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    Steeper Slopes Permeable Sands Above Impermeable Layers: A) Natural Factors

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    Divyagarapati
    Natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes can cause landslides. Human activities such as deforestation and construction on slopes also contribute to landslide risks. To minimize hazards, one should choose safe locations away from past landslide areas and implement prevention methods like drainage, retaining walls, and reforestation. During landslides, one should try to escape to high ground and avoid flooded areas after, and report any damage.

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    Steeper Slopes Permeable Sands Above Impermeable Layers: A) Natural Factors

    Uploaded by

    Divyagarapati
    66 views18 pages
    Natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes can cause landslides. Human activities such as deforestation and construction on slopes also contribute to landslide risks. To minimize hazards, one should choose safe locations away from past landslide areas and implement prevention methods like drainage, retaining walls, and reforestation. During landslides, one should try to escape to high ground and avoid flooded areas after, and report any damage.

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    Landslides

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    Landslides

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    Natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes can cause landslides. Human activities such as deforestation and construction on slopes also contribute to landslide risks. To minimize hazards, one should choose safe locations away from past landslide areas and implement prevention methods like drainage, retaining walls, and reforestation. During landslides, one should try to escape to high ground and avoid flooded areas after, and report any damage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views18 pages

    Steeper Slopes Permeable Sands Above Impermeable Layers: A) Natural Factors

    Uploaded by

    Divyagarapati
    Natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes can cause landslides. Human activities such as deforestation and construction on slopes also contribute to landslide risks. To minimize hazards, one should choose safe locations away from past landslide areas and implement prevention methods like drainage, retaining walls, and reforestation. During landslides, one should try to escape to high ground and avoid flooded areas after, and report any damage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Causes of landslides

    A) Natural Factors:
    • Gravity: Gravity works more effectively on steeper slopes.
    • Geological factors: Geologic
    setting that places permeable
    sands and gravels above
    impermeable layers of silt and
    clay or bedrock.
    • Heavy and prolonged rainfall:
    • slides occur often with intense rain by creating zone of
    weakness, also water tables rise with heavy rain makes some
    slopes unstable.
    • Earthquakes: Ground vibrations created during Earthquakes
    1
    • Waves: Wave action can erode
    the beach or the toe of a bluff,
    cutting into the slope, and
    setting the stage for future
    slides.

    • Volcanoes: volcanic ash deposits (sometimes called as lahars deposits)


    are prone to erosion and subjected to mud flows due to intense rainfall.
    • Fluctuation of water
    levels due to the
    tidal action.
    • Deposition of loose
    sediments in delta areas. 2
    B) Anthropogenic Factors:
    • Inappropriate drainage system: Surface runoff of irrigated water on
    slopes exposes soil under cultivation to erosion. Part of this water is
    absorbed by soil increasing its weight, which can put an additional load
    on the slope.
    • Cutting & deep excavations on slopes for buildings, roads, canals &
    mining:
    causes modification of natural slopes, blocking of surface drainage,
    loading of critical slopes and withdrawal to toe support promoting
    vulnerability of critical slopes.

    3
    • Change in slope/land use pattern,
    deforestation, agricultural practices on steep
    slopes: contributed to creep and withdrawal
    of toe support in many cases.

    C) Combination of factors:
    • For example, an earthquake may trigger a
    landslide, which in turn may dam a valley
    causing upstream flooding and subsequent
    dam burst. This will lead to flooding in lower
    catchments areas.

    4
    Effects and losses due to landslides
    A) Direct Effects:
    • Physical Damage-Debris may block roads, supply lines
    (telecommunication, electricity, water, etc.) and
    waterways.
    • Causalities- deaths and injuries to people and
    animals.

    B) Indirect Effects:
    • Influence of landslides in dam safety- failure of the
    slopes bordering the reservoir, Flooding caused by
    movements of large masses of soil into the reservoir.
    5
    • Landslides and flooding- Debris flow can cause
    flooding by blocking valleys and stream channels,
    forcing large amounts of water to backup causing
    backup/ flash flood.

    C) Direct losses:
    • Loss of life, property, infrastructure and lifeline
    facilities, Resources, farmland and places of cultural
    importance.

    D) Indirect losses:
    • Loss in productivity of agricultural or forest lands,
    Reduced property values, Loss of revenue, Increased
    cost, Adverse effect on water quality and Loss of
    human productivity, 6
    Indicators of landslides phenomenon

    A) Terrain/Morphologic Features Indicating Risk of a


    Landslide-

    • Steep slopes: slope with angles over 30 degrees


    should be avoided if possible.

    • Old landslides sites: the old landslide can be


    reactivated, for example, by heavy rainfall or an
    earthquake.

    • New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground or street


    pavements.
    7
    B) Landslide Risk Indicators:

    • Tilting or cracking of concrete floors and foundations.


    • Soil moving away from foundations.
    • Broken water lines and other underground utilities.
    • Leaning telephone poles, trees, retaining walls, or
    fences.
    • Rapid increase in ground water levels, possibly
    accompanied by increased turbidity (soil content).
    • Sticking doors and windows, and visible open spaces
    indicating jambs.
    • Sudden decrease in ground water levels though rain
    is still falling or just recently stopped.
    8
    • In most cases in the field
    there will be a combination of
    morphological and landslide
    risk indicators to be
    considered.

    9
    How to Minimize Landslide Hazards

    A) Passive Intervention
    • Choose a safe location to build your home, away
    from steep slopes and places where landslides
    have occurred in the past.
    • Prevent deforestation and vegetation removal.
    • Avoid weakening the slope.

    10
    B) Active Preventive Intervention

    •Reforestation: Root systems bind materials


    together and plants do both prevent water
    percolation and take water up out of the slope.

    • Proper water runoff must be ensured by providing


    a proper canalization network.

    • Drainage: good ground drainage is essential to


    prevent saturation and consequent weakening.
    Drainage is also needed in civil work, like retaining
    walls. 11
    • Proper land use measures: Adopt effective land-use
    regulations and building codes based on scientific
    research.
    • Structural measures: Nets, Retaining walls and major
    civil works to mitigate landslides. (Bioengineering).

    12
    C) Non- Structural measures:
    • Awareness generation: Educate the public about
    signs that a landslide is imminent so that personal
    safety measures may be taken.
    • Financial Mechanisms: Support the establishment of
    landslide insurance.
    • Legal and Policy: legislation to direct a governmental
    or private program to reduce landslide losses should
    be strengthened.
    D) Landslide Hazard Mapping and Use of GIS:
    • Landslide Hazard Zonation of the Vulnerable Areas.
    • Use of remote sensing and ground truth data for
    making landslide hazard zone map.
    • Here, such maps are used to develop mitigation
    plans in consultation with experts.
    13
    LANDSLIDE PREPAREDNESS AND SAFETY
    MEASURES
    A) Before a landslide:
    • Find out if landslides have happened in your area in the past.
    • Look out for landslide warning signs like doors or windows jammed for the
    first time, new cracks appear in walls, bricks, foundations, retaining walls, tilt
    of utility poles or trees.
    • Consider relocation in case your house is located in an area particularly
    vulnerable to landslides. While doing so, remember:
    i) Do not build on or at the base of unstable slopes, on or at the base of minor
    drainage hollows, at the base or on top of an old fill slope, at the base or top
    of a steep cut slope.

    14
    ii) Do not cut down trees or remove vegetation or avoid slope
    weakening.
    iii) If the house cannot be relocated, then ensure proper
    drainage and proper retaining walls.
    • Always stay alert and awake!!! Listen to radio/television for
    warnings of intense rainfall, storm and damp weather. These
    usually trigger landslides/debris or mudflow.
    • Make an evacuation plan in case of a landslide with all the
    emergency items.

    15
    B) During a landslide:
    • Listen to any unusual sounds that
    might indicate moving debris, such
    as trees cracking or boulders knocking
    together. A trickle of flowing or falling
    mud or debris may precede larger flows.
    ❖While you are outdoors during a landslide
    • Try to get out of the path of the
    landslide or mudflow by running
    to the nearest high ground or away
    from the path.
    • If you are near a river, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in
    water flow or for a change from clear to muddy water. Such changes
    may indicate landslide upstream. So move quickly to safer areas.
    16
    • If the rocks and other debris are approaching, run to the nearest
    shelter such as group of trees or a building.
    ❖While you are indoors during a landslide
    • Stay inside and remain alert. Listen to radio/ television for any
    update. i.e. if landslide occurs outside.
    • If your house falls apart due to landslide and if there is no escape,
    hold on to something strong and protect your head.
    C) After a landslide:
    • Stay away from the landslide area as there may be danger of
    additional slides. Do not drive through.
    • Watch for flooding which may occur after a landslide.
    • Check for injured or trapped persons near the slide, without
    entering the slide area. Direct rescuers to their locations.
    17
    • Help neighbours who may require
    special assistance– infants,
    elderly people and disabled people.

    • Listen to local radio/television


    stations for the latest emergency
    information.
    • Look for and report broken utility
    lines to appropriate authorities.
    • Check the building foundation, walls and
    surrounding land for damage. The safety of
    the areas needs to be assured before
    reoccupation.
    18

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