Contract Costing PDF

ADVANCED
COSTING AND
AUDITING
(As per the Revised Syllabus of Mumbai University
for S.Y. BMS, Semester IV, 2015-16)
CMA M.N. ARORA

M.Com, FCMA
Ex-Associate Professor,
Hans Raj College, Delhi University,
Delhi - 110007.
Prof. RAJIV MISHRA

M.Com., MBA, M.Phil., NET
Lecturer at N.E.S. Ratnam College of Arts,
Science and Commerce for BBI & Co-ordinator for M.Com.,
Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078.
Visiting Faculty at N.G. Acharya, D.K. Marathe, V.K. Menon College, Pragati College,
Dnyansadhana College and Vikas College for M.Com., BBI, BMS, BFM and BAF.
MUMBAI  NEW DELHI  NAGPUR  BENGALURU  HYDERABAD  CHENNAI  PUNE  LUCKNOW  AHMEDABAD
 ERNAKULAM  BHUBANESWAR  INDORE  KOLKATA  GUWAHATI
1
© AUTHORS
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PREFACE
It give us an immense pleasure to come up with a book on “Advanced Costing
and Auditing” for the students and teachers of Bachelor of Management Studies
(BMS) Semester IV.
The book provides simple language so to make understanding simple for the
students or any new learner of costing and auditing.
We the authors will be more happy to receive any suggestions or recommendation

for further betterment of contents written in the book.
We thank one and all who knowingly or unknowingly supported to make this
book possible.
Dr. M.N. Arora

Prof. Rajiv Mishra
SYLLABUS
UBMSFSIV.5: ADVANCED COSTING & AUDITING
[60 lectures: 3 Credit]
Learning Objectives:
1. The objective of this subject is to familiarize students with the various concepts and element
of cost.
2. The course allows intends to develop auditing skills among learners
Units Name of the Topic No. of

lectures
Unit-1 PROCESS COSTING AND CONTRACT COSTING: 15

Contract Costing: Learning Objectives, features, Sub-contracting, Cost plus
Contract, Profit on Incomplete Contract, Work Certified and Work Uncertified,
Typical examples.
Process Costing: Objectives, Process Cost Accounting Procedure, Basic Steps
for Solution of Problems in Process Costing, Normal Loss, Abnormal Loss,
Abnormal Gain. Typical examples.
Unit-2 STANDARD COSTING: 15

Standard Cost, Standard Costing, Variance Analysis Material, Labour Variances.
Material Variance: Material Cost Variance, Material Price Variance, Material
Usage Variance, Material Mix Variance, Material Yield Variance.
Labour Variance: Direct Wages Variance, Direct Rate Variance, Direct Efficiency
Variance, Direct Time Variance, Direct Yield Variance.
Unit 3 AUDIT CONCEPTS: 17

Basic, Financial System, Users of Financial Information,
Definition of Auditing, Objectives of Auditing — Primary and Secondary, Expression
of Opinion, Detection of Frauds and Errors.
Errors and Frauds: Definition, Reasons and Circumstances, Types of Errors
Commission, Omission, Principle and Compensating, Types of Frauds, Risk of
Frauds and Error in Audit.
Internet Limitations of Audit, Auditors Duties and Responsibilities in respect
to Fraud.
Principle of Audit: Documentation, Planning, Audit Evidence Accounting
System and Internal Control, Audit Conclusion and Reporting .
Audit Concept: Materiality, Going Concern, True and Fair Independence.
Unit 4 VOUCHING AND VERIFICATION: 13

Vouching: Audit of Income and Audit of Expenditure
Verification: Audit of Asset and Audit of Liabilities.
PAPER PATTERN
Duration: 21/2 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75
Q.1. Unit 1 (Any 2 out of 3) (15 Marks)
(a) (7.5 Marks)
(b) (7.5 Marks)
(c) (7.5 Marks)
(a) (7.5 Marks)
(b) (7.5 Marks)
(c) (7.5 Marks)
(a) (7.5 Marks)
(b) (7.5 Marks)
(c) (7.5 Marks)
(a) (7.5 Marks)
(b) (7.5 Marks)
(c) (7.5 Marks)
Q.5. Practical Question/Case Study (15 Marks)

CONTENTS
1. Contract Costing 1 – 35
2. Process Costing 36 – 65
3. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis 66 – 112
4. Introduction to Auditing 113 – 139
5. Vouching and Verification 140 – 175

Chapter
CONTRACT COSTING
1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction, Contract and Job Costing — Distinction; Contract Costing Procedure, Special
Points in Contract Costing, Profit on Incomplete Contracts, Escalation Clause, Cost-plus
Contracts, Problems and Solutions, Examination Questions.
Introduction
Contract costing, also known as terminal costing, is a variant of job Contract costing is
costing. Contract means a big job in which work is done at site and not applicable in:
in factory premises. The cost of each contract is ascertained. Thus in this l Building construction
method of costing, each contract is a cost unit and an account is opened l Road construction
for each contract in the books of contractor to ascertain profit/loss thereon. l Bridge construction
l Ship building, etc.

Features of Contract Costing
Contract costing usually shows the following features: .
1. Contracts are generally of large size and, therefore, a contractor usually carries out a
small number of contracts at a particular point of time.
2. A contract generally takes more than one year to complete,
3. Work on contracts is carried out at the site of contracts and not in factory premises.
4. Each contract undertaken is treated as a cost unit.
5. A separate contract account is prepared for each contract in the books of contractor to
ascertain profit or loss on each contract.
6. Most of the materials are specially purchased for each contract. These will, therefore,
be charged direct from the supplier’s invoices. Any materials drawn from the store are
charged to contract on the basis of material requisition notes.
7. Nearly all labour cost will be direct.
1
2 ADVANCED COSTING AND AUDITING
8. Most expenses (e.g., electricity, telephone, insurance, etc.) are also direct.
9. Specialist subcontractors may be employed for say, electrical fittings, welding work,
glass work, etc.
10. Plant and equipment may be purchased for the contract or may be hired for the duration
of the contract.
11. Payments by the customer (contractee) are made at various stages of completion of the
contract based on architect’s certificate for the completed stage. An amount, known as
retention money, is withheld by the contractee as per agreed terms.
12. Penalties may be incurred by the contractor for failing to complete the work within the
agreed period.
Contract Costing and Job Costing — Distinction
Main points of distinction between contract costing and job costing are as follows:
1. Contract is generally big while job is small. It is well said, “a job is a small contract
and a contract is a big job.”
2. The number of jobs undertaken at a time are usually large as compared to number of
contracts because contracts are generally much bigger in size.
3. In contract costing most of the costs are chargeable direct to contract accounts. Under
job costing, direct allocation to such an extent is not possible.
4. Allocation and apportionment of overhead costs is simpler in contract costing as compared
to job costing.
5. Jobs are usually carried out in factory premises while contract work is done at site.
Contract Costing Procedure
The basic procedure for costing of contracts is as follows:
1. Contract account. Each contract is allotted a distinct number and a separate account
is opened for each contract.
2. Direct costs. Most of the costs of a contract can be allocated direct to the contract. All
such direct costs are debited to the contract account. Direct costs for contracts include:
(i) Materials, (ii) Labour and supervision, (iii) Direct expenses, (iv) Depreciation of plant and
machinery, (v) Subcontract costs, etc.
3. Indirect costs. Contract account is also debited with overheads which tend to be small
in relation to direct costs. Such costs are often absorbed on some arbitrary basis as a percentage
on prime cost, or materials, or wages, etc. Overheads are normally restricted to head office and
storage costs.
4. Transfer of materials or plant. When materials, plant or other items are transferred
from the contract, the contract account is credited by that amount.
5. Contract price. The contract account is also credited with the contract price. However,
when a contract is not complete at the end of the financial year, the contract account is credited
with the value of work-in-progress as on that date.
6. Profit or loss on contract. The balance of contract account represents profit or loss
which is transferred to Profit and Loss Account. However, when contract is not completed
CONTRACT COSTING 3
within the financial year, only a part of the profit arrived is taken into account and the remaining
profit is kept as reserve to meet any contingent loss on the incomplete portion of the contract.
This is discussed in detail later in this chapter.
SPECIAL POINTS IN CONTRACT COSTING

Some of the important points in contract costing are now discussed:
Cost of Materials
Materials include (i) materials specifically purchased for the contract; (ii) materials issued
from store against material requisition notes. The cost of both these types of materials is debited
to the contract account.
Materials returned to store. Whenever materials are issued in excess of requirements, as
for instance, cement, sand, pipes, bricks, etc., these are later returned to the store accompanied
by a Material Return Note which gives the details of the material returned. Such returned
materials are credited to contract account.
Materials at site. At the end of each accounting period, value of materials lying unused
at site is credited to contract account and is carried forward for charging against the next period.
Cost of Labour
All wages of workers engaged on a particular contract are charged direct to the contract
irrespective of the type of work they perform. When several contracts are running at different
locations, payroll is normally sectionalised so as to have separate payroll for each contract.
Difficulties in costing may be encountered when some workers may have to move from one site
to another when a number of small contracts are undertaken. In such situation, it becomes
necessary to provide time sheets from which allocations can be made. In order to control labour
utilisation and prevent fraud in the payment of wages, surprise visits by head office personnel
will be necessary.
Plant Depreciation
There are two different methods of dealing with depreciation of plant in contract account:
(a) Contract account is debited with the cost of the plant installed. At the end of the year
or when the plant is no longer required, the plant is revalued and contract account is credited
with this revalued or depreciated figure. In case plant is sold on the completion of the contract,
the contract account is credited with its sale proceeds. The net effect of the above debit and
credit will be that the contract account will stand debited with the amount of depreciation which
is the difference between the value of plant debited and value of plant credited. The method is
generally used on long contracts which extend over more than one year because depreciated
value of the plant is credited to the contract account and brought down as an opening balance
in the next period.
(b) Alternatively, contract account is simply debited with the amount of depreciation. It is
usual to use this method when plant is sent to contract only for a short period. For example,
mobile crane or bulldozer used in a contract may be charged on this basis.
However, when a plant is hired for a contract, a charge for the hire of the plant is debited
to the contract as a direct expense.
Subcontract Costs
Work of specialised character, for which facilities are not internally available, is offered
to a subcontractor. For example, steel work, glass work, painting, etc., is usually carried out by
the subcontractors who are accountable to the main contractor. The cost of such work is charged
to the contract account.
Payment based on Architect’s Certificate
In case the contract is small, full payment is usually made on the completion of the
contract. But in case of large contracts, it may take more than one year to complete. In such a
case, if no payment is received until the completion of the contract, the financial resources of
the contractor could surely become strained. Therefore, a system of progress payments is agreed
by parties. In this system, part payments of the contract amount are paid from time to time on
the basis of certificate issued by the architects (acting for the contractee), certifying the value
of the work satisfactorily completed. Such payments received by the contractor are usually
credited to the personal account of the contractee. It should be noted that such payments are not
entered in the Contract Account.
Work-in-progress — Work Certified and Uncertified
When the contract is not completed till the end of the accounting year, the architect is
required to value the work-in-progress. Such work-in-progress is classified into work certified
and work uncertified.
Work Certified. This is that part of the work-in-progress which has been approved by the
contractee’s architect or engineer for payment. Work certified is valued at contract price (i.e ,
selling price), and includes an element of profit.
Work Uncertified. This is that part of the work-in-progress which is not approved by the
architect or engineer. This is valued at cost and thus does not include an element of profit.
Both work certified and uncertified appear on the credit side of the contract account and
also on the assets side of the balance sheet.
Retention Money and Cash Ratio
It is usual practice not to pay the full amount of work certified. The contractee may pay
a fixed percentage, say 80% or 90% of the work certified, depending upon the terms of the
contract. This is known as Cash Ratio. The balance amount not paid is known as Retention
Money. For example, if cash ratio is 75%, the retention money will be remaining 25%. This
retention money is a type of security for any defective work which may be found in the contract
later on. This also works as a deterrent for the contractor to leave the contract incomplete, if
he finds the contract unprofitable. The retention money may also be adjusted against penalties
that become due if the contract is not completed within the stipulated time as per the terms of
the agreement.
Extra Work
Sometimes the contractor is required to do some extra work like additions or alterations
in the work originally done as per agreement. The contractor will charge extra money for such
extra work. The cost of such extra work is debited to the contract account and extra price
realised is credited to the contract account.
CONTRACT COSTING 5
PROFIT ON INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS

Contracts which are started and finished during the same financial year create no accounting
problems. But in case of those contracts which take more than one year to complete, a problem
arises whether profit on such contracts should be worked out only on the completion of the
contract or at the end of each financial year on the partly completed work. If profit is computed
only on the completion of the contract, profit will be high in the year of completion of the
contract, whereas in other years of working on contract, profit will be nil. This would result not
only in distorted profit pattern but also higher tax liability because income tax at higher rates
may have to be paid. Therefore, when contracts extend beyond a year, it becomes necessary to
take into account the profit earned (or loss incurred) on the work performed during each year.
This helps in avoiding distortion of the year-to-year profit trend of the business. There are two
aspects of profit computation:
(a) Computation of notional profit or estimated profit.
(b) Computation of the portion of such profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account.
Notional Profit
Notional profit is the difference between the value of work-in-progress certified and the
cost of such work-in-progress certified. It is computed as follows (Figures are assumed):
`
Value of work certified 20,00,000
Add: Cost of work not yet certified 1,50,000
21,50,000
Less: Cost of work to date 19,00,000
Notional Profit 2,50,000
If in any year, cost of work done exceeds the value of work certified and uncertified, the
result will be a notional loss.
Estimated Profit
Estimated profit represents the excess of the contract price over the estimated total cost of
the contract. It is computed as follows (Figures are assumed):
`
Contract Price 30,00,000
Less: Total cost already incurred 21,00,000
9,00,000
Less: Estimated additional costs to complete the contract 3,50,000
Estimated Profit 5,50,000
Portion of Notional Profit or Estimated profit to be Transferred to Profit and Loss

Account
The portion of the notional or estimated profit to be transferred to P&L Account depends
upon the stage of completion of the contract i.e., ratio of work-in-progress certified to total
contract work. For this purpose work-in-progress uncertified is not considered. Prudence requires
that the total notional profit should not be transferred to P&L Account but a portion of it should
be withheld as a reserve to meet any unforeseen future expenses or contingencies.
Rules. There are no hard and fast rules in this regard. However, the following general
rules may be followed :
1. When work-in-progress certified is less than 1/4 of the contract price, no profit is
transferred to Profit and Loss Account. This is based on the principle that no profit should be
taken into account unless the contract has reasonably advanced.
2. When work-in-progress certified is 1/4 or more but less than 1/2 of the contract price,
then generally 1/3 of the profit is transferred to Profit and Loss Account. The balance amount
is treated as reserve. Thus, profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account is computed by
the following formula:
1
Transfer to P&L A/c = Notional profit × 3
Alternatively, a more common practice is to further reduce this amount by the cash ratio.
Cash received
Transfer to P&L A/c = Notional profit × 13 ×
Work certified
3. When work certified is 1/2 or more but less than 9/10 of the contract price, (i.e., 50%
to 90%), then the profit to be transferred to P & L Account is computed as follows:
2
Here also a more common practice is to further reduce this amount by cash ratio. This is
shown below :
2 Cash received
×
Work certified
4. When contract is near completion then the estimated profit should be calculated on the
whole contract. The proportion of estimated profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account
is computed by any one of the following formulas:
Work certified
(a) Estimated profit × Contract price
Work certified Cash received

(b) Estimated profit × Contract price × Work certified
Cost of work to date

(c) Estimated profit ×
Estimated total cost of work
Cost of work to date Cash received

(d) Estimated profit × ×
Estimated total cost of work Work certified
5. Loss on Uncompleted Contracts. In the event of a loss on uncompleted contracts, this

should be transferred in full to the Profit and Loss Account, whatever be the stage of completion
of the contract.
CONTRACT COSTING 7
ESCALATION CLAUSE
Contracts generally take long time to complete and in this period there may be changes in
prices. Escalation clause is often provided in contracts to cover any likely changes in the price
or utilisation of materials and labour. Thus, a contractor is entitled to suitably enchance the
contract price if the cost rises beyond a given percentage. The object of this clause is to
safeguard the interest of the contractor against unfavourable changes in cost. The escalation
clause is of particular importance where prices of material and labour are anticipated to increase
or where quantity of material and/or labour time cannot be accurately estimated.
Just as an escalation clause safeguards the interest of the contractor by upward revision of
the contract price, a de-escalation clause may be inserted to look after the interest of the
contractee by providing to downward revision of the contract price in the event of cost going
down beyond an agreed level.
COST-PLUS CONTRACTS
Cost-plus contract is a contract in which the contract price is ascertained by adding a
specified amount or percentage of profit to the costs allowed in the contract. This type of
contract terms are agreed upon in those cases where it is not possible to compute the cost in
advance with a reasonable degree of accuracy due to unstable conditions of market prices,
labour rates, etc. The contractee undertakes to reimburse the actual cost of contract plus a
stipulated profit. The profit to be added to cost may be either a fixed amount or a specified
percentage of cost. The items of cost to be included for the purpose of determining contract
price are broadly agreed upon in advance. The accounts of the contractor are usually subject to
audit by the contractee.
Cost-plus contracts are usually entered into for executing special type of work, like construction
of dam, powerhouse, newly-designed ship, etc., where cost estimation is difficult. Government
often prefers to give contracts on ‘cost-plus’ terms.
Cost-plus contracts offer the following advantages:
To the Contractor:
1. There is no risk of loss on such contracts.
2. It protects him from the risk of fluctuations in market prices of material, labour, etc.
3. It simplifies the work of preparing tenders and quotations.
To the Contractee:
The contractee can ensure a fair price of the contract by being entitled to audit the accounts
of the contractor.
The disadvantages of cost-plus contracts are:
To the Contractor:
1. The contractor is deprived of the advantages which would have accrued due to favourable
market prices.
2. The contractor has to suffer for his own efficiency. This is because profit is usually
based as a percentage of cost and efficient working resulting in lower cost also leads
to lower profits.
To the Contractee:
1. The contractee has to pay more for the inefficiency of the contractor as a contractor
has no incentive to reduce costs.
2. The price a contractee has to pay is unknown until after the completion of work.
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Problem 1.1:
The following expenditure was incurred on a contract of ` 12,00,000 for the year ending
31-12-2015.
`
Materials 2,40,000
Wages 3,28,000
Plant 40,000
Overheads 17,200
Cash received on account of the contract to 31st Dec., 2015 was ` 4,80,000, being 80%
of the work certified. The value of materials in hand was ` 20,000. The plant had undergone
20% depreciation.
Prepare Contract Account. (B. Com., Madurai)
Solution:
Contract Account for the year ending 31st December, 2015
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Materials 2,40,000 By Materials in hand 20,000

To Wages 3,28,000 By Plant in hand (40,000 less 20%) 32,000
To Plant 40,000
To Overheads 17,200 By Work-in-progress
FG 4,80,000  100 IJ
To Notional Profit c/d 26,800 Work certified
H 80 K
6,00,000
6,52,000 6,52,000
To Profit & Loss A/c 14,293 By Notional Profit b/d 26,800
(26,800 × 2/3 × 80%)
To Reserve 12,507
26,800 26,800
*Note: Profit transferred to Profit and Loss Account is computed by the following method:
Notional Profit × 2/3 × Cash ratio.
CONTRACT COSTING 9
Problem 1.2:
The following expenses were incurred on an unfinished contract during the year 2015.
Materials ` 90,000
Wages ` 60,000
Other expenses ` 30,000
` 2,00,000 was received by the contractor, being 80% of the work certified. Work done
but not certified was ` 5,000. Determine the profit to be credited to profit and loss account and
profit kept reserve in all the three alternatives given below:
(i) Contract price is ` 3,00,000
(ii) Contract price is ` 5,50,000
(iii) Contract price is ` 12,00,000
Solution:
Contract Account for the year 2015
To Materials 90,000 By Working Progress:

To Wages 60,000 Work certified 2,50,000
FG 2,00,000  100 IJ
To Other expenses 30,000
H 80 K
To Notional profit 75,000 By Work uncertified 5,000
2,55,000 2,55,000
Profit credited to profit and loss account:

2,50, 000
(i) When contract price is ` 3,00,000, work certfied is × 100 = 83.33% of the
3,00, 000
contract price. As it is more than 50% of the contract price, profit credited to P&L
A/c is
Notional profit × 2/3 × 80%
= 75,000 × 2/3 × 80% = ` 40,000
Profit in reserve = ` 75,000 – 40,000 = ` 35,000
2,50, 000
(ii) When contract price is ` 5,50,000, work certfied is 5,50,000 × 100 = 45.55% of the
contract price. As it is less than 50%, profit to be credit to P&L A/c is

Notional profit × 1/3 × 80%
= 75,000 × 1/3 × 80% = ` 20,000
Profit in reserve = ` 75,000 – 20,000 = ` 55,000
2,50,000
(iii) When contract price is ` 12,00,000, work certfied is × 100 = 20.83%. As
12, 00,000
it is less than 25% of the contract price, no profit is credited to P&L A/c and the entire
amount of notional profit is to be kept in reserve.
Problem 1.3:
How much of profit, if any, you would consider in the following case:
Contract price ` 20,00,000
Cost incurred ` 11,20,000
Cash received ` 10,80,000
Work not certified ` 1,20,000
Deduction from bills by way of security deposit is 10%. (Adapted)
Solution:
Cash received is 100 – 10% = 90% of the bills or work certified. Thus work certified:
100
= 10,80,000 × = ` 12,00,000
90
Notional profit = (Work certified + Uncertified) – Cost incurred
= (12,00,000 + 1,20,000) – 11,20,000 = ` 2,00,000.
12, 00,000
Work certified is × 100 = 60% of the contract price, profit to be transferred
20,00,000
to P&L A/c is computed as follows:
Notional profit × 2/3 × cash ratio
= 2,00,000 × 2/3 × 90% = ` 1,20,000.
Problem 1.4:
The following were the expenses on a contract which commenced on 1st January 2015.
`
Materials purchased 1,10,000
Material at the end 1,250
Direct wages 15,000
Plant issued 5,000
Direct expenses 8,000
The contract price was ` 1,50,000. It was duly received when the contract was completed
on 31-3-2015. Charge indirect expenses at 15% on wages and provide ` 1,000 for depreciation
on plant. Prepare the contract account and contractee’s account.
CONTRACT COSTING 11
Solution:
Contract Account for the year ending 31-12-2015
To Materials 1,10,000 By Contractee’s A/c (Contract price) 1,50,000

To Direct wages 15,000 By Materials at the end 1,250
To Direct expenses 8,000 By Plant at the end (5,000 – 1,000) 4,000
To Indirect expenses (15% on 15,000) 2,250
To Plant issued 5,000
To Profit and Loss A/c 15,000
1,55,250 1,55,250
Contractee’s Account for the year ending 31-12-2015
To Contract A/c 1,50,000 By Bank 1,50,000

1,50,000 1,50,000
Note: As the contract is fully complete, entire profit is transferred to profit and loss account.
Problem 1.5:
Thekedar accepted a contract for the construction of a building for ` 10,00,000, the contractee
agreeing to pay 90% of work certified by the architect. During the first year, the amounts spent
were:
Material 1,20,000 Machinery 30,000

Labour 1,50,000 Other expenses 90,000
At the end of the year, the machinery was valued at ` 20,000 and materials at site were
of the value of ` 5,000. Work certified during the year totalled ` 4,00,000. In addition work-
in-progress not certified at the end of the year had cost ` 15,000. Prepare Contract Account in
the books of Thekedar. Also show the various figures of profit that can be reasonably transferred
to the Profit and Loss Account. (B.Com., Delhi)
Solution:
Contract Account for the year ending.........
To Materials 1,20,000 By Work-in-progress:

To Labour 1,50,000 Certified 4,00,000
To Machinery 30,000 Uncertified 15,000
To Other expenses 90,000 By Machinery at site 20,000
To Notional Profit c/d 50,000 By Materials at site 5,000
4,40,000 4,40,000
To P&L A/c 15,000 * By Notional Profit c/d 50,000

To Reserve 35,000
50,000 50,000
* Working Notes: Transfer to P&L A/c = 50,000 × 1 × 90% = ` 15,000

3
Other figures that may alternatively be transferred to P&L A/c may be computed as follows:
1. Notional profit × 1 = 50,000 × 1 = ` 16,667.

3 3
Work certified 4,00,000

2. Notional profit × Contract price × Cash ratio = 50,000 × × 90% = ` 18,000
10,00,000

3. Notional profit × Contract price = 50,000 × = ` 20,000
10,00,000
Problem 1.6:
The BBA Construction Company undertakes large contracts. The following particulars
relate to contract No. 125 carried out during the year ended on 31st March, 2015.
Work certified by architect 1,43,000 Wages accrued on 31st March 2015 1,800
Cost of work not certified 3,400 Direct expenditure 2,400
Plant installed at site 11,300 Materials on hand on 31st March 2015 1,400
Value of plant on 31st March 2915 8,200 Materials returned to store 400
Materials sent to site 64,500 Direct expenditure accrued on
Labour 54,800 31st March 2015 200
Establishment charge 3,250 Contract price 2,00,000
Cash received from contractee 1,30,000
Prepare a Contract Account for the period ending 31st March 2015 and find out the profit.
It was decided to transfer 2/3 of the profit on cash basis to Profit and Loss Account.
(B.B.A., B.I.S. Delhi)
Solution:
Contract No. 125 Account for the year ending 31st March, 2015
To Materials sent to site 64,500 By Materials returned 400

To Labour 54,800 By Materials in hand 1,400
To Establishment charge 3,250 By Work-in-Progress:
To Direct expenses 2,400 Certified 1,43,000
To Wages accrued 1,800 Uncertified 3,400
To Direct expenses accrued 200 By Plant at site 8,200
To Plant at site 11,300
To Notional Profit c/d 18,150
1,56,400 1,56,400
CONTRACT COSTING 13
To P&L A/c 11,000 By Notional Profit b/d 18,150
FG18,150  2  1,30,000IJ
H 3 1,43,000 K
To Reserve 7,150
18,150 18,150
Problem 2.7:
The Indian Construction Co. Ltd. has undertaken the construction of a bridge over the
River Yamuna for a Corporation. The value of the contract is ` 15,00,000 subject to retention
of 20% until one year after certified completion of the contract, and final approval of the
Corporation’s engineer. The following are the details as shown in the books on 30th June, 2015.
` `
Labour on site 4,05,000 Materials on hand on June 30th, 2015 6,300
Materials direct to site 4,20,000 Wages accrued on June 30th, 2015 7,800
Materials from stores 81,200 Direct expenses accrued on June 30th 2015 1,600
Hire and use of plant 12,100 Works not yet certified at cost 16,500
Direct expenses 23,000 Amount certified by the Corporation’s
General overhead allocated to the engineer 11,00,000
contract 37,100 Cash received on account 8,80,000
Prepare (a) Contract Account, (b) Contractee’s Account, and (c) show how it would appear
in the Balance Sheet. (B.Com., Delhi)
Solution:
Contract Account for the year ending 30th June, 2015
To Materials direct to site 4,20,000 By Materials on hand 6,300

To Materials from store 81,200 By Work-in-progress:
To Labour on site 4,05,000 Certified 11,00,000
To Hire and use of plant 12,100 Uncertified 16,500
To General overhead 37,100
To Wages accrued 7,800
To Direct expenses 23,000
To Direct expenses accrued 1,600
To Notional profit c/d 1,35,000
11,202,800 11,202,800
To P&L A/c 72,000 By Notional Profit c/d 1,35,000
 2 8,80,000 
1,35,000 × × 
 3 11,00,000 
To Reserve 63,000
1,35,000 1,35,000
Contractee’s Account
To Contract A/c 8,80,000 By Cash 8,80,000
8,80,000 8,80,000
Balance Sheet as on 30th June, 2015
Liabilities ` Assets `
Wages accrued 7,80,000 Work certified 11,00,000

Direct expenses accrued 1,600 Work uncertified 16,500
11,16,500
Less: Cash received 8,80,000
2,36,500
Less: Reserve 63,000 1,73,500
Problem 1.8:
Modern Contractors have undertaken the following two contracts on Ist January, 2015:
Contract A Contract B
` `
Materials sent to sites 85,349 73,267
Labour engaged on sites 74,375 68,523
Plants installed at sites at cost 15,000 12,500
Direct expenditure 3,167 2,859
Establishment charges 4,126 3,852
Materials returned to store 549 632
Work certified 1,95,000 1,45,000
Cost of work not certified 4,500 3,000
Materials in hand 31st Dec., 2015 1,883 1,736
Wages accrued 31st Dec., 2015 2,400 2,100
Direct expenditure accrued 31st Dec., 2015 240 180
Value on plant 31st Dec., 2015 11,000 9,500
The contract prices have been agreed at ` 2,50,000 for contract A and ` 2,00,000 for
contract B. Cash has been received from the contractees as follows: Contract A ` 1,80,000 and
Contract B ` 1,40,000.
Prepare Contract Accounts, Contractees Accounts and show how the work-in-progress
shall appear in the Balance Sheet of the contractor. (B.Com., Delhi; Bangalore)
CONTRACT COSTING 15
Solution:
Contract ‘A’ Account for the year ending 31st Dec., 2015
Particulars ` Particulars `.
To Materials sent to site 85,349 By Materials (returned to stores) 549

To Plant 15,000 By Plant in hand 11,000
To Direct expenditure 3,167 By Work-in-progress:
To Establishment charges 4,126 Work certified 1,95,000
To Wages accrued 2,400 Work uncertified 4,500
1,99,500
To Direct expenses accrued 240
2,12,932 2,12,932
To Profit & l.oss A/c 17,400 * By Notional Profit b/d 28,275
To Balance c/d (Reserve) 10,875
28,275 28,275
*Note: Proportion of profit transferred to Profit and Loss Account has been calculated by the following
formula:
2 Cash received 2 1,80,000

Notional profit × × = 28,275 × × = ` 17,400
3 Work certified 3 1,95,000
A Contractee’s Account
2015 2015
Dec.31 To Balance c/d 1,80,000 Dec. 31 By Cash 1,80,000
1,80,000 1,80,000
2016
Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 1,80,000
Contract ‘B’ Account for the year ending 31st Dec., 2015
Particulars `. Particulars `.
To Materials 73,267 By Materials returned to store 632

To Plant 12,500 By Plant in hand 9,500
To Direct expenditure 2,859 By Work-in-progress:
To Establishment charges 3,852 Work certified 1,45,000
To Wages accrued 2,100 Work uncertified 3,000 1,48,000
To Direct expenditure accrued 180 By Loss transfer to P&L A/c 3,413
1,63,281 1,63,281
B Contractee’s Account
2015 2015
Dec. 31 ToBalance c/d 1,40,000 Dec. 31 By Cash 1,40,000
1,40,000 1,40,000
2016
Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 1,40,000
Balance Sheet as on Dec. 31, 2015
Liabilities ` Assets `.
Wages accrued (2,400 + 2,100) 4,500 Plant less Depreciation (27,500 – 7,000) 20,500
Direct expenses accrued (240 + 180) 420 Materials in hand 3,619
Work-in-progress:
Profit on contract A 17,400 Contract A
Less: Loss on contract B 3,413 13,987 Work certified 1,95,000
Work uncertified 4,500
1,99,500
Less: Profit in reserve 10,875
1,88,625
Less: Cash received 1,80,000 8,625
Contract B
1,48,000
Problem 1.9:
T.K. Construction Ltd. is engaged on two contracts A and B during the year. The
following particulars are obtained at the year end (Dec. 31):
Date of commencement April 1 September 1
Contract price 6,00,000 5,00,000
Materials issued 1,60,000 60,000
Materials returned 4,000 2,000
Materials on site (Dec. 31st) 22,000 8,000
Direct labour 1,50,000 42,000
Direct expneses 66,000 35,000
Establishment expenses 25,000 7,000
Plant installed at cost 80,000 70,000
Value of plant (Dec. 31st) 65,000 64,000
Cost of contact not yet certified 23,000 10,000
Value of contract certified 4,20,000 1,35,000
Cash received from contractess 3,78,000 1,25,000
Architect’s fees 2,000 1,000
CONTRACT COSTING 17
During the period, materials amounting to ` 9,000 have been transferred from contract A
to contract B. You are required to show: (a) Contract Accounts, (b) Contractees’ Accounts, and
(c) Extracts from Balance Sheet as on December 31st, clearly showing the calculation of work-
in-progress. (B.B.M., Bangalore)
Solution:
Contract ‘A’ Account for the year ending 31st Dec............
To Materials used 1,60,000 By Materials returned 4,000

To Direct labour 1,50,000 By Materials transferred to B 9,000
To Direct expenses 66,000 By Stock of materials 22,000
To Establishment expenses 25,000 By Work-in-Progress:
To Depreciation on plant 15,000 Work certified 4,20,000
To Architect’s fees 2,000 Work uncertified 23,000 4,43,000
To Balance c/d (Notional Profit) 60,000
4,78,000 4,78,000
To P&L A/c 36,000 By Balance b/d 60,000
 2 8,80, 000 
1,35,000 × × 
 3 1,10,000 
To WIP A/c (Reserve) 24,000
60,000 60,000
Contract ‘B’ Account for the year ending 31st Dec............
To Materials used 60,000 By Materials returned 2,000

To Materials from Contract A 9,000 By Stock materials 8,000
To Direct labour 42,000 By Work-in-progress:
To Direct expenses 35,000 Work certified 1,35,000
To Establishment expenses 7,000 Work uncertified 10,000 1,45,000
To Depreciation on plant 6,000
To Architect’s fees 1,000 By P&L A/c (Loss on contract) 5,000
1,60,000 1,60,000
A Contractee’s Account
To Balance c/d 3,78,000 By Cash 3,78,000

By Balance b/d 3,78,000
B Contractee’s Account

By Balance b/d 1,25,000
Balance Sheet (Extracts) as on 31st December .....................
Profit on Contract A 36,000 Plant 1,50,000

Less: Loss on Contract B 5,000 31,000 Less: Depreciation 21,000 1,29,000
Stock of materials
Contract A 22,000
Contract B 8,000 30,000
Work-in-progress:
Contract A
4,43,000
Less: Reserve 24,000
4,19,000
Work-in-progress:
Contract B
1,45,000
Problem 1.10:
A firm of contractors undertook three contracts on 1st April, 2014, Ist October, 2014 and
1st Jan., 2015. On 31st March, 2015, when their accounts were made up, the position was as
follows:
I II III
` ` `
Contract price 4,00,000 1,35,000 1,50,000
Materials 72,000 29,000 10,000
Wages 1,10,000 56,200 7,000
General expenses 4,000 1,400 500
Plant 20,000 8,000 6,000
Materials on hand 4,000 2,000 1,000
Wages outstanding 3,400 1,800 800
Work certified 2,00,000 80,000 18,000
Cash received 1,50,000 60,000 13,500
Work uncertified 6,000 4,000 1,050
General expenses outstanding 600 200 100
CONTRACT COSTING 19
The plants were installed on the respective dates of the contract and depreciation is taken
at 10% p. a. Prepare contract accounts. (B.Com.)
Solution:
Contract Accounts for the year ending 31st March 2016
Contract Contract Contract Contract Contract Contract

I II III I II III
` ` ` ` ` `
To Material 72,000 29,000 10,000 By Work-in-progress:

To Wages 1,10,000 56,200 7,000 Certified 2,00,000 80,000 18,000
To General expenses 4,000 1,400 500 Uncertified 6,000 4,000 1,050
To Plant 20,000 8,000 6,000 By Plant* 18,000 7,600 5,850
To Wages outstanding 3,400 1,800 800 By Materials in hand 4,000 2,000 1,000
To General expenses By P&L A/c (loss) — 3,000 —
outstanding 600 200 100
To P&L A/c* 9,000 — —
To Reserve 9,000 — 1,500
2,28,000 96,600 25,900 2,28,000 96,600 25,900
*Working Notes:
1. On Contract I, notional profit is ` 18,000. Transfer to P&L A/c is calculated as follows:
1,50,000
Notional profit × 2 3 Cash ratio = 18,000 × 2 3 × = ` 9,000.
2 ,00,000
2. Depreciation is calculated from the respective dates of installation of plant.
3. On Contract II, loss is transferred to P&L A/c.
4. On Contract III, work certified is less than 1/4 of the contract price. Thus the entire amount of
notional profit is kept as reserve.
Problem 1.11:
Compute a conservative estimate of profit on a contract (which is 80% complete) from
the following particulars. Illustrate at least four methods of computing the profit transferable to
P&L A/c.
`
Total expenditure 85,000
Estimated further expenditure to complete the contract (including contingencies) 17,000
Contract price 1,53,000
Work not certified 8,500
Cash received 81,600
(B.Com. Hons., Delhi)
Solution:
Calculation of Notional Profit ` Calculation of Estimated Profit `
Work certified 1,00,000 Contract price 1,53,000
Uncertified 8,500 Less: Expenditure incurred 85,000
1,08,500 Estimated further expenditure 17,000 1,02,000
Less: Expenditure incurred 85,000
Notional profit 23,500 Estimated profit 51,000
Methods of computing the profit to be transferred to P&L A/c

2 2 81,600
1. Notional Profit × × Cash ratio = 23,500 × × = ` 12,784 (approx.)
3 3 1,00,000
2 2
2. Notional Profit × = 23,500 × = ` 15,667 (approx.)
3 3
Work certified 1,00,000 81,600

3. Estimated Profit × × Cash ratio = 51,000 × × = ` 27,200
Total cost to date 85,000 81,600

4. Estimated Profit × × Cash ratio = 51,000 × × = ` 34,680
Estimated total cost 1,02,000 1,00,000
Problem 1.12:
An expenditure of ` 3,88,000 has been incurred on a contract upto the end of 31st December,
2015. The value of work certified is ` 4,40,000. The cost of work uncertified is ` 12,000. It is
estimated that contract will be completed by 31st March, 2015 and an additional expenditure of
` 80,000 will have to be incurred to complete the contract. The total estimated expenditure on
the contract is to include a provision of 2.5 per cent for contingencies. The contract price is
` 5,60,000 and ` 4,00,000 has been realised in cash upto 31st December, 2015. Calculate the
proportion of profit to be taken to Profit and Loss Account as on 31st December, 2015 under
different methods. (B.Com. Hons., Delhi; M.Com. Madras)
Solution:
Calculation of Notional Profit Estimated Profit on Full Contract
` `
Value of work certified 4,40,000 Contract price 5,60,000
Add: Cost of work not certified 12,000 Less: Cost to date 3,88,000
4,52,000 Further cost 80,000
Contingencies 12,000 *
Less: Cost to date 3,88,000 4,80,000
Notional Profit 64,000 Estimated profit 80,000
2.5
* (3,88,000 + 80,000) × = ` 12,000 for contingencies.
97.5
CONTRACT COSTING 21
Profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account
2 2
Method (i) × Notional profit = × 64,000 = ` 42,667
3 3
2 Cash received 2 4,00,000

Method (ii) × Notional profit × = × 64,000 × = ` 38,788
3 Work certified 3 4,40,000

Method (iii) Estimated profit × = 80,000 × = ` 62,857
Contract price 5,60,000
Work certified Cash received

Method (iv) Estimated profit × ×
Contract price Work certified
4,40,000 4,00,000
= 80,000 × × = ` 57,143
5,60,000 4,40,000
Problem 1.13:
The following information relates to a building contract for ` 10,00,000.
Year 2014 Year 2015
` `
Materials issued 3,00,000 84,000
Direct wages 2,30,000 1,05,000
Direct expenses 22,000 10,000
Indirect expenses 6,000 1,400
Work certified 7,50,000 10,00,000
Work uncertified 8,000 —
Materials at site 5,000 7,000
Plant issued 14,000 2,000
Cash received from contractee 6,00,000 10,00,000
The value of plant at the end of 2014 and 2015 was ` 7,000 and ` 5,000, respectively.
Prepare: (i) Contract Account, (ii) Contractee’s Account for two years 2014 and 2015
taking into consideration such profit for transfer to Profit and Loss Account as you think proper.
(B.Com.)
Solution:
Contract Account for two years 2005 and 2006
Year 2014
To Materials 3,00,000 By Work-in-progress:
To Direct wages 2,30,000 Work certified 7,50,000
To Direct expenses 22,000 Work uncertified 8,000 7,58,000
To Indirect expenses 6,000 By Materials at site 5,000
To Dep. on plant (14,000 – 7,000) 7,000
To Balance c/d (Profit) 1,98,000
7,63,000 7,63,000
To P&L A/c 1,05,600 By Balance b/d 1,98,000
FG1,98,000  2  6,00,000 IJ
H 3 7,50,000 K
To Work-in-progress A/c (Reserve) 92,400
1,98,000 1,98,000
Year 2006
To Work-in-progress: By Contractee A/c 10,00,000
Certified 7,50,000 By Materials at site 7,000
Uncertified 8,000
7,58,000
Less: Profit in reserve 92,400 6,65,600
To Materials at site b/d 5,000
To Materials issued 84,000
To Direct wage 1,05,000
To Direct expenses 10,000
To Indirect expenses 1,400
To Depreciation on plant 4,000
(14,000 + 2,000 – 7,000 – 5,000)
To P&L A/c 1,32,000
10,07,000 10,07,000
2014
6,00,000 6,00,000
2015
To Contract A/c 10,00,000 By Balance b/d 6,00,000
By Cash (balance) 4,00,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
Problem 1.14:
XY Co. undertook a contract for ` 15,00,000 on an arrangement that 80% of the value of
work done as certified by the architects of the contractee, should be paid immediately and the
remaining 20% be retained until the contract is completed.
In 2013, the amounts expended were: Materials ` 1,80,000; Wages ` 1,70,000; Carriage
` 6,000; Cartage ` 1,000; Sundry expenses ` 3,000. The work was certified for ` 3,75,000 and
80% of this was paid as agreed.
In 2014, the amounts expended were: Materials ` 2,20,000, Wages ` 2,30,000, Carriage
` 23,000. Cartage ` 2,000 and Sundry expenses ` 4,000. Three-fourths of the contract was
certified as done by 31st December, 2005 and 80% of this received accordingly. The value of
unused and work-in-progress was ascertained at ` 20,000.
CONTRACT COSTING 23
In 2015, the amounts expended were: Materials ` 1,26,000; Wages ` 1,70,000; Cartage
` 6,000; Sundry expenses ` 3,000, and on 30th June the whole contract was completed.
Show how the Contract Account as also the Contractee’s Account would appear for each
of these years in the books of the contractor, assuming that balance due to him was received
on completion of the contract. (B.Com., Bangalore)
Solution:
Contract Account
2013
To Materials 1,80,000 By Work-in-progress: Certified 3,75,000
To Wages 1,70,000
To Carriage 6,000
To Cartage 1,000
To Sundry expenses 3,000
3,75,000 3,75,000
To P&L A/c 4,000 By Notional Profit b/d 15,000
(15,000 × 1/3 × 80%)
To Reserve 11,000
15,000 15,000
2014
To Work-in-progress: Certified 3,75,000 By Work-in-progress:
Less: Reserve 11,000 Certified 11,25,000
3,64,000 Uncertified 20,000
To Materials 2,20,000
To Wages 2,30,000
To Carriage 23,000
To Cartage 2,000
To Notional Profit c/d 3,02,000
11,45,000 11,45,000
2015
To P&L A/c 1,61,067 By Notional Profit b/d 3,02,000
(3,02,000 × 2/3 × 80%)
To Reserve 1,40,933
3,02,000 3,02,000
2016
To Work-in-Progress:
Certified 11,25,000 By Contractee 15,00,000
Uncertified 20,000
11,45,000
Less: Reserve 1,40,933
10,04,067
To Materials 1,26,000
To Wages 1,70,000
To Cartage 6,000
To Profit & Loss A/c 1,90,933
15,00,000 15,00,000
2013
2014
To Balance c/d 9,00,000 By Balance b/d 3,00,000
By Cash 6,00,000
9,00,000 9,00,000
2015
To Contract A/c 15,00,000 By Balance b/d 9,00,000
By Cash 6,00,000
15,00,000 15,00,000
Problem 1.15:
Elite Ltd. was engaged on one contract during the year 2015. The contract price was
` 2,00,000. The Trial Balance extracted from the books on 31st December, 2015 stood as
follows:
` `
Share capital — 40,000
Sundry creditors — 4,000
Building 17,000 —
Cash at bank 4,500 —
Contract account:
Materials 37,500 —
Plant 10,000 —
Wages 52,500 —
Cash received from contractee (80% of certified work) — 80,000
Expenses 2,500 —
1,24,000 1,24,000
Of the plant and materials charged to the contract, plant costing ` 1,500 and materials
costing ` 1,200 were destroyed by an accident.
On 31-12-2015, plant costing ` 2,000 was returned to stores and material at site was
valued at ` 1,500. Cost of uncertified work was ` 1,000. Charge 10% depreciation on plant.
Prepare Contract Account for the year 2015 and Balance Sheet as on 31-12-2015.
(B.Com., Bangalore)
CONTRACT COSTING 25
Solution:
Contract Account for the year ending 31st Dec., 2015
To Materials 37,500 By Plant returned to store

To Wages 52,500 (2,000 less 10% Depreciation) 1,800
To Expenses 2,500 By Plant at site 5,850
To Plant installed 10,000 By Plant destroyed 1,500
To Notional profit c/d 10,350 By Materials lost 1,200
By Materials at site 1,500
By Work-in-progress:
Certified* 1,00,000
Uncertified 1,000
1,12,850 1,12,850
To P&L A/c 5,250 By Notional profit b/d 5,250
 2 80, 000 
10,350 × × 
 3 1,00, 000 
To Reserve 4,830 By Notional profit b/d 5,250
10,350 10,350
Balance Sheet as on 31st Dec., 2015
Share Capital 40,000 Building 17,000

Sundry Creditors 4,000 Bank 4,500
Plant in store
Profit and Loss A/c 5,520 Plant at site
Less : Plant destroyed 1,500 Materials at site
4,020 Work-in-progress:
Less : Materials lost 1,200 2,820 Certified 1,00,000
Uncertified 1,000
1,01,000
Less: Cash received 80,000
21,000
Less: Reserve 4,830 16,170
46,820 46,820
Problem 1.16:
The following is the Trial Balance of Construction Company engaged on the execution of
Contract No. 303, for the year ended 31st December, 2015.
Dr. ` Cr. `
Contractee’s account (amount received) — 3,00,000
Buildings 1,60,000 —
Creditors — 72,000
Bank balance 35,000 –
Capital account — 5,00,000

Materials 2,00,000 –
Wages 1,80,000 –
Expenses 47,000 –
Plant 2,50,000 —
8,72,000 8,72,000
The work on Contract No. 303 was commenced on 1st January, 2015. Materials costing
` 1,70,000 were sent to the site of the contract but those of ` 6,000 were destroyed in an
accident. Wages of ` 1,80,000 were paid during the year. Plant costing ` 50,000 was used on
the contract all through the year. Plant with a cost of ` 2 lakhs was used from 1st January to
30th September and was then returned to the stores. Materials of the cost of ` 4,000 were at
site on 31st December, 2015.
The contract was for ` 6,00,000 and the contractee pay 75% of the work certified. Work
certified was 80% of the total contract work at the end of 2015. Uncertified work was estimated
at ` 15,000 on 31st December, 2005. Expenses are charged to the contract at 25% of wages.
Plant is to be depreciated at 10% for the entire year.
Prepare Contract No. 303 Account for the year 2015 and make out the Balance Sheet as
on 31st December. 2015 in the books of Construction Company. (BBM, Bangalore)
Solution:
Contract No. 303 Account for the year ending 31-12-2015
To Materials 1,70,000 By Work certified 4,80,000

To Wages 1,80,000 By Work uncertified 15,000
To Expenses 45,000 By P&L A/c (Loss by accident) 6,000
To Depreciation on plant
(5,000 + 15,000) 20,000 By Materials at site 4,000
To Notional profit c/d 90,000
5,05,000 5,05,000
To P&L A/c (90,000 × 2/3 × 5/8*) 37,500 By Notional profit b/d 90,000
To Balance (Reserve) 52,500
90,000 90,000
Balance Sheet as on 31st Dec., 2015
Capital 5,00,000 Building 1,60,000

P&L A/c 37,500 Plant in stores 1,80,000
Less: Loss 6,000 Materials in store 30,000
31,500 Work-in-progress:
Less: Unabsorbed expenses 2,000 Certified 4,80,000
(47,000 – 45,000) Uncertified 15,000
29,500 4,95,000
CONTRACT COSTING 27
Less: Depreciation on Plant* 5,000 24,500 Less: Reserve 52,500

4,42,500
Creditors 72,000 Less: Cash 3,00,000 1,42,500
Materials at site 4,000
Plant at site 45,000
Bank 35,000
5,96,500 5,96,500
* Notes:
1. The cash ratio for computing the profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account has been taken
3,00,000  Cash received 

as 5/8 i.e..   . It may also be taken as 75% as given in the question. In that
4,80,000  Work certified 
case, profit to be transferred to P&L A/c will be ` 45,000.
2. Depreciation on plant of ` 2,00,000 has been charged to contract only for 9 months. For remaining
three months it has been charged to profit in the balance sheet.
Problem 1.17:
The following figures are extracted from the books of a contractor, for the year ending 31st
Dec., 2015:
` `
Work-in-progress on 31st Dec., 2014 17,00,000
Less: Advances from contractees 11,00,000 6,00,000
Materials supplied to contracts direct 1,20,000
Materials issued from store 2,10,000
Wages 1,70,000
Working expenses 30,000
Materials returned to store 11,000
Contracts finished 4,50,000
Profit taken to Profit and Loss Account upon contracts completed 2,30,000
Administrative expenses (out of which ` 5,000 is chargeable to
Profit and Loss Account) 25,000
Plant issued 50,000
Materials returned from contract to suppliers 9,000
Advances from contractees 8,00,000
Plant at site 40,000
Prepare the Contract Ledger Control Account in general ledger and total contractees account.
Show also how the work-in-progress would appear in the Balance Sheet as on 31st December,
2015. (B.Com., Bangalore)
Solution:
Contract Ledger Control Account
To Work-in-progress b/d 17,00,000 By Contractees A/c 4,50,000

To Materials issued 2,10,000 (Contracts finished)
To Materials supplied direct 1,20,000 By Materials returned to store 11,000
To Wages 1,70,000 By Materials returned to suppliers 9,000
To Works expenses 30,000 By Plant at site 40,000
To Plant issued 50,000 By Work-in-progress:
To Administration expenses 20,000 Certified 3,00,000
To Profit 2,30,000 Uncertified (Balancing figure) 17,20,000
25,30,000 25,30,000
Total Contractees’ Account
To Contract Ledger Control A/c 4,50,000 By Balance b/d 11,00,000

To Balance c/d 14,50,000 By Bank 8,00,000
19,00,000 19,00,000
Balance Sheet as on 31-12-2015
Work-in-progress:
Certified 3,00,000
Uncertified 17,20,000
20,20,000
Less: Cash received 14,50,000 5,70,000
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Objective Type Questions

True or False Statements:
1. A job is a small contract and a contract is a big job.
2. Profit on each contract is computed every year on incomplete portion of the contract.
3. When a contract is 50% complete, 50% of its profit on cash basis is generally transferred to Profit and Loss A/c at
the end of the year.
4. There is no difference betwen notional profit and estimated profit in relation to contracts.
5. When there is a notional loss on an incomplete contract, transfer to P&L A/c depends upon the degree of completion
of the contract.
6. Escalation clauses in contracts are often provided as safeguards against any likely changes in price of materials and
labour rates.
Ans. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T
CONTRACT COSTING 29
Theoretical Questions
1. Distinguish between job costing and contract costing. State the special features of contract costing.
(B.Com., Madras)
2. What is contract costing ? Explain briefly the principles involved in taking profit on incomplete contracts.
(B.B.M., Bangalore)
3. Explain how the profits are determined in the case of uncompleted contracts. (B.Com., Andhra)
4. What is cost-plus contract ? Discuss this from the point of view of (a) the manufacturer, (b) the buyer.
(B.Com., Calicut)
5. What is the relevance of escalation clause provided in contracts?
6. Discuss the methods of ascertaining profit on the following contracts:
(a) When contract is completed.
(b) When contract is not completed.
(c) When the contract is nearing completion. (B.Com., Meerut)
7. Write short notes on:
(i) Cost-plus contracts
(ii) Escalation clause.
Practical Questions
1. Mrs. Smitha started work on a contract for ` 5,00,000 on 1.1. 2015. The following information relating to the contract
is available.
Materials issued 1,60,000
Wages paid 1,01,200
Wages outstanding on 31.03.2015 37,520
New machines purchased and sent to site 1,48,000
Direct charges paid 7,500
Direct charges outstanding on 31.03.2015 600
Establishment charges apportioned to contract 6,400
On 31.03.2015 materials lying unused at site were valued at ` 21,620. Machines are to be depreciated at 20% p.a.
Value of work certified by 31.3.2015 was ` 3,50,000 while the cost of work done but not yet certified as on that date
was ` 18,000. Mrs. Smitha had received a total sum of ` 2,80,000 from the contractor till 31.3.2015.
Prepare contract account in Mrs. Smitha ledger. (B.Com., Bharathidasan)
[Ans. Notional profit ` 69,000. Profit transferred to P&L A/c ` 36,800]
[Hint. Depreciation is to be provided only for 3 months]
2. The following particulars relate to a contract:
`
Materials issued 85,000
Wages 74,000
Plant at cost 15,000
Direct Expenses 13,000
Establishment charges 4,000
Materials returned to store 500
Cost of work certified 2,00,000
Cost of work uncertified 4,500
Materials on hand (31st December) 1,800
Wages outstanding 2,500
Value of Plant (31st December) 10,000
The contract price was agreed at ` 2,60,000. Cash received from the contractee was ` 1,95,000.
Prepare contract account and contractees account and also balance sheet abstract.
[Ans. Notional profit ` 23,300; Profit tr. to P&L A/c ` 15,145, Profit in reserve ` 8,155]
3. Mr. Reddy undertook several contracts. On 31st March 2015 Contract No. 900 showed the following particulars.
` `
Materials purchased 1,80,000 Direct expenses 24,000
Materials issued from stores 50,000 Plant purchased 1,60,000
Wages 2,44,000 Proportionate establishment charges 54,000
Depreciation on plant 16,000
The contract was for ` 15,00,000. ` 6,00,000 had been received by Reddy upto 31st March 2015 which represented
the amount certified less 20% retention money. Unused materials at site were valued at ` 15,000. Prepare the contract
account showing the amount of profit Mr. Reddy would be justified in taking to the credit of his profit and loss account.
(B.Com., Bharathidasan)
[Ans. Notional profit ` 1,97,000. Profit tr. to P&L A/c ` 1,05,067, Profit kept in reserve ` 91,933, work certified
` 7,50,000]
4. The following was the expenditure on a contract for ` 6,00,000. Work commenced in January 2015.
Materials ` 1,30,000
Wages ` 1,44,400
Plant ` 20,000
Business expenses ` 18,600
Cash received on account was ` 2,40,000, being 80 per cent of work certified. Value of materials on hand at
31.12.2015 was ` 10,000. Prepare the contract account for 2015 showing the profit to be credited to profit and loss
account. Plant is to be depreciated at 10 per cent. (B.Com. Adapted)
[Ans. Notional profit ` 15,000, Profit credited to P&L A/c ` 8,000, Reserve ` 7,000. Work certified ` 3,00,000]
5. M/s X and Co. obtained a contract for building a factory for ` 10,00,000. The building operation started on I April.
2014 and at the end of March, 2015, they received from the party a sum of ` 3.9 lakhs, being 75% of the amount due
on the surveyor’s certificate. The following additional information is given from the books of the company:
` `
Stores issued to cortract 2,00,000 Direct expenses 25,000
Stores on hand 31st March, 2015 10,000 Overhead allocated to contract 12,000
Wages paid 1,80,000 Work uncertified at cost 12,000
Plant purchased for the contract 2,00,000 Plant to be depreciated at 10%
Prepare Contract Account showing the profit or loss on the contract as on 31st March. 2015. (B.Com.)
[Ans. Tr. to P&L A/c ` 52.500; Reserve ` 52,500]
6. The following information relates to two contracts of K.P Contractors in 2015:
` `
Materials sent to site 1,70,698 1,46,534
Labour 1,48,750 1,37,046
Plant 30,000 25,000
Direct expenses 6,334 5,718
Establishment charges 8,252 7,704
Materials returned to store 1,098 1,264
Work certified 3,90,000 2,90,000
Work uncertified 9,000 6,000
Material at site (31-12-2015) 3,766 3,472
Wages accrued 4,800 4,200
Direct expenses accrued (31-12-2015) 480 360
Value of plant (31-12-2015) 22,000 19,000
CONTRACT COSTING 31

Cash received 80% of work certified.
Prepare: (i) Contract Accounts (ii) Contractee’s Accounts. (B.Com., Bangalore)
[Ans. A — Tr. to P&L A/c ` 30,160; Reserve ` 26,390: B — Loss ` 6,826]
7. Modi Constructions Ltd. has taken two contracts on 1st Oct., 2014. The position of the contracts on 30th Sept., 2015
is as follows:
Contract I Contract II
` `
Contract price 27,00,000 60,00,000
Materials 5,80,000 10,80,000
Wages paid 11,24,000 16,50,000
Other expenses 28,000 60,000
Plant at site 1,60,000 3,00,000
Unused materials at site 40,000 60,000
Wages payable 36,000 4,000
Other expenses due 4,000 9,000
Work certified 16,00,000 30,00,000
Cash received 12,00,000 22,60,000
Work uncertified 80,000 90,000
The plant at site is to be depreciated at 10%. Prepare the Contract Account in respect of each work showing the notional
profit and also profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account.
[Ans. 1 - Loss ` 68,000; II - Tr. to P&L A/c ` 1,33,500, Reserve ` 1,33,500]
9. Gupta Construction Ltd. took a contract in 2015 for road construction. The contract price was ` 10,00,000 and its
estimated cost of completion would be ` 9,20,000. At the end of 2015, the company has received ` 3,60,000,
representing 90% of the work certified. Work not yet certified has cost ` 10,000. Expenditure incurred on the contract
during 2015 was as follows; Materials ` 50,000; Labour ` 3,00,000; Plant ` 20,000.
Materials costing ` 5,000 were damaged and had lo be disposed of for ` 1,000. Plant is considered as having
depreciated by 25 per cent.
Prepare Contract Account for 2015 in the books of Gupta Construction Ltd. Also show all possible figures that can
be reasonably credited lo Profit and Loss Account in respect of the contract. (B.Com., Delhi)
[Ans. Notional profit ` 60,000, Estimated profit ` 80,000]
10. Work out in a suitable cost accounts form the financial result in respect of a contract for construction of temporary
buildings undertaken by a firm in a River Valley Project. Your answer should be based on the following figures
extracted from the financial books of the firm.
The term of the contract is ` 10 per sq. ft. of the covered floor area as accepted and certified to be correct by the
competent engineering authorities of the project.
(a) Material: Building materials in stock at the commencement of the work ` 10,000, purchases during the currency
of the contract: (i) Cement 900 bags @ ` 50 per bag, (ii) Bricks 10,000 @ ` 500 per thousand, (iii) Sand 10.000
c.ft., @ ` 10 per 100 c.ft., (iv) Wood work 90 c.ft. @ ` 100 per c.ft. Value of balance of various materials in hand
after completion of the work ` 8,000.
(b) Labour: 10 masons @ ` 25 per day for 40 days, 50 coolies @ ` 10 per day for 40 days.
(c) Tools and Plants: Two new concrete mixers were purchased at ` 10,000 each at the commencement of the
contract. Residual value as assessed after completion of the contract @ ` 3,500 each concrete mixer.
(d) Supervision: 50% of four engineers’ pay @ ` 500 per month for each engineer for 2 months. 50% of ten overseers
pay at ` 200 per month for each overseer for 4 month.
(e) Administration overhead: 25% of the head office expenses for the period of the contract. The total head office
expenses amount to ` 4,000.
(f) Quantity of work done: Quantity of work certified and accepted by the Engineering Authorities of Project 12,000
sq. ft. of covered floor area. (B.Com.)
[Ans. Profit tr. to P&L A/c ` 8,000 ]
11. Ranga undertook a contract for ` 75,00,000 on an arrangement that 80% of the value of the work done, as certified
by the architects of the contractee, should be paid immediately and the remaining 20% be retained until the contract
was completed. Ranga’s record showed the following position:
Year Materials Wages Carriage Sundry Stock of work
expenses uncertified
2013 9,60,000 8,50,000 35,000 35,000 Nil
2014 11,00,000 11,50,000 1,25,000 20,000 1,00,000
2015 6,30,000 8,50,000 30,000 15,000 Nil
Architect’s certificates were for ` 18,75,000 during 2013, for ` 37,50,000 during 2014 and for ` 18,75,000 during
2015.
Show the Contract Account and Contractee Account in Ranga’s books. (B.Com., Bangalore)
[Ans. 2013 — Loss ` 5,000; 2014 —Tr. to P&L A/c ` 7,76,000; Reserve ` 6,79,000; 2015 — Profit ` 9,29,000]
12. The following information related to a building contract for ` 10,00,000 and for which 80% of the value of work-
in-progress as certified by the architect is being paid by the contractee.
I Year II Year III Year
` ` `
Material issued 1,20,000 1,45,000 84,000
Direct wages 1,10,000 1,55,000 1,10,000
Direct expenses 5,000 17,000 6,000
Indirect expenses 2,000 2,600 500
Work certified 2,35,000 7,50,000 10,00,000
Uncertified work 3,000 8,000 —
Plant issued 14,000 — —
Material on site 2,000 5,000 8,000
The value of the plant at the end of I, II and III year was ` 11,200, ` 7,000 and ` 3,000 respectively. Prepare Contract
Account, for these three years taking into account such profit as you think proper on incomplete contract.
(B.Com.)
[Ans. I yr. Reserve ` 200, II yr. Profit ` 1,06,347; Reserve ` 93,053: III yr. Profit ` 1,33,553]
13. India Construction Limited engaged in contract work has the following Trial Balance on 31st December, 2015 :
Dr. Cr
` `
Share capital — Shares of ` 10 each – 35,180
Profit and Loss A/c as on 1st Jan., 2015 – 2,500
Provision for depreciation on plant and tools – 6,300
Contractee’s A/c — Contract No. 707 – 1,28,000
Creditors – 8,120
Land and building (at cost) 7,400
Plant and tools (at cost) 5,200
Bank balance 4,500
Contract No. 707:
Materials issued 60,000
Direct labour 83,000
CONTRACT COSTING 33
Expenses 4,000
Plant and tools at site (at cost) 16,000
1,80,100 1,80,100
Contract No. 707, having a contract price of ` 2,40,000 was begun in 1st January, 2015 and contractee pays 80%
of the work completed and certified. The cost of work done since certification is estimated to be ` 1,600. After the
above Trial Balance was extracted on 31st Dec., 2015. plant costing ` 3,200 was returned to the stores and materials
at site on that date were valued at ` 3,000. Provision is to be made for sub-contract costs amounting to ` 600 incurred
on Contract No. 707 and for depreciation of all Plant and Tools @ 12.5% on cost. Prepare Contract No. 707 Account
showing the computation of profit, if any, for which credit, may properly be taken in 2015 and prepare the Balance
Sheet of the construction company on 31st December, 2015. (B.Com.)
[Ans. Tr. to P&L A/c ` 8,000. Reserve ` 7,000, B/S Total ` 69,700]
14. Alcon Construction Company Ltd. commenced its business construction on 1-1-2015. The trial balance as on
31-12-2015 shows the following balances:
Dr. Cr.
` `
Paid-up share capital — 1,00,000
Cash received on account of contract (80% of work certified) — 1,20,000
Land and Buildings 30,000
Machinery at cost (75% at site) 40,000
Bank 4,000
Materials at site 40,000
Direct Labour 55,000
Expenses at site 2,000
Lorries and vehicles 30,000
Furniture 1,000
Office equipment 10,000
Postage and telegrams 500
Office expenses 2,000
Rates and taxes 3,000
Fuel and power 2,500
2,20,000 2,20,000
The contract price is ` 3,00,000 and work certified is ` 1,50,000. The work completed since certification is estimated
at ` 1,000 (at cost). Machinery costing ` 2,000 was returned to stores at the end of the year. Stock of material at site
on 31-12-2015 was of the value of ` 5,000. Wages outstanding were ` 200. Depreciation on machinery at 10%. You
arc required to calculate the profit from the contract and show how the work-in-progress will appear in the Balance
Sheet as on 31-12-2015. (B.B.M., Bangalore)
[Ans. Tr. to P&L A/c ` 28,427. Reserve ` 24,873]
[Hint. Office expenses, postage and telegrams, rent and rates, fuel and power and depreciation on machinery costing
` 10,000 are not charged to Contract Account. These are charged to P&L A/c of the company.]
15 . A firm of building contractors began to trade on 1st January, 2015. During the year, the company was engaged on
only one contract. The contract price was ` 5,00,000.
Of the plant and materials charged to the contract, the plant which cost ` 5,000 and material which cost ` 4,000 were
lost in an accident.
On 31st December 2015. the plant which cost ` 5,000 was returned to the stores: the cost of work done but uncertified
was ` 2,000 and the materials costing ` 4,000 were in hand on site.
Charge 10% depreciation of thc plant and compile the Contract Account and the Balance Sheet from the following
Trial Balance on 31st December, 2015.
` `
Share capital — 1,20,000
Creditors — 10,000
Cash received on contract (80% of work certified) — 2,00,000
Land, buildings, etc. 43,000
Bank balance 25,000
Charged to Contract:
Materials 90,000
Plant 25,000
Wages 1,40,000
Expenses 7,000
3,30,000 3,30,000
(B.Com., Calicut)
[Ans. Tr. to P&L A/c ` 11,200: Reserve ` 9,800: B/S total ` 1,32,200]
16. M/s Sewers Ltd. undertook a contract for erecting a sewerage treatment plant for municipality for a total value of
` 24 lakhs. It was expected that the contract would be completed by 31st March 2015. You are required to prepare
a contract account for the year ending 31st March 2015 from the following particulars:
(i) Wages ` 6,00,000
(ii) Special plant ` 2,00,000
(iii) Materials ` 3,00,000
(iv) Overheads ` 1,20,000
(v) Depreciation @ 10% to be provided on plant.
(vi) Materials lying at the site on 31st March 2005 ` 40,000.
(vii) Work certified was to the extent of ` 16,00,000 and 80% of same was received in cash.
(viii) 5 per cent of the value of material issued and 6 per cent of wages may be taken to have been incurred for the portion
of work completed but not yet certified.
(ix) Overheads are charged as percentage of direct wages.
(x) Ignore depreciation on plant for use on uncertified portion of the work.
(xi) Ascertain the amount to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account on the basis of realised profit.
[Ans. Transfer to P&L A/c ` 3,51,040, Reserve ` 3,07,160]
[Hint. Work uncertified is calculated as under:
`
Material (5% of ` 3,00,000) 15,000
Labour (6% of ` 6,00,000) 36,000
Overhead (20% of ` 36,000) 7,200
Cost of work not certified 58,200
18. Philips Construction Company with a paid up share capital of ` 50 lakhs undertook a contract to construct LIG
houses. The contract work commenced on 1-1-2015 and the contract price was ` 50 lakhs. Cash received on account
of contract on 31-12-2015 was ` 18 lakhs (90% of the work certified). Work completed but not-certified was
estimated at ` 1,00,000. As on 31-12-2015 material at site was estimated at ` 30,000 and machinery at site costing
` 2,00,000 was returned to stores. Plant and machinery at site is to be depreciated at 5%. Wages outstanding on 31-
12-2015 were ` 5,000.
The following were ledger balances (Dr.) as per Trial Balance as on 31-12-2015:
`
Land and buildings 15,00,000
Plant and machinery at cost (60% at site) 25,00,000
Lorries and other vehicles 8,00,000
CONTRACT COSTING 35
Furniture 50,000
Office equipment 10,000
Materials sent to site 14,00,000
Fuel & Power 1,25,000
Site expenses 5,000
Postage & telegrams 4,000
Office expenses 8,000
Rates & taxes 15,000
Cash at bank 1,33,000
Wages 2,50,000
Prepare the Contract Account to ascertain the profit from the contract and show the WIP in the Balance Sheet.
[Ans. Notional profit ` 2,43,000: Tr. to P&L A/c 2,43,000 × 1/3 × 90% = ` 72,900; Reserve ` 1,70,100:
WIP in B/S = 20,00,000 + 1,00,000 – 18,00,000 – 1,70,100 = ` 1,29,900
Hint. Fuel and power, office expenses, rates and taxes and postage and telegrams have been assumed to be charged
to the contract].


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ADVANCED

CMA M.N. ARORA

Prof. RAJIV MISHRA

FIRST EDITION : 2016

We the authors will be more happy to receive any suggestions or recommendation

Dr. M.N. Arora

Units Name of the Topic No. of

Unit-1 PROCESS COSTING AND CONTRACT COSTING: 15

Unit-2 STANDARD COSTING: 15

Unit 3 AUDIT CONCEPTS: 17

Unit 4 VOUCHING AND VERIFICATION: 13

Duration: 21/2 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75

Q.1. Unit 1 (Any 2 out of 3) (15 Marks)

(a) (7.5 Marks)

(b) (7.5 Marks)

(c) (7.5 Marks)

Q.2. Unit 2 (Any 2 out of 3) (15 Marks)

(a) (7.5 Marks)

(b) (7.5 Marks)

(c) (7.5 Marks)

Q.3. Unit 3 (Any 2 out of 3) (15 Marks)

(a) (7.5 Marks)

(b) (7.5 Marks)

(c) (7.5 Marks)

Q.4. Unit 4 (Any 2 out of 3) (15 Marks)

(a) (7.5 Marks)

(b) (7.5 Marks)

(c) (7.5 Marks)

Q.5. Practical Question/Case Study (15 Marks)

3. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis 66 – 112

4. Introduction to Auditing 113 – 139

5. Vouching and Verification 140 – 175

l Ship building, etc.

SPECIAL POINTS IN CONTRACT COSTING

PROFIT ON INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS

Portion of Notional Profit or Estimated profit to be Transferred to Profit and Loss

Work certified Cash received

Cost of work to date

Cost of work to date Cash received

5. Loss on Uncompleted Contracts. In the event of a loss on uncompleted contracts, this

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Contract Account for the year ending 31st December, 2015

To Materials 2,40,000 By Materials in hand 20,000

To Materials 90,000 By Working Progress:

Profit credited to profit and loss account:

contract price. As it is less than 50%, profit to be credit to P&L A/c is

To Materials 1,10,000 By Contractee’s A/c (Contract price) 1,50,000

Contractee’s Account for the year ending 31-12-2015

To Contract A/c 1,50,000 By Bank 1,50,000

Material 1,20,000 Machinery 30,000

To Materials 1,20,000 By Work-in-progress:

To P&L A/c 15,000 * By Notional Profit c/d 50,000

* Working Notes: Transfer to P&L A/c = 50,000 × 1 × 90% = ` 15,000

1. Notional profit × 1 = 50,000 × 1 = ` 16,667.

Work certified 4,00,000

Work certified 4,00,000

To Materials sent to site 64,500 By Materials returned 400

To P&L A/c 11,000 By Notional Profit b/d 18,150

To Materials direct to site 4,20,000 By Materials on hand 6,300