QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING

THE LAWYER AND SOCIETY

LAWYER’S)OATH) renders!an!opinion!as!to!the!proper!interpretation!
) of!a!statute,!and!receives!pay!for!it,!is,!to!that!extent,!
I___________#of#___________#do#solemnly#swear#that#I# practicing!law.#(Ulep#v.#Legal#Clinic,#Inc.)#
will# maintain# allegiance# to# the# Republic# of# the# #
Philippines;# I# will# support# its# Constitution# and# PRACTICE)OF)LAW)
MODERN)DEFINITION)(CAYETANO)V.)MONSOD))
obey# laws# as# well# as# the# legal# orders# of# the# duly#
•! Practice!of!law!means!any!activity,!in!or!out!
constituted# authorities# therein;# I# will# do# no#
of!court,!which!requires!the!application!of!
falsehood,#nor#consent#to#the#doing#of#any#court;#I#
law,! legal! procedure,! knowledge,! training!
will#not#wittingly#nor#willingly#promote#or#sue#any# and!experience!!
groundless,#false#or#unlawful#suit,#or#give#aid#nor# •! To!engage!in!the!practice!of!law!is!to!perform!
consent#to#the#same;#I#will#delay#no#man#for#money# those!acts!which!are!characteristics!of!the!
or# malice,# and# will# conduct# myself# as# a# lawyer# profession.!Generally,!to!practice!law!is!to!
according# to# the# best# of# my# knowledge# and# give! notice! or! render! any! kind! of! service,!
discretion# with# all# good# fidelity# as# well# to# the# which!device!or!service!requires!the!use!in!
courts#as#to#my#clients;#and#I#impose#upon#myself# any!degree!of!legal!knowledge!or!skill.!
this# voluntary# obligations# without# any# mental# •! It! is! not! limited! to! appearing! in! court,! or!
reservation#or#purpose#of#evasion.#So#help#me#God.! advising! and! assisting! in! the! conduct! of!
) litigation,!but!embraces!the!preparation!of!
General)Concepts) pleadings,! and! other! papers! incident! to!
) actions! and! special! proceedings,!
Practice)of)law,)definition.) conveyancing,! the! preparation! of! legal!
Practice! of! law! means! any! activity,! in! or! out! of! instruments!of!all!kinds,!and!the!giving!of!
court,! which! requires! the! application! of! all!legal!advice!to!clients.!
law,!legal!procedures,! knowledge,! training! and! !
experience.! To! engage! in! the! practice! of! law! is! to! OLD)DEFINITION)
perform!those!acts!which!are!characteristic!of!the! •! Habituality!
profession.! Generally,! to! practice! law! is! to! give! •! compensation!
advice! or! render! any! kind! of! service! that! •! application!of!law,!legal!principle,!procedure!
involves!legal!knowledge! or! skill.! The! practice! of! which! calls! for! legal! knowledge,! training!
law!is!not!limited!to!the!conduct!of!cases!in!court.!It! and!experience!
includes!legal!advice! and! counsel,! and! the! •! attorneyEclient!relationship!
preparation! of!legal!instruments! and! contracts! by! Is)teaching)of)law)practice)of)law?)
which!legal!rights! are! secured,! although! such! •! a!law!professor!does!not!actually!deal!with!
matter!may!or!may!not!be!pending!in!a!court.!In!the! clients!whose!rights!are!or!may!be!subject!
practice!of!his!profession,!a!licensed!attorney!at!law! to! legal! controversies;! he! does! not! hold!
generally! engages! in! three! principal! types! of! himself!out!to!the!public!as!a!lawyer,!but!as!
professional! activity:!legal!advice! and! instructions! a! mentor! learned! in! the! law! who! is!
to! clients! to! inform! them! of! their! rights! and! qualified,!by!reason!of!his!legal!training!to!
obligations,! preparation! for! clients! of! documents! instruct! students! on! legal! subjects!
requiring! knowledge! of!legal!principles! not! (minister!of!justice!opinion!no!89,!s!1986)!
possessed!by!ordinary!layman,!and!appearance!for! )
clients! before! public! tribunals! which! possess! THREE) PRINCIPAL) TYPES) OF) PROFESSIONAL)
power! and! authority! to! determine! rights! of! life,! ACTIVITY)
liberty,!and!property!according!to!law,!in!order!to! •! legal! advice! and! instructions! to! clients! to!
assist!in!proper!interpretation!and!enforcement!of! inform!them!of!their!rights!and!obligations!
law.! When! a! person! participates! in! a! trial! and! •! preparation! for! clients! of! document!
advertises!himself!as!a!lawyer,!he!is!in!the!practice! requiring! knowledge! of! legal! principles!
of!law.!One!who!confers!with!clients,!advises!them! not!possessed!by!the!ordinary!layman!
as!to!their!legal!rights!and!then!takes!the!business! •! appearance!for!clients!before!tribunals!!
to!an!attorney!and!asks!the!latter!to!look!after!the! )
case! in! court,! is! also! practicing! law.! Giving! advice! PROFESSION,)NOT)A)BUSINESS)
for! compensation! regarding! the!legal!status! and! •! public!service!
rights! of! another! and! the! conduct! with! respect! •! fiduciary!relations!to!clients!
thereto! constitutes! a! practice! of! law.! One! who!

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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•! lawyer!is!an!officer!of!the!court! !
•! candor,!fairness!and!honesty!are!requisites! BASIC)REQUIREMENTS)FOR)ADMISSION)TO)THE)
) BAR)
PRACTICE)OF)LAW)AS)A)MATTER)OF)PRIVILEGE) Sec.!2,!Rule!138,!Revised!Rules!of!Court!
AND)RIGHT) •! citizen!of!the!Philippines!
•! practice!of!law!is!not!a!property!right!but!a! •! at!least!21!
privilege!which!may!be!taken!away! •! good!moral!character!
•! lawyers! must! bow! to! the! intermittent! •! resident!of!the!Philippines!
regulatory! power! of! the! court! to! exact! •! produce!evidence!of!good!moral!character!
compliance! with! the! lawyer’s! public! •! no!charges!against!him!of!a!crime!involving!
responsibilities! moral!turpitude!
•! but!it!is!also!a!right!in!the!sense!that!lawyers! •! taking!of!lawyer's!oath!
cannot! be! restricted! from! practicing! law! •! signing!roll!of!attorneys!
without!valid!reasons! !
•! only!the!SC!can!declare!when!a!lawyer!may! EDUCATIONAL)REQUIREMENTS)
or!may!not!practice!law! Sec.!5,!Rule!138,!Revised!Rules!of!Court!
) •! PreE!law!
Who)can)practice)law?) •! Law!course!!
•! admitted!as!member!of!the!bar! !
•! good! an! regular! standing! (Section! 1,! rule! WHO)ARE)ENTITLED)TO)PRACTICE)LAW)
138,!rules!of!court)! Section!1,!Rule!138!
) •! any!person!admitted!as!a!member!of!the!bar..!
Why)is)the)practice)of)law)is)generally)limited)to) who!is!in!good!and!regular!standing!
lawyers?) !
•! to! protect! party! litigants! because! of! the! !
complex!nature!of!judicial!proceedings! NONVLAWYERS)WHO)MAY)APPEAR)IN)COURT)
•! to! protect! public! interest! through! assuring! •! in!MTC!cases,!a!party!may!conduct!his!own!
that!jurisdiction! case!or!litigation!in!person!with!the!aid!of!
Sanctions)for)unauthorized)practice)of)law:) an!agent!or!friend!!
•! Injunction! to! restrain! continuation! of! •! in! all! other! court,! a! party! may! conduct!
unauthorized! practice;! contempt! of! court! litigation!personally!but!if!with!assistance!
)section! 3€! rule! 71,! ROC),! criminal! must!be!an!authorized!member!of!the!bar!
prosecution,! damages,! denial! of! right! to! •! in!criminal!cases!in!MTC!in!a!locality!with!no!
fees! lawyers,!court!may!appoint!a!nonElawyer!
) •! in!any!court,!senior!law!student!with!direct!
Appearance)“pro)hac)vice”) supervision! of! an! authorized! lawyer! but!
•! appearance!by!a!lawyer!who!is!not!licensed! with! no! compensation! (law! student!
to! practice! in! jurisdiction,! but! only! in! practice!rule)!
connection!with!a!particular!case;!may!be! •! in!NLRC,!nonElawyers!may!appear!if!
allowed! by! courts! under! very! limited! •! they!represent!themselves!
instances,! if! the! appearance! is! only! in! an! •! they! represent! their! organization! or!
isolated! case! and! no! compensation! is! members!with!authorization!of!the!latter!
charged!for!the!service! •! accredited!members!of!any!legal!aid!office!
) •! in!Cadastral!court,!nonElawyer!can!represent!
Appearance) “in) propia) persona”) or) “pro) se”) claimant!
practice) •! any! person! appointed! to! appear! for! the!
•! appearance! in! court! by! a! nonElawyer! for! Government! of! the! Philippines! n!
himself! and! without! the! assistance! of! a! accordance!with!law!(Rule!138,!sec.33)!
member!of!the!bar! •! in! Department! of! Agrarian! Reform!
•! Basis:!Due!process! Adjudication! Board,! nonElawyer! may!
•! While! pro! se! practice! is! allowed,! it! is! not! represent!party!!
advisable!(in!re:!Joaquin!T.!Borromeo,! )
•! “a! little! learning! is! a! dangerous! thing.! He! PUBLIC) OFFICIALS) CANNOT) DO) PRIVATE)
who!acts!as!his!own!lawyer!has!a!fool!for!a! PRACTICE)OF)LAW)
client)! •! judges! and! other! officials! or! employees! of!

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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the!superior!court! )
•! officials!and!employees!of!OSG!
)
•! Government!prosecutors!
•! President,! ViceEpresident,! members! of! the! )
Cabinet,!deputies!and!assistants!! )
•! Members!of!Constitutional!Commissions!
•! Members!of!the!Judicial!Bar!Council! )
•! Ombudsman!and!his!deputies! )
•! All! governors! and! mayors! (city! and!
)
municipal)!
•! all!others!prohibited!by!special!law! )
! )
CAN)PRACTICE)WITH)SOME)RESTRICTIONS)
•! Members!of!Congress!cannot!appear!before! )
court!! )
•! Sanggunian! Members! may! practice! law!
provided!(RA!7160,!sec.90)! )
o! cannot! appear! as! counsel! in! any! )
civil!case!wherein!the!government!
)
is!the!adverse!party!
o! cannot! appear! as! counsel! in! any! )
criminal! case! wherein! )
government!official!or!employeed!
accused!in!an!office!in!relation!to! )
his!office! )
o! collect! any! fee! for! appearance! in!
administrative! proceedings! )
involving!LGU's!in!which!he!is!an! )
official!
)
o! use! property! and! personnel! of!
Government! )
•! Retired!Justices!and!judges!(RA!910,!Sec.!1)! )
o! cannot! act! as! counsel! in! any! civil!
case! or! criminal! case! with! the! )
government! or! its! official! or! )
employees!as!adverse!party!!
! )
RESUMPTION)OF)PRIVILEGE)TO)PRACTICE)LAW) )
BY)A)FILIPINO)LAWYER)WHO)LOST)PHILIPPINE)
)
CITIZENSHIP) BUT) LATE) ACQUIRED) DUAL)
CITIZENSHIP) )
•" any!Filipino!lawyer!who!lost!citizenship!but! )
reacquired!it!by!RA9225!may!practice!law!
again!provided:! )
•" he! update! and! pay! in! full! his! annual! )
membership!dues!in!the!IBP!
•" payment!of!profession!tax! )
•" completion! of! at! least! 36! credit! hours! of! )
mandatory!continuing!legal!education!
)
•" retaking!of!the!lawyer's!oath!
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

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CHAPTER#I! !
The#Lawyer#and#Society! Lawyer) must) CONSTANTLY) be) of) GOOD) moral)
character)
CANON) 1! —! A! lawyer! shall! uphold! the!
•! moral!character!displayed!when!he!applied!
constitution,! obey! the! laws!of!the! land! and!
for!the!Bar!must!be!maintained!otherwise!
promote!respect!for!law!and!for!legal!processes.!
his! privilege! to! practice! law! may! be!
•! to!uphold!the!Constitution,!obey!the!laws!of! revoked!
the!land!and!promote!respect!for!law!and! •! good! moral! character! E! its! continued!
legal!processes.! possession!is!also!essential!for!remaining!
•! enshrined!in!the!attorney's!oath!! in!the!practice!of!law!
•! also! in! the! Rules! of! Court,! "To! maintain! •! gross! immoral! conduct! and! deceit! grounds!
allegiance! to! the! Republic! of! the! for!suspension!or!disbarment!
Philippines! and! to! support! the! )
Constitution! and! obey! the! laws! of! the! PURPOSE) of) Requirement) for) Good) moral)
Philippines!(Rule!138,!sec!20!(a)!RRC)! character!
! •! to!protect!the!public!
Lawyer's) Oath) is) a) Sacred) Trust,) Not) a) mere) •! protect!the!public!image!of!lawyers!!
ceremony)) •! to!protect!prospective!clients!!
•! not!mere!words,!drift!and!hollow! •! to!protect!errant!lawyers!from!themselves!!
•! the!lawyer!is!most!sacredly!bound!to!uphold! !
the!laws!! Unlawful)acts)or)violation)of)laws)
•! Delay!no!man!for!money!or!malice!! •! may! be! disciplined! because! a! lawyer! is!
•! contains! in! capsule! from! the! ethical! supposed!to!be!a!model!in!the!community!
standards!required!for!lawyers! in!so!far!as!respect!to!the!law!is!concerned!!
! •! transgression! of! any! provision! of! law! by! a!
Lawyers)will)be)disciplined)for)disobeying)legal) lawyer!is!a!repulsive!and!reprehensible!act!
orders)or)process)of)courts) which!the!court!will!not!countenance!
•! failing! to! answer! to! appointments! and! !
comment!when!required!by!the!SC! Unlawful)conduct)
•! all! lawyers! are! expected! to! recognize! the! •! includes! violation! of! the! statutory!
authority! of! the! Supreme! Court! and! to! prohibition!on!a!government!employee!to!
obey!its!lawful!processes!and!orders! "engage! in! the! private! practice! of! his!
! profession! unless! authorized! by! the!
Significance)of)Lawyer’s)Oath)) constitution! or! law,! provided! that! such!
•! an!attorney!becomes!a!guardian!of!truth!and! practice!willl!not!conflict!or!tend!to!conflict!
the! rule! of! law,! and! an! indispensable! with!his!official!functions!!
instrument! in! the! fail! and! impartial! !
administration!of!justice!E!a!vital!function! Convictions) for) crimes) Involving) Moral)
of! democracy,! a! failure! of! which! is! Turpitude))
disastrous!to!society! •! shows! unfitness! to! protect! the!
! administration! of! justice,! may! be!
Effect)of)Failure)to)take)the)Oath) disbarred!!
•" cannot! be! admitted! into! the! bar! without! !
having!actually!taken!his!oath!of!office!as! Honesty)
an!attorney!! •! still!the!lawyer's!best!virtue!!
•" Oath!alone!will!not!make!a!bar!passer!a!fullE •! lawyer's! must! deal! with! their! clients,!
fledged!member!! brother!lawyers,!courts!of!justice!and!the!
•" must! also! sign! the! roll! of! attorneys! public!with!honesty!!
(makes!him!fullE!!!fledged!lawyer)! •! essential! for! every! lawyer! to! retain! his!
standing!as!a!member!of!the!bar!
! •! dishonesty!ground!for!disciplinary!action!!
RULE)1.01!A!lawyer!shall!not!engage!in!unlawful,! !
dishonest,!immoral!or!deceitful!conduct.! Morality,)Concept))
•! that! quality! of! a! human! act! whereby! it!

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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measures!up!to!what!it!should!be!as!a!step! Duty)to)be)performed)within)the)law)
towards! the! objective! last! end! of! human! •! client! entitled! to! every! benefit! of! any! and!
action,!or!fails!so!to!measure!up! every! remedy! and! defense! but! must! be!
•! consists! therefore! in! the! relation! existing! within!the!confines!of!law!!
between! human! acts! and! the! norm! of! •! lawyers!must!obey!their!own!conscience!and!
morality! not!that!of!his!client!!
!
•! acts! that! are! unlawful,! dishonest,!
Morality)understood)in)law)
immoral,!or!deceitful!corrode!public!confidence!
•! moral! turpitude! includes! everything! done!
in!the!legal!system!
contrary! to! justice,! honesty,! modesty! or!
good!morals! !
•! the! will! to! do! the! unpleasant! thing! if! it! is!
right!and!the!resolve!not!to!do!the!pleasant! RULE) 1.03!A! lawyer! shall! not,! for! any! corrupt!
thing!if!it!is!wrong! motive! or! interest,! encourage! any! suit! or!
! proceeding!or!delay!any!man's!cause.!
Immoral)Conduct)definition) Basis)of)the)rule)(sec.)20)(g))of)Rule)138))
•! willful,! flagrant,! or! shameless,! and! which! •! it! is! the! duty! of! an! attorney! E! not! to!
shows!moral!indifference!to!the!opinion!of! encourage! either! the! commencement! or!
the!good!and!respectable!members!of!the! the! continuance! of! an! action! or!
community! proceeding,!or!delay!any!man's!cause!from!
•! not!confined!to!sexual!matters!! any!corrupt!motive!or!interest!
! !
Moral)character)v.)Good)Reputation) Barratry))
•! Moral!character!is!what!a!person!really!is! •! offense!of!frequently!exciting!and!stirring!up!
•! Good!reputation!is!the!estimate!in!which!he! quarrels! and! suits,! either! at! law! or!
is!held!by!the!public!in!the!place!where!he! otherwise!to!offer!his!legal!services!to!one!
is!known! of!them!for!monetary!motives!or!purposes!!
•! Psychological!incapacity!does!not!make! •! refers!to!any!action!
one!an!unfit!member!of!the!bar! !
Ambulance)chasing))
! •! lawyer's! act! of! chasing! an! ambulance!
RULE) 1.02)A! lawyer! shall! not! counsel! or! abet! carrying! the! victim! of! an! accident! for! the!
activities! aimed! at! defiance!of!the! law! or! at! purpose! of! talking! to! the! said! victim! or!
lessening!confidence!in!the!legal!system.! relatives!and!offering!his!legal!services!for!
the!filing!of!a!case!against!the!person!who!
Defiance)of)the)law)not)to)be)abetted) caused!the!accident!(even!if!done!for!free)!
•! lawyer! should! not! render! any! service! or! E!client!must!always!go!to!the!lawyer!!
advice! to! any! client! which! will! involve! •! only!to!personal!injury!action!
disloyalty!to!the!laws!of!the!country!which! !
he!is!bound!to!uphold!and!obey! Evils) spawned) by) ambulance) chasing) and)
! barratry))
What)a)Lawyer)should)do)to)advance)the)honor) •! fomenting!of!litigation!!
of)his)profession) •! subornation!of!perjury!
•! when! he! renders! service! or! gives! advice! •! mulcting!of!innocent!persons!by!judgments!
tending!to!impress!upon!the!client!and!his! upon!manufactured!cases!of!actions!
undertaking! exact! compliance! with! the! •! defrauding!of!injured!persons!having!proper!
stictest!principles!of!moral!law! causes!of!action!but!ignorant!of!legal!rights!
•! lawyers! are! free! and! entitlted! to! advice! and!court!procedure!!
about!a!statute!as!to!its!validity!and!as!to! )
what! he! conscientiously! believe! to! be! its! Volunteering)Legal)advice)to)bring)a)lawsuit)is)
just! meaning! and! extent! until! construed! unethical)EXCEPT:)
and! interpreted! by! competent! •! when! ties! of! blood,! relationship! or! trust!
adjudication! make!it!his!duty!to!do!so!
! !

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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Tempering)Client's)propensity)to)litigate) anything!in!discharge!of!a!client's!claim!but!
•! lawyer's! duty! to! resist! the! whims! and! the!full!amount!in!cash!
caprices! of! his! client! and! to! temper! his! !
client's!propensity!to!litigate! Settlement)of)cases)authorized)and)encouraged)
•! lawyers!must!not!file!pointless!petitions!that! by)law)
only!add!to!the!workload!of!the!judiciary!! Articles!2028E2029!Civil!Code!
! •! law! does! not! limit! compromise! to! cases!
Lawyers) should) not) be) an) instigator) of) about!to!be!filed!or!cases!already!pending!
controversy) but) a) mediator) for) concord) and) in!courts!
conciliator)for)compromise) •! compromise! which! may! be! effected! even!
•! Delaying! any! man's! cause! for! corrupt! after! final! judgment! is! impliedly! allowed!
motive,!condemned! by!article!2040!of!the!civil!code!
•! one!of!the!duties!of!a!layer!not!to!encourage! !
either! the! commencement! or! the! Lawyers)must)encourage)fair)settlement))
continuance!of!an!action!or!proceeding,!or! •! compromise! is! as! often! the! better! part! of!
delay! any! man's! cause! from! any! corrupt! justice! as! prudence! is! the! part! of! valor! a!
motive!or!interest! lawyer!who!encourages!compromise!is!no!
•! Appealing! a! case! for! purposes! of! delay! is! less! the! client's! champion! in! settlement!
obstruction!of!justice!! out! of! court! than! he! is! the! client's!
! champion!in!the!battle!in!court!!
A)lawyer)owes)to)the)society)and)to)the)court)the) )
duty)not)to)stir)up)litigation.)The)following)are) Attorney's) Fees) not) ground) for) disapproval) of)
unprofessional)acts:) compromise)
•! Volunteering!advice!to!bring!lawsuit!except! •! right! of! lawyers! to! fees! for! services! in!
when!ties!of!blood,!relationship!and!trust! litigation! cannot! have! a! higher! standing!
make!it!a!duty!to!do!so! than!the!rights!of!the!clients!or!the!parties!
•! Hunting!up!defects!in!titles!or!other!causes! themselves!!
of!action;!to!breed!litigation!by!seeking!out! •! lawyer's! rights! cannot! be! invoked! by! some!
claims!for!personal!injuries! parties! as! ground! for! disapproving! the!
•! Employing!agents!or!runners! compromise!!
•! Paying! direct! or! indirect! reward! to! those! •! A! lawyer! cannot! compromise! case! without!
who! bring! or! influence! the! bringing! of! client's!consent,!EXCEPT!WHEN:!
cases!to!his!office! •! in! the! exclusive! management! of! the!
procedural! aspect! of! the! litigation!
•!!Searching!for!unknown!heirs!and!soliciting!
including! the! enforcement! of! rights! and!
their!employment!
remedies!of!the!client!!
! !
RULE) 1.04!A! lawyer! shall! encourage! his! clients! Banogon)v.)Zerna,)G.R.)No.)LV35469,)[October)9,)
to! avoid,! end! or! settle! the! controversy! if! it! will! 1987]))–)Ponente#was#in#beast#mode#while#writing#
admit!of!a!fair!settlement.! this#Decision.#
)
Nature)of)Compromise))
"'Litigation!must!end!and!terminate!sometime!and!
•! nature! of! a! compromise! agreement! is! such!
somewhere,! and! it! is! essential! to! an! effective! and!
that!a!party!must!give!up!some!of!the!rights!
efficient! administration! of! justice! that,! once! a!
that! he! has,! in! consideration! of! the! same!
judgment! has! become! final,! the! winning! party! be!
act!on!the!part!of!the!other!side!!
not,! through! a! mere! subterfuge,! deprived! of! the!
!
fruits! of! the! verdict.! Courts! must! therefore! guard!
Authority)of)a)lawyer)to)bind)clients)
against!any!scheme!calculated!to!bring!about!that!
•! bind! clients! in! any! agreement! in! relation!
result.! Constituted! as! they! are! to! put! an! end! to!
thereto! made! in! writing,! and! in! taking!
controversies,! courts! should! frown! upon! any!
appeals,! and! in! all! matters! of! ordinary!
attempt!to!prolong!them.'!
judicial!procedure!
!
•! but! cannot! compromise! client's! litigation!
"There!should!be!a!greater!awareness!on!the!part!
without! special! authority! or! receive!
of! litigants! that! the! time! of! the! judiciary,! much!

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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more!so!of!this!Court,!is!too!valuable!to!be!wasted! We!find!complainant's!explanation!unsatisfactory.!
or!frittered!away!by!efforts,!far!from!commendable,! His!propensity!to!litigate!raises!doubts!as!to!how!he!
to! evade! the! operation! of! a! decision! final! and! could!find!the!time!to!perform!his!duties!at!all.!Such!
executory,! especially! so,! where,! as! shown! in! this! an! excessive! tendency! to! complain! even! the!
case,! the! clear! and! manifest! absence! of! any! right! slightest! of! administrative! infractions! in! some! of!
calling! for! vindication,! is! quite! obvious! and! in! the! cases! constitutes! an! oppressive! and! gross!
disputable.”! abuse! of! legal! processes.! This! imposes! on! the!
! precious!time!of!the!Court!and!impedes!the!speedy!
One!reason!why!there!is!a!degree!of!public!distrust! and! efficient! dispensation! of! justice.! Complainant!
for!lawyers!is!the!way!some!of!them!misinterpret! should!be!reminded!that!it!is!the!duty!of!a!lawyer!
the!law!to!the!point!of!distortion!in!a!cunning!effort! as!an!officer!of!the!court!not!to!foment!suits!among!
to! achieve! their! purposes.! By! doing! so,! they! individuals.!
frustrate! the! ends! of! justice! and! at! the! same! time! !
lessen! popular! faith! in! the! legal! profession! as! the! A!lawyer!owes!to!society!and!to!the!court!the!duty!
sworn!upholders!of!the!law.!While!this!is!not!to!say! not! to! stir! up! litigation.! The! Code! of! Professional!
that!every!wrong!interpretation!of!the!law!is!to!be! Responsibility! states! that! "a! lawyer! shall! not,! for!
condemned,! as! indeed! most! of! them! are! only! any!corrupt!motive!or!interest!encourage!any!suit!
honest! errors,! this! Court! must! express! its! or! proceeding."!Thus,! a! lawyer! is! ordered! "not! to!
disapproval! of! the! adroit! and! intentional! become!an!instigator!of!controversy!and!a!predator!
misreading! designed! precisely! to! circumvent! or! of! conflict! instead! of! a! mediator! of! concord! and! a!
violate!it.! conciliator! for! compromise,! a! virtuoso! of!
! technicality!in!the!conduct!of!litigation!instead!of!a!
As! officers! of! the! court,! lawyers! have! a! true! exponent! of! the! primacy! of! truth! and!
responsibility! to! assist! in! the! proper! justice."!! In! fact,! lawyers! are! called! upon! to! resist!
administration! of! justice.! They! do! not! discharge! the! whims! and! caprices! of! their! clients! and! to!
this!duty!by!filing!pointless!petitions!that!only!add! temper! the! latter's! propensity! to! litigate! because!
to!workload!of!the!judiciary,!especially!this!Court,! the!Lawyer's!Oath!to!uphold!the!cause!of!justice!is!
which!is!burdened!enough!as!it!is.!A!judicious!study! superior!to!his!duty!to!his!clients.!!
of!the!facts!and!the!law!should!advise!them!when!a! !
case,! such! as! this,! should! not! be! permitted! to! be! The! foregoing! dictum! which! is! embodied! in! the!
filed! to! merely! clutter! the! already! congested! Canons!of!Professional!Responsibility!applies!with!
judicial!dockets.!They!do!not!advance!the!cause!of! equal! vigor! to! lawyers! in! the! government! service!
law!or!their!clients!by!commencing!litigations!that! like!complainant.!Indeed,!Rule!7.03!of!the!Code!of!
for!sheer!lack!of!merit!do!not!deserve!the!attention! Professional!Responsibility!explicitly!states!that!—!
of!the!courts.! !
! Rule# 7.03.# —# A# lawyer# shall# not# engage# in# conduct#
! that#adversely#reflects#on#his#fitness#to#practice#law,#
Visbal) v.) Buban,) A.M.) No.) MTJV02V1432,) nor#shall#he,#whether#in#public#or#private#life,#behave#
[September)3,)2004],)481)PHIL)111V12) in#a#scandalous#manner#to#the#discredit#of#the#legal#
In! a! Resolution! dated! July! 7,! 2004,! the! Court! profession.###
directed!com! !
plainant!to!show!cause!why!he!should!not!be!held! Government!lawyers!who!are!public!servants!owe!
administratively!liable!for!his!propensity!for!filing! utmost!fidelity!to!the!public!service!because!public!
false!charges!against!officials!and!employees!of!the! service!is!a!public!trust.!z!A!lawyer!does!not!shed!
court! within! a! nonEextendible! period! of! ten! (10)! his!professional!obligations!upon!assuming!public!
days!from!notice.!Complainant!thereafter!filed!his! office.!! In! fact,! his! professional! obligations! should!
Compliance! stating! that! although! some! of! those! make!him!more!sensitive!to!his!official!obligations!
administrative! complaints! may! not! have! merited! because! a! lawyer's! disreputable! conduct! is! more!
the! judicious! evaluation! of! this! Court,! it! is! his! likely!to!be!magnified!in!the!public!eye.!!
honest!belief!that!the!administrative!complaints!he! !
filed! were! wellEfounded.! Furthermore,! he! had! We!must!stress!that!gross!ignorance!of!the!law!is!a!
noble! intentions! of! particularly! bringing! to! the! serious! accusation.!It! therefore! behooves!
attention!of!this!Court!the!abuses!and!irregularities! complainant!to!be!more!circumspect!in!hurling!this!
in!the!lower!court!for!appropriate!action.! charge.!Indeed,! a! person! who! accuses! a! judge! of!
! this! very! serious! offense! must! be! sure! of! the!

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grounds! for! the! accusation,! or! else! be! found! Every! judge! should! be! cognizant! of! the! basic!
ignorant! of! the! law,! as! in! this! case.! Judges,! while! principle! that! when! questions! arise! as! to!
expected! to! be! a! cut! above! the! rest! in! the! legal! ownership! of! property! alleged! to! be! part! of! the!
profession,!are!not!inured!to!the!strain!concomitant! estate!of!a!deceased!person,!but!claimed!by!some!
with! baseless! and! unfair! aspersions! on! their! other!person!to!be!his!property,!not!by!virtue!of!any!
competence.! They! certainly! deserve! a! better! right!of!inheritance!from!the!deceased!but!by!title!
treatment,! especially! from! a! prosecutor! who! adverse!to!that!of!the!deceased!and!his!estate,!such!
should!know,!at!the!very!least,!the!basic!provisions! questions! cannot! be! determined! in! the! courts! of!
of!the!Rules!of!Criminal!Procedure.|! administration!proceedings.!The!trial!court,!acting!
|! as!probate!court,!has!no!jurisdiction!to!adjudicate!
! such!contentions,!which!must!be!submitted!to!the!
trial! court! in! the! exercise! of! its! general!
Uy) v.) DizonVCapulong,) A.M.) No.) RTJV91V766) jurisdiction.!! The! failure! of! respondent! judge! to!
(Resolution),)[April)7,)1993) apply! this! basic! principle! indicates! a! manifest!
In! Special! Proceedings! No.! 335EVE88! pending! disregard!of!wellEknown!legal!rules.!
before! her! sala,! respondent! Judge! committed! the! We! consider! this! willful! disobedience! and!
following! highly! irregular! and! questionable! acts! continued!disregard!of!Our!Resolution!as!grave!and!
indicative!of!gross!ignorance!of!the!law!and!grave! serious! misconduct.! Indeed,! respondent! Judge!
misconduct! prejudicial! to! the! public! interest,! to! displayed! open! defiance! to! Our! authority! and!
wit:! (a)! respondent! Judge! cancelled! on! mere! utterly!failed!to!show!proper!respect!for,!and!due!
motion! of! a! party! the! titles! of! complainants! Jose! and! needed! cooperativeness! with! resolutions! of!
P.!Uy!and!Rizalina!Cortes,!who!were!not!parties!to! this!Court.!!
the! case,! to! the! great! prejudice! of! the! latter;! (b)!
respondent! Judge! issued! two! (2)! orders! which! By! her! acts! and! omissions,! respondent! Judge! has!
disregarded! the! Decision! of! the! Court! of! Appeals! failed!to!observe!in!the!performance!of!her!duties!
annulling! her! disputed! Order! of! 7! June! 1989;!! (c)! that! prudence! and! circumspection! which! the! law!
respondent!Judge!issued!another!order!authorizing! requires! for! public! service.! She! has! made! a!
the!sale!of!the!other!properties!previously!titled!in! mockery! of! the! judicial! system! of! which! she! is! a!
the! complainant! Jose! P.!Uy;!! (d)! respondent! Judge! part!and!which!she!is!sworn!to!uphold.!This!Court!
issued!still!two!(2)!more!orders!approving!deeds!of! cannot! countenance! any! act! or! omission! which!
sale!even!after!this!Court!had!already!affirmed!the! would! diminish! the! faith! of! the! people! in! the!
Decision! of! the! Court! of! Appeals! annulling! her! administration!of!justice.!As!Chief!Justice!Jose!Abad!
Order!of!7!June!1989.!! Santos!articulated,!"the!power!of!the!judiciary!rests!
upon!the!faith!of!the!people!and!the!integrity!of!the!
These!actuations!of!respondent!Judge!clearly!stress! courts.!Take!this!faith!away!and!the!moral!influence!
her! blatant! disobedience! to! the! lawful! orders! of! of!the!court!is!gone!and!popular!respect!impaired."!
superior! courts! and! belie! any! claim! that! she!
rendered! the! erroneous! orders! in! good! faith! as! !
would!excuse!her!from!administrative!liability.!
CANON)2!—!A!lawyer!shall!make!his!legal!services!
Time!and!again!We!emphasize!that!the!judge!is!the! available! in! an! efficient! and! convenient! manner!
visible! representation! of! law! and! justice! from! compatible! with! the! independence,! integrity! and!
whom!the!people!draw!their!will!and!awareness!to! effectiveness!of!the!profession.!
obey!the!law.!For!the!judge!to!return!that!regard,! )
the!latter!must!be!the!first!to!abide!by!the!law!and! Attitude)in)Practice,)Efficiency)
weave! an! example! for! the! others! to! follow.! The! •! whenever! a! lawyer! does! his! services,! he!
judge! should! be! studiously! careful! to! avoid! even! must! do! so! with! efficiency! and!
the! slightest! infraction! of! the! law.! To! fulfill! this! convenience! with! the! end! in! view! of!
mission,!the!judge!should!keep!abreast!of!the!law,! maintaining! the! independence,! integrity!
the!rulings!and!doctrines!of!this!Court.!!If!the!judge! and!effectiveness!of!the!legal!profession!at!
is! already! aware! of! them,! the! latter! should! not! all!times!
deliberately!refrain!from!applying!them,!otherwise! !
such!omission!can!never!be!excused.!!!

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RULE) 2.01!A! lawyer! shall! not! reject,! except! for! RULE)2.03)A!lawyer!shall!not!do!or!permit!to!be!

valid!reasons,!the!cause!of!the!defenseless!or!the! done! any! act! designed! primarily! to! solicit! legal!
oppressed.! business.!
Cause)of)the)defenseless)or)the)oppressed,)not) The) practice) of) law) is) a) profession) and) not) a)
to)be)rejected) moneyVmaking)trade)
•! except! for! valid! reasons,! lawyers! must! not! •! it!is!not!a!business!but!a!profession!
reject!the!oppressed!and!defenseless! •! lawyers! must! welcome! appointments! as!
•! prime! duty! of! the! lawyer! to! see! to! it! that! counsel!de!officio!for!this!makes!manifest!
justice! be! accorded! to! all! without! the! principle! that! the! practice! of! law! is!
discrimination! dedicated!to!the!ideal!of!service!and!not!a!
EXCEPTIONS)) mere!trade!!
•! Rule! 14.03! is! an! exception! E! lawyer! cannot! !
represent,! cannot! effectively! do! it! The) Primary) characteristics) which) distinguish)
(unethical! for! him! to! take! the! case! the)legal)profession)from)business)
knowing!he!is!incompetent)! •! a! duty! of! public! service,! of! which! the!
•! conflict!of!interests!! emolument! is! a! byEproduct,! and! in! which!
•! a!lawyer!assigned!as!counsel!for!an!indigent! one! may! attain! the! highest! eminence!
prisoner! must! not! ask! to! be! excused! for! without!making!much!money!
any!trivial!reason!and!should!always!exert! •! a! relation! as! an! officer! of! court! to! the!
his!best!efforts!in!his!behalf!! administration! of! justice! involving!
•! a! lawyer! must! treat! a! paying! client! and! a! thorough! sincerity,! integrity,! and!
nonEpaying!one!equally! reliability!
! •! a!relation!to!clients!in!the!highest!degree!of!
Legal) Aid) not) a) matter) of) Charity,) but) a) public) fiduciary!
responsibility)) •! a! relation! to! colleagues! at! the! bar!
•! for! the! correction! of! social! imbalance! that! characterized! by! candor,! fairness,! and!
may! and! often! do! lead! to! injustice! which! unwillingness! to! resort! to! current!
reason! it! is! a! public! responsibility! of! the! business! methods! of! advertising! and!
Bar! encroachment!on!their!practice,!or!dealing!
•! spirit! of! public! service! should! underlie! all! directly!with!their!clients!!
legal!aid!offices!! !
! Improper) solicitation) of) legal) business,)
MLAS) (mandatory) legal) aid) service) for) prohibited))
practicing)lawyers)) •! highly!unethical!for!an!attorney!to!advertise!
•! 60!hours!of!service!every!year!! his!talents!or!skill!as!a!merchant!!
! !
Indigent)and)pauper)litigants) Advertisement) lowers) the) standards) of) the)
•! those!whose!gross!income!and!that!of!their! profession))
immediate! family! do! not! exceed! an! •! destructive! of! the! honor! of! a! great!
amount! double! the! monthly! minimum! profession! and! lowers! the! standards! of!
wage! of! an! employee! and! those! who! not! that!profession!
own!any!real!property.! •! works! against! the! confidence! of! the!
community!in!the!integrity!of!the!members!
•! they!are!exempt!from!payment!of!docket!
of!the!bar!
fees! and! lawful! fees! as! well! as! transcripts! of!
!
stenographic!notes!
Solicitation)of)legal)business,)when)permissible)
) •! must!be!compatible!with!dignity!of!the!legal!
profession!
RULE)2.02)In!such!cases,!even!if!the!lawyer!does! •! made!in!a!modest!and!decorous!manner,!
not! accept! a! case,! he! shall! not! refuse! to! render! •! simple! signs! stating! the! name! or! names! of!
legal!advice!to!the!person!concerned!if!only!to!the! the!lawyers,!professional!cards!bearing!the!
extent!necessary!to!safeguard!the!latter's!rights.! name! of! the! lawyer! or! lawyers,! the! office!
! and!residence!address!and!special!lines!in!
law,! advertisements! in! legal! periodicals!

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bearing! the! same! breif! data! are! CANON)3!—!A!lawyer!in!making!known!his!legal!

permissible!! services!shall!use!only!true,!honest,!fair,!dignified!
•! publication! in! reputable! law! lists,! in! a! and!objective!information!or!statements!of!facts.!
manner! consistent! with! the! standards! of!
conduct!imposed!by!the!canon! A) LAWYER) MAY) MAKE) KNOWN) HIS) LEGAL)
! SERVICES!
Advertisements) in) newspapers,) when) •! it!is!not!illegal!for!a!lawyer!to!make!known!
permissible) his! legal! services! but! must! be! done! in! a!
•! modest! announcements! in! newspapers,! true,! honest,! fair,! dignified,! and! objective!
periodicals!and!magazines!! information!or!statement!of!facts!!
•! Writing!legal!article;!for!legal!publications!in! •! the!practice!of!law!is!not!a!trade!like!the!sale!
which! he! gives! information! upon! the! law! of! commodities! to! the! general! public!
but! he! cannot! accept! employment! from! where! the! usual! exaggerations! in! trade,!
such! publication! to! advice! inquiries! in! when!the!other!party!had!the!opportunity!
respect!to!individual!rights!of!persons! to! know! the! facts,! are! not! in! themselves!
•! Law! lists,! but! only! a! brief! biographical! and! fraudulent!
informative!data! •! A!lawyer!cannot!advertise!his!talent,!as!
•! Ordinary!professional!cards! he! is! a! member! of! an! honorable! profession!
•! Notice!to!other!local!lawyers!and!publishing! the! primary! purpose! of! which! is! to! render!
in!a!legal!journal!of!one’s!availability! public! service! and! secure! justice;!
•! Proffer!of!free!legal!services!to!the!indigent,! remuneration!is!a!mere!incident!
even!when!broadcasted!over!the!radio!or! !
tendered! through! circulation! of! printed!
matter!to!the!general!public! RULE)3.01!A!lawyer!shall!not!use!or!permit!the!
•! Simple! announcement! of! the! opening! of! a! use!of!any! false,! fraudulent,! misleading,!
law!firm!or!of!changes!in!the!partnership,! deceptive,! undignified,! selfElaudatory! or! unfair!
firm!name!or!office!address,!being!for!the! statement!or!claim!regarding!his!qualifications!or!
convenience!of!the!profession! legal!services.!
•!Listing!in!a!phone!directory,!but!not!under! SELFVPRAISES) OR) FALSE) CLAIMS) ON)
a!designation!of!a!special!branch!law! QUALIFICATIONS) OR) QUALITY) OF) LEGAL)
! SERVICES,)UNETHICAL)
•! intertwined!with!2.03!
RULE)2.04!A!lawyer!shall!not!charge!rates!lower! •! claims! of! lawyers! must! not! be! deceptive,!
than! those! customarily! prescribed! unless! the! undignified,!selfElaudatory!or!unfair!
circumstances!so!warrant.! •! he! must! not! lie! just! to! get! the! trust! of! a!
prospective!client!!
)
Rates)to)be)charged)) !
•! Some! IBP! Chapters! in! the! country! have!
Ulep) v.) Legal) Clinic,) Inc.,) B.M.) No.) 553)
approved! schedules! of! attorney's! fees!
(Resolution),)[June)17,)1993])
providing! specific! guidelines! in! the! fixing!
of!attorney's!fees!for!legal!services! Anent! the! issue! on! the! validity! of! the! questioned!
•! lawyers!should!be!as!much!as!possible!be!in! advertisements,! the! Code! of! Professional!
unison! in! respecting! such! custom! or! Responsibility! provides! that! a! lawyer! in! making!
tradition! known!his!legal!services!shall!use!only!true,!honest,!
•! but!if!the!attorney's!fees!charged!in!an!area! fair,! dignified! and! objective! information! or!
is! too! low! and! petty! which! affect! the! statement! of! facts.!!He! is! not! supposed! to! use! or!
respectability! of! the! legal! profession,! permit!the!use!of!any!false,!fraudulent,!misleading,!
lawyers!may!agree!to!modify!and!calculate! deceptive,! undignified,! selfElaudatory! or! unfair!
the! rates! chargeable! within! the! paying! statement! or! claim! regarding! his! qualifications!
capacity!of!the!ordinary!clients!! or!legal!services.!! Nor! shall! he! pay! or! give!
something!of!value!to!representatives!of!the!mass!
!
media!in!anticipation!of,!or!in!return!for,!publicity!
to! attract!legal!business.! Prior! to! the! adoption! of!

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the!Code!of!Professional!Responsibility,!the!Canons! degrees! and! other! educational! distinction;! public!

of!Professional!Ethics!had!also!warned!that!lawyers! or! quasiEpublic! offices;! posts! of!
should! not! resort! to! indirect! advertisements! for! honor;!legal!authorships;!legal!teaching! positions;!
professional! employment,! such! as! furnishing! or! membership! and! offices! in! bar! associations! and!
inspiring! newspaper! comments,! or! procuring! his! committees!thereof,!in!legal!and!scientific!societies!
photograph! to! be! published! in! connection! with! and!legal!fraternities;! the! fact! of! listings! in! other!
causes!in!which!the!lawyer!has!been!or!is!engaged! reputable! law! lists;! the! names! and! addresses! of!
or! concerning! the! manner! of! their! conduct,! the! references;! and,! with! their! written! consent,! the!
magnitude!of!the!interest!involved,!the!importance! names!of!clients!regularly!represented."!!!
of! the! lawyer's! position,! and! all! other! like! selfE
laudation.! The!law!list!must!be!a!reputable!law!list!published!
primarily! for! that! purpose;! it! cannot! be! a! mere!
The!standards!of!the!legal!profession!condemn!the! supplemental! feature! of! a! paper,! magazine,! trade!
lawyer's! advertisement! of! his! talents.! A! lawyer! journal!or!periodical!which!is!published!principally!
cannot,! without! violating! the! ethics! of! his! for!other!purposes.!For!that!reason,!a!lawyer!may!
profession,! advertise! his! talents! or! skills! as! in! a! not! properly! publish! his! brief! biographical! and!
manner! similar! to! a! merchant! advertising! his! informative!data!in!a!daily!paper,!magazine,!trade!
goods.!! The! proscription! against! advertising! journal! or! society! program.! Nor! may! a! lawyer!
of!legal!services! or! solicitation! of!legal!business! permit! his! name! to! be! published! in! a! law! list! the!
rests! on! the! fundamental! postulate! that! the! conduct,! management! or! contents! of! which! are!
practice!of!law!is!a!profession.! calculated!or!likely!to!deceive!or!injure!the!public!
or!the!bar,!or!to!lower!the!dignity!or!standing!of!the!
We!repeat,!the!canons!of!the!profession!tell!us!that! profession.!!!
the!best!advertising!possible!for!a!lawyer!is!a!wellE
merited! reputation! for! professional! capacity! and! The!use!of!an!ordinary!simple!professional!card!is!
fidelity! to! trust,! which! must! be! earned! as! the! also! permitted.! The! card! may! contain! only! a!
outcome! of! character! and! conduct.! Good! and! statement! of! his! name,! the! name! of! the! law! firm!
efficient! service! to! a! client! as! well! as! to! the! which! he! is! connected! with,! address,! telephone!
community! has! a! way! of! publicizing! itself! and! number! and! special! branch! of! law! practiced.! The!
catching!public!attention.!That!publicity!is!a!normal! publication! of! a! simple! announcement! of! the!
byEproduct! of! effective! service! which! is! right! and! opening! of! a! law! firm! or! of! changes! in! the!
proper.! A! good! and! reputable! lawyer! needs! no! partnership,! associates,! firm! name! or! office!
artificial!stimulus!to!generate!it!and!to!magnify!his! address,! being! for! the! convenience! of! the!
success.! He! easily! sees! the! difference! between! a! profession,! is! not! objectionable.! He! may! likewise!
normal! byEproduct! of! able! service! and! the! have! his! name! listed! in! a! telephone! directory! but!
unwholesome!result!of!propaganda.!!! not!under!a!designation!of!special!branch!of!law.)
Of!course,!not!all!types!of!advertising!or!solicitation! !Verily,! taking! into! consideration! the! nature! and!
are! prohibited.! The! canons! of! the! profession! contents! of! the! advertisements! for! which!
enumerate! exceptions! to! the! rule! against! respondent! is! being! taken! to! task,! which! even!
advertising!or!solicitation!and!define!the!extent!to! includes! a! quotation! of! the! fees! charged! by! said!
which!they!may!be!undertaken.!The!exceptions!are! respondent!corporation!for!services!rendered,!we!
of! two! broad! categories,! namely,! those! which! are! find!and!so!hold!that!the!time!definitely!do!not!and!
expressly!allowed!and!those!which!are!necessarily! conclusively! cannot! fall! under! any! of! the! aboveE
implied!from!the!restrictions.!!! mentioned!exceptions.!
The! first! of! such! exceptions! is! the! publication! in! !
reputable!law!lists,!in!a!manner!consistent!with!the!
standards! of! conduct! imposed! by! the! canons,! of! RULE)3.02!In!the!choice!of!a!firm!name,!no!false,!
brief!biographical!and!informative!data.!"Such!data! misleading!or!assumed!name!shall!be!used.!The!
must! not! be! misleading! and! may! include! only! a! continued!use!of!the!name!of!a!deceased!partner!
statement! of! the! lawyer's! name! and! the! names! of! is!permissible!provided!that!the!firm!indicates!in!
his! professional! associates;! addresses,! telephone! all! its! communications! that! said! partner! is!
numbers,! cable! addresses;! branches! of! law! deceased.!
practiced;!date!and!place!of!birth!and!admission!to!
WHAT) NAME) SHALL) NOT) BE) INCLUDED) IN) A)
the!bar;!schools!attended!with!dates!of!graduation,!
FIRM)NAME)

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•! no! false! name! or! misleading! or! assumed! FROM) THE) FIRM) NAME) WHEN) HE) ACCEPTS)
name! shall! be! used! in! the! firm! name! PUBLIC)OFFICE)
adopted!! •! exception:!
•! no!name!not!belonging!to!any!of!the!partners! •! if! the! law! allows! him! to! practice! law!
or!associates!may!be!used!in!the!firm!name! concurrently! while! holding! the! position!
for!any!purpose! like! sanggunian! member! (RA! 7160! sec..!
•! if! partner! dies,! name! can! still! be! used! 90)!
provided!that!the!firm!makes!it!know!that! •! rule! is! made! to! prevent! the! law! firm! or!
he!is!dead!at!all!times! partners! from! making! use! of! the! name! of!
THE)RULE)IN)EFFECT)IS)AN)ABANDONMENT)OF) the!public!official!to!attract!legal!business!
THE)SYCIP)CASE) and!to!avoid!suspicion!of!undue!influence!
•! in!this!case,!the!name!of!a!dead!partner!must! (such!as!the!position!of!a!judge)!
be! dropped! as! its! retention! has! the!
!
tendency! to! impropely! exploit! its!
advertising!value! RULE) 3.04!A! lawyer! shall! not! pay! or! give!
•! but! under! new! rule,! it! is! allowed! provided! anything!of!value! to! representatives!of!the! mass!
there! is! a! clear! indication! the! partner! is! media! in! anticipation!of,! or! in! return! for,!
deceased!! publicity!to!attract!legal!business.!
•! purpose!of!retaining!the!name!of!a!deceased!
partner! is! to! maintain! clients! who! have! SEEKING)PUBLICITY,)PROHIBITED)
been! provided! legal! services! by! the! law! •! doing! such! is! debasing! the! legal! profession!
firm! especially!if!he!pays!something!of!value!for!
•! death! of! a! partner! does! not! extinguish! the! it!
clientElawyer! relationship! with! the! law! •! indirect! advertisements! such! as! furnishing!
firm! or! inspiring! newspaper! comments,! or!
! procuring! his! photograph! for! publicity!
NAME)TO)USE)IN)THE)PRACTICE)OF)LAW) offend! the! traditions! and! lower! the! ne! of!
•! cannot! use! any! other! name! other! than! the! the!profession!
one!inscribed!in!the!roll!of!attorneys! •! if!competitive!advertising!is!allowed!among!
! lawyers,!the!good!and!ethical!lawyers!wull!
NAME)OF)A)PARTNER)IN)LAW)FIRM)SHOULD)BE) be!pushed!to!the!sides!by!the!moneyed!and!
DROPPED) IF) APPOINTED) AS) JUDGE;) OTHER) unscrupulous!ones!!
POSITIONS) •! advertising! may! then! lead! to! assertions! of!
•! because!he!is!no!longer!allowed!to!practice! fraudulent! claims,! corruption! of! public!
law! officials,!etc,!!
•! public! will! be! misled! if! his! name! will! be! •! also! leads! to! creation! of! false! status! and!
retained!! reputation!of!lawyers!which!in!the!end!will!
•! also! when! appointed! to! positions! with! mislead! the! public! and! clients! to! their!
prohibition!of!practice!of!law! detriment!
! !
USE) OF) THE) FIRM) NAME) OF) A) FOREIGN) LAW) BEST)ADVERTISEMENT)FOR)A)LAWYER)
FIRM)IS)UNETHICAL) •! most! worthy! and! effective! advertisement!
•! firm!is!not!authorized!to!practice!law!in!this! possible! is! the! establishment! of! a! wellE
jurisdiction!! merited! reputation! for! professional!
! capacity!and!fidelity!to!trust!
NEGLIGENCE)OF)A)MEMBER)IN)THE)LAW)FIRM) •! cannot!be!forced!but!must!be!the!outcome!of!
IS)NEGLIGENCE)OF)THE)FIRM) character!and!conduct!
•! wellEdeserved! reputation! for! competence,!
! honesty,! and! fidelity! to! private! trust! and!
RULE)3.03!Where!a!partner!accepts!public!office,! public!duty!
he! shall! withdraw! from! the! firm! and! his! name! •! honesty! reigns! paramount! and! through!
shall!be!dropped!from!the!firm!name!unless!the! honesty! he! gains! public! confidence! and! this!
law!allows!him!to!practice!law!concurrently.! public!confidence!is!his!greatest!advertisement!
NAME) OF) PARTNER) SHOULD) BE) DROPPED) !

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CANON) 4! —! A! lawyer! shall! participate! in! the! •! In!the!integration!of!the!Philippine!Bar,!the!

development!of!the!legal!system!by!initiating!or! Supreme! Court! has! given! renewed!
supporting! efforts! in! law! reform! and! in! the! significance!to!the!obligations!to:!
improvement!of!the!administration!of!justice.! o! encourage! and! foster! legal!
education!
IMPROVEMENT)OF)THE)LEGAL)SYSTEM) o! devise!and!maintain!a!program!of!
•! by!presenting!position!papers!or!resolutions! continuing! legal! education! for!
for! the! introduction! of! pertinent! bills! in! practicing! attorneys! in! order! to!
Congress! elevate! the! standards! of! the!
•! experienced! legal! practitioners! and! profession! throughout! the!
professors! of! law! may! write! legal! country!
publications! or! books! as! an! avenue! of! o! Conduct!campaigns!to!educate!the!
improving!the!legal!system! people! on! their! legal! rights! and!
•! lawyers!that!are!members!of!congress!are!in! obligations,!on!the!importance!of!
the!best!position!to!take!a!close!look!at!the! preventive! legal! service,! and! on!
system! and! introduce! bills! for! the! the! true! functions! of! the! Filipino!
improvement!thereof! lawyer!!
•! Not!a!matter!of!strict!duty!
) !
LAWYERS) MUST) UPDATE) THEMSELVES) WITH) CANON)5!—!A!lawyer!shall!keep!abreast!of!legal!
THE) LAW) AND) MUST) PARTICIPATE) IN) THE) developments,! participate! in! continuing! legal!
DISSEMINATION)THEREOF) education! programs,! support! efforts! to! achieve!
•! Bar!was!integrated!for!the!attainment!of!the! high! standards! in! law! schools! as! well! as! in! the!
following!objectives!! practical! training!of!law! students! and! assist! in!
o! elevate!the!standards!of!the!legal! disseminating!information!regarding!the!law!and!
professions! jurisprudence.!
o! improve! the! administration! of!
justice! !
o! enable! the! bar! to! discharge! its!
public! responsibility! more! CANON)6!—!These!canons!shall!apply!to!lawyers!
effectively!! in! government! service! in! the! discharge!of!their!
•! in! line! with! these! objectives,! lawyers! must! official!tasks.!
keep! themselves! abreast! of! legal! CANONS) APPLY) TO) LAWYERS) IN) THE) SERVICE)
developments!! OF)THE)GOVERNMENT)
•! must! acquaint! self! with! the! new! •! Solicitors!of!the!OSG!
promulgated!laws!and!jurisprudence! •! however,!judges!are!governed!by!the!Code!of!
) Judicial!Conduct!
JUDGES) MUST) ALSO) KEEP) ABREAST) OF) THE) •! Incumbent! judges! may! be! suspended! or!
LAWS,) RULINGS) AND) DOCTRINES) OF) THE) removed! by! the! Supreme! Court! on!
SUPREME)COURT) grounds! other! than! those! enumerated! in!
•! it!is!by!the!nature!of!their!functions!! the!Rule!138,!section!27.!
LEGAL)EDUCATION)DOES)NOT)STOP)WITH)THE) •! complaints!against!judges!shall!be!governed!
LAWYER'S)ADMISSION)TO)THE)BAR) mainly!by!rule!140!of!the!Revised!Rules!of!
•! once!a!person!becomes!a!lawyer,!he!incurs!a! Court,!Constitution,!Special!laws!and!other!
3Efold!obligation! rules!promulgated!by!the!SC!
o! owes! it! to! himself! to! continue! !
improving! his! knowledge! of! the! CODE)OF)CONDUCT)AND)ETHICAL)STANDARDS)
law! UNDER)RA)6713)
o! he!owes!it!to!his!profession!to!take! •! all! public! officials! and! employees! are!
an! active! interest! in! the! governed!by!the!CCES!!
maintenance!of!high!standards!of! •! Public!officials!(incl.!government!lawyers)!
legal!education!
•! Elective,!appointive,!permanent,!temporary,!
o! owes! it! to! the! lay! public! to! make!
career,! nonEcareer! (incl.! military! and!
the! law! a! part! of! their! social!
police),! whether! or! not! they! receive!
consciousness!
compensation,!regardless!of!the!amount.!

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! done!
GOVERNMENT)LAWYERS)) •! should! present! evidence! in! their! true! and!
•! prohibited!to!engage!in!the!private!practice! proper!significance!!
of! their! profession! unless! authorized! by! •! should! see! to! it! that! the! accused! is! given! a!
the!Constitution!or!law,!provided!that!such! fair!and!impartial!trial!and!not!deprived!of!
practice!will!not!conflict!or!tend!to!conflict! any!of!his!statutory!or!constitutional!rights!!
with!their!official!functions!! •! refrain! from! improper! methods! calculated!
•! prohibition!will!continue!for!one!year!after! to!produce!a!wrongful!conviction!as!it!is!to!
their! separation! from! public! office,! in! use!every!legitimate!means!to!bring!about!
connection! with! any! matter! pending! a!just!one!
before!the!office!they!used!to!be!with! •! should!not!present!proofs!of!the!guilt!of!the!
! accused! which! is! illegally! seized! or!
MISCONDUCT) IN) OFFICE) AS) PUBLIC) OFFICIAL) acquired! such! as! those! prohibited! under!
MAY)BE)A)GROUND)FOR)DISCIPLINARY)ACTION) the!bill!of!rights!!
!
•! if! lawyer's! misconduct! in! the! discharge!
FACTS) TO) BE) LAID) METHODICALLY) AND)
of! his! official! duties! as! government! official! is! of!
METICULOUSLY)BY)PROSECUTOR)
such! character! that! will! affect! his! qualifications!
as!a!lawyer,!he!may!be!discipline!as!a!lawyer! !!!!!!!!•!clarifying!contradictions!and!filling!up!gaps!
and!loopholes!in!their!evidence!
RULE) 6.01)The! primary! duty!of!a! lawyer!
engaged! in! public! prosecution! is! not! to! convict! !
but! to! see! that! justice! is! done.! The!
RULE) 6.02)A! lawyer! in! the! government! service!
suppression!of!facts! or! the!
shall! not! use! his! public! position! to! promote! or!
concealment!of!witnesses!
advance!his!private!interests!nor!allow!the!latter!
capable!of!establishing! the! innocence!of!the!
to!interfere!with!his!public!duties.!
accused!is!highly!reprehensible!and!is!cause!for!
disciplinary!action.! THE) CODE) IS) EQUALLY) APPLICABLE) TO)
LAWYERS)IN)THE)GOVERNMENT)SERVICE))
PRIMARY)DUTY)OF)A)PROSECUTOR)
•! more! restrictions! than! lawyers! in! private!
•! a! prosecutor! is! a! quasiEjudicial! officer!
practice!or!nongovernment!lawyers!!
(hearing! and! deciding! cases! but! not!
•! government!lawyers!owe!utmost!fidelity!to!
connected! to! the! judiciary)! and! as! such,!
the!public!service!(public!office!is!a!public!
should!seek!equal!and!impartial!justice!
trust)!
•! concerned!that!no!innocent!man!suffers!as!in!
•! they! do! not! shed! their! professional!
seeing!that!no!guilty!man!excapes!
obligations!in!assuming!public!positions!
•! quasiEjudicial! during! preliminary!
•! the! should! be! more! sensitive! to! their!
investigation! when! complaint! is! filed! and!
professional! obligations! as! their!
evaluate!if!there!is!probable!cause!!
disreputable! conduct! is! more! likely! to! be!
!
magnified!by!the!public!!(RA!6713)!
IF) A) PROSECUTOR) FINDS) THAT) THERE) IS) NO)
)
SUFFICIENT)EVIDENCE:)
PROMOTION) OF) PRIVATE) INTERESTS)
•! In! the! preliminary! investigation:!
PROHIBITED))
resolve! to! the! effect! that! there! is! no!
•! a!lawyer!in!government!service!shall!not!use!
probable!cause.!
his!public!position!to!promote!or!advance!
•! If! case! has! already! been! filed:! file! a! his!private!interest!
motion! before! the! court! for! the! •! if!such!a!lawyer!is!engaged!in!the!practice!of!
dismissal!of!the!action! law,!he!should!not!use!his!public!position!
•! If! case! on! appeal:! recommend! before! to!enhance!his!private!practice!of!law!or!a!
the!appellate!court!the!acquittal!of!the! private!business!of!his!for!that!matter!!
accused! )
!! MISCONDUCT)IN)THE)DISCHARGE)OF)OFFICIAL)
! DUTIES) AS) GOVERNMENT) OFFICIALS) IS)
) GENERALLY)NOT)DISCIPLINABLE,)EXCEPT:)
INTEREST)OF)A)PROSECUTOR)
•! not! to! win! a! case! but! to! see! that! justice! is!

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•! if! misconduct! will! affect! his! The!lawyer's!oath!(Rule!138,!Section!17,!Rules!of!

qualification! as! a! lawyer! or! show! moral! Court;! People! vs.! De! Luna,! 102! Phil.! 968),!
delinquency,!may!be!disciplined!as!a!member!of! imposes!upon!every!lawyer!the!duty!to!delay!no!
the!bar! man!for!money!or!malice.!The!lawyer's!oath!is!a!
! source! of! his! obligations! and!its# violation# is# a#
ground# for# his# suspension,# disbarment# or# other#
RULE) 6.03)A! lawyer! shall! not,! after! leaving! a! disciplinary#action.)
government! service,! accept! engagement! or! The! Code! of! Professional! Responsibility! applies!
employment! in! connection! with! any! matter! in! to! lawyers! in! government! service! in! the!
which!he!had!intervened!while!in!said!service.! discharge!of!their!official!tasks!(Canon!6).!Just!as!
RESTRICTIONS) AGAINST) GOVERNMENT) the! Code! of! Conduct! and! Ethical! Standards! for!
LAWYERS)WHO)LEFT)THE)SERVICE) Public! Officials! requires! public! officials! and!
•! when!leaving,!they!are!prohibited!by!the!rule! employees! to! process! documents! and! papers!
from! accepting! engagement! or! expeditiously! (Sec.! 5,! subpars.! [c]! and! [d]! and!
employment! in! connection! with! any! prohibits!them!from!directly!or!indirectly!having!
matter!in!which!he!had!intervened!while!in! a!financial!or!material!interest!in!any!transaction!
said!service! requiring! the! approval! of! their! office,! and!
•! any! public! official! (even! if! not! lawyer)! is! likewise! bars! them! from! soliciting! gifts! or!
bound! by! similar! restrictions! although! anything!of!monetary!value!in!the!course!of!any!
more!severe!(RA!6713)! transaction! which! may! be! affected! by! the!
! functions!of!their!office!(Sec.!7,!subpars.![a]!and!
! [d]),! the! Code! of! Professional! Responsibility!
VIOLATION)OF)RESTRICTION)IS)TANTAMOUNT) forbids!a!lawyer!to!engage!in!unlawful,!dishonest,!
TO)REPRESENTING)CONFLICTING)INTERESTS)) immoral!or!deceitful!conduct!(Rule!1.01,!Code!of!
•! former! PNB! officer! violates! the! rule! in! Professional!Responsibility),!or!delay!any!man's!
accepting! engagement! or! employment! cause!"for!any!corrupt!motive!or!interest"!(Rule!
against!his!form!employer!in!transactions! 1.03).)
which! he! formerly! handled! while! still! an! "A! lawyer! shall! not! engage! in! conduct! that!
officer!of!the!Bank! adversely! reflects! on! his! fitness! to! practice!
! law,!nor#shall#he,#whether#in#public#or#private#life,#
ADVERSEVINTEREST)CONFLICTS)) behave#in#a#scandalous#manner#to#the#discredit#of#
•! where! the! matter! in! which! the! former! the# legal# profession."! (Rule! 7.03,! Code! of!
government! lawyer! represents! a! client! in! Professional!Responsibility.))
private!practice!is!substantially!related!to!
a!matter!that!the!lawyer!dealt!with!while! This!Court!has!ordered!that!only!those!who!are!
employed! by! the! government! and! the! "competent,! honorable,! and! reliable"! may!
interests! of! the! current! and! former! are! practice!the!profession!of!law!(Noriega!vs.!Sison,!
adverse! 125! SCRA! 293)! for! every! lawyer! must! pursue!
! "only!the!highest!standards!in!the!practice!of!his!
CONGRUENTVINTEREST) REPRESENTATION) calling"! (Court! Administrator! vs.! Hermoso,! 150!
CONFLICTS) SCRA!269,!278).)
•! unique! to! government! lawyers! and! apply! The! acts! of! dishonesty! and! oppression! which!
primarily!to!former!government!lawyers! Attorney! Renomeron! committed! as! a! public!
! official! have! demonstrated! his! unfitness! to!
practice! the! high! and! noble! calling! of! the! law!
Collantes) v.) Renomeron,) A.C.) No.) 3056,) (Bautista! vs.! Judge! Guevarra,! 142! SCRA! 632;!
[August)16,)1991],)277)PHIL)668V676) Court!Administrator!vs.!Rodolfo!G.!Hermoso,!150!
The! issue! in! this! disbarment! proceeding! is! SCRA!269).!He!should!therefore!be!disbarred.)
whether! the! respondent! register! of! deeds,! as! a! !
lawyer,!may!also!be!disciplined!by!this!Court!for!
his!malfeasances!as!a!public!official.!The!answer! Office)of)the)Court)Administrator)v.)Yu,)A.M.)Nos.)
is!yes,!for!his!misconduct!as!a!public!official!also! MTJV12V1813,) 12V1V09VMeTC,) MTJV13V1836,)
constituted!a!violation!of!his!oath!as!a!lawyer.) MTJV12V1815,) OCA) IPI) Nos.) 11V2398VMTJ,) 11V

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 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
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2399VMTJ,) 11V2378VMTJ,) 12V2456VMTJ) &) A.M.) judicial!office,!and!her!penchant!for!threatening!the!

No.)MTJV13V1821,)[November)22,)2016]) defenseless!with!legal!actions!to!make!them!submit!
to!her!will,!we!should!also!be!imposing!the!penalty!
Judge!Yu!unquestionably! committed! several! gross! of!disbarment.!The!object!of!disbarment!is!not!so!
and! serious! administrative! offenses! ranging! from! much! to! punish! the! attorney! herself! as! it! is! to!
gross!misconduct!and!gross!ignorance!to!the!lesser! safeguard!the!administration!of!justice,!the!courts!
offense!of!conduct!unbecoming!of!a!judicial!officer.! and! the! public! from! the! misconduct! of! officers! of!
Under! Section! 8,! Rule! 140! of! the!Rules# of# Court,! the!court.!Also,!disbarment!seeks!to!remove!from!
either!gross) misconduct!or!gross) ignorance) of) the! Law! Profession! attorneys! who! have!
the) law!is! punished! by! either:! (1)! dismissal! from! disregarded! their! Lawyer's! Oath! and! thereby!
the! service,! forfeiture! of! benefits,! and! proved! themselves! unfit! to! continue! discharging!
disqualification! from! reinstatement! to! any! public! the!trust!and!respect!given!to!them!as!members!of!
office;!or!(2)!suspension!from!office!without!salary! the!Bar.!
and!other!benefits!for!more!than!three!months!but!
not!exceeding!six!months;!or!(3)!fine!of!more!than! The! administrative! charges! against! respondent!
P20,000.00! but! not! exceeding! P40,000.00.!Under! Judge!Yu!based!on!grounds!that!were!also!grounds!
Section! 46B,! Rule! 10! of! the!Revised# Rules# on# for!disciplinary!actions!against!members!of!the!Bar!
Administrative# Cases# in# the# Civil# Service,! could! easily! be! treated! as! justifiable! disciplinary!
either!oppression!or!gross) insubordination!—! initiatives!against!her!as!a!member!of!the!Bar.!This!
also! considered! grave! offenses! —! is! punishable! treatment! is! explained! by! the! fact! that! her!
with! suspension! from! office! for! a! period! ranging! membership! in! the! Bar! was! an! integral! aspect! of!
from! six! months! and! one! day! to! one! year! for! the! her!qualification!for!judgeship.!Also,!her!moral!and!
first!offense,!and!dismissal!from!the!service!for!the! actual! unfitness! to! remain! as! a! Judge,! as! found! in!
second! offense.! Under! Section! 11,! Rule! 140! of! these! cases,! reflected! her! indelible! unfitness! to!
the!Rules# of# Court,!conduct) unbecoming) of) a) remain!as!a!member!of!the!Bar.!At!the!very!least,!a!
judicial) officer!merits! either:! (1)! fine! of! not! less! Judge! like! her! who! disobeyed! the! basic! rules! of!
than! P1,000.00! but! not! exceeding! P10,000.00;! or! judicial!conduct!should!not!remain!as!a!member!of!
(2)! censure;! or! (3)! reprimand;! or! (4)! admonition! the!Bar!because!she!had!thereby!also!violated!her!
with!warning.) Lawyer's!Oath.!
The! grossness! and! severity! of! her! offenses! taken! Indeed,! respondent! Judge!Yu's! violation! of! the!
together! demonstrated! Judge!Yu's! unfitness! and! fundamental!tenets!of!judicial!conduct!embodied!in!
incompetence! to! further! discharge! the! office! and! the!New#Code#of#Judicial#Conduct#for#the#Philippine#
duties! of! a! Judge.! Her! arrogance! and! Judiciary!would!constitute!a!breach!of!the!following!
insubordination! in! challenging!A.O.! No.! 19E2011,! canons!of!the!Code#of#Professional#Responsibility,!to!
and!her!unyielding!rejection!of!the!appointments!of! wit:)
court!personnel!constituted!gross!insubordination!
and! gross! misconduct,! and! warranted! her! CANON! 1! —! A! LAWYER! SHALL! UPHOLD!
immediate! dismissal! from! the! Judiciary.! Her! THE!CONSTITUTION,! OBEY! THE! LAWS! OF! THE!
requiring! her! fellow! Judges! to! submit! to! her! LAND! AND! PROMOTE! RESPECT! FOR! LAW! AND!
authority! by! virtue! of! her! showEcause! order,! FOR!LEGAL!PROCESSES.!
whereby!she!revealed!her!utter!disrespect!towards! Rule! 1.02! —! A! lawyer! shall! not! counsel! or! abet!
and! disdain! for! them,! as! well! as! her! conduct! activities! aimed! at! defiance! of! the! law! or! at!
unbecoming! of! a! judicial! officer! aggravated! her! lessening!confidence!in!the!legal!system.!
liability.! The! administration! of! justice! cannot! be! CANON! 6! —! THESE! CANONS! SHALL! APPLY! TO!
entrusted!to!one!like!her!who!would!readily!ignore! LAWYERS! IN! GOVERNMENT! SERVICE! IN! THE!
and!disregard!the!laws!and!policies!enacted!by!the! DISCHARGE!OF!THEIR!OFFICIAL!TASKS.!
Court!to!guarantee!justice!and!fairness!for!all.) Rule! 6.02! —! A! lawyer! in! the! government! service!
shall! not! use! his! public! position! to! promote! or!
Under!Section!27,!Rule!138!of!the!Rules#of#Court,!an! advance!his!private!interests,!nor!allow!the!latter!to!
attorney!may!be!disbarred!on!the!ground!of!gross) interfere!with!his!public!duties.!
misconduct!and!willful) disobedience) of) any) CANON! 11! —! A! LAWYER! SHALL! OBSERVE! AND!
lawful) order) of) a) superior) court.!Given! her! MAINTAIN! THE! RESPECT! DUE! TO! THE! COURTS!
wanton!defiance!of!the!Court's!own!directives,!her! AND!TO!JUDICIAL!OFFICERS!AND!SHOULD!INSIST!
open! disrespect! towards! her! fellow! judges,! her! ON!SIMILAR!CONDUCT!BY!OTHERS.!
blatant! abuse! of! the! powers! appurtenant! to! her!

databril2018APR6 16
 QUICKIE NOTES LEGAL COUNSELING
THE LAWYER AND SOCIETY

Rule! 11.03! —! A! lawyer! shall! abstain! from!

scandalous,! offensive! or! menacing! language! or!
behavior!before!the!Courts!
!
The!Court!does!not!take!lightly!the!ramifications!of!
Judge!Yu's! misbehavior! and! misconduct! as! a!
judicial!officer.!By!penalizing!her!with!the!supreme!
penalty! of! dismissal! from! the! service,! she! should!
not!anymore!be!allowed!to!remain!a!member!of!the!
Law!Profession.!
!
However,!this!rule!of!fusing!the!dismissal!of!a!Judge!
with!disbarment!does!not!in!any!way!dispense!with!
or!set!aside!the!respondent's!right!to!due!process.!
As!such,!her!disbarment!as!an!offshoot!of!A.M.!No.!
02E9E02ESC!without! requiring! her! to! comment! on!
the! disbarment! would! be! violative! of! her! right! to!
due! process.! To! accord! due! process! to! her,!
therefore,! she! should! first! be! afforded! the!
opportunity!to!defend!her!professional!standing!as!
a! lawyer! before! the! Court! would! determine!
whether!or!not!to!disbar!her.!
!
!

databril2018APR6 17