. He commanded personally at the
Boyne, but lost heart after the battle and retired to France blaming the Irish. Command then devolved
to Tyrconnel and Berwick, then to 2 newcomers. The most respected by opponents was Patrick
Sarsfield, described by James as "a brave fellow, but very scantily supplied with brains", and who
did not co-operate well with his seniors. The better was the Marquis de St.Ruth, sent over by
Louis with a staff but no troops to act as C-in-C on James' behalf. He was close to winning the
final battle at Aughrim in 1691 when his death by a long range cannon ball fatally disrupted the
army's command.

26
30. WILLIAMITE ANGLO-DUTCH 1688 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. , . 1
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Sh (S) @ 7 AP. - 1-2
British horse - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 3-6
British dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 1-2
British foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 1 AP. 0-8
British foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 8-24
British fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-2
Huguenot horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 0-3
Huguenot or Swedish foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-9
Dutch horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 1-4
Dutch dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-2
Dutch foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 3-6
Dutch foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 6-12
Danish horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 0-3
Danish, Brandenburg or other German foot - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-16
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
0-1 per 8 Sh
3 pdr accompanying guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2
6-12pdrfieldguns- Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-4
18-24 pdr siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1
3-deckers - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Sh (S), Wb|.
0-1 per 3 Shp (O)
2-deckers - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh (S), Wb|. 0-4
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh (S), Wb|, or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|. 0-4
Landing parties - up to 1/3 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest seamen Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-1 per
Shp
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Only in Ireland from 1689 AD to 1691 AD:
Enneskillen horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 0-2
Enneskillen dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-1
Londonderry foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Only from 1692 AD:
Reduce all pikemen other than Swedish from 1/3 to 1/4. All
Only from 1696 AD:
Upgrade shot other than Huguenot and Swedish to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. All
In 1688, the English finally lost patience with the attempts of their Catholic King James 11 to
subvert Parliamentary rule and the Anglican religion, and invited his Protestant Dutch son-in-law
William of Orange to take the throne jointly with his wife Mary. William was keen to use British
resources, much greater than those of his native Holland, to thwart the European expansionism of
Louis XIV of France. He formed the "Grand Alliance" of England, the Dutch, Spain, Savoy,
Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria and Sweden. Before England's full strength could
be employed against Louis, it was first necessary to clear James IPs forces from Ireland. William
commanded personally at the Boyne in 1689 and later on the continent at Steenkirk in 1692 and
Neerwinden in 1693. The various national contingents under his command were integrated rather
than fighting separately. Dutch foot had a high reputation, especially the guards, but their cavalry
were considered a little dubious and too fond of distant pistol fire. Danish cavalry were excellent
troops noted for their aggression, but their pike-less foot proved vulnerable to Jacobite cavalry.
The Huguenot regiments were of French Protestants forced out by religious persecution 1686-87.
Many had been well-trained in French service and they hated Louis XIV. They brought French
methods with them and were regarded as an elite. They were kept on a separate establishment
until 1699, then absorbed by the British army. Irish Protestant troops were tough and aggressive,
but resistant to discipline and initially lacked uniforms. The foot of most contributing nations
started with 1/3 pikemen and 2/3 musketeers, mostly with matchlocks except in guard units. The
British reduction to 1/4 pikemen became official in 1694, but was already used in regiments sent
to the continent. Expanded flintlock production from 1695 quickly made matchlocks obsolete.

27
31. LOUIS XIV FRENCH 1661 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max Cx2
C-in-C - Pi (О) @ 30 APorPi(F)@31 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 1-2
Maison du Roi - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 0-4
Gendarmerie de France and chevaux legers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 5-12
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 2-6
Gardes foot musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 0-8
Common foot musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 8-24
Siege and field guns - up to 1/4 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest (О) @ 20 AP. 0-4
Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Only before 1692 AD:
Gardes pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (O)
Common foot pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP or Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (F)
Only before 1670 AD:
Replace common foot pikemen with fusiliers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-1 per 2 Pk
Downgrade caracoling chevaux legers to Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 0-6
Only after 1670 AD:
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh
Fusiliers du Roi - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-1 per 2 Art
Chasseurs - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. 0-1
Only 1672 AD to 1674 AD:
English allies - List: Restoration British.
Only from 1690 AD:
Regrade gendarmerie and chevaux legers as - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. All
Carabiniers - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 1 per 6 Pi (O)
Only from 1692 AD:
Hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 0-2
Gardes pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 4 Sh (O)
Common foot pikemen - all Pk (F) @ 4 AP or all Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 4 Sh (F)
This covers French armies from Louis XIV's assumption of autocratic rule until 1700. The
Maison du Roi comprised 4 strong companies of Gardes du Corps, 1 of Gendarmes (in corslets),
1 of Chevaux Legers, 2 of Les Mousquetaires and, from 1676, 1 of Grenadiers a Cheval, and
seem to have favoured firearms. The 12 companies of Gendarmerie de France and the chevaux
legers were unarmoured and mostly charged in a shallow formation at the gallop with sword in
hand in the style of Turenne and Conde, but Marechal de Puysegur writing in 1748 thought that
the caracole had lingered in some regiments until around 1670. After 1690, all reverted by royal
command to firing before charging home. The skirmishing "carabin" light horse seem to have
disapeared in the cavalry reductions of 1659 and adding 2 "carabiniers" with rifled carbines to
each cavalry company in 1679 proved an inadequate substitute. From 1690, each cavalry regiment
was ordered to have a full company of carabiniers and in 1692 these were amalgamated into a
single large 100 company regiment of Royal Carabiniers which fired from the halt. Dragoons
were increasingly favoured. The field units of the Gardes a Pied now comprised only the
Gardes-Francaises and the Gardes-Suisses. Gardes pikemen kept their corslets to the end of our
period. Others had discarded them by the end of the 30 Years War, but some regiments appear to
have had them re-issued. Firelocks were disapproved of and used only on a small scale until
1692, when half each regiment's shot were authorised them. An unofficial practise of replacing
pikes with firelocks was repeatedly forbidden in the years before 1670. The Fusiliers du Roi
formed in 1671 to guard and man the artillery were entirely equipped with firelocks. The typical
French infantry tactic was an impetuous attack combining pikemen with musketeers advancing
sword in hand. Allies can include naval elements and need not then include otherwise compulsory
types.

28
32. LATER SPANISH 1660 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), O, V, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.

C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. 1

Sub-general - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. 0-1
Cuirassiers - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 4-9
Dragoons - Dr (I) @ 6 AP. 1-5
Spanish foot - 1/4 Pk (О) @ 4 AP, 3/4 Sh (О) @ 6 AP.
16-64
Artillery - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-3
Linear entrenchments to protect artillery - F @ 4 AP. 0-1 per Art
Only after 1665 AD:
Downgrade generals to - Pi (О) @ 30 AP. Any
Downgrade Spanish foot to - 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 3/4 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 3/4-all

Only from 1689 AD:

Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 6 Sh (O) or 12 Sh (I)
Catalan miquelettes - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-20
Only from 1694 AD:
English and Dutch allies - List: Williamite Anglo-Dutch.
Spain's only aggressive war in this period was a failed attempt to reconquer Portugal 1661-1665.
The rest of the century saw frequent defensive wars against France, mostly in the Low Countries.
Many Spanish generals were totally ignorant of tactics and owed their promotion to favouritism.
Pride and jealousy hindered co-operation, hence the single sub-general. Cuirassiers retained the
corslet, which they wore over a buff coat or yellow coat with red cuffs. Generals and their
escorts at first wore 3/4 armour. Dragoons also wore yellow before changing to green in 1700.
Foot wore white coats except for Irish and Swiss regiments, who wore red. Pikemen still wore
corslets. The army was greatly neglected after the accession of the ment ally-unstable Carlos II
"the Bewitched" in 1665, the less fashionable foot suffering especially. There are several 17th
century references to poor quality Spanish troops and in 1718 they were described as "an unpaid,
unclothed, unofficered and undisciplined parcel of wretches". Miquelettes were irregulars with
long accurate firelocks, more useful in home defence than regular foot. Allied contingents
including naval elements need not include otherwise compulsory un-embarked land troops. The
Spanish navy did not recover from its crushing defeat in 1639 by the Dutch until after 1700.

33. BRAGANZA PORTUGUESE 1640 AD - 1700 AD

Warm. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H£S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 3-18
Dragoons - Dr (I) @ 6 AP. 1 per 8 foot
Militia foot - 1/4 to 1/2 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 24-48
Artillery - up to 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (О) @ 20 AP. 1-4

Only from 1662 AD to 1668 AD:

Upgrade foot to regimented or mercenary - 1/4 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 3/4 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 0-1/2
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 6 Sh (O)
English allies - List: Restoration British. 0-24

This covers the Portuguese army from the Duke of Braganza's 1640 revolt against Spanish rule.
It presumably started with a similar organisation and equipment to the Spanish army in which its
officers had been trained. It was reformed 1660-1668 by the Duke of Schomberg, now considered
the founder of the modern army, only to be then neglected. The cavalry were "ill-disciplined and
impetuous". Each foot regiment included a dragoon company. The artillery were the best arm.

29
34. SAVOYARD 1648 AD - 1700 AD

Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.

C-in-C-Pi(F)@31 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 0-2
Savoyard or Huguenot horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 4-8
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 1-3
Savoyard, mercenary or Huguenot foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 18-60
Spanish foot or Savoyard militia - 1/4-1/3 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (1) @ 4 AP. 0-18
Artillery - Up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (1) @ 5 AP. 0-3

Only from 1689 AD:

Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh (F)
Swinesfeathers or chevaux de Frise - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per Sh
Unregimented Vaudois sharpshooters - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 3-20
Austrian allies - List: Later Imperial.
Bavarian allies - List: Later Bavarian. 0-24
Spanish allies - List: Later Spanish. 0-36
Astride the Alps between France and Italy, the Duchy of Savoy survived by diplomacy and good
soldiers. It had been a loyal expendable ally of the French until regency and civil war left it
weakened and cynical. It could now still help France, disengage gracefully or switch sides. This
policy risked rapid frontier adjustment either way, but ended in Savoy becoming the Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia. In the 1690s, Horse and artillery wore blue coats, dragoons yellow, blue and
green and foot white. The "musket rests" reported then were probably swinesfeathers with hooks.

35. LATER VENETIAN COLONIAL 1645 AD - 1700 AD

Warm. Ag 1 before 1684 AD, then 3. WW, Rv, H[S1, Wd, O, V, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP, or on foot in 3/4 armour as - Bd (S) @ 29 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP, Bd (S) @ 29 AP or LH (S) @ 27 AP. 0-2
Horse - Up to 1/2 Pi (I) @ 8 AP, rest LH (S) @ 7 AP. 0-6
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP or Dr (I) @ 6 AP. 0-6
Venetian marines - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-1 per Gal
Venetian, mercenary, Italian or Croatian regular foot - 1/3 Pk (O), 2/3 Sh (O). ' 18-48
Sclavonians - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-15
Morlacchi or Maniote mountaineers - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. 0-15
Artillery - up to 1/2 Art (I) @ 5 AP, rest Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-2
Venetian galeasses - Gal (S) @ 5 AP [Bd, Pk, Sh] 1-3
Venetian and other Italian galleys - Gal (F) @ 3 AP [Pk, Sh, Art]. 4-12
Large merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any]. 0-8
Small petaches, pinks, tartanes and feluccas - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any foot]. 0-4
Maltese galleys - Gal (О) @ 4 AP |Bd, Sh]. 0-6
Maltese marines - up to 1/4 knights Bd (S) @ 9 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 1 per Gal
(O)
Only after 1667 AD:
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 12 Sh
Upgrade large merchant ships to warships of 44-60 guns - Shp (О) @ 5 AP [Any foot], 0-1
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1

Only in 1668 AD and 1689 AD:

French allies - List: Louis XIV French.
Only 1684 AD to 1688 AD:
Saxon foot - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 0-6
Saxon swinesfeathers - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per Saxon Sh (O)
Brunswick/Wurtemburg/Hanover/Hesse foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 0-18

30
This covers Venetian colonial armies and offensive naval expeditions from the renewed Ottoman
attack of 1645 that ended in 1669 with the loss of Crete after an epic 22 year siege of its last
fortress. The Turkish disaster at Vienna in 1683 encouraged Venice to counter-attack, clearing the
Turks from the Peloponnese by 1690. The many field battles all resulted from attempts to relieve
fortresses besieged by Venetian amphibious forces, hence the increased naval presence in the list.
The Stradiot light horse were still just as aggressive, but now mostly armed with pistols, sabre
and carbine instead of the former light lance. A Venetian marine guard of honour is described as
armed with half-pike or musket and with helmet and sword, though no mention is made of body
armour. Morlacchi were Dalmatian mountaineers "uneducated men who do not understand the
logic of keeping promises to a defeated enemy", but useful for pursuit. The Maniotes were Greek
mountaineers from the Peloponnese "a sort of people who call themselves Christians, but live
chiefly on spoil and robbery", led 1688-89 by one Liberachi. A few light field pieces are referred
to on one occasion, but the most commonly mentioned artillery are 50 pdr, presumably main bow
guns landed from galleys. Maltese marines led by the Knights in red tabards were considered
especially good assault troops. French allies need not include otherwise compulsory cavalry or
dragoons. The army's base is assumed to be either the colonial possessions on the eastern s ide of
the Adriatic, or until 1669, Crete.

36. LATER OTTOMAN TURK 1645 AD - 1700 AD

Warm. Ag 4 until 1683, then 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, E, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max Cx4
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (F) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (F) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Qapukulu sipahis - Si (F) @ 8 AP. 1-5
Feudal sipahis - Si (I) @ 5 AP. 19-36
Upgrade feudal sipahis to Roumeliot - Si (F) @ 8 AP. 0-18
Delis, Kurds or Bedouin Arabs - LH (О) @ 5 AP. 0-4
Janissaries - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 2-12
Slav or Anatolian sharpshooters - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 3-12
Mount sharpshooters on horses as segmen - Dr (S) @ 8 AP, (O) @ 7 AP or (I) @ 6 AP.
0-3
Azabs, gonullas or levendat - up to 1/2 Bw (I) @ 3 AP, rest Hd (S) @ 2 AP.
0-10
Artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-3
Zamburak camel guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP. 0-2
Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Galleys - Gal (O) @ 3 AP [Bw, Hd(S)]. ,
0-4
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 2 AP [Bd]. '
0-2
Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 1 per Gal (F)
Crimean Tartar allies - List: Tartar (Book 2).
Only from 1690 AD:
Great ships and frigates - up to 1/2 Shp (S) @ 6 AP, rest Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Bw, Hd (S)|. 0-4
This is a revised sub-set of Army No. 12 in Book 1, included here so that wargamers seeking the
natural opponent in this era of the Venetians and Imperialists will not be forced to buy an extra
book. Qapukulu ("court slaves") were regular household cavalry regiments now with little armour
and fighting with scimitar and pistols. The Roumeliot feudal sipahis of the European provinces
were similarly armed, but the Asian feudal sipahis that had to be increasingly relied on after the
disaster at Vienna in 1683 were mostly armed only with a scimitar, sometimes supplemented by
obsolete weapons such as bows, light lances or matchlocks. Some ornate textile horse armour was
captured at Vienna in 1683, implying that bodyguards may still have been equipped in the old
style. Delis ("madmen") were light cavalry 'raised from among converted Serbs, Bosnians and
Croats for use as scouts and often paid by provincial rulers out of their revenues. Janissaries
(Yeni-ceri - "new troops") were elite regulars armed with long firearms, but always willing to
charge with the scimitar. Sharpshooters were provided by Slav or Anatolian tufekcis, sarica,
arnauts, klephts, or if mounted, segmens. Azabs ("bachelors") were now raised by conscription
and used like gonullas as garrisons. Levendat were marines, the largest ships carrying up to 500.
A few huge bombards were still used in fortifications, but most artillery was now
reasonably-sized, if still only minimally mobile, heavy brass siege pieces.

31
37. LATER IMPERIALIST 1649 AD to 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Max Cx3

C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1

Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 0-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 8-15
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 2-5
Crabats/Croats/Croatian hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 1-6
Hungarian heavy hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. *0-1
Hungarian light hussars - LH (F) @ 4 AP. *3-5
Lubomirski's Poles in Imperial pay - LH (I) @ 4 AP. *4-6
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 12-48
Hungarian haiduks or Sclavonians - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-4
Grenzer frontier militia - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-8
Levy with halberds or morgensterns - Bd (I) @ 4 AP. 0-4
Matchlock wall pieces in fortified BUA - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2
Artillery - Up to 2/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-3
Brunswick and/or other minor German allies - List: Later Minor German States. 0-12

Only in 1664 AD:

French allies - Louis XIV French.

Only from 1664 AD:

Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 1 per 8 Sh

Only before 1681 AD:

Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (O)
Only from 1681 AD:
Fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh (O)
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 3 Sh (O)

Only until 1683 AD:

Upgrade horse to cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. 0-2
Only in 1683 AD:
Sharpshooters in fortified BUA - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Polish allies - List: Later Polish.

Only in 1683 AD and from 1685 AD:

Saxon allies - List: Later Saxon. 0-10

Only from 1683 AD to 1688 AD and in 1691 AD:

Bavarian allies - List: Later Bavarian. 0-15
Only 1684 AD to 1686 AD and 1690 AD to 1692 AD:
Swedish horse - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 0-3
Swedish foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-10

Only from 1684 AD to 1698 AD:

Pontooneers - Pont (О) @ 5 A P. 0-1
Danube flotilla - up to 1/2 Gal (F) @ 3 AP, rest Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Any foot]. 0-4
Country people "got up into a body in hopes of booty and plunder" - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. 0-4
Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia. 0-15

Only after 1688 AD:

Upgrade hussars as regulars to - LH (S) @ 7 AP. All
Swinesfeathers or chevaux de Frise - PO @ 1 AP.
0-1 per Sh (S)

32
This covers the armies of the Holy Roman Empire after the 30 Years War. Ottoman Turks and/or
Hungarian rebels were now the main opponents. The crushing defeat of a Turkish invasion at
St.Gotthard south of Vienna in 1664 led to a peace treaty due for renewal in 1681. The Turks
chose instead to launch another massive invasion in 1683. Vienna was subjected to an epic siege
before being relieved by a combined (in order of numbers) Imperial, Polish, Bavarian and Saxon
force commanded by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski. An Imperial allied contingent for that army
must be accompanied by Bavarian and Saxon allies of the contingent size ranges listed here. All
Imperialist horse were reported in 1684 to wear corslets, but 2 of the 12 regiments reported in
early 1683 were described as cuirassiers, implying that they had 3/4 armour. In 1689, all 11
regiments of horse are called cuirassiers, suggesting this was no longer so. Lobster-tail helmets
were worn until after 1700. Some Hungarian loyalists continued to serve during revolts. 1,000 of
8,000 Hungarian hussars are described with long lances, which, with surviving armour, suggests
that some were as heavy as those of Poland. Other levy hussars were horse archers. Items marked
* apply only if any Hungarians are used. Crabats or "Croats" were light horse with sword, pistols
and carbine. Regular hussars imitated them and the types merged. Flintlock muskets, often with a
reversionary matchlock mechanism, began to be used in numbers around 1680, but in 1688 were
still only 10%. Pikes were reduced at the same time, but not abandoned until plug bayonets were
issued in 1704. The "boar-spears" said to have replaced pikes were swinesfeathers doubling as
musket rests or combined into chevaux de Frise, reported in 1689 as "very valuable". Members
of a Dutch merchants' shooting club provided sharpshooting at the siege of Vienna. Grenzer were
militia of the Militargrenze frontier defences created in 1557. 3/4 plate armour for cuirassiers,
mail and plate armour for heavy hussars, flintlock and combination lock muskets, matchlock wall
pieces (but not muskets), plug bayonets, swinesfeathers with musket hooks, peasant levy halberds
and morgensterns, and assembled chevaux de Frise can all be seen in the Armoury at Graz.

38. HUNGARIAN REBEL 1670 AD - 1685 AD

Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(G), RGo, Rd, BUA. Max Cxi .5
C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP, or LH (F) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-general - Ln (F) @ 31 AP, or LH (F) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Armoured hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. 0-3
Light hussars - LH (F) @ 4 AP. 32-48
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 1-4
Haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-36
Artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP or Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-3
Only in 1677 AD:
Polish allies - List: Later Polish.
Only from 1682 AD:
Turkish allies - List: Later Ottoman Turk
When it became apparent after the Imperialist victory over the Ottoman Turks at St.Gotthard in
1664 that the Empire would not dispute Turkish possession of Transylvania, the Hungarian nobles
lost a prime motive for loyalty. A revolt in 1670 was easily put down, but resultant repression,
the taxes to pay an occupying army and religious interference fed dissatisfaction that created the
"kurucok" partisan army. Imperial concessions in 1681 were not believed and in 1682 the rebels
called for Turkish aid. After 1685, the few remaining diehards took service with the Turks. The
national troop types were the hussar and the haiduk, an infantryman equally able with musket and
sabre. A rebel force was described in 1677 as dismaying 20 squadrons of Imperial horse with
"clouds of arrows and a continued fire from the foot and dragoons". This makes it apparent that
most Hungarian hussars were still primarily horse archers. Though many now carried a carbine as
well as a bow, this seems to have been used to fire a single shot before reverting to the older
weapon. However, a force of Hungarian hussars assisting the Imperialists in 1683 was said to
include 2,000 armed with long lances. Together with presence of 26 complete and 68 partial-sets
of hussar mail-and-plate armours in the Armoury at Graz, this suggests that a small proportion of
Hungarian cavalry were very similar to Polish hussars. Polish allies need not include otherwise
compulsory foot, cannot include artillery, but must include Lithuanian Tartars.

33
39. LATER BAVARIAN 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, RGo, Rd, BUA, I. Max N500 until 1682
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 3-7
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 0-3
Musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 16-48
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
0-1 per 6 Sh (F)
Artillery - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-4
Only before 1687 AD:
Pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (F)
Only from 1688 AD:
Hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 0-2
Re-arm dragoons with flintlocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Any
Guards - 1/2 fusileers Sh (S) @ 7 AP, 1/2 grenadiers Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-4
The Bavarian army was largely demobilised after the 30 Years War to speed economic recovery
and remained relatively small until after the 1670s. Uniforms were worn from 1671. Horse wore
corslets over light-grey coats, but reverted to caracoling. Some dragoons wore red coats, others
blue. The hussar regiment of 1688 wore blue. Artillery wore a bluish-grey coat. The foot mostly
wore light or dark grey coats before 1673, after which blue became usual and was standardised in
1684. Unlike those of other German states, Bavarian foot kept up the rapid attack tactic.

40. LATER SAXON 1649 AD to 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP, or (1656 AD to 1680 AD) with Croat guard as - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 4-7
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 1-6
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 16-48
Artillery - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-6
Only before 1683 AD:
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh
Only from 1683 AD:
Re-arm dragoons with flintlocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. All
Swinesfeathers - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per Sh (O)
Only from 1687 AD:
Re-arm musketeers with flintlock and bayonet as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. All
Only from 1697 AD:
Polish allies - List: Later Polish.
This covers the armies of Electoral Saxony from the end of the 30 Years War. Unlike Bavaria,
Saxony retained a large standing army to protect its eastern interests. Intrigues by Electors to
obtain the Polish throne finally bore fruit when Augustus "the Strong" obtained the Polish crown
in 1697. Horse retained the corslet, but had reverted to caracoling with pistols instead of charging
home. In 1695, dragoons adopted the red coats already worn by the horse. Foot were wearing
uniform by 1683, footguards wearing red coats, other foot and artillery grey. The Elector John
George III ordered pikes to be left in store, their anti-cavalry function instead being performed by
swinesfeathers that could double as musket rests. Pikes were finally discarded in 1687.

34
41. BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA 1646 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 3 or *1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 4-14
Leibgarde (with firelocks) - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-3
Battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-4
Field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-2
Only in 1658 AD:
Dutch ships - up to 1/2 Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Any foot], rest Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any]. 0-6
Only before 1689 AD:
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 2-6
Foot (with pikes and matchlocks) - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 18-42
Wibranzen - 1/3 Pk (1) @ 3 AP, 2/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. *12-18
Only from 1674 AD:
Jager - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-3
Only from 1689 AD:
Dragoons (with firelocks) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 2-8
Foot (with firelocks) - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 12-36
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 2-4
This army almost vanished at the end of the 30 Years War when the Estates refused to continue
paying for it. A compromise in 1653 allowed a permanent nucleus of 5,000, supplemented by a
ruthless conscription introduced during the Polish war of 1655. The cavalry relied on fire and
stood to receive attack. Corslets were discarded in 1689 and did not return until 1736. Except for
the leibgarde, the foot retained pikes and matchlocks until the death of the Great Elector in 1688.
Jager were rifle-armed snipers recruited from gamekeepers. A battery of 12 light guns massed
together was important in the decisive defeat of the Swedes at Fehrbellin in 1675. The Wibranzen
were a traditional East Prussian militia reorganised to hinder Polish and Cossack incursions. The
minimum marked * applies only if any Wibranzen are used.

42. LATER MINOR GERMAN STATES 1649 AD - 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 6-12
Dragoons (and Hesse-Kassel mounted jager) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-3
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. ' 12-36
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0 -lp er6 Sh
Jager - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. 0-3
Artillery - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-3
Only before 1699 AD if Hesse-Kassel, 1689 AD if not:
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2-3 Sh
Only from 1685 AD:
Re-arm musketeers with flintlocks as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Any
This covers lesser German states such as Hesse-Kassel, Wurtemberg, Hanover, Brunswick and the
Palatinate. Cavalry had reverted to the caracole, pikemen returned and distant musketry replaced
the fast attack. Allied contingents from this list can include its non-compulsory troop types.

35
43. LATER DANISH 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, E, Rd, BUA, I. Max N500
Oin-C - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. 4-24
Guard firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-8
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 6-20
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 1-2
Galloper guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP. 0-1
Battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2
Field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-2
Peasants - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-2
Warships - Shp (О) @ 5 AP [Sh, Wb]. 0-2
Longboats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Any]. 0-4
Prams, gunboats or mortar boats - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb|. 0-2
Seamen - Wb (О) @ 4 AP.
0-1 per Shp or Bts
Only before 1655 AD:
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 2 per 4 Sh (O)
Only from 1655 AD to 1671 AD:
Upgrade musketeers to firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 1/2-all
Only 1657 AD to 1659 AD:
Dutch warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh, Wb]. 0-3
Dutch fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Dutch foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. * 12-24
Brandenburg foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. *6-12
Imperial foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. *6-12
Polish allies - List: Later Polish. 0-12
Only from 1672 AD to 1689 AD:
Pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 0-2 per 5 Sh
Only from 1672 AD:
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-4
Upgrade musketeers to firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. All
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh (S), Wb|. 0-1
Marines - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 0-1 per 2 Shp or Bts
Only in 1700 AD:
Saxon allies - List: Later Saxon.
This covers Danish armies after the unlucky interventions in the 30 Years War. In addition to
further unsuccessful wars against Sweden in 1653, 1657-1660, 1675-79 and 1700, the Danes also
provided high quality allied contingents for the Dutch and English. Their cavalry in particular
were noted for their aggression and maintained a good reputation right through the Marlburian
wars. The cuirass had been temporarily abandoned, though it was to be reintroduced in 1701.
Firelocks had been issued to the guards by 1625, most of the army by 1655 and all of it by
1672, by when plug bayonets were in use. The situation as regards pikes is more obscure. In
1657 foreign colonels raising regiments for Danish service were forbidden to include pikemen.
However, we are also informed that in 1672-78 a ratio of 2 shortened pikes to 5 firelocks was
officially sanctioned. The Danish troops that came to England in 1688 had no pikes and they
were formally abolished the next year. Landing parties of Danish seamen are described as armed
with bills and morgensterns and "falling on with much haste and violence". Minima marked *
apply only if any Polish, Brandenburg or Imperial troops are used. A Saxon corps of 2 regiments
each of cuirassiers and foot tried to join the Danes in 1700. Polish allies must not include reiters
or foot, nor Saxon allies include dragoons or Art (O), even if these are normally compulsory.

36
44. CAROLINE SWEDISH 1649 AD - 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 4. WW, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I.

C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (F) @ 24 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (F) @ 24 AP. 1-2
Horse - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. 1-16
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 2-6
Pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. 6-12
Musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
2 per Pk
3 pdr regimental guns - Art (1) @ 5 AP. 1-3
6 pdr field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-2
16 pdr heavy guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 0-1
Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. 0-1
Warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP |Wb, Pk, Sh]. 0-4
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Wb, Pk, Sh]. 0-2
Sailors - Wb (O) @ 4 AP.
0-1 per Shp (O) or (F)
Transports - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any]. 0-6
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. 0-1
Only after 1654 AD:
Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Any
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 6 Sh
Only before 1657 AD:
Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia.
Only after 16% AD:
Regrade mounted generals and horse as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP, if general, 11 AP if not. All
Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as Dr (S) @ 8 AP. All
Upgrade dismounted generals and pikemen as - Pk (S) @ 25 AP if general, 5 AP if not: All/0

Only in 1700 AD:

Anglo-Dutch allies - List: Williamite Anglo-Dutch.
German allies - List: Later Minor German States.
This covers Swedish armies from the end of the 30 Years War until after the battle of Narva.
This includes the reign of Christina and of Charles X, XI and XII. There were wars in 1654-60
against Poland, 1674-9 against Brandenburg and Denmark and in 1700 against Denmark, Russia
and Saxony-Poland. By 1675, Swedish cavalry armour retained a heavy breast plate, but no
longer had a back plate or helmet. They still used pistols immediately before contact. This was
changed after the accession of Charles XII in 1697, cavalry now being forbidden to wear armour
or to use pistols in the charge, instead charging at the gallop using a long straight slender sword
optimised for thrusting. They now rode knee behind their neighbour's knee starting at the centre
of each squadron to form a shallow wedge. Foot regiments now had 2 battalions (4 in the foot
guard regiment), each with 50 4-deep files of pikemen and 100 of musketeers, with small groups
of grenadiers on the wings. Pikes were especially valued by Charles XII as an assault weapon as
well as for defence against cavalry and were retained until 1720. The army had no grenadiers or
firelocks by 1654, but had some of both by 1689. Charles XII replaced all the matchlocks with
flintlocks, but this does not affect classification since the foot used "ga -pa" (go on) tactics,
concentrating on forward motion and disregardin g casualties from fire. They were supposed to
halt briefly at 50 paces to allow the last 2 ranks to fire, then press-on into contact, the first 2
ranks firing point-blank. This did not always work. In one battle, a battalion Charles XII was
personally leading halted spontaneously at 30 paces to blow away their Russian opponents with a
single volley, which greatiy annoyed him! Most of the army consisted of territorial regiments
whose uniform coats initially corresponded to the colour of the provincial standard. From 1687
their coats were changed to dark blue. Anglo-Dutch allies can include naval elements and need
not include otherwise compulsory Dutch guards or unembarked British land troops.

37
45. RUSSIAN CONSCRIPT 1648 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, Wd, M, BUA, I. Max Cx4
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. 1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP. 0-2
Noble cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP. 5-14
Cossack horse - Don LH (O) @ 5 AP or Ukrainian LH (I) @ 4 AP. 0-12
Kalmuks - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 0-3
Streltzi - up to 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 8-24
Heavy or medium guns - Up to 1/2 Art (O) @ 20 AP, rest Art (S) @ 25 AP.
1-2
3 pdr or lighter accompanying guns - Art (1) @ 5 AP. 0-5
Cossack foot - up to 1/4 Sk (S) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-8
Mount Cossack foot on horses as - Dr (O) @ 7 AP. 1 per 4 LH (I) or Sh (F)
Cossack chaika - Bts (O) @ 2 AP |Sh (F), Sk (S)]. 0-1 per Sh (F) or Sk (S)
Angry peasants - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. 0-2
Only until 1667 AD:
Reiters - Pi (1) @ 8 AP. 0-5
Hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. 0-3
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 0-2
Gulay gorod - PO @ 1 AP. 0-12
Only before 1695 AD:
Foreign foot - 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 3/4 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. 12-48
Only from 1695 AD:
Guard or old regiments of foot - 1/5 Pk (1) @ 3 AP, 4/5 Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 5-10
Only 1695 AD to 1699 AD:
Conscript militia - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-30
Only in 1700 AD:
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP or Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 1-2
Newly raised regiments of foot - 1/5 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 4/5 Sh (1) @ 4 AP. 3-5 per Sh (S)
Linear entrenchments - FO @ 2 AP, or swine feathers - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per Sh
Warships - Shp (O)@ 5 AP| ShJ. 0-2
Galleys - Gal (I) @ 2 AP [Sh|. 0-3
This list covers Russian armies from Alexei Mikhailovitch's institution of conscription from the
tax rolls to provide western-style "foreign" regiments until the post-Narva reforms of Peter the
Great. Very large numbers of troops were raised at short notice, but a satisfactory standard of
training was rendered impossible by the practise of disbanding all or all but a cadre when a war
ended. As well as "foreign" foot, there were new mounted regiments of reiters with 3/4 armour
and pistols and hussars (actually lancers), but these proved even harder to maintain. Accordingly,
reliance still had to be placed on the streltsi, now possibly with a proportion of pikemen, and the
noble cavalry. The noble cavalry were now mostly minor gentry and their retainers. There were a
few units entirely of nobles commanded by boyars, but these often sent substitutes when required
for war instead of for peacetime parades. Armour was now rare, but the bow was still in use
together with firearms. From 1685, the "foreign" foot were progressively disbanded until only the
2 "old" regiments of Lefort and Gordon survived to be joined by the new Preobrazhenskii and
Semenovskii guard regiments. This reduction was premature and in 1695 many of the disbanded
men had to be called on again to fill up the conscript militia for a campaign against the Turks.
New regiments of foot armed with firelock, plug bayonet and a smaller proportion of half-pikes
were still very raw in 1700 and only the first 2 of the new dragoon regiments were ready. The
new dragoons sometimes fought mounted, so can be either Dr (S) or Pi (I). There were as yet no
grenadiers. The Cossacks of the Ukraine shifted their allegiance to Russia in 1654. Those fighting
mounted were distant skirmishers more timid than Don Cossacks. The gulay gorod "walking fort"
is last mentioned in 1660. Field entrenchments became a Russian speciality from 1700 on and
swine feathers were issued well into the 18th century for protection against Turkish cavalry.

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46. LATER POLISH 1632 AD - 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. Max Cx2

C-in-C - Drabant Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pancerni Si (O) @ 28 AP or Hussar Ln (F) @ 31 AP. 1

Sub-generals - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Si (О) @ 28 AP. 0-2
Downgrade sub-general to Lithuanian ally-general - Ln (F) @ 21 AP or Si (S) @ 20 AP. *1
Hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. 2-8
Pancerni - Si (О) @ 8 AP.
2-3 per Ln
Upgrade pancerni to Lithuanian petyhortsy - Si (S) @ 10 AP. *3-7
Reiters - Pi (1) @ 8 AP. 2-6
Lithuanian Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. 0-2
Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. 2-6
German-style foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 12-24
Haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-3
Regimental guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 1-3
Field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. 0-2
Tabor - FO @ 2 AP. 0-12
Noble levy - Si (I) @ 5 AP. **9-24
Fake hussars - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. 0-4
Only before 1648 AD or from 1658 AD:
Ukrainian Cossack allies - List: Free Cossack (Book 2).
Only after 1652 AD:
Wallachian or Tartar light cavalry - LH (F) @ 4 AP. 1-2 per Ln
Grenade-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-3
Replace all noble levy with Dymowe, Lanowe or other levies - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. **6-12
Marauding peasants - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. 0-3
Crimean Tartar allies - List: Tartar (Book 2).
Only from 1676 AD:
Guard dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. 0-2
Janissary or Moldavian guards - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 0-2
Upgrade pancerni to - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not. All
Regrade light cavalry as - 1/2 Wallachian LH (I) @ 4 AP, 1/2 Tartar LH (О) @ 5 AP. Any
Re-arm German foot in Polish-style - up to 1/8 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 1/2-all
Only from 1683 AD:
Chevaux de Frise or wheeled obstacles - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per 4 foot
Imperialist, Bavarian and Saxon allies - List: Later Imperialist.

Only from 1689 AD to 1697 AD:

Reclassify hussars as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP if sub-general, 11 AP if not. All

This list includes the army of King Jan III Sobieski's 1683 relief of Vienna. The bodyguard was
now the Drabant-Reiter, but a pancerni unit guarded Sobieski's personal "bunczuk" horse -tail
standard kept near him in battle. Junior generals also had a bunczuk. The grading of Lithuanian
generals reflects their furious rivalry. The hussars' lances were taken away in 1689, but reissued
to fight the Crimean Tartars in 1698. The armoured cossacks now called "pancerni" were issued
light lances in 1676, the petyhortsy retaining heavier lances. Light cavalry were now "Tartar" or
"Wallachian". Originally horse archers, the former were acquiring lances and the latter carbines.
The noble levy were still in theory available, but Sobieski despised them and instead tried new
peasant levies who proved equally useless. Noble levy must be in the C-in-C's command. Minima
marked * or ** apply only if troops so marked are used. "German" foot had been given pikes
after mishaps against the Swedes. From 1676, a new Polish-style infantry had only a few
half-pikes, relying instead on berdische axes both as a fearsome hand-to-hand weapon and as a
musket rest. The Ukrainian Cossacks were now independent enough to be classed as allies until
the revolt of 1648. Those of the Dnieper's right bank were intermittently available again from
1658. Swap fake hussars for servants with lances on baggage animals when enemy within 200p or if
shot at.

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 INDEX
Abyssinian. Page 14 Monomotapa. Page 10
Acheh. 17 Moroccan. 7
Adal. 13 Ngola. 9
Algerian. 7 Omani. 11
Aiwa. 15 Ottoman Turk. Later, 31
Arab. 11 Philippine. 17
Ashanti. 9 Polish. Later, 39
Bavarian. Later, 34 Polynesian. 21
Austrian. 32 Portuguese. Braganza, 33
Benin. 9 Portuguese Colonial. 5
Braganza Portuguese. 29 Portuguese. Sebastianic, 6
Brandenburg-Prussia. 35 Prussian. 35
British. Restoration, 22 Restoration British. 22
Brunswick. 35 Russian Conscript. 38
Burmese. 19 Savoyard. 30
Cambodian. 19 Saxon. Later, 34
Dahomey. 9 Scots Constitutional. 25
Danish. Later, 36 Scots Jacobite. 25
Dinka. 10 Scots Western Covenanter. 24
Dutch. Williamite Anglo-, 30 Sebastianic Portuguese. 6
Dutch Colonial. 20 Segeju. 10
Dutch United Provinces. 24 Shaiqiya. 16
East African Pagan. 10 Shilluk. 10
French. Louis XIV, 28 Shri Lankhan. 21
Funj. 16 Siamese. 19
Hanoverian. 35 Sinhalese. 21
Hawaiian. 21 Somali. 11
Hesse-Kassel. 35 Spanish. Later, 29
Hungarian Rebel. 33 Sudanese. West, 8
Imperialist. Later, 32 Sumatran. 17
Indonesian. 17 Sunda. 17
Irish Jacobite. 26 Swedish. Caroline, 37
Jaga. 9 Tapuya. 9
Javanese. 17 Tripolitanian. 7
Kandy. 21 Tuareg. 8
Khmer. 19 Tunisian. 7
Kongo. 9 Tupi. 9
Laotian. 19 Turk. Later Ottoman, 31
Maghrebi. 7 Venetian Colonial. Later, 30
Majaapahit. 17 Vietnamese. 18
Malacca. 17 Wadj. 15
Malay. 17 West African Forest Peoples.
Maori. 21 West Sudanese.
Mataram. 17 Williamite Anglo-Dutch. 27
Melanesian. 21 Wurtemberg. 35
Minor German States. Later, 35 Yemeni. 11
Moluccan. 17 Zan j. 12
Zimba. 10
For details of other WRG wargames rules, army lists and reference books, send your stamped and
addressed envelope or International Reply Coupons to W.R.G, The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks,
London Road, Devizes, Wilts SN10 2ER, UK. Phone credit card orders for air or surface mail
delivery to 01380 724558. Phone list suggestions or comments to Phil Barker on 0121-472-6207.
Thanks are due to many for their help, especially Richard Brzezinski for Poles and Swedes, Ian
Gray for initial pointers on Danes and Africans, Chris Peers for Portuguese, Nigel Tallis for Arab
expertise, but foremost to Duncan Head, who wore me to a frazzle trying to keep up. My thanks
also in advance to the unknown experts on obscure armies, who I trust will rush to correct me!

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