DESIGNING WITH PRECAST CONCRETE

Curing of High Performance

Precast Concrete

TECHNICAL GUIDE

Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute

 Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
PO Box 24058 Hazeldean
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
K2M 2C3
Telephone (613) 232-2619 Fax: (613) 232-5139
Toll Free: 1-877-YES-CPCI (1-877-937-2724)
E-mail: [email protected]
www.cpci.ca

Acknowledgements: CPCI wishes to thank the contributions to this paper by Mel Marshall,
Mel C Marshall Industrial Consultants Inc.

DISCLAIMER: Substantial effort has been made to ensure that all data and information in this
publication is accurate. CPCI cannot accept responsibility of any errors or oversights in the use of
material or in the preparation of engineering plans. The designer must recognize that no design
guide can substitute for experienced engineering judgment. This publication is intended for use by
professional personnel competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and
able to accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Users are encouraged to
offer comments to CPCI on the content and suggestions for improvement. Questions concerning
the source and derivation of any material in the design guide should be directed to CPCI.

2 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Table of Contents

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Curing Temperatures and Delayed Ettringite Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Effect of Curing Conditions on the Performance of Precast Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Typical Plant Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Compressive Strength Test Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Durability of Accelerated Cured Precast Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Conclusions from University of Toronto Durability Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Other Significant Durability Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 3

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Proper curing of concrete is critical to ensuring a product that is strong, watertight, and durable.
Curing is the chemical reaction (referred to as hydration) that occurs between the cementitious
materials and water, to form a Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) gel, or the “glue” that binds all of
the ingredients together. In order to achieve complete hydration, it is imperative that moisture
not evaporate from the product, and that the product be in a heated environment. This paper
discusses the curing cycle for precast concrete cured in controlled environments, with
special emphasis on: (1) the allowable maximum curing temperature to avoid delayed
ettringite formation (DEF) and (2) the duration of curing required for high performance
concrete.

Background
There are essentially three basic curing methods, all of which are designed to keep the concrete
product moist:

1. One method is to maintain the presence of mixing water in the product while it hardens.
This can be achieved by ponding, fogging or spraying, and wet coverings such as wet
burlap.

2. Another method is to minimize moisture loss by utilizing membranes such as forms,

canvas or polyweave tarps, or by using curing compounds.

3. One of the most common methods, used at precast plants, is accelerated curing where
strength gain is accelerated by the use of live steam, radiant heat or heated beds. The
use of commercial accelerating admixtures is also commonly used by some precast
manufacturers.

Live low-pressure steam curing, in tandem with tarping or covering (See Figure 1) is a common
method because it has the advantage of providing the heat necessary to accelerate the hydration
process, while also ensuring the retention of moisture in the product. In order to be effective, it is
necessary to follow a proper curing cycle.

Figure 1. Precast concrete cured in controlled environments

4 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

A typical accelerated curing cycle consists of four parts:

1. Preset (or Pre-heating) – this is the initial set of the concrete. Preset allows the product a period of time to
commence hydration, and is an important part of the cycle. Subjecting the product to higher temperatures
before the product has begun hydration can result in thermal shock, and cracking.

2. Ramping – this is the period during which the product is raised from the preset temperature to the
curing target temperature, and must be done at a controlled rate of between 10°C to 20°C per hour.
The minimum temperature of 10°C/hour is required to rapidly activate the hydration process, while the
maximum temperature of 20°C/hour is necessary to prevent thermally shocking the product.

3. Holding Period – the product is held at the target curing temperature (60°C to 70°C) until the desired
concrete strength is developed.

4. Cooling Period – the product temperature is cooled at a maximum rate of 15°C/hr and the internal
temperature is monitored until the concrete temperature is not more than 20°C above the ambient
temperature. The product may be stripped, handled and placed outdoors during this period.
Idealized Accelerated Curing Cycle

• 1) Pre-steaming
• 2) Ramping
• 3) Holding
• 4) Cooling

Figure 2. Idealized Accelerated Curing Cycle.

In general, the higher the curing temperature, the faster the desired concrete strength is achieved. Precasters
typically achieve 28 day strengths at stripping times of 16 hours or less, depending on the concrete mix design.
This curing cycle enables them to reuse their forms on a 24 hour cycle.

There is a limit, however, on what the maximum temperature can be, to prevent Delayed Ettringite Formation
(DEF), and damage to the product. The maximum curing temperature that is generally acknowledged by most
authorities is 70°C, for products that are exposed to damp or continuously wet conditions in their service life.

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 5

Curing Temperatures and Delayed Ettringite Formation

During the late 1990s, DEF (a form of internal sulfate attack) was a major concern throughout Europe,
especially in relation to the production of structural elements such as girders. Many manufacturers were
curing their products at very high temperatures in excess of 70°C, and as high as 90°C, in order to “double
pour” their sections within a 24 hour period. At the same time, however, the cements contained a relatively
high percentage of sulfates. As a result, products that were exposed to a moist environment experienced
deleterious cracking, after only a few years. Upon investigation, this was determined to be a result of DEF.

Although ettringite is a normal product of early hydration of Portland cement, curing at too high a
temperature stops the formation of ettringite during the early hydration process. If the concrete product is
later exposed to water, or wet conditions at ambient temperature, ettringite slowly forms and grows in the
matrix, leading to a deleterious expansion of the concrete and destructive cracking, known as DEF.

In 1996, RILEM (Reunion Internationale des Laboratoires d’Essais et de Recherches sur les Materiaux et les
Constructions) established TC-­ISA, a technical committee to study field problems, with regards to DEF and
cracked concrete1. Frequently, RILEM establishes technical committees (TCs) to investigate specific problems
with construction materials. Typically, the TCs have a maximum life span of four years, however, this committee
continued its work until they were disbanded in 2002.

Consensus was reached that internal sulfate attack had not been an issue until the early 1990s. It was in the
1990s that cement manufacturers increased the sulfate content of clinkers or cements, and increased the
fineness of their cements (Blaine surface area) in response to the increased demand for accelerated early
strength development. Committee members believed that this, combined with excessively high curing
temperatures, was the principal cause of DEF. While some of the researchers believed a maximum curing
temperature of 65°C should be recommended, others acknowledged a maximum of 70°C2.

Today, a maximum curing temperature of 70°C is commonly accepted around the world3,4,5,6,7,8 while some
authorities permit up to 77°C if Supplemental Cementitious Materials, such as Fly Ash, Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag, or Silica Fume are added to the concrete or blended into the cement.

The American Concrete Institute (ACI)9 defines DEF as a form of sulfate attack by which mature hardened
concrete is damaged by internal expansion during exposure to cyclic wetting and drying in service and caused
by the late formation of ettringite, not because of excessive sulfate; not likely to occur unless the concrete has
been exposed to temperatures during curing of 158°F (70°C) or greater and less likely to occur in concrete
made with pozzolan or slag cement.

For concrete products exposed to infrequent wetting, and those that are continually dry for their service lives,
a maximum curing temperature of 82°C has been shown to be effective in ensuring long-­term durability.

6 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Effect of Curing Conditions on the
Performance of Precast Concrete
Although low-­pressure live steam curing has been accepted as a standard method of accelerated curing,
throughout the world, some specifying agencies require girder manufacturers to “secondary cure” (“wet cure”)
for a period of three, five or seven days after having completed steam curing. Recent research conducted by
the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) on behalf of CPCI (2014)10 describes the results and analysis
of a CPCI/ NRCC project to determine the appropriate length of accelerated curing for precast concrete. The
results of a round-­robin test at nine different permanent precast concrete plants on the effects of curing time
on standard concrete performance tests are presented in this state of the art report.

The round-robin testing compared the effects of three different curing regimes (air curing after 16 hour
accelerated curing, air curing after 72 hours moist curing, and air curing after 168 hours moist curing) on the
compressive strength and rapid chloride penetration properties of precast concrete of samples produced by
nine permanent precast concrete plants. The project’s goal was to investigate the effects of the accelerated
curing regimes on a variety of different concrete mixes particular to the plants, rather than using one standard
mix for all of the plants. Each of the nine permanent precast concrete plants participating in the round-robin
therefore used a mix design that was commonly used in their daily production for its clients. NRCC reviewed
the historical performance data for each plant and verified that the compressive strength values measured in
the test program were consistent with those typically measured at each plant, indicating that the mixes used in
the research project were typical of those produced by the companies.

Compressive strength and rapid Table 1. Performance Requirements for High Performance C-­1 and C-­XL
chloride penetration (RCP) tests Concrete According to CSA A23.1-09
were carried out on specific CSA
A23.1 C-­1 and C-­XL samples *
produced in the controlled
environments of the plants. Two
plants produced C-­1 samples
while 7 produced C-­XL samples,
all based on their own standard
mixes. Samples were tested at 28
and/or 56 days of age according
to the requirements of CSA
A23.1-09 (See Table 1). *At the time of this study the age of testing for RCP was 56 days.
CSA A23.1-14 now permits RCP to be achieved within 91days.
All of the plants produced
samples that met the criteria of CSA A23.1 in terms of compressive strength and RCP for all curing
regimes. More importantly, the samples that were air cured after 16 hour accelerated curing were
statistically the same as the 168 hour moist cured samples at a 0.957 statistical significance for
compressive strength and 0.95 for RCP.

Typical Plant Testing

All samples were produced during the spring and summer of 2013 using standard, proprietary company mix
designs according to standard company practices. C-­XL mixes had either silica fume content of between 5-8%,
25% blast furnace slag content and/or fly ash contents of 8-­19%. All plants followed CPCI’s comprehensive
quality control procedures and used PCI Level I/II Quality Personnel.

A minimum of twenty-two compression testing and two air void samples were cast in standard 100 mm x 200
mm cylindrical moulds at most plants. Three 650 mm x 500 mm x 150 mm slabs were cast at each plant for use
in coring samples for rapid chloride tests. The samples reached maximum internal temperatures between 46
and 56oC during the casting process, meeting the CSA A23.4-09 maximum temperature requirement of 60oC
for damp conditions. A maximum temperature of 70oC is proposed for CSA A23.4-15.

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 7

 Compressive Strength Test Results
Figure 4 shows the 28 day and 56 day strength results
for Plants A and B for the various curing regimes. The
requirements of CSA A23.1-09 for C-1 concrete is 35
MPa at 28 days of aging (See Table 1). Since the age
of testing for C-1 samples has changed to to 35 MPa
at 56 days for the 2014 edition of CSA, this is also
shown. The air cured after heating results for plant B
at 56 days of age are within one standard deviation of
the average value for the samples moist cured for 168
days, while for Plant A the air cured heating results
are within two standard deviations of the average
value for the samples moist cured for 168 hours (See
Table 2). Since typical concrete quality programs
target control within two standard deviations, the
results confirm that reducing the required curing
for C-1 accelerated cured concrete to 16 hours
will achieve the required compressive strength
performance requirements.

Figure 5 shows the compressive strength results for

the C-XL concretes produced at plants C through
I for the various curing regimes. The requirement
for C-XL concretes according to CSA A23.1-09 is
50 MPa at 56 days of aging (Table 1). Due to the
greater number of plants producing the C-XL mixes
it was possible to perform a statistical analysis by
using small sample matched pair analysis based on
Student’s t test11. This statistical approach analyzes
the differences between the matched pairs under
the hypothesis that the average of the test data (i.e.
the air cured after heating, or the 72 hour moist cure
results) is the same as the average of the control
data (i.e. the 168 hour moist cure results). Using this
statistical analysis tool, a value T is calculated for
each comparison and compared to a standard t-­test
distribution table. Using a typical 0.95 acceptance
value, the corresponding acceptance test value is
1.943. If the calculated T value is less than that value,
then the data set being tested is considered to have
no differences from the control data set.

The results of the T-test on the C-XL populations

(See Table 10) demonstrated that the 56 day
compressive strengths for the air cured after
heating were statistically the same as those from
the 168 hour moist cured samples at a 0.957
acceptance value. A 0.957 acceptance value
Figure 3. Typical curing chamber used at each plant for the corresponds to results within 2.02 standard
NRCC test program deviations from the 168 hour moist cured control
samples. These results confirm that reducing
the required curing for C-XL accelerated cured
concrete to 16 hour will achieve the required
compressive strength performance requirements.

8 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Figure 4. Effects of curing regime on compressive strength for C-1 mixes. (Moving the strength requirement to
the same value at 56 days of age was approved for CSA A23.1-14)

Table 2. Average Compressive Strengths for C-1 mixes

*COV = coefficient of variation

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 9

 Figure 5. Effects of curing regime on compressive strength at 56 days for C-XL mixes

Table 3. Average compressive strengths for C-XL mixes 56 days of curing

*COV = coefficient of variation

Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Results

Chloride ion penetrability was conducted according to ASTM C1202 and CSA S413. In the case of the RCP
tests, CSA A23.1-09 required a result of less than 1500 coulombs at or before 56 days of aging for C-1 mixes
and of 1000 coulombs at or before 56 days of aging for C-XL mixes. CSA A23.1-14 now permits RCP to be
achieved within 91 days for both of these classes of concrete.

The test cores were obtained from the slab samples cast at the plants from at least 50 mm from an edge of the
slab using a water cooled diamond core bit and were taken through the full depth of the slab. In the case of
the tests according to ASTM C1202, three cores had a 10 mm surface removed from each sample. The next 50
mm of sample was then tested and the results averaged. In the case of the samples for CSA S413, 10 mm was
removed from the top and bottom surfaces of two cores and 30 mm from the middle, resulting in 50 mm thick
top and bottom samples from each core, for a total of 4 tests per curing condition and age.

10 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Figures 6 and 7 and Tables 7 and 8 summarize the RCP results of the C-1 and C-XL concretes according to
ASTM C1202. In all cases, for both types of concrete, the 56 day requirement was met with the samples air
cured after heating. The results of the T-­test on the C-XL populations demonstrated that the 56 day RCP for
the air cured after heating were statistically the same as those from the 168 hour moist cured samples at a 0.95
acceptance value (Table 10). A 0.95 acceptance value corresponds to results within 1.96 standard deviations
from the mean of the 168 hour moist cured samples. These results are positive, given that concrete quality
programs generally target two standard deviations from the control.

Figure 6 . Effects of curing regime on ASTM C1202 rapid chloride penetration results for C-1 mixes

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 11

 Table 4. ASTM C1202 rapid chloride penetration results for C-1 mixes at 56 days age

*COV = coefficient of variation

Figure 7. Effects of curing regime on rapid chloride penetration according to ASTM C1202 at 56 days age for
C-XL mixes

12 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Table 5. ASTM C1202 rapid chloride penetration results for C-XL mixes at 56 days age

*COV = coefficient of variation

RCP testing was also conducted according to CSA S413. CSA S413 requires separate measurements of top
and bottom sections of the slab. The results from these tests are therefore presented in Tables 6 through 9. In
all cases, the RCP results meet the required performance with samples air cured after heating, and in
all cases the top and bottom cores for the air cured after heating were statistically the same as the 168
hour moist cured samples, at a 0.95 probability of acceptance.

Table 6. CSA S413 rapid chloride penetration results for C-1 mixes (top of slab)

*COV = coefficient of variation

Note: The CSA A23.1-09 C-1 RCP limit of 1500 coulombs within 56 days was changed to 91 days in the
latest edition, CSA A23.1-14.

Table 7. CSA S413 rapid chloride penetration results for C-1 mixes (bottom of slab)

*COV = coefficient of variation

Note: The CSA A23.1-09 C-1 RCP limit of 1500 coulombs within 56 days was changed to 91 days in the
latest edition, CSA A23.1-14.

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 13

Table 8. CSA S413 rapid chloride penetration results for C-XL mixes at 56 days of age (top of slab)

*COV = coefficient of variation

Note: The CSA A23.1-09 C-XL RCP limit of 1000 coulombs within 56 days was changed to 91 days in the
latest edition, CSA A23.1-14

Table 9. CSA S413 rapid chloride penetration results for C-XL mixes at 56 days age (bottom of slab)

*COV = coefficient of variation

Note: The CSA A23.1-09 C-XL RCP limit of 1000 coulombs within 56 days was changed to 91 days in the
latest edition, CSA A23.1-14

Table 10. Matched pair T-test results for 56 day old C-XL samples

*Note: All T-test values in the above table compare the air cured after heating and the 72 hour moist cure samples to the
168 hour moist cured samples. If the calculated T value is less than 1.943, then the data set being tested is considered
to have no differences from the control data set at a 0.95 probability of acceptance. The T value of 2.09 corresponds
to a probability of acceptance of 0.957 (ie. +/-2.02 standard deviations from the norm) which is the typical standard of
control for concrete testing.

14 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Durability of Accelerated Cured Precast Concrete

In 2015, CPCI commissioned research by the University of Toronto12 to further investigate the durability of
accelerated cured high performance concretes, specifically the effect on the surface absorption of chlorides.
Of particular interest was the examination of the outer 10 to 20 mm of concrete cover, and its resistance to
chloride penetration by de-icing salts.

Five precast concrete slabs (275mm x 375mm x 100mm in size) were cast at a precast plant and the mix used
was a 60 MPa C-XL concrete mixture, which was then subjected to varying curing regimes. ASTM C1585 rate
of absorption tests were conducted on the formed face, and surfaces 10 and 20mm from the formed face (see
Figure 8). Instead of using water for this test, a 2.8M NaCl solution was used. The purpose was to determine
whether the differences in curing regimes affected the surface absorption relative to absorption of the interior
of each concrete slab, and also to see if the depth of near surface chloride penetration was affected. The test
specimens were exposed to salt water absorption for a total of 8 days and the depth of chloride penetration
was determined on split surfaces using silver nitrate spray.

Figure 8. Schematic showing the location of the tested surface of the rate of absorption tests
on 100 mm diameter cores in the 100 mm thick slabs

The values given in Table 11 show the rate of absorption results and the average depth of chloride penetration
after the 8-day test. The initial rate of absorption is of most interest in terms of relating to chloride ingress from
salt splash, with lower initial rates of absorption being better. In all curing regime scenarios, the rate of the
absorption of the formed surface (0 mm) is higher than further in (10 and 20 mm). This is likely in large part due
to the formed surface having a paste layer, while the 10 and 20 mm depth tests were on saw cut surfaces. The
results in all cases are very similar and, from Table 12, it can be seen that the initial rates of absorption at the
surface relative to 20 mm inside the slab are no worse for the high-temperature cured slab with no additional
moist curing than for the slabs that received additional moist curing. The depth of chloride penetration after
absorption from the formed surfaces was only 0.3 to 1.7 mm deeper than from surfaces at 10 or 20 mm depth.
Six days of additional moist curing after the accelerated curing regime did not reduce the depth of chloride
penetration relative to the accelerated cured slab with no additional moist curing.

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 15

 Table 11. Initial and secondary rates of absorption and resulting depth of chloride ingress on
cores taken from slabs

Table 12. Ratio of Initial Rate of absorption values at the Formed surface to 20 mm below

In addition to the ASTM C1585 tests, the Nordtest NT492 (AASHTO TP64) rapid migration test13 was
conducted on a slice of each concrete slab with the face exposed to sodium chloride in the test being the one
perpendicular to the cured face, as shown in Figure 9. This approach was used by Hooton et al14 and by Ha15 to
demonstrate the impact of curing on the chloride resistance and service life of concrete.

16 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Four 100 x 100 x 50 mm thick slices were cut from the
slabs and the slices were vacuum saturated as per ASTM
C1202. The face perpendicular to the finished and
formed faces was exposed to the Nordtest NT Build 492
test at 56 days of age. After the test, the slices were split
open and the split faces were sprayed with 0.1N silver
nitrate solution to visually show the depth of chloride
penetration (chloride-penetrated portions turn white due
to precipitation of silver chloride). The depth of chloride
penetration was then measured with a ruler every 2 mm
from the top and bottom of each slab for each of the 8
split faces, and then at 10 mm intervals in between.

The average depths of chloride penetration are shown

in Figure 10 for each of the five curing regimes. Values
of chloride diffusion (Dnssm) obtained from the NT492
non-steady state chloride migration test were calculated
at each depth. The diffusion coefficients are shown
in Figure 11. The results show that chloride diffusion
coefficients in the top and bottom outer 10 mm depths
of concretes that were accelerated cured with 0 or 2 days
of additional moist curing were at least as good as that of
the accelerated cured concrete that was then moist cured
to 7 days of age. Figure 9. Schematic of Nordtest NT 492 modified as in
Hooton et al 14

Figure 10. Average

depths of chloride
penetration from the
cast face (left) to the
bottom formed face
(right) for each curing
regime

Figure 11. Average

NT492 chloride
migration coefficients
vs slab depths for
different curing
regimes

Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 17

Conclusions from University of Toronto Durability Research
(1) A
 dditional moist curing was not required for accelerated-cured concrete prior to the changes made in
the 2009 edition of CSA A23.1. The data show that there is no negative impact of omitting additional
moist curing for CSA C-XL concrete that has undergone a 16 hour accelerated curing regime. Neither
the 56-day rates of surface absorption, chloride penetration resulting from absorption, nor depth
dependant chloride diffusion coefficients were adversely affected. Therefore, it appears that similar
precast, accelerated-cured CSA C-XL concretes do not require any additional moist curing to provide
high chloride resistance in order to have the expected long service life.

(2) T
 he impact of placing one concrete slab immediately after accelerated curing at one day of age to
low-temperature (2-4oC) storage (simulating cold outdoor temperatures) had no impact on initial rates
of surface absorption and did not have any bigger impact than the depth-dependent chloride diffusion
tests on the outer few millimetres below the cast and formed surfaces.

(3) Relative to any of the specimens that were accelerated cured, 7 days of ambient temperature moist
curing resulted in a better (lower) average chloride diffusion and better (higher) cylinder strengths.
However, for the same relative comparison, 7 days of ambient temperature most curing had no net
positive effect on either the rapid chloride permeability when measured in accordance to ASTM C1012,
or the initial rate of absorption, when measured in accordance with ASTM C1585, or chloride penetration
after 8 days of absorption. Finally, for the same comparison, the bulk resistivity of the ambient
temperature moist cured specimens showed significantly lower results than the accelerated cured
specimens, but for this test “lower” is a “worse” condition.

Other Significant Durability Research

A 2004 study16 examined the effectiveness of supplementary cementing materials in reducing the
negative effects of accelerated curing on chloride penetration resistance. Testing included rapid chloride
permeability according to ASTM C1012, as well as bulk diffusion, and chloride migration, and the study
reported that the tests for all three chloride penetration resistance tests show a similar trend. The study also
reported that “with the use of the ternary ordinary Portland cement (OPC)–Silica Fume–Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag binders, accelerated curing did not have detrimental effects on chloride penetration
resistance and provided 18-h strengths in excess of 40 MPa.” In this study, the accelerated curing regime
chosen was typical of what is currently used in the precast industry-controlled accelerated curing for 18
hours and no subsequent moist curing thereafter. The study also included controls for non-accelerated
mixes and an accelerated mix that was moist cured for the full 7 days.

The accelerated curing scenarios therefore closely mirror what was done in the NRCC research10 previously
described in this report.

The report went on to say that “Concrete mixtures containing 8% Silica Fume and 25% slag appear to
have good potential for use in precast operations employing accelerated curing. They combine high early
strength with superior chloride penetration resistance and are easier to place and finish than concretes
that contain 8% SF alone.” It should also be noted that the NRCC research10 study in this report utilized
C-XL mixes with either silica fume contents of between 5-­8%, 25% blast furnace slag content and/or fly ash
contents of 8-­9%.

Another final interesting outcome of the study16 was the relation of rapid chloride penetration testing
(ASTM C1202) to bulk diffusion. This report found a high correlation between the two, of r2 equal to 0.973.
Chloride migration testing was also conducted and also related well.

18 Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete

Concluding Remarks
The objective of an effective, efficient curing procedure is to enable concrete product manufacturers to
produce their products quickly, efficiently and economically. Research shows that accelerated curing for 16
hours followed by air drying produces concretes that meet the performance criteria for high performance
concretes according to CSA A23.1. Moreover, it is widely accepted that a maximum curing temperature of 70°C
is safe and conservative. Both strategies offer the precaster the ability to develop mix designs and curing cycles
that result in savings for the producer and more sustainable products that use less cement. CPCI precasters are
committed to manufacturing products that are strong, economical and sustainable.

References
1. International RILEM TC 186-ISA Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation, 4-6 September
2002, Villars, Switzerland INTERNAL SULFATE ATTACK-POINTS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT Jan Skalny
2. International RILEM TC 186-ISA Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation, 4-6 September
2002, Villars, Switzerland Summary of Discussions During Workshop
3. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, HPC Bridge Views – Issue 47, Jan/Feb 2008
Thermal Mass Issues in High Performance Concrete, John Gaida, CTL Group, http://www.hpcbridgeviews.com/
directory3.asp
4. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, HPC Bridge Views – Issue 47, Jan/Feb 2008, Mass
Concrete Provisions in Texas, Kevin R. Pruski and Ralph Browne, Texas Department of Transportation, http://www.
hpcbridgeviews.com/directory3.asp
5. Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin, Preventing Alkali-Silica Reaction and Delayed
Ettringite Formation in New Concrete, Project Summary Report 0-4085-S, March 2006, http://www.utexas.edu/research/
ctr/pdf_reports/0_4085_S.pdf
6. Portland Cement Association, PCA, Ettringite Formation and the Performance of Concrete, IS417, Portland Cement
Association, 2001, http://www.cement.org/tech/faq_DEF.asp
7. Florida Department of Transportation, Determination of the Maximum Placement and Curing Temperatures in Mass
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Curing of High Performance Precast Concrete 19

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