b51gk 2015 Questions Edi - Dub

HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY
MSc in Energy
MSc in Renewable Energy Engineering
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
B51GK: Demand Management and Energy Storage

Edinburgh Campus
Dubai Campus
Exam Date
Exam time
Instructions to Candidates:
 Please complete all four questions.

 You have two (2) hours to complete this exam.
 No extra materials are allowed to be brought into the exam.
1. Demand Management
The graph below shows a typical-day pattern of an electrical load demand and
the respective wholesale market electricity price.
Figure 1: Typical daily profile of an electrical load demand and the respective wholesale market electricity
price.
Table 1: Numerical values from Figure 1 and required Energy Storage Technology (EST) capacity for off-grid
system
Hour of Day Electricity Demand (kWh) Capacity EST

(kWh)
1.2 0.85 1.7
3.4 0.55 1.1
5,6 0.55 1.1
7,8 0.95 1.9
9,10 2.4 2
11,12 3 0
13,14 3.1 0
15,16 2.3 0
17,18 1.8 0
19,20 3 3.4
21,22 3.1 6.2
23,24 2.2 4.4
a) Looking at the load in Figure 1, identify the type of consumer

(commercial, domestic, industrial). Explain the shape of the curve using
typical consumer behaviour. [3]
2
b) The system is on-grid and a flexible pricing strategy is offered by the
electricity provider instead of a flat rate. The price for electricity goes up
by 3p/kWh between 11 am and 2 pm and between 7 pm and 10 pm every
day. What change in consumption pattern do you expect? Which DM side
measure (after Gellert) would you associate with this change of the
consumption pattern? Note: there is no energy storage considered at this
stage.
[6]
c) Subsequently, the consumer wants to cover an amount 100 % equivalent

to the load depicted in Figure 1 using PV and take the system off-grid.
The rated power (kWp) of your PV array will be 13 kWp. To enable off-
grid operation, you would need to add some form of Energy Storage (ES)
as well. Draw a schematic diagram to show the inter-connections of PV,
load, energy storage and any other necessary components.
[3]
d) Use the values in Table 1 to determine the size of the ES technology

necessary to run the system off-grid. Identify a suitable ES technology for
the determined size and load demand in Figure 1.
[6]
e) Discuss the key operational parameters of your chosen ES technology

from c) with regard to optimum energy performance and maximum
economic gains.
[7]
[Total marks for this question: 25]
3
2. Energy Efficiency and Demand Management:
a) One argument used against renewable energy generation (REG) is that any
REG plant requires a back-up of equal power output from a non-REG plant
because of the intermittent nature of REG. Discuss the validity of this
argument with respect to demand side management and the current structure
of the UK electricity grid.
[7]
b) Give and describe an example for regulatory anomalies, i.e. where

legislation to decrease energy consumption had either no or even an
opposite effect.
[4]
c) Briefly discuss the validity of the following statement:

“A building with solar panels installed on the roof is always energy efficient
and low carbon.”
[8]
d) List and briefly describe three possible motivations for implementing energy
efficiency measures.
[6]
4
3. Energy storage technologies differ greatly in the amount of output power
they can provide over different periods of time
a) Plot a graph that gives the rated power output of a technology over the
time it can provide this power output for the following five energy
storage technologies:
 Liquid air energy storage (LAES),
 Pumped hydro storage (PHS),
 Zinc-Bromide flow batteries
 Supercapacitors
 Advanced flywheels
[10]
b) Identify an appropriate technology for the following DM applications
Load levelling
UPS
Generator stabilisation
[3]
c) The capital cost of a storage device per unit of power (MW) and per
energy capacity (MWh) varies significantly between technologies.
Plot a grave the shows the capitol costs per unit of power versus the
capitol cost per energy capacity (MWh) for the following 5 storage
technologies:
 Liquid air energy storage (LAES),
 Pumped hydro storage (PHS),
 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
 Sodium Sulphur batteries (NaS)
 Flow batteries
[10]
d) From the energy storage technologies listed above, select one and
identify an application for it that fulfils the following criteria: high mass
power density but low mass energy density.
[2]

5
4. Question 4:
a) Assume you are designing a pumped hydro storage (PHS) plant with the
following specifications:
Pumping efficiency: 85 %
Generating efficiency: 88 %
Maximum flow rate: 100,000 litres per second
Available head of 150 m
A reservoir capacity of 900000 m³
Minimum fill level of 90000 m³.
Note: Please use 10 m/s² as value for the gravitational constant g in your
calculations.
i. What is the turnaround efficiency of your PHS plant?

[2]
ii. What is the maximum output power of your system?

[2]
iii. Assuming no change in the efficiency for reduced low and output
power, how long can you operate the PHS plant at 60 MW output
power? (assuming no re-fill during that period)
[3]
b) Describe the energy storage (in Joule) available from the following
energy storage technologies:
i. A super-conduction magnetic energy storage (SMES) devise with an

inductance of 0.5 H and an operating current of 150 A
[2]
ii. A super-capacitor with a capacitance of 1000 F and a voltage of 2.75

V between plates?
[2]
iii. A flywheel in the form of a disk with radius r , its mass

concentrated in the rim (= loop) with a rotating mass of 500 g, a
radius of 0.5 m and a rotational velocity of 15 rad/s?
[2]
6
c) Briefly describe, for each example from b, how the technologies store
energy
[6]
d) Give a brief description of a thermal energy storage technology.

[6]

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HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Physical Sciences

B51GK: Demand Management and Energy Storage

 Please complete all four questions.

Hour of Day Electricity Demand (kWh) Capacity EST

a) Looking at the load in Figure 1, identify the type of consumer

c) Subsequently, the consumer wants to cover an amount 100 % equivalent

d) Use the values in Table 1 to determine the size of the ES technology

e) Discuss the key operational parameters of your chosen ES technology

[Total marks for this question: 25]

b) Give and describe an example for regulatory anomalies, i.e. where

c) Briefly discuss the validity of the following statement:

[Total marks for this question: 25]

[Total marks for this question: 25]

i. What is the turnaround efficiency of your PHS plant?

ii. What is the maximum output power of your system?

i. A super-conduction magnetic energy storage (SMES) devise with an

ii. A super-capacitor with a capacitance of 1000 F and a voltage of 2.75

iii. A flywheel in the form of a disk with radius r , its mass

d) Give a brief description of a thermal energy storage technology.

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