Television Format & Style Standards
Television Format & Style Standards
Television Format & Style Standards
TELEVISION FORMAT
& STYLE STANDARDS
While the nuts and bolts of formatting a pilot script for television are essentially the
same as that of a feature film, there are some key differences between the two
mediums. Feature film writing is all about telling a story that can be contained within
the confines of a three-act, two-hour film, but television is about finding ways to
expand the story and characters to grow and change over multiple hours and (if
you’re lucky) seasons. Many TV writers get their start working on established
shows, and understanding the professional format of a television series is essential:
adaptability is perhaps the most important skill for a television writer to have, as a
TV series is an ever-evolving narrative medium (especially in the streaming age) that
requires a writer to change along with the narrative goals within the series.
This guide will be divided into the following sections:
1. Formatting
2. Page Count
3. Audience
4. Type of Series
5. Present Tense and Scene Direction
6. Proofreading
7. Show Bible
8. Final Note
1. FORMATTING
All scripts should be written in Courier 12 pt font. This standardized font
size allows executives to estimate the length of the pilot based on the length of the
script. It is no exaggeration to say that 99% of studio executives will NOT read a
spec script that is written in a different font.
Screenplay formatting is actually very complex, but there are many guides online
that have all the information needed, including margin sizes, how to use slug lines,
and all the other minutiae that goes into a properly-formatted pilot script. Serious
writers would do well to invest in Final Draft, a screenwriting software that
automatically formats your story correctly. A free alternative with almost all of the
same features, Celtx, can be downloaded online. We also recommend Highland,
which is an open-platform screenwriting software created by John August.
Labeling the acts is the one fundamental difference between formatting a TV pilot
versus a feature script. Just as reading a feature script should be as close as
possible to the experience of watching the finished film, a TV pilot should give the
reader the same dynamic experience of watching the show.
For this reason, every act of the show, including the teaser/cold open and button (if
applicable), should be centered, underlined and capitalized. At the end of an act,
the same rule is applied - the beginning of Act One should start with ACT ONE and
end with END OF ACT ONE. This creates a series of small cliffhangers within your
script, timed just as the commercial or act breaks in a broadcast would be, so the
reader knows how exciting every beat of the script is. As a general rule, 4-5 acts
plus a teaser is standard for an hour-long series, while 3 acts suffices in a half-hour.
Most comedies also include a tag at the end of each episode. Tags can take
several forms, but most often, play off of a continuing story line from the series, call
back to a joke from within the episode, or complete a joke that was established in
the cold open. Tags are no more than three pages long, and play after the
episode's formal act structure ends.
With the advent of streaming (and therefore, no or limited commercial breaks)
formalized act breaks may be less prominent in pilot scripts, but we still
recommend including them in your pilot.
2. PAGE COUNT
This is not a hard and fast rule, but rather a helpful guideline to keep in mind.
Industry executives and producers use a simple rule of thumb when reading a pilot
script: 1 page equals 1 minute of screen time (this is where the standardized font
size and margins come in). Unlike feature films, which can have varying page
counts, the page count for television scripts is strict, and must be adhered to. Even
if writing for a miniseries or limited series, all television pilot episodes must fall into
one of two categories: the one-hour drama, or the half-hour comedy.
Page counts are essential to networks and executives because of that all-important
advertising space, something that must be accounted for when writing for
television, even for streaming. The industry standard for the page count of a one
hour-drama is between 45 and 75 pages. For half-hour comedies, this count needs
to be between 22 and 45 pages. Webseries can vary widely in length, though
usually shorter than a typical half hour. If your webseries pilot is longer than a typical
half-hour show, you should upload it as an hour-long pilot.
There is one formatting note that differs in multi-camera comedies from
single-camera comedies: the dialogue is double-spaced throughout the script.
Because of this, multi-camera comedies are between 52 and 58 pages in
length. The basic rule of a minute of screen time per page is still very much in play,
the high and low ends of each page count are reflective of the aims of the series: a
half-hour comedy on a major network needs to allow more time for commercials
than one on a premium cable station, and the same rule applies to one-hour
shows. This still applies to multi-camera comedies intended for streaming services:
while there may not be proper commercial breaks, the formatting of double-spaced
dialogue remains the same.
3. AUDIENCE
The spectrum of distribution possibilities for a TV series presents a unique challenge
to the writer in considering their audience. Understanding what type of channel a
series is best suited for is imperative in fine-tuning its content and structure.
Premium Cable and Streaming (HBO, Showtime, Neflix, Hulu): These
networks offer the most freedom in terms of format and content, but also attract
the biggest talent and prestige projects. Premium cable networks and streaming
platforms allow graphic content, so if a series is skewing towards more adult
themes and content, it will probably be best suited for the premium cable arena -
shows like Game of Thrones, Billions, and Narcos a re a great example of this. Many
premium cable networks do not include commercials nor do most streaming
platforms; so pilot scripts for a network like HBO or Netflix can have a higher page
count than those on basic cable or broadcast. However, these pilot scripts still
need to adhere to the standard act structure.
Basic Cable (AMC, FX, The History Channel): Basic cable networks have come
to prominence in the last decade by developing original content like Mad Men,
American Horror Story, a nd Breaking Bad t hat includes adult themes but doesn't
go quite as far as that of premium cable content. With most television viewers
subscribing to basic cable, the viewer base for these series is nearly as prominent
as that of basic cable, but still has more freedom because of the pay restriction
placed on these networks.
Broadcast: (NBC, FOX, ABC, CBS, CW): Traditional broadcast series still reach
the largest base of television viewers, and therefore, garner the most prominent
advertisers. As a whole, graphic sexual and violent content aren't present in
broadcast series, though there's no hard line between broadcast and basic cable -
TV is an ever-evolving medium.
4. TYPE OF SERIES
Understanding which type of network and audience a TV series is best-suited for
goes hand in hand with deciding its format, and choosing the category a given
series falls into is just as important as choosing the appropriate audience. There are
four basic types of series:
One-Hour Drama, Serialized (This Is Us, The Americans) o r Procedural (NCIS,
The Blacklist): T here are two distinct types within the one-hour format - the
procedural, and the serialized drama. Procedurals follow a blueprint each week,
and often deal in a "case of the week" format that allows viewers to drop in even if
an episode or episodes are missed. Archetypal characters are often used within the
one-hour format, so that any viewer can watch any episode of the show and have a
general idea of what the series is about. Serialized dramas don't follow a blueprint
each week, and rely on viewers watching every episode, as their plot lines and
character arcs progress each week.
Both procedurals and serialized dramas can use elements from each other, but the
former is mostly reserved for broadcast or basic cable, and the latter often finds a
home on basic or premium cable. Procedurals are better suited for syndication as
well, and if successful, provide networks with a strong potential for continued
viewership.
Half-Hour Comedy or Sitcom: The half-hour format is usually reserved for more
comedic series, including the sitcom. These series follow a three act structure,
often including a teaser (also called a "cold open") and a tag at the end.
Single Camera Format (Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Atlanta): Single camera
shows are shot more like feature films, giving them a more cinematic look.
Each shot is set up and filmed, as opposed to multiple cameras capturing a
scene from many angles. Single camera shows don't require as many fixed
sets as multi-camera sets, and offer more versatility within shot selection and
the overall look of the show. However, the single camera format is also
much more time-consuming to shoot, and therefore more costly, which can
mean more pressure from a network to excel.
Multi-Camera Format (Mom, Will & Grace): Shows that use multiple
cameras often shoot in front of a studio audience, and are dependent on a
few key sets in which most of the action takes place. Actors perform a
scene, and it is captured from multiple angles, which provides more of a
traditional sitcom look. Multi-camera shows often include a laugh track, and
can be shot for a lower budget because of the economy found in shooting a
scene from multiple angles, and the coverage it provides for actors. These
shows can be made quickly as well, and follow a formula within their joke
set-ups. Some feel that the multi-camera format limits actors because of its
rigid set-up for actors and directors, but many series still perform well within
this format.
Limited Series/Miniseries: (Twin Peaks: The Return, The Night Manager) – The
terms “limited series” and “miniseries” are sometimes used interchangeably, but
there are small differences between them. Both are reserved almost exclusively for
dramas, but include a clear timeline of when the series will end. Limited series last
longer, usually between 6 and 12 episodes, while a miniseries is typically 4-6
episodes, sometimes broadcast in blocks of two to create more of an event for the
viewer. Either choice is a great option for writers who want to write an idea that
needs more time to develop than a feature film, but couldn't see the idea as
something to motivate multiple seasons of television. In rare cases, a limited series
will get picked up for a second season, but typically the series reboots in a way that
is atypical for TV – take the second or third seasons of American Horror Story o r
Big Little Lies, for instance.
However, as streaming platforms continue evolving, the definitions of a “dramatic
one-hour comedy” and a “funny half-hour drama”continue changing as well. Some
examples of this would be BARRY, TRANSPARENT, and ORANGE IS THE NEW
BLACK. While traditional rules for episode content should be kept in mind, as the
way we watch television evolves, so too do the kinds of shows that can be
presented within a given format.
5. PRESENT TENSE & SCENE DIRECTION
Pilot scripts should always be written in present tense. “He leans through the
doorway and nods to her” rather than “He leaned through the doorway and nodded
to her”. The scene direction should always keep the reader in the moment.
Speaking of scene direction: a savvy writer will always find a way to make the scene
direction dynamic. An unbroken 8-line block of prose to start each scene is boring
to look at and can be a slog to get through. Pilot scripts are not books; they are
meant to mimic the feeling of watching an episode. If something exciting is
happening, it should be written in an exciting way to try to suggest how intense the
scene will be once filmed. There is no hard and fast rule here, but large chunks of
no-frills scene direction are extremely scarce in professional pilot scripts.
Characters and locations requiring extensive description should be fleshed out in
the Show Bible (see below) to make best use of the pilot script’s pages.
6. PROOFREADING
A simple spell check is not sufficient for proofreading a pilot script, although it is a
good place to start. The issue is that many writers will simply use the wrong words
while spelling them correctly, such as “collage” vs. “college” and the old standbys
“your/you’re” and “their/there/they’re”. Spelling errors, missing or incorrect words
and poor punctuation can devalue a writer’s script before it even has a chance to
grab a reader’s attention. A harrowing death scene loses its intensity in a heartbeat
with poor spelling or a misplaced exclamation point. More generally, it’s hard for an
executive to bet big on a spec script that would get a C+ from a high school
English teacher.
In addition to a spell check, submitting writers should have a friend, family member
or colleague with some experience in editing look over their work and ensure that
everything is perfect. The writer themselves knows what the script is trying to say
and has the potential to gloss over mistakes in a proofread because they are
already familiar with the flow of the words. Getting an outsider to take a critical eye
to the writer’s work before the cash investment for a read is made is strongly
recommended.
7. SHOW BIBLE
In addition to a pilot episode, many TV writers also choose to write a "bible" or
guide for their overall series when first presenting the show. The show bible is an
invaluable asset that allows writers to explore larger themes, character arcs, and
season-long dramatic events that may not be initially apparent in the pilot. An
outstanding show bible includes sections that explain the logline for the series as a
whole, the aims of the series as a whole over its first season and entire run, an idea
of budget and central locations for the show, a detailed exploration of the themes,
larger character directions (these are brief character biographies), and short
summaries for later episodes/plot developments. For higher-concept series like The
Strain, a
show bible can include concept art, or a lookbook.
Most show bibles don't exceed 5 pages, as the writer should still be able to convey
the more complicated concepts within the show in a concise, informative way.
Many writers find that including a show bible in their submission allows them more
freedom to create an engrossing pilot script, especially when writing a serialized
show in which each episode will be equally important. Screenwriter John August
has some excellent examples of the various formats a show bible can take on his
website: http://johnaugust.com/library
8. FINAL NOTES
Remember that TV pilot scripts serve two functions: they introduce the reader to
the world of the show, but they also must work as a stand-alone piece of
entertainment. Make sure that your submitted pilot is fun to read and watch even if
the pilot doesn’t get picked up to series. It is very possible to create a bad pilot
from a great series concept, and it’s a trap many writers fall into because their
focus is entirely on the goals of the entire series, rather than the impact of the pilot
episode.