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    Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Causes

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    Dwi Budi Utami
    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disorder that occurs when a gastrointestinal infection by E. coli bacteria or other pathogens produces toxic substances that destroy red blood cells and cause kidney damage. It most commonly affects young children and can cause acute kidney failure. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urination. Treatment focuses on dialysis, medications, and blood transfusions to manage complications which can include anemia, kidney failure, and nervous system issues. With proper care, more than half of patients recover, though it can be life-threatening.

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    Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Causes

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    Dwi Budi Utami
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    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disorder that occurs when a gastrointestinal infection by E. coli bacteria or other pathogens produces toxic substances that destroy red blood cells and cause kidney damage. It most commonly affects young children and can cause acute kidney failure. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urination. Treatment focuses on dialysis, medications, and blood transfusions to manage complications which can include anemia, kidney failure, and nervous system issues. With proper care, more than half of patients recover, though it can be life-threatening.

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    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disorder that occurs when a gastrointestinal infection by E. coli bacteria or other pathogens produces toxic substances that destroy red blood cells and cause kidney damage. It most commonly affects young children and can cause acute kidney failure. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urination. Treatment focuses on dialysis, medications, and blood transfusions to manage complications which can include anemia, kidney failure, and nervous system issues. With proper care, more than half of patients recover, though it can be life-threatening.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views3 pages

    Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Causes

    Uploaded by

    Dwi Budi Utami
    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disorder that occurs when a gastrointestinal infection by E. coli bacteria or other pathogens produces toxic substances that destroy red blood cells and cause kidney damage. It most commonly affects young children and can cause acute kidney failure. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urination. Treatment focuses on dialysis, medications, and blood transfusions to manage complications which can include anemia, kidney failure, and nervous system issues. With proper care, more than half of patients recover, though it can be life-threatening.

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    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000510.

    htm

    Shiga-like toxin producing E coli hemolytic-uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a disorder that most often occurs when an
    infection in the digestive system produces toxic substances. These substances destroy red blood cells and cause
    kidney injury.

    Causes
    Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) often occurs after a gastrointestinal infection with E coli bacteria (Escherichia
    coli O157:H7). However, the condition has also been linked to other gastrointestinal infections,
    including shigella and salmonella. It has also been linked to nongastrointestinal infections.
    HUS is most common in children. It is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children. Several large
    outbreaks have been linked to undercooked hamburger meat contaminated with E coli.
    STEC-HUS is not to be confused with atypical HUS (aHUS) which is not infection-related. It is similar to another disease
    called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).

    Symptoms
    STEC-HUS often begins with vomiting and diarrhea, which may be bloody. Within a week, the person may become
    weak and irritable. People with this condition may urinate less than normal. Urine output may almost stop.

    Red blood cell destruction leads to symptoms of anemia.


    Early symptoms:

     Blood in the stools


     Irritability

     Fever
     Lethargy
     Vomiting and diarrhea
     Weakness
    Later symptoms:

     Bruising
     Decreased consciousness
     Low urine output
     No urine output
     Pallor
     Seizures -- rare
     Skin rash that looks like fine red spots (petechiae)
     Yellow skin (jaundice)

    Exams and Tests


    The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show:

     Liver or spleen swelling

     Nervous system changes


    Laboratory tests will show signs of hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure. Tests may include:
     Blood clotting tests (PT and PTT)
     Comprehensive metabolic panel may show increased levels of BUN and creatinine
     Complete blood count (CBC) may show increased white blood cell count and decreased red blood cell count
     Platelet count is usually reduced
     Urinalysis may reveal blood and protein in the urine
     Urine protein test can show the amount of protein in the urine
    Other tests:

     Kidney biopsy
     Stool culture may be positive for a certain type of E coli bacteria or other bacteria

    Treatment
    Treatment may involve:

     Dialysis

     Medicines such as corticosteroids

     Transfusions of packed red blood cells and platelets

    Outlook (Prognosis)
    This is a serious illness in both children and adults, and it can cause death. With proper treatment, more than half of
    people will recover. The outcome is better in children than adults.

    Possible Complications
    Complications may include:

     Blood clotting problems

     Hemolytic anemia
     Kidney failure

     Nervous system problems

     Too few platelets (thrombocytopenia)


     Uremia

    When to Contact a Medical Professional


    Call your provider if you develop symptoms of HUS. Emergency symptoms include:

     Blood in the stool

     No urination

     Reduced alertness (consciousness)


    Call your provider if you have had an episode of HUS and your urine output decreases, or you develop other new
    symptoms.

    Prevention
    You can prevent the known cause, E coli, by cooking hamburger and other meats well. You should also avoid contact
    with unclean water.

    Alternative Names
    HUS; STEC-HUS

    Images

     Male urinary system

    References
    Abrams CS. Thrombocytopenia. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
    Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 172.
    Ruggenenti R, Cravedi P, Remuzzi G. Microvascular and macrovascular diseases of the kidney. In: Skorecki K,
    Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
    Saunders; 2016:chap 35.
    Van Why SK, Avner ED. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF,
    eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 518.

    Review Date 2/1/2016


    Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL.
    Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the
    A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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