FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECV3511 GEOMATIC ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 2017/2018

Format report Mark

TITLE: Tacheometry
LAB DATE OF PRACTICLE:23 NOVEMBER 2017 Front Page(5)
GROUP NO: J&E
No. Matric No. Name Table of Content,
1 193203 LIM CHI YUAN List of Figure,
List of Table(5)
2 192221 HADRI SAFWAN BIN
SUTAJI Work of Schedule(5)
3 192260 KHAIRINA BINTI
JAMAN @ ZAMAN Abstract/Introduction(5)
4 193204 SITI NURAININ
SOFIA BINTI
Objective(5)
MUHAMAD NOR
5 194836 NUR AIN FITRIAH Equipment/apparatus(5)
BINTI ZAMRISHAM
6 192383 NOR AZRAEI BIN Methodology/procedure(10)
NOR KADIM
7 193957 ANGELA CHIENG Result & calculation(15)
CHUI FEI
8 193233 NURJANNAH BINTI Discussion(5)
AMIR
Recommendation(10)
NAME OF LECTURER: PROF. MADYA DR.
ZULHELMI MOHD Conclusions(5)

NAME OF TEACHING ASSISTANT: SIR HALRIE Bibliography(5)

ILKKHAM BIN SIBARUDDIN
Appendices(5)
NAME OF ASSISTANT ENGINEER: SR WAN
ZAKARIA BIN WAN YUSOF Effort(5)
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8 DECEMBER 2017
Total
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGES
Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables 1
Work Of Schedule 2
Abstract / Introduction 3
Objective 4
Equipment / Apparatus/ Materials 5-6
Methodology / Procedure 7
Result and Calculation 8-9
Discussion 11
Recommendations 11
Conclusion 12
Bibliography / References 13
Appendices 14-16
Efforts 14-16

LIST OF TABLES
CONTENT PAGES

Apparatus 5-6

Results 8-9

LIST OF FIGURES
CONTENT PAGES

Apparatus 5-6

Appendices 14-16

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WORK OF SCHEDULED
1. FRONT PAGE NURJANNAH BINTI AMIR

2. CONTENTS NURJANNAH BINTI AMIR

3. WORK OF SCHEDULE LIM CHI YUAN

4. ABSTRACT / LIM CHI YUAN

INTRODUCTIONS
5. OBJECTIVES NURJANNAH BINTI AMIR

6. EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS LIM CHI YUAN

7. METHODOLODY / NOR AZRAEI BIN NOE KADIM

PROCEDURE
8. RESULTS & CALCULATIONS NUR AIN FITRIAH BINTI ZAMRISHAM
&
SITI NURAININ SOFIA BINTI
MUHAMAD NOR
9. DISCUSSIONS HADRI SAFWAN BIN SUTAJI

10. RECOMMENDATIONS NOR AZRAEI BIN NOE KADIM

11. CONCLUSION ANGELA CHIENG CHUI FEI

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY / NUR AIN FITRIAH BINTI ZAMRISHAM

REFERENCES
13. APPENDICES/EFFORTS KHAIRINA BINTI JAMAN@ZAMAN

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INTRODUCTION
Tacheometry is the branch of surveying in which we determine the horizontal and vertical
distances with the angular measurements with an instrument, Tachemometer. It is not so
accurate method of finding the horizontal distances as the Chaining is, but it is most suitable
for carrying out the surveys to find the distances in the hilly area where other methods are quite
difficult being carried out. It is generally used to locate contours, hydrographic surveys and
laying out routes of highways, railways etc.

Basically, there are two equipment that are essential in the tacheometry procedure of
surveying. First there is a Tacheometer and stadia. A theodolite with a stadia diaphragm is more
less a tacheometer. The equipment can take up to three vertical staff reading at the same
instruments setting, lower most hair reading, central hair reading and the top hair reading. The
difference between the lower hair reading and the upper hair reading gives the staff intercept(s).
In this laboratory work, stadia with three horizontal hairs and one vertical hair is being used.
There are also 2 methods of tacheometry surveys which is Stadia method and tangential
method.

The survey was being held at the Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia. All
of the data and the findings were being tabulated and all of the calculations will be shown in
this report.

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OBJECTIVES

1) To obtained the vertical and horizontal distances of a point.

2) To produce the topographic and detail plan of the proposed area using surveying
software such as CDS.

3) To be familiar on upper,middle and lower stadia.

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APPARATUS

Equipment Function
1) Theodolite -precision instrument for measuring
angles in the horizontal and vertical planes
mainly for surveying applications.

2) Tripod -The head of the tripod supports the

theodolite.
- The feet can be adjusted to set the suitable
height for the instrument to ease the
measurement.

3) Prismatic Compass -used for determining course, waypoints and

direction, and for calculating bearings of
survey lines and included angles between
them

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4) Two staff -used to obtain the measurement of height

at a certain point

5) Two Bubble Staff - To ensure the staff is vertical. It is placed

at the side of staff.

6) Measuring tape -To measure the height of the instrument

(theodolite) from the ground at the station.

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PROCEDURE/METHODOLOGY

Choose and study the area before started the work.

Mark Station A using nails and theodolite is set up.

For the initial reading, the prismatic compass is used to measure the bearing which from Station A to
Station D.This reading is marked as Back Sight Bearing for AD.The upper,middle and lower stadia is
recorded.

Intermediate reading is taken from Station A to B1,B2,R1 and R2.The upper,middle and lower stadia
also being recorded.

Next, Fore Sight Bearing is taken from Station A to Station B.Again, record the upper,middle and lower
stadia.

Apply this steps for the entire station (Station B,C and D)

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RESULT/CALCULATION

Stadia interval, s = Upper stadia-Lower Stadia

Horizontal Distance, HD = 100s X Cos² 𝑎
Vertical Distance, V = 50s sin 2𝑎
Height = H+i+V-t

Tacheometry Calculation (Stadia Methods)

Example Remark AE(BB)

Interval Stadia, s
s = 1.576-1.338
= 0.238

Horizontal Distance, HD
HD = 100(0.238)x cos²(000˚00’00’’)
= 23.8m

Vertical Distance, v
V = 50(0.238) sin 2(000˚00’00’’)
=0

Height, H
H = 50.0m (height initial)

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DISCUSSION
For Tachometry - Detailing and Contour lab, we were study the area and plan given area to
show existing geographic features, and porpose appropriate number of stations and do an open
transverse. Tachometry is a method of measuring both horizontal distance and vertical
elevation of a point in the distance, without the use of sophisticated technology, such as
electronic distance measurements(EDM) or satellite transmissions. Firstly, we choose a
building and propose a few stations. This is to make sure we were not take to many points
which in result will lead to errors. Tachometry also has the same errors like we were done in
transversing. There are few specific sources of errors needed to be emphasized in tachometry
observations. They are staff reading and tilt of the pole or staff. Observer tends to make wrong
observation when observing the staff reading, they might misread the staff marking scales and
this brought to crucial error along the booking process. Moreover, the tilting of the staff rod
can influence the accurancy of the height readings taken from the staff. When the staff is not
truly vertical (90o), the reading taken is incorrect and lead to the failure of tachometry process.
Besides, when doing the tachometry at the first point, make sure we determine the transverse
orientation using prismatic compass for example, to get the starting bearing of B-A.

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RECOMMENDATION
In lab or practical, random error always occurs. To overcome this error, there are some ways
to reduce the errors that will affect the experiment results:
 Before taking the reading, we have to make sure the bubble in the bubble staff is at
centre. This will prevent from parallax error.
 Make sure all the equipment that are using in good condition. This will help us get the
accurate and precise reading,
 Make sure we are using the correct unit or SI unit during taking the reading of the
equipment.
 We have to do triple check with the work and reading before the taking the reading
measurement.
 During setup the theodolite, we have to make sure the three bubbles, which are the
bottom part, middle part and also the upper part are at the centre.
 During the setup of the theodolite, we have to make sure the pin at the pinned area is
stay firmly, to help reduce the error.

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CONCLUSION
From this lab practical, we could understand and explain the principle of tacheometry in
more detail, and know how to carry out tacheometrical surveying correctly. Other than that, we
could also determine the distance between two points at ground level, and to avoid error, we
had to be more careful when using the total station and taking the reading more accurately.
After getting the contour, the height of the ground and its datum can be determined. In addition,
we could determine if the ground level is suitable for construction work or not by using contour
in engineering field. Lastly, from this lab practical we have learnt how to plot the plan of the
area by the help of tacheometric survey and producing topographic by using surveying
software.

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REFERENCES

Books:
1. Berry, D. W. 1954 Tacheometry with the Ewing stadialtimeter. Surveying and
Mapping 14, 479-483. Falls Church, VA
2. Colcord, J.E., and CHICK, F.H. 1968 Slope taping. ADCE Journal of the Surveying
and Mapping Division 94(SU2), 137-148. New York, NY.
3. DEUMLICH, F. 1982 Surveying instruments. (transl.). Berlin/New York: de Grutyer.
4. Raymond Davis, Francis Foote, Joe Kelly, Surveying, Theory and Practice, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1966 LC 64-66263

Internet:
5. https://www.slideshare.net/arvindsainair69/sueveying-advanced1
6. https://www.slideshare.net/irwandavid/79338922-surveyreport

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APPENDICES/
EFFORTS

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Some of the activities that we did in the practical.

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