Syllabus: CS8261 C PROGRAMMING LABORATORY LT PC

0042

OBJECTIVES:
 To develop programs in C using basic constructs.
 To develop applications in C using strings, pointers, functions, structures
 To develop applications in C using file processing

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Programs using I/O statements and expressions.
2. Programs using decision-making constructs.
3. Write a program to find whether the given year is leap year or Not? (Hint: not every centurion year is
a leap. For example 1700, 1800 and 1900 is not a leap year)
4. Design a calculator to perform the operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and square of a number.
5. Check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not?
6. Given a set of numbers like <10, 36, 54, 89, 12, 27>, find sum of weights based on the
following conditions
 5 if it is a perfect cube
 4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6
 3 if it is a prime number
Sort the numbers based on the weight in the increasing order as shown below <10,its
weight>,<36,its weight><89,its weight>
7. Populate an array with height of persons and find how many persons are above the average height.
8. Populate a two dimensional array with height and weight of persons and compute the Body Mass
Index of the individuals.
9. Given a string ―a$bcd./fg‖ find its reverse without changing the position of special
characters.
(Example input:a@gh%;j and output:j@hg%;a)
10.Convert the given decimal number into binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers using user defined
functions.
11. From a given paragraph perform the following using built-in functions:
a. Find the total number of words.
b. Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
c. Replace a given word with another word.
12. Solve towers of Hanoi using recursion.
13. Sort the list of numbers using pass by reference.
14. Generate salary slip of employees using structures and pointers.
15. Compute internal marks of students for five different subjects using structures and
functions.
16. Insert, update, delete and append telephone details of an individual or a company into a
telephone directory using random access file.
17. Count the number of account holders whose balance is less than the minimum balance using
sequential access file.
  Booking
 Availability checking
 Cancellation
 Prepare chart

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to
 Develop C programs for simple applications making use of basic constructs, arrays and strings.
 Develop C programs involving functions, recursion, pointers, and structures.
Design applications using sequential and random access file processing
 Table of Contents

Ex. Page
Name of the Experiment
No. No.
1 Programs using I/O statements and expressions.

2 Programs using decision-making constructs.

3 To find whether the given year is leap year or Not.

4 Arithmetic operations.

5 Armstrong number.

6 Sort the numbers based on the weight.

7 Average height of persons.

8 Body Mass Index of the individuals.

Reverse of a given string.

9

10 Conversion of Decimal number into other bases.

11 String operations.

Towers of Hanoi using Recursion.

12

Sorting using pass by reference.

13

14 Salary slip of employees.

15 Internal marks of students.

16 Telephone directory.

17 Banking Application
 Railway reservation system
18
EX.No. : 1 PROGRAM USING I/O STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS

DATE :
Annexure I - Additional C Programs for exercise AIM
To

Annexure I - C Language Questions and Answers

write a C Program to perform I/O statements and expressions.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and initializations
3. Read the Input variable.
4. Using I/O statements and expressions for computational processing.
5. Display the output of the calculations.
6. Stop

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int sumOdd = 0;
int sumEven = 0;
int upperbound;
int absDiff;
printf("Enter the upper bound: ");
scanf("%d", &upperbound);
int number = 1;
while (number <= upperbound)
{
if (number % 2 == 0)
{
sumEven = sumEven+ number;
}
Else
{
sumOdd = sumOdd + number;
}
++number;
}

if (sumOdd > sumEven)

{
absDiff = sumOdd -
sumEven; }
 else
{
absDiff = sumEven - sumOdd;
}
printf("The sum of odd numbers is %d.\n", sumOdd);
printf("The sum of even numbers is %d.\n", sumEven);
printf("The absolute difference is %d.\n", absDiff);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT
Enter the upper bound: 1000
The sum of odd numbers is 250000.
The sum of even numbers is 250500.
The absolute difference is 500.
RESULT:

Thus a C Program using i/o statements and expressions was executed and the output was
obtained.

EX.No. : 2 PROGRAM USING DECISIONMAKINGCONSTRUCTS

DATE :

AIM
To write a C Program to perform decision-making constructs.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and initializations
3. Read the Input variable.
4. Codes are given to different categories and da is calculated as follows: For code
1,10% of basic salary.
For code 2, 15% of basic salary. For
code 3, 20% of basic salary. For
code >3 da is not given.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
float basic , da , salary ;
int code ;
char name[25];
da=0.0;
printf("Enter employee name\n");
scanf("%[^\n]",name);
printf("Enter basic salary\n");
scanf("%f",&basic);
printf("Enter code of the Employee\n");
scanf("%d",&code);
switch (code)
{
case 1:
da = basic * 0.10;
break;
case 2:
da = basic * 0.15;
break;
case 3:
da = basic * 0.20; break;
default :
da = 0;
}
salary = basic + da;
printf("Employee name is\n");
printf("%s\n",name);
printf ("DA is %f and Total salary is =%f\n",da, salary);
getch();
}

OUTPUT

Enter employee name

sriram
Enter basic salary
5000
Enter code of the Employee
1
Employee name is
sriram
DA is 500.000000 and Total salary is =5500.000000
RESULT

Thus a C Program using decision-making constructs was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 3 Leap year checking

DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to find whether the given year is leap year or Not .
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input .
4. Take a year as input and store it in the variable year.
5. Using if,else statements to,
a) Check whether a given year is divisible by 400.
b) Check whether a given year is divisible by 100.
c) Check whether a given year is divisible by 4.
6. If the condition at step 5.a becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is a leap year”.
7. If the condition at step 5.b becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is not a leap year”.
8. If the condition at step 5.c becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is a leap year”.
9. If neither of the condition becomes true, then the year is not a leap year and print the same.
10. Display the output of the calculations .
11. Stop

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int year;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a year \n");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ((year % 4) == 0)
{
printf("%d is a leap year \n", year);
}
else
{
printf("%d is not a leap year \n", year);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT

Enter a year
2012
2012 is a leap year

Enter a year
2009
2009 is not a leap year

RESULT
Thus a C Program for Leap year checking was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 4 Arithmetic operations

DATE :

AIM
To write a C Program to Design a calculator to perform the operations, namely, addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and square of a number
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Inputs .
4. Calculate Arithmetic operations(+,-,*,/,pow) for the input of two numbers.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int firstNumber, secondNumber;
int sum, difference, product;
long square;
float quotient;
printf("Enter First Number: ");
scanf("%d", &amp;firstNumber);
printf("Enter Second Number: ");
scanf("%d", &amp;secondNumber);
sum = firstNumber + secondNumber;
difference = firstNumber - secondNumber;
product = firstNumber * secondNumber;
quotient = (float)firstNumber / secondNumber;
square = firstNumber *firstNumber;
printf("\nSum = %d", sum);
printf("\nDifference = %d", difference);
printf("\nMultiplication = %d", product);
printf("\nDivision = %.3f", quotient);
printf("\n Square= %ld", square);
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT

Enter First Number: 25

Enter Second Number: 4
Sum = 29
Difference = 21
Multiplication = 100
Division = 6.250
Square = 625

RESULT

Thus a C Program for Arithmetic operations was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 5 Armstrong number
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input number.
4. Calculate sum of cubic of individual digits of the input.
5. Match the result with input number.
6. If match, Display the given number is Armstrong otherwise not.
7. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int number, sum = 0, rem = 0, cube = 0, temp;
printf ("enter a number");
scanf("%d", &number);
temp = number;
while (number != 0)
{
rem = number % 10;
cube = pow(rem, 3);
sum = sum + cube;
number = number / 10;
}
if (sum == temp)
printf ("The given no is armstrong no");
else
printf ("The given no is not a armstrong no");
}
OUTPUT
enter a number370
The given no is armstrong no

RESULT
Thus a C Program for Armstrong number checking was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 6 Sort the numbers based on the weight.
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform the following:
Given a set of numbers like <10, 36, 54, 89, 12, 27>, find sum of weights based on the following
conditions
 5 if it is a perfect cube
 4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6
 3 if it is a prime number
Sort the numbers based on the weight in the increasing order as shown below <10,its
weight>,<36,its weight><89,its weight.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of elements .
4. Get the individual elements.
5. Calculate the weight for each element by the conditions

 5 if it is a perfect cube (pow)

 4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6 (modulus operator)
 3 if it is a prime number(modulus operator)
6. Display the output of the weight calculations after sorting .
7. Stop

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int nArray[50],wArray[50],nelem,i,j,t;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of elements in an array : ");
scanf("%d",&nelem);
printf("\nEnter %d elements\n",nelem);
for(i=0;i<nelem;i++)
scanf("%d",&nArray[i]);
for(i=0; i<nelem; i++)
{
wArray[i] = 0;
if(percube(nArray[i]))
wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 5;
 if(nArray[i]%4==0 && nArray[i]%6==0)
wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 4;

if(prime(nArray[i]))
wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 3;
}
for(i=0;i<nelem;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<nelem;j++)
if(wArray[i] > wArray[j])
{
t = wArray[i]; wArray[i] =
wArray[j]; wArray[j] = t;
}
for(i=0; i<nelem; i++) printf("<%d,%d>\n",
nArray[i],wArray[i]); getch();
}
int prime(int num)
{
int flag=1,i;
for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++)
if(num%i==0)
{
flag=0;
break;
}
return flag;
}
int percube(int num)
{
int i,flag=0;

for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++)
if((i*i*i)==num)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
return flag;
}
OUTPUT
Enter the number of elements in an array :5
Enter 5 elements:
8
11
216
24
34

<34,0>
<11,3>
<24,4>
<8,5>
<216,9>
Explanation:
 8 is a perfect cube of 2, not a prime number and not a multiple of 4 & divisible of 6 so the
answer is 5
 11 is a prime number so the answer is 3
 216 is a perfect cube and multiple of 4 & divisible by 6 so the answer is 5+4 = 9
 24 is not a perfect cube and not a prime number and multiple of 4 & divisible by 6 so the
answer is 4
 34 not satisfied all the conditions so the answer is 0

RESULT

Thus a C Program for Sort the numbers based on the weight was executed and the output was
obtained.
EX.No. : 7 Average height of persons
DATE :
AIM

To write a C Program to populate an array with height of persons and find how many
persons are above the average height.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the total number of persons and their height.
4. Calculate avg=sum/n and find number of persons their h>avg.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum=0,count=0,height[100];
float avg;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Number of Persons : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the Height of each person in centimeter\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&height[i]);
sum = sum + height[i];
}
avg = (float)sum/n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(height[i]>avg)
count++;
printf("\nAverage Height of %d persons is : %.2f\n",n,avg);
printf("\nThe number of persons above average : %d ",count);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the Number of Persons : 5
Enter the Height of each person in centimeter
150
155
162
158
154
Average Height of 5 persons is : 155.8
The number of persons above average : 2

RESULT

Thus a C Program average height of persons was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 8 Body Mass Index of the individuals

DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Populate a two dimensional array with height and weight of persons
and compute the Body Mass Index of the individuals.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of persons and their height and weight.
4. Calculate BMI=W/H2for each person
5. Display the output of the BMI for each person.
6. Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(void)
{
int n,i,j;
printf("How many people's BMI do you want to calculate?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
float massheight[n][2];
float bmi[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
switch(j)
{
case 0:
printf("\nPlease enter the mass of the person %d in kg: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&massheight[i][0]);
break;
case 1:
printf("\nPlease enter the height of the person %d in meter: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&massheight[i][1]);
break;
}
}
}

for(i=0;i<n;i++){
bmi[i]=massheight[i][0]/pow(massheight[i][1],2.0);
printf("Person %d's BMI is %f\n",i+1,bmi[i]);
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
How many people's BMI do you want to calculate?
2
Please enter the mass of the person 1 in kg: 88
Please enter the height of the person 1 in meter: 1.8288

Please enter the mass of the person 2 in kg:58 Please enter

the height of the person 2 in meter: 2.2

Person 1's BMI is26.31178

Person 2's BMI is11.98347

RESULT
Thus a C Program Body Mass Index of the individuals was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 9 Reverse of a given string
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform reverse without changing the position of special characters
for the given string.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables .
3. Read a String.
4. Check each character of string for alphabets or a special character by using isAlpha() .
5. Change the position of a character vice versa if it is alphabet otherwise remains same.
6. Repeat step 4 until reach to the mid of the position of a string.
7. Display the output of the reverse string without changing the position of special characters .
8. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
void swap(char *a, char *b)
{
char t;
t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}
void main()
{
char str[100];
void reverse(char *); int
isAlpha(char);
void swap(char *a ,char *b);
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Given String : ");
scanf("%[^\n]s",str);
gets(str);
reverse(str);
printf("\nReverse String : %s",str); getch();
}
void reverse(char str[100])
{
int r = strlen(str) - 1, l = 0;
while (l < r)
{
if (!isAlpha(str[l]))
l++;
else if(!isAlpha(str[r]))
r--;
 else
{
swap(&str[l], &str[r]);
l++;
r--;
}
}
}
int isAlpha(char x)
{
return ( (x >= 'A' && x <= 'Z') ||
(x >= 'a' && x <= 'z') );
}

OUTPUT

Enter the Given String :a@gh%;j

Reverse String :j@hg%;a

RESULT

Thus a C Program for reverse of a given String was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 10 Conversion of Decimal number into other bases
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Convert the given decimal number into binary, octal and hexadecimal
numbers using user defined functions.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables.
3. Read a decimal number.
4. Develop the procedure for conversion of different base by modulus and divide operator.
5. Display the output of the conversion value.
6. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void swap(char *s1, char *s2)
{
char temp;
temp = *s1;
*s1 = *s2;
*s2 = temp;
}
void reverse(char *str, int length)
{
int start = 0;
int end = length -1;
while (start < end)
{
swap(&str[start], &str[end]);
start++;
end--;
}
}
char* convert(int num, char str[100], int base)
{
int i = 0;
if (num == 0)
{
str[i++] = '0';
str[i] = '\0';
return str;
}
while (num != 0)
{
int rem = num % base;
str[i++] = (rem > 9)? (rem-10) + 'a' : rem + '0';
num = num/base;
}
str[i] = '\0';
reverse(str, i); return str;
}
void main()
{
char str[100];
int n; clrscr();
printf("Enter the given decimal number : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nThe Binary value : %s\n",convert(n,str,2));
printf("\nThe Octal value : %s\n",convert(n,str,8));
printf("\nThe Hexa value : %s\n",convert(n,str,16)); getch();
}

OUTPUT

Enter the given decimal number : 555

The Binary value : 1000101011
The Octal value : 1053
The Hexa value : 22B

RESULT
Thus a C Program for conversion of decimal number into other bases was executed and the output was
obtained.
EX.No. : 11 String operations
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform string operations on a given paragraph for the
following using built-in functions:
a. Find the total number of words.
b. Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
c. Replace a given word with another word.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the text.
4. Display the menu options
5. Compare each character with tab char ‘\t’ or space char ‘ ‘ to count no of words
6. Find the first word of each sentence to capitalize by checks to see if a character is a
punctuation mark used to denote the end of a sentence. (! . ?)
7. Replace the word in the text by user specific word if match.
8. Display the output of the calculations .
9. Repeat the step 4 till choose the option stop.
10. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void replace (char *, char *, char *);
int main()
{
char choice.str[200];
int i, words;
char s_string[200], r_string[200];
printf("Enter any text:\n ");
gets(str);
do
{
printf("\n1. Find the total number of words \n");
printf("2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence \n");
printf("3. Replace a given word with another word \n");
printf("4. Stop\n");
printf("Enter your choice : ");
choice=getchar();
switch(choice)
{
case '1' :
i = 0;
words = 1;
while(str[i] != '\0')
{
 if(str[i]==' ' || str[i]=='\n' || str[i]=='\t')
{
words++;
}
i++;
}
printf("\nTotal number of words = %d", words); break;
case '2' :

i = 0;
while(str[i] != '\0')
{
if(str[i]=='!' || str[i]=='.' || str[i]=='?')
{
i++;
while(str[i]!=' ' || str[i]!='\n' || str[i]!='\t || str[i] != '\0'’)
{putchar (toupper(str[++i]));
i++;
}
}
else
putchar (str[i]);
i++;
}
break;
case '3' :
printf("\nPlease enter the string to search: ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(s_string);

printf("\nPlease enter the replace string ");

fflush(stdin);
gets(r_string);

replace(str, s_string, r_string);

puts(str);
break;
case '4' :
exit(0);
}
printf("\nPress any key to continue....");
getch();
}
while(choice!=’4’);
return 0;
}
void replace(char * str, char * s_string, char * r_string)
{
char buffer[200];
char * ch;
if(!(ch = strstr(str, s_string)))
return;
 strncpy(buffer, str, ch-str);
buffer[ch-str] = 0;
printf(buffer+(ch -str), "%s%s", r_string, ch + strlen(s_string));
str[0] = 0;
strcpy(str, buffer);
replace(str, s_string, r_string);
}
OUTPUT
Enter any text:
I like C and C++ programming!

1. Find the total number of words

2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence
3. Replace a given word with another word
4. Stop
Enter your choice : 1
Total number of words = 6

Press any key to continue....

1. Find the total number of words
2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence
3. Replace a given word with another word
4. Stop
Enter your choice : 4

RESULT
Thus a C Program String operations was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 12 Towers of Hanoi using Recursion

DATE :

AIM

To write a C Program to Solve towers of Hanoi using recursion.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input for number of discs.
4. Check the condition for each transfer of discs using recursion.
5. Display the output of the each move .
6. Stop
PROGRAM
/*Rules of Tower of Hanoi:

 Only a single disc is allowed to be transferred at a time.

 Each transfer or move should consist of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and then
placing it on the top of another stack i.e. only a topmost disk on the stack can be moved.
 Larger disk cannot be placed over smaller disk; placing of disk should be in
increasing order.*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void towerofhanoi(int n, char from, char to, char aux)
{
if (n == 1)
{
printf("\n Move disk 1 from peg %c to peg %c", from, to);
return;
}
towerofhanoi(n-1, from, aux, to);
printf("\n Move disk %d from peg %c to peg %c", n, from, to);
towerofhanoi(n-1, aux, to, from); }
int main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of disks : ");
scanf("%d",&n); // Number of disks
towerofhanoi(n, 'A', 'C', 'B'); // A, B and C are names of peg
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
Enter the number of disks : 3
Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C
Move disk 2 from peg A to peg B
Move disk 1 from peg C to peg B
Move disk 3 from peg A to peg C
Move disk 1 from peg B to peg A
Move disk 2 from peg B to peg C
Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C

RESULT

Thus a C Program Towers of Hanoi using Recursion was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 13 Sorting using pass by reference
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Sort the list of numbers using pass by reference.

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and create an array
3. Read the Input for number of elements and each element.
4. Develop a function to sort the array by passing reference
5. Compare the elements in each pass till all the elements are sorted.
6. Display the output of the sorted elements .
7. Stop

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,a[100],i;
void sortarray(int*,int);
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the Number of Elements in an array : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the Array elements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
sortarray(a,n);
printf("\nAfter Sorting....\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
getch();
}
void sortarray(int* arr,int num)
{
int i,j,temp;
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<num;j++)
if(arr[i] > arr[j])
{
temp=arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
OUTPUT

Enter the Number of Elements in an array : 5 Enter

the Array elements 33

67
21
45
11
After Sorting....
11
21
33
45
67

RESULT
Thus a C Program Sorting using pass by reference was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 14 Salary slip of employees
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Generate salary slip of employees using structures and pointers.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of employees .
4. Read allowances, deductions and basic for each employee.
5. Calculate net pay= (basic+ allowances)-deductions
6. Display the output of the Pay slip calculations for each employee.
7. Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include "stdlib.h"
struct emp
{
int empno ;
char name[10], answer ;
int bpay, allow, ded, npay ;
struct emp *next;
};
void main()
{
int I,n=0;
int more_data = 1;
struct emp e *current_ptr, *head_ptr;
clrscr() ;
head_ptr = (struct emp *) malloc (sizeof(struct emp));
current_ptr = head_ptr;
while (more_data)
{
{
printf("\nEnter the employee number : ") ;
scanf("%d", & current_ptr->empno) ;
printf("\nEnter the name : ") ;
scanf("%s",& current_ptr->name) ;
printf("\nEnter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : ") ;
scanf("%d %d %d", & current_ptr ->bpay, & current_ptr ->allow, & current_ptr - >ded) ;
e[i].npay = e[i].bpay + e[i].allow - e[i].ded ; n+
+;
printf("Would you like to add another employee? (y/n): ");
scanf("%s", answer);
if (answer!= 'Y')
{
current_ptr->next = (struct eme *) NULL;
more_data = 0;
}
else
{
 current_ptr->next = (struct emp *) malloc (sizeof(struct emp));
current_ptr = current_ptr->next;
}
}
}
printf("\nEmp. No. Name \t Bpay \t Allow \t Ded \t Npay \n\n") ;
current_ptr = head_ptr;
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
{
printf("%d \t %s \t %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \n", current_ptr->empno, current_ptr->name,
current_ptr->bpay, current_ptr->allow, current_ptr->ded,
current_ptr->npay) ;
current_ptr=current_ptr->next;
}
getch() ;
}
OUTPUT
Enter the number of employees : 2
Enter the employee number : 101
Enter the name : Arun
Enter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : 5000 1000 250
Enter the employee number : 102
Enter the name : Babu
Enter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : 7000 1500 750
Emp.No. Name Bpay Allow Ded Npay
101 Arun 5000 1000 250 5750
102 Babu 7000 1500 750 7750

RESULT
Thus a C Program Salary slip of employees was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 15 Internal marks of students
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Compute internal marks of students for five different subjects
using structures and functions.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of students .
4. Read the student mark details
5. Calculate internal mark by i=total of three test marks / 3 for each subject per student.
6. Display the output of the calculations for all the students .
7. Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud{
char name[20];
long int rollno;
int marks[5,3];
int i[5];

}students[10];
void calcinternal(int);
int main(){
int a,b,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("How many students : \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=0;a<n;++a){
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter the details of %d student : ", a+1);
printf("\n\nEnter student %d Name : ", a); scanf("%s",
students[a].name); printf("\n\nEnter student %d Roll
Number : ", a); scanf("%ld", &students[a].rollno);
total=0;
for(b=0;b<=4;++b){
for(j=0;j<=2;++j){
printf("\n\nEnter the test %d mark of subject-%d : ",j+1, b+1);
scanf("%d", &students[a].marks[b,j]); }
}
}
calcinternal(n);
for(a=0;a<n;++a){
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t\t\t\tMark Sheet\n");
 printf("\nName of Student : %s", students[a].name);
printf("\t\t\t\t Roll No : %ld", students[a].rollno);
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------------");
for(b=0;b<5;b++){
printf("\n\n\t Subject %d internal \t\t :\t %d", b+1, students[a].i[b]);
}
printf("\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
getch();
}
return(0);
}
void calcinternal(int n)
{
int a,b,j,total;
for(a=1;a<=n;++a){
for(b=0;b<5;b++){
total=0;
for(j=0;j<=2;++j){
total += students[a].marks[b,j];
}
students[a].i[b]=total/3;
}
}
}

OUTPUT

How many students : 1

Enter the details of 1 student :
Enter student 1 Name : H.Xerio
Enter student 1 Roll Number : 536435
Enter the test 1mark of subject-1 : 46
Enter the test 2 mark of subject-1 : 56
Enter the test 3 mark of subject-1 : 76
Enter the test 1 mark of subject-2 : 85
Enter the test 2mark of subject-2 : 75
Enter the test 3mark of subject-2 : 75
Enter the test 1mark of subject-3 : 66
Enter the test 2 mark of subject-3 : 86
Enter the test 3 mark of subject-3 : 70
Enter the test 1 mark of subject-4 : 25
Enter the test 2mark of subject-4 : 35
Enter the test 3mark of subject-4 : 61
Enter the test 1 mark of subject-5 : 45
Enter the test 2mark of subject-5 : 75
Enter the test 3mark of subject-5 : 60
 Mark Sheet
Name of Student : H.Xerio Roll No : 536435
------------------------------------------------------------------------
subject 1 internal : 59
subject 2 internal : 78
subject 3 internal : 74
subject 4 internal : 40
subject 5 internal : 60
------------------------------------------------------------------------

RESULT
Thus a C Program for Internal marks of students was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 16 Telephone directory
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to add, delete ,display ,Search and exit options for telephone details
of an individual into a telephone directory using random access file.
ALGORITHM
1. Start.
2. Declare variables, File pointer and phonebook structures.
3. Create menu options.
4. Read the option .
5. Develop procedures for each option.
6. Call the procedure (Add, delete ,display ,Search and exit)for user chosen option.
7. Display the message for operations performed.
8. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct Phonebook_Contacts
{
char FirstName[20];
char LastName[20];
char PhoneNumber[20];
} phone;
void AddEntry(phone * );
void DeleteEntry(phone * );
void PrintEntry(phone * );
void SearchForNumber(phone * );
int counter = 0;
char FileName[256];
FILE *pRead;
FILE *pWrite;
int main (void)
{
phone *phonebook;
phonebook = (phone*) malloc(sizeof(phone)*100); int
iSelection = 0;

if (phonebook == NULL)
{
printf("Out of Memory. The program will now exit");
return 1;
}
else {}
do
{
 printf("\n\t\t\tPhonebook Menu");
printf("\n\n\t(1)\tAdd Friend");
printf("\n\t(2)\tDelete Friend");
printf("\n\t(3)\tDisplay Phonebook Entries");
printf("\n\t(4)\tSearch for Phone Number");
printf("\n\t(5)\tExit Phonebook"); printf("\n\nWhat
would you like to do? "); scanf("%d", &iSelection);
if (iSelection == 1)
{
AddEntry(phonebook);
}
if (iSelection == 2)
{
DeleteEntry(phonebook);
}
if (iSelection == 3)
{
PrintEntry(phonebook);

}
if (iSelection == 4)
{
SearchForNumber(phonebook);
}
if (iSelection == 5)
{
printf("\nYou have chosen to exit the Phonebook.\n"); return 0;
}
} while (iSelection <= 4);
}
void AddEntry (phone * phonebook)
{
pWrite = fopen("phonebook_contacts.dat", "a");
if ( pWrite == NULL )
{
perror("The following error occurred ");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else
{
counter++;
realloc(phonebook, sizeof(phone));

printf("\nFirst Name: ");

scanf("%s", phonebook[counter-1].FirstName);
printf("Last Name: ");
scanf("%s", phonebook[counter-1].LastName); printf("Phone
Number (XXX-XXX-XXXX): "); scanf("%s",
phonebook[counter-1].PhoneNumber); printf("\n\tFriend
successfully added to Phonebook\n");
 fprintf(pWrite, "%s\t%s\t%s\n", phonebook[counter-1].FirstName,
phonebook[counter-1].LastName, phonebook[counter-1].PhoneNumber);
fclose(pWrite);
}
}

void DeleteEntry (phone * phonebook)

{
int x = 0;

int i = 0;
char deleteFirstName[20]; //
char deleteLastName[20];

printf("\nFirst name: ");

scanf("%s", deleteFirstName);
printf("Last name: ");
scanf("%s", deleteLastName);

for (x = 0; x < counter; x++)

{
if (strcmp(deleteFirstName, phonebook[x].FirstName) == 0)
{
if (strcmp(deleteLastName, phonebook[x].LastName) == 0)
{
for ( i = x; i < counter - 1; i++ )
{
strcpy(phonebook[i].FirstName, phonebook[i+1].FirstName);
strcpy(phonebook[i].LastName, phonebook[i+1].LastName);
strcpy(phonebook[i].PhoneNumber, phonebook[i+1].PhoneNumber);
}
printf("Record deleted from the phonebook.\n\n");
--counter;
return;
}
}
}
printf("That contact was not found, please try again.");
}
void PrintEntry (phone * phonebook)
{
int x = 0;
printf("\nPhonebook Entries:\n\n ");
pRead = fopen("phonebook_contacts.dat", "r");
if ( pRead == NULL)
{
perror("The following error occurred: ");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else
{
for( x = 0; x < counter; x++)
 {
printf("\n(%d)\n", x+1);
printf("Name: %s %s\n", phonebook[x].FirstName, phonebook[x].LastName);
printf("Number: %s\n", phonebook[x].PhoneNumber);
}

}
fclose(pRead);
}

void SearchForNumber (phone * phonebook)

{
int x = 0;
char TempFirstName[20];
char TempLastName[20];

printf("\nPlease type the name of the friend you wish to find a number for.");
printf("\n\nFirst Name: ");
scanf("%s", TempFirstName);
printf("Last Name: ");
scanf("%s", TempLastName);
for (x = 0; x < counter; x++)
{
if (strcmp(TempFirstName, phonebook[x].FirstName) == 0)
{
if (strcmp(TempLastName, phonebook[x].LastName) == 0)
{

printf("\n%s %s's phone number is %s\n", phonebook[x].FirstName,

phonebook[x].LastName, phonebook[x].PhoneNumber);
}
}
}
}
OUTPUT
Phonebook Menu
(1) Add Friend
(2) Delete Friend"
(3) Display Phonebook Entries
(4) Search for Phone Number
(5) Exit Phonebook

What would you like to do? 1

First Name: Ram
Last Name: Mohan
Phone Number (XXX-XXX-XXXX): 717-675-0909
Friend successfully added to Phonebook
 Phonebook Menu
(1) Add Friend
(2) Delete Friend"

(3) Display Phonebook Entries

(4) Search for Phone Number
(5) Exit Phonebook
What would you like to do? 5
You have chosen to exit the Phonebook.

RESULT
Thus a C Program was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 17 Banking Application
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Count the number of account holders whose balance is less than the
minimum balance using sequential access file.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and file pointer.
3. Display the menu options.
4. Read the Input for transaction processing.
5. Check the validation for the input data.
6. Display the output of the calculations .
7. Repeat step 3 until choose to stop.
8. Stop

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MINBAL 500
struct Bank_Account
{
char no[10];
char name[20];
char balance[15];
};
struct Bank_Account acc;
void main()
{
long int pos1,pos2,pos;

FILE *fp;
char *ano,*amt;
char choice;
int type,flag=0;
float bal;
do
{
clrscr();
fflush(stdin);
printf("1. Add a New Account Holder\n");
printf("2. Display\n");
printf("3. Deposit or Withdraw\n");
printf("4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum Balance\n");
printf("5. Stop\n");
printf("Enter your choice : ");
choice=getchar();
switch(choice)
{
 case '1' :
fflush(stdin);
fp=fopen("acc.dat","a");
printf("\nEnter the Account Number : ");
gets(acc.no);
printf("\nEnter the Account Holder Name : ");
gets(acc.name);
printf("\nEnter the Initial Amount to deposit : ");
gets(acc.balance);
fseek(fp,0,2);
fwrite(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp);
fclose(fp);
break;
case '2' :
fp=fopen("acc.dat","r");
if(fp==NULL)
printf("\nFile is Empty");
else
{
printf("\nA/c Number\tA/c Holder Name Balance\n");
while(fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1)
printf("%-10s\t\t%-20s\t%s\n",acc.no,acc.name,acc.balance); fclose(fp);
}
break;
case '3' :
fflush(stdin);
flag=0;
fp=fopen("acc.dat","r+");
printf("\nEnter the Account Number : ");
gets(ano);

for(pos1=ftell(fp);fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1;pos1=ftell(fp))
{
if(strcmp(acc.no,ano)==0)
{
printf("\nEnter the Type 1 for deposit & 2 for withdraw : ");
scanf("%d",&type);
printf("\nYour Current Balance is : %s",acc.balance);
printf("\nEnter the Amount to transact : ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(amt);
if(type==1)
bal = atof(acc.balance) + atof(amt);
else
{
bal = atof(acc.balance) - atof(amt);
if(bal<0)
{
printf("\nRs.%s Not available in your A/c\n",amt);
flag=2;
break;
}
}
flag++;
 break;
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
pos2=ftell(fp);
pos = pos2-pos1;
fseek(fp,-pos,1);
sprintf(amt,"%.2f",bal);
strcpy(acc.balance,amt);
fwrite(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp);
}
else if(flag==0)
printf("\nA/c Number Not exits... Check it again");
fclose(fp);
break;

case '4' :
fp=fopen("acc.dat","r");
flag=0;
while(fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1)
{
bal = atof(acc.balance);
if(bal<MINBAL)
flag++;
}
printf("\nThe Number of Account Holder whose Balance less than the Minimum Balance :
%d",flag);
fclose(fp);
break;
case '5' :
fclose(fp);
exit(0);
}
printf("\nPress any key to continue....");
getch();
} while (choice!='5');
}

OUTPUT
 1. Add a New Account Holder
2. Display
3. Deposit or Withdraw
4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum Balance
5. Stop
Enter your choice : 1
Enter the Account Number : 547898760
Enter the Account Holder Name : Rajan
Enter the Initial Amount to deposit : 2000
Press any key to continue...

1. Add a New Account Holder

2. Display
3. Deposit or Withdraw
4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum Balance
5. Stop
Enter your choice : 4
The Number of Account Holder whose Balance less than the Minimum Balance : 0

RESULT
Thus a C Program for Banking Application was executed and the output was obtained.
EX.No. : 18 Railway reservation system
DATE :
AIM
Create a Railway reservation system in C with the following modules
 Booking
 Availability checking
 Cancellation
 Prepare chart

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Display the menu options
4. Read the option.
5. Develop the code for each option.
6. Display the output of the selected option based on existence .
7. Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int first=5,second=5,thired=5;
struct node
{
int ticketno;
int phoneno;
char name[100];
char address[100];
}s[15];
int i=0;
void booking()
{
printf("enter your details");
printf("\nname:");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("\nphonenumber:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].phoneno);
printf("\naddress:");
scanf("%s",s[i].address);
printf("\nticketnumber only 1-10:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].ticketno);
i++;
}
void availability()
{
int c;
printf("availability cheking");
printf("\n1.first class\n2.second class\n3.thired class\n");
printf("enter the option");
scanf("%d",&c);
switch(c)
{
case 1:if(first>0)
{
printf("seat available\n");
first--;
}
else
{
printf("seat not available");
}
break;
case 2: if(second>0)
{
printf("seat available\n");
second--;
}
else
{
printf("seat not available");
}
break;
case 3: if(thired>0)
{
printf("seat available\n");
third--;
}
else
{
printf("seat not available");
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
void cancel()
{
int c;
printf("cancel\n");
printf("which class you want to cancel");
printf("\n1.first class\n2.second class\n3.thired class\n");
printf("enter the option");
scanf("%d",c);
switch(c)
{
case 1:
first++;
break;
case 2:
second++;
break;
case 3:
thired++;
break;
default:
break;
}
printf("ticket is canceled");
}
void chart()
{
int c;
for(c=0;c<I;c++)
{
printf(“\n Ticket No\t Name\n”); printf(“%d\t
%s\n”,s[c].ticketno,s[c].name)
}
}
main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("welcome to railway ticket reservation\n");
while(1) {
printf("1.booking\n2.availability cheking\n3.cancel\n4.Chart \n5. Exit\nenter your option:");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1: booking();
break;
case 2: availability();
break;
case 3: cancel();
break;
case 4:
chart();
break;
case 5:
printf(“\n Thank you visit again!”);
getch();
exit(0);
default:
break;
}
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT

welcome to railway ticket reservation

1.booking
2.availability cheking
3.cancel
4.Chart
5. Exit
enter your option: 2
availability cheking
1.first class
2.second class
3.thired class
enter the option 1
seat available
1.booking
2.availability cheking
3.cancel
4.Chart
5. Exit
enter your option: 5
Thank you visit again!

RESULT
Thus a C Program for Railway reservation system was executed and the output was obtained.
 Additional C Programs for exercise

1.Program to find the row sum and column sum of a given matrix.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[10][10];
int i,j;
int m,n;
int sumrow,sumcol;
clrscr();
printf("\nTO FIND THE ROW SUM AND COLUMN SUM OF A GIVEN MATRIX:");
printf("\n-- ---- --- --- --- --- ------ --- -- - ----- ------:"); printf("\nEnter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nEnter elements of a matrix:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nOUTPUT:");
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sumrow=0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
sumrow=sumrow+mat[i][j];
printf("\nTHE SUM OF %d ROW IS %d",i+1,sumrow);
}
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
sumcol=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
sumcol=sumcol+mat[i][j];
printf("\nTHE SUM OF %d COLUMN IS %d",j+1,sumcol);
}
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
getch();
}
2. Program to read a string and print the first two characters of each word in the
string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
char s[100]; int i,l;
clrscr( ); printf(“Enter a
string”); gets(s);
l=strlen(s); for(i=0;i<l;i++)
{
if(s[i]!=’ ‘ && s[i]=’ ‘)
{
printf(“%c %c”,s[i],s[i+1])
i=i+2;
while(s[i]!=’ ‘)
i++;
}
}
getch( );
}

3. Program to print current system date.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h> int
main()
{
struct date d;
getdate(&d);
printf("Current system date is %d/%d/%d",d.da_day,d.da_mon,d.da_year); getch();
return
0; }.
4. Program to calculate Standard Deviation.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n);
int main()
{
int n, i;
float data[100];
printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(i=0; i<n; ++i)
scanf("%f",&data[i]);
printf("\n");
printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n));
return 0;
}
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n)
{
float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0;
int i;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
{
mean+=data[i];
}
mean=mean/n;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean); return
sqrt(sum_deviation/n);
}

5. Program to calculate the Power of a Number using Recursion.

#include <stdio.h>
int power(int n1,int n2); int
main()
{
int base, exp;
printf("Enter base number: ");
scanf("%d",&base);
printf("Enter power number(positive integer): ");
scanf("%d",&exp);
printf("%d^%d = %d", base, exp, power(base, exp)); return 0;
}
int power(int base,int exp)
{
if ( exp!=1 )
return (base*power(base,exp-1));
}
6. Program to find the ASCII value of a Character.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char c;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c); /* Takes a character from user */
printf("ASCII value of %c = %d",c,c); return 0;
}

7. Program to find biggest of four no by using ternary numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a,b,c,d,big; clrscr( ); printf(“enter value a”); scanf(“%d”,&a); printf(“enter
the value of b”); scanf(“%d”,&b); printf(“enter the value of c”);
scanf(“%d”,&c); printf(“enter the value of d”); scanf(“%d”,&d); big=(a>b)?
(a>c)?(a>d)?a:d:(c>d)?c:d:(b>c)?(b>d)?b:d:(c>d)?c:d; printf(“Biggest of the
given 4 numbers is %d”,big);
getch();
}
8. Program for temperature conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float cel, fah ,c ,f; clrscr();
printf(“\nEnter the fahrenheit value:”); scanf(“%f”,&f);
cel=(5.0/9.0)*(f-32); printf(“Celsius=%d”,cel);
printf(“\nEnter the Celsius value:”); scanf(“%f”,&c);
fah=(9.0/5.0)*c+32; printf(“Fahrenheit=%d”,fah);
getch();
}

9. Program to find the reverse and the given Number is Palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
unsigned long int a, num, r_ num=0,rem;
printf(“\nEnter the number”); scanf(“%ld”,&num);
a=num;
while(num!=0)
{
rem=num%10;
r_ num=r_ num*10+rem;
num=num/10;
}
printf(“\nThe reverse number of the %ld is %ld”,a,r_ num);
if(a==r_ num)
printf(“\nThe given number is a palindrome”);
else
printf(“\nThe given number is not a palindrome”);
}

10. Program to find nCr of a given number using recursive function.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
long fact(int n),ncr;
int n,r;
clrscr();
printf("\nPRG TO FIND nCr USING RECURSION\n");
printf("\n-----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\nEnter the value of n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the value of r: ");
scanf("%d",&r);
ncr=fact(n)/(fact(r)*fact(n-r));
printf("\nThe value of %dC%d is %ld",n,r,ncr);
getch();

}
 C Language Questions and Answers

1. What is C language?
C is a programming language developed at AT&T's Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. The C
programming language is a standardized programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other
operating systems, and is one of the most widely used programming languages.

2. What are the types of constants in C?

In C language two types of constants are available:
Primary constants
Secondary constants

3. What are the types of C instructions?

There are basically three types of instructions in C:
Type Declaration Instruction
Arithmetic Instruction
Control Instruction

4. What is a pointer?
Pointers are variables which stores the address of another variable. That variable may be a scalar
(including another pointer), or an aggregate (array or structure). The pointed-to object may be part of a
larger object, such as a field of a structure or an element in an array.

5. What is an array?
Array is a variable that hold multiple elements which has the same data type.

6. Differentiate between arrays and pointers?

Pointers are used to manipulate data using the address.
Pointers use * operator to access the data pointed to by them.

Array is a collection of similar data type. Array use subscripted variables to access and manipulate
data. Array variables can be equivalently written using pointer expression.

7. What is “this” pointer?

The “this” pointer is a pointer accessible only within the member functions of a class, struct,or union
type. It points to the object for which the member function is called. Static member functions do not
have a “this” pointer.

8. What are the uses of a pointer?

Pointer is used in the following cases
It is used to access array elements.
It is used for dynamic memory allocation. It isused in Call by reference.
It is used in data structures like trees, graph, linked list etc.
9. What is the purpose of main() function?
The function main() invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to be called when the
program starts execution.
It is the starting function.
It returns an int value to the environment that called the program. Recursive
call is allowed for main( ) also.
It is a user-defined function.

10. What are the different storage classes in C?

There are four types of storage classes in C language.
Automatic
Extern
Register
Static

11. What is a structure?

Structure constitutes a super data type which represents several different data types in a single unit. A
structure can be initialized if it is static or global.

12. Define Constructors?

A constructor is a member function with the same name as its class. The constructor is invoked
whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor because it constructs
the values of data members of the class.

13. Define destructors?

A destructor is called for a class object when that object passes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. A
destructors as the name implies is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructors.
Like a constructor, the destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but is
preceded by a tilde.

14. What is the use of default constructor?

A constructor that accepts no parameters is called the default constructor. If no user-defined constructor
exists for a class A and one is needed, the compiler implicitly declares a default parameter less
constructor A::A(). This constructor is an inline public member of its class. The compiler will implicitly
define A::A() when the compiler uses this constructor to create an object of type A. The constructor will
have no constructor initializer and a null body.

15. What is a macro?

Macros are the identifiers that represent statements or expressions.

16. What is the difference between #include< > and #include “ ”?

#include< > ----> specifically used for built in header files.
#include “ ” ----> Specifically used for used for user defined/created header file.

17. What are the advantages of the functions?

It reduces the Complexity in a program by reducing the code.
Functions are easily understanding and reliability and execution is faster.
It also reduces the Time to run a program. In other way, it’s directly proportional to
Complexity.
It’s easy to find-out the errors due to the blocks made as function definition outside the main
function.
18. How do declare an array?
We can declare an array by specify its data type, name and the number of elements the array holds
between square brackets immediately following the array name. syntax :
data_type array_name[size];

19. What are the differences between structures and union?

A structure variable contains each of the named members, and its size is large enough to hold all the
members. Structure elements are of same size.
A Union contains one of the named members at a given time and is large enough to hold the largest
member. Union element can be of different sizes.

20. What is the difference between an Array and a List?

The main difference between an array and a list is how they internally store the data whereas Array is
collection of homogeneous elements. List is collection of heterogeneous elements.

21. What is the difference between a string copy (strcpy) and a memory copy (memcpy)?
The strcpy() function is designed to work exclusively with strings. It copies each byte of the source
string to the destination string and stops when the terminating null character () has been moved.
On the other hand, the memcpy() function is designed to work with any type of data. Because not all
data ends with a null character, you must provide the memcpy() function with the number of bytes
you want to copy from the source to the destination.

22. What is the difference between const char*p and char const* p?
const char*p - p is pointer to the constant character. i.e value in that address location is constant.
const char* const p - p is the constant pointer which points to the constant string, both value and
address are constants.

23. What is the purpose of realloc()?

Realloc(ptr,n) function uses two arguments.
The first argument ptr is a pointer to a block of memory for which the size is to be altered.
The second argument n specifies the new size. The size may be increased or decreased.

24. What is the use of typedef?

The typedef help in easier modification when the programs are ported to another machine. A descriptive
new name given to the existing data type may be easier to understand the code.

25. What are the differences between new and malloc?

New initializes the allocated memory by calling the constructor. Memory allocated withnew should be
released with delete.Malloc allocates uninitialized memory.
The allocated memory has to be released with free. New automatically calls the constructor
while malloc(dosen’t)

26. What is the difference between strdup and strcpy?

Both copy a string. strcpy wants a buffer to copy the string. strdup allocates a buffer using malloc().
Unlike strcpy(), strdup() is not specified by ANSI.

27. What is this pointer?

It is a pointer that points to the current object. This can be used to access the members of the current
object with the help of the arrow operator.
28. What is recursion?
A recursion function is one which calls itself either directly or indirectly it must halt at a definite
point to avoid infinite recursion.

29. What are the characteristics of arrays in C?

An array holds elements that have the same data type.
Array elements are stored in subsequent memory locations
Two-dimensional array elements are stored row by row in subsequent memory locations.
Array name represents the address of the starting element

30. Differentiate between for loop and a while loop? What are it uses?
For executing a set of statements fixed number of times we use for loop while when the number of
iterations to be performed is not known in advance we use while loop.

31. What is the difference between printf(...) and sprintf(...)?

printf(....) -------------> is standard output statement
sprintf(......)-----------> is formatted output statement.

32. What is an explicit constructor?

A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword. The compiler does not use an explicit
constructor to implement an implied conversion of types. Explicit constructors are simply constructors
that cannot take part in an implicit conversion.

33. What is copy constructor?

Copy constructor is a constructor function with the same name as the class and used to make deep
copy of objects.

34. What is the difference between malloc and calloc?

Malloc() is use for memory allocation and initialize garbage values. malloc() for allocating
the single block of memory.
Calloc() is same as malloc() but it initialize 0 value. calloc() for allocating multiple blocks of
memory.

35. What is null pointer?

NULL pointer is a pointer which is pointing to nothing.
Examples :
int *ptr=(char *)0;
float *ptr=(float *)0;

36. What is dynamic array?

The dynamic array is an array data structure which can be resized during runtime which means
elements can be added and removed.

37. What are macros? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Macros are abbreviations for lengthy and frequently used statements. When a macro is called the
entire code is substituted by a single line though the macro definition is of several lines.
The advantage of macro is that it reduces the time taken for control transfer as in case of function. The
disadvantage of it is here the entire code is substituted so the program becomes lengthy if a macro is
called several times.
38. What are register variables? What are the advantages of using register variables?

If a variable is declared with a register storage class, it is known as register variable. The register
variable is stored in the CPU register instead of main memory. Frequently used variables are declared
as register variable as it’s access time is faster.

39. What is storage class? What are the different storage classes in C?

Storage class is an attribute that changes the behavior of a variable. It controls the lifetime,scope and
linkage. The storage classes in c are auto, register, and extern, static, typedef.

40. What the advantages of using Unions?

When the C compiler is allocating memory for unions it will always reserve enough room for the
largest member.

41. In C, why is the void pointer useful? When would you use it?
The void pointer is useful because it is a generic pointer that any pointer can be cast into and back
again without loss of information.

42. What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()?
The arguments of memmove() can overlap in memory. The arguments of memcpy() cannot.

43. Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself?

Yes such structures are called self-referential structures.

44. What is dynamic memory allocation?

A dynamic memory allocation uses functions such as malloc() or calloc() to get memory
dynamically. If these functions are used to get memory dynamically and the values returned by these
function are assigned to pointer variables, such a way of allocating memory at run time is known as
dynamic memory allocation.

45. What is pointer to a pointer?

If a pointer variable points another pointer value. Such a situation is known as a pointer to
a pointer.
Example :
int *p1, **p2,
v=10;
P1=&v;
p2=&p1;
Here p2 is a pointer to a pointer.

46. What is a function?

A large program is subdivided into a number of smaller programs or subprograms. Each subprogram
specifies one or more actions to be performed for the larger program. Such sub programs are called
functions.

47. What is an argument?

An argument is an entity used to pass data from the calling to a called function.
48. What is the difference between syntax vs logical error?
Syntax Error
These involve validation of syntax of language.
Compiler prints diagnostic message.
Logical Error
Logical error are caused by an incorrect algorithm or by a statement mistyped in such a way that it
doesn’t violet syntax of language.
Difficult to find.

49. Explain enumerated types.

Enumerated types allow the programmers to use more meaningful words as values to a variable.
Each item in the enumerated type variable is actually associated with a numeric code.

50. Differentiate between the expression “++a” and “a++”?

With ++a, the increment happens first on variable a, and the resulting value is used. This is
called as prefix increment.
With a++, the current value of the variable will be used in an operation. This is called as postfix
increment.

51. What is preprocessor?

The preprocessor is a program which is executed before the compilation of a source program written
by the user. The preprocessor directives begines with hash (#) followed by the command. e.g #include
– it is a directive to include file.

52. What is lvalue and rvalue?

The expression appearing on right side of the assignment operator is called as rvalue. Rvalue is
assigned to lvalue, which appears on left side of the assignment operator. The lvalue should
designate to a variable not a constant.

53. What is typecasting?

Typecasting is a way to convert a variable/constant from one type to another type.