SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS PRESENT

1. Complete these sentences with the present simple.

- John ............ his dog for a walk around Elms Park every day.
- The Sullivans often ............. on holidays to Majorca and ................ themselves a lot.
- ........... Mr Snath ................ Mathematics at London university?
- I ........... the washing up every night although I ................. it at all.
- Lisa ....................... at her father‟s shop anymore.
- Hurry up! The film ................... in half an hour and I ........................ to miss the beginning.
- Sanders ................ the ball and dangerously ........... the goal line.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
2. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the Present Continuous form.

0. He‟s studying (study). 1. Mum………………. (Prepare) the picnic basket right now. 2.
„………………. (get dressed-Mary) in her bedroom?‟ 3. The dog ……………….. (Bark) in
the hall. 4. Dad…………………. (Check) the car. 5. Granny…………………… (not-sit)
on a chair. She ……………… (Stand) with the dog in the hall, waiting. 6. Our
friends………………. (Drive) to out house. 7. „…………….. (we-leave) home at 10
o‟clock?‟ „No, we…………… (Leave) at 10.30.‟ 8. „……………… (we-have) lunch at
midday?‟ „Yes, around that time.‟ 9. „……………….. (We-swim) in the river in the
afternoon?‟ „Yes, but only if it is sunny.‟ 10. We……………….. (Stay) in the country until
5.00 pm. 11. „…………….. (we –come back) home in time to see Deathmatch on MTV?‟
„Yes, we are. Don‟t worry!‟

3. Write questions referring to the words in bold.

0. The plane is flying over the hills. Where is the plane flying?
1. We are meeting at 7.30 tonight………………………………
2. Tom is waiting for Ann………………………………………
3. They are going home by bus…………………………………
4. They are opening a new supermarket in June………………...........
5. Sam is buying the blue sweater………………………………
6. Pamela Anderson is having a bath…………………………...
7. Jerry is driving on the highway………………………………
8. Ann‟s writing the answer to the question in her notebook …………….

SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS PAST

4. Write the past simple of the verbs in brackets. Some are regular and some irregulars.

“There‟s something strange about that caretaker, Ruth ............... (say) when she ............. (come) in
that afternoon.
I ............... (look)up as she ....... (put) the shopping bags on the table.
Yes, there is, she ........... (say). He walks quietly about the place like-like-.
She ............ (drop) into a chair by the table. Then she ......... (start) to unload the week‟s
food. Listen she ............. (say) in a low voice.
I ................. (recognize) the signs. I ........ (wait) for the deep secret. Listen, she ......... (repeat).”
 3/35

5. Complete the blanks with the past simple of a suitable verb. Some are affirmative, some are
negative.

“But the newspapers ................. to stand firm against him. The editors were all trying to produce the
best newspapers and they ........... (not) to share reports of events with other newspapers. „Your reporters
can‟t get news of everything that happens in Europe,‟ Reuter argued. The editors ........... (not). Reuter
................ seven years trying to persuade them to use his news agency but it ................. all in vain. Reuter
was determined to win the battle. „I‟ll make you an offer‟ he ........... to the editors. I‟ll supply you with news
telegrams from Europe every two weeks-free of charge.‟ The editors ............... to give the idea a try. After
all, they ............., they ............ nothing to lose: they .................. (not) to print Reuter‟s telegrams.”

MODALS
6. Translate the text.

- Could I use your mobile phone for a minute, please? I must make an urgent call.
- Well, I can skate but Sheryl can´t, so we´d better go to the cinema, OK?
- Matt could read at the age of 4 but he couldn´t write.
- Rachel is perfectly able to look after herself.
- Hello, dad. Can I borrow you car tonight?

7. Complete these sentences with can (can´t), could (couldn`t) or be able to.

- Sue ___________ dance very well when she was a child, but now she´s a terrible dancer!
- My grandfather died in 1990. He fell in a lake and drowned because he __________ swim.
- I hope my children _______________ speak at least two languages when they grow up.
- ________________ you play tennis, badminton, squash...? Well, ___________ you play any
sport at all?
- When the fire started I __________ run to the exit door and here I am, safe and sound.
- Rick _________ drive but he never does because he is afraid of traffic.
- Unfortunately, not all the passengers on the Titanic __________ get into The lifeboats.

8. Write sentences asking for permission in the following situations. Use the verbs in your
sentences.

- You need your sister´s motorbike tonight. (borrow)

- You are at a meeting with a lot of people you don´t know. You are feeling very cold. The
window is open. (close)
- You meet a nice boy/girl at a party. He/she gives you his/her telephone number. You want to
go out with him/her. (telephone)
- You are on the bus. The window is closed and it is very hot inside. (open)
- You are at a formal dinner. You want some more vegetables. (pass)
- You are in the living room with your parents; you are reading. It is quite dark and the lights are
off. (turn on)
9. Match these sentences with the right deduction.

SENTENCES DEDUCTION

Wendy´s got all He must have his own set of keys.

Shakespeare´s plays at
Home.
I´ve got a lot of vanilla ice They must be his number one fans.
cream in the freezer.
I locked the office before
leaving but Tom was in She must admire him a lot.
when I came back.
My cousins have all Bruce He must spend very little time with his family.
Springsteen´s records.
Keith works ten hours a day
and sometimes he works at You must like it very much.
the weekend, too.

ING FORM / INFINITIVE

10. Finish these sentences by adding an infinitive form and the rest of the sentence.

-We were in London last month. We liked it so much that we hope _____.
-Wendy is learning _____.
-The party was very boring so we decided _____.
-You are a liar. You promised _____.
-They were in big trouble because they had no money, so all of us agreed _____.

11. Match the beginnings in group A with the right endings in group B.

1. Daddy promised…
2. The robber admitted…
A 3. The Town Council decided…
4. The employee denied…
5. The elderly like…
6. Our guests enjoyed…

a. (have) used the company car without permission.

b. (install) a new fairground in the suburbs of the town.
B c. (let) me go to Italy if I passed the exams.
d. (have) dinner in the garden.
e. (have) taken the money.
f. (tell) stories about the old times.

-Now write the complete sentence. Use the –ing form or the infinitive of the verbs in the brackets.

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

12. Change these sentences into sentences with the –ing form as subject.

- It is exciting to travel abroad.

- It is nice to meet old friends.
- It is possible to become rich.
- It is an advantage to study languages.

13. Now change these sentences with –ing subjects into sentences with it.

- Working a lot is tiring.

- Eating too much is bad for the stomach.
- Telling lies is sinful.
- Eating vegetables is healthy.

NOT.. BUT; NOT.. ANY; AND, BUT, NEITHER… NOR; NONE, ALL ,
BOTH.
14. Use the information in this chart and make sentences with all of or none of.
Carrie Michael Pauline

went to Majorca
last summer. OK OK OK

studied at Oxford X X X

Can drive a car X X X

Own a house OK OK OK

Live in London OK OK OK

Is married X X X

15. Look at the example and make sentences with both of , all of , none of or neither of.

-Alex went to the opera.Karen went to the opera, too.

Both of them went to the opera.
-Dick is a teacher. Isaac is a teacher ,too.
-I am not French. My brother is not French, either.
-Paul lives in San Diego. His mother, his father and his sister live in San Diego, too.
-You were at the beach. Your boyfriend was at the beach , too.
-I don't like oranges. Cathy and Steven don't like oranges, either.
FUTUR E

16. Complete these sentences by putting will + the verbs in the box.

take – do – start – open – hand in

- David says he will do the washing up in the morning because he is very tired now.
- Evelyn _______ the company report at the end of the week.
- I think Jonathan _______ his university studies next autumn.
- Patrick and Martha _______ a flight to New York and then hire a car for two weeks.
- Someone is ringing the doorbell! Don‟t worry, I _______ the door!

17. Complete these sentences either with will or going to + a verb from the box.

tell – do – phone – apply – start – visit

- Sue _______ a new job next week. She‟s really excited!

- A: Oh, no! I forgot to post these letters!
B: Don‟t worry! I _______ it for you on the way to work.
- A: What are you doing?
B: I am filling an application form.
A: Why?
B: Because I _______ for a grant to university.
- A: I _______ Tom in hospital this evening.
B: Does Ruth know about it? She wants to see him, too.
A: Then, I _______ her right now and I ________ her.

YET, AL R E ADY, JUST, S T I L L .

18. Fill in the blanks with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets and one of these particles:
ALRE AD Y, YET, S T I L L , JUST.

1.- You _____________ the ironing. It´s incredible. You are so fast! (do)

2.- everybody is waiting for Mr. Johnson but he _____________ (not arrive)

3.- A.- Would you like something to eat?

B.- No, thanks. I _____________ breakfast. (have)

4.- But I _____________ What I am looking for. (not find)

5.- _____________ the postcards _____________ ? (send)

6.- I´m very worried. Jack went to Canada a week ago and he _____________ (not telephone)

7.- I _____________ my homework. Let´s go out! (finish)

8.- Wait a minute! Lucy _____________ her hair _____________ (not dry)

9.- A.- We _____________ all our Christmas presents (buy)

B.- But we are only in October.
VOCABUL ARY

19. Put these names under the right heading.

art gallery - bus service - cinema

discotheque - football ground - golf course
train service - library - tennis courts
underground - airport

Cultural and
entertainment facilities Sport facilities Transport facilities

art gallery __________ __________

__________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________
__________ __________

20. Complete the text about Lindford with the words in the box.

bus – parks - theatre – hospital

primary – discotheque – Japanese
fifties – sports centre – restaurants – couples
new – transport – supermarkets – children

“Lindford is a ___ town very near the coast. It grew up in the _______ with the arrival of many young
_______ with children. There are many facilities and services, especially for _______ and young people.
There are three________ schools and two secondary ones. There are also many _________ and
playgrounds. The ___________ is well-equipped; it has got a gym, a sauna, running tracks, a swimming
pool and a tennis court. Young people can go dancing at the lo
cal ________ , they can go to the cinema, to
Adjectives Adverbs the pub or even to the __________ , because Lindford opened
a theatre last year. There are also a lot of
shops and two big ____________. Lindford has a good _____
____ system; there is no underground but the
___________ and train services are very good. There are also some good __________ and some exotic
ones, like a Mexican and a ___________. The __________ is on the outskirts and it is very good.”

PREPOSITIONS
21. Fill in the blanks with the right preposition.

-The boss will meet his staff _____ the morning.

-I can‟t go shopping with you because I have to meet Hans _____ the airport.
-Tomorrow we‟ll finish classes _____ noon.
-Do you enjoy going out _____ night?
 lively kindly

-I have an appointment _____ the dentist‟s _____ four o‟clock.

-What time does the lecture start _____ Monday?
-Look! The cat‟s sleeping _____ the sofa.
-Beth is going to Majorca _____ Eater.
-Is Kevin _____ the living room or _____ his bedroom?
-I telephoned Patty _____ 11 a. m. and she was still _____ bed.
-Why don‟t you hang that picture _____ the wall?
-We‟ll visit my family _____ Christmas Day.
-Working conditions have changed a lot _____ the last few years.
th
-My uncle was born _____ July 20 1969, the same day that man landed on the moon.
-Penny has not arrived home yet; she is still _____ work.
-We bought a beautiful bungalow _____ the coast.
-I love London _____ spring.

COMPARISON

22. Choose the right word (adjective/adverb) and complete these sentences.

-Beatrice can speak German fluently. (fluent/fluently)

-We did our homework _____ and then went to the beach. (quick/quickly)
-The headmaster looked at me _____ when I was interrupted him. (angry/angrily)
-There was a _____ increase in temperatures last week; it was horrible! (sudden/suddenly)
-They are a _____ couple. (happy/happily)
-I felt _____ when he told me the truth. (happy/happily)

23. Consult the dictionary and say which of these words is an adjective and which one is an adverb.

quickly friendly

-Now put these words in the right column.

kindly - lively – ugly - quietly – badly

24. Complete these sentences with an adverb/expression of place + an adverb/ expression of

time.

-The party was ____________________________.

-They travelled ____________________________.
-I lived ____________________________.
-The parcel was____________________________.
-Terry stayed ____________________________.
-We went ____________________________.

25. Complete this list with the comparative and the superlative form of the adjectives given.
PASSIVE VOICE
26. Complete these sentences in passive voice with the correct form of the verb to be.
a) Newspapers ____________ sold in that shop every day.
b) Pictures _______ painted on cave walls a long time ago.
c) Tomorrow the pop concert _________ held in Madrid.
d) Many paintings __________ sold at the moment in the art exhibition.
e) While I was watching TV, all the dishes _________ washed by my sister.

27. Write these sentences again without changing their original meaning.
a) You can clean this wall with soap and water.
This wall can be cleaned with soap and water.
b) They use computers to make pictures nowadays.
Nowadays, computers _______________________________________________.
c) They were building that bridge when we left the city three years ago.
That bridge ________________________________________________________.
d) You must wash that fruit before you eat it.
That fruit __________________________________________________________.
e) The policeman arrested the child for writing on the subway wall.
The child __________________________________________________________.
28. Change these sentence from passive to active voice.

a) English is spoken in most countries.

People speak English in most countries.
b) This pasta should be cooked for 12 minutes in boiling water.
You _______________________________________________________________.
c) The artist is being interviewed right now by the director of the museum.
___________________________________________________________________.
d) This painting was given to me by the artist.
___________________________________________________________________.

29. Change these sentences into passive.

-The accountants check the accounts of the company every week. The accounts of the company are checked
by the accountants every week.
-A tree that fell down during the storm damaged our car.
-People use credit cards a lot nowadays.
-The teacher divided the class into three teams.
-An Italian astronomer discovered a network of lines on the surface of Mars.
-Statistics reflect consumers‟ likes and dislikes.

REASON CL AUSES
30. Complete this story with the right conjunction: because, as, although, even though or so.

“Last night I could not sleep because the neighbours next door were having a party, _______ I got
up and looked through the window. It was 4 a.m. I saw a man limping across the road. He was
wearing a big hat _______ I could not see his face. _______ it was a cold night, he was wearing a
light, shabby suit and no coat. _______ I had nothing to do, I decided to go down and ask him if
he was alright. I went out of my house and approached the man. When he turned round I was
really surprised _______ it was Mr Durren.

Mr Darren is quite eccentric. ________ he is the richest man in town he lives in avery simple way
and he doesn´t like to spend any money at all. He looked quite bad _______ I asked him what had
happened. He told me that he was going back home when a dog bit him. _______ His leg was in a
bad way he decided to walk to the hospital. I asked him why he had not taken a taxi: “_______
they are very expensive”, he answered. _______ I am a good person, I told him I would take him to
the hospital in my car. “How much will it cost me?” he asked. “Nothing. I´m not interested in
money”, I said “That is not possible _______ everybody likes money”, he shouted. He seemed
really angry with me _______ I went back into my house and he went on limping to the hospital.”
PURPOSE SENTENCES
Sarah Judd´s is a student. She is saving up to pay for a trip to India. She is going to sell her motorbike and
her CD player to make some money. In order to sell them she put an advert in the local newspaper last
week. She works in a bar two evenings a week in order to earn some extra money. Her parents have given
her $500 to help her pay for the trip.

31. Answer the questions with the infinitive of purpose or with in order to:

1.- Why does Sarah need money?

2.- Why has she put an advert in the local paper.

3.- Why did she phone the local paper last week?

Sarah doesn´t have time to have breakfast at home. She takes something to eat on the bus and a book to
read., usually a travel book about India. In the evenings, if there is nothing to watch on T V and she has not
got any work to do, she plans her trip. She´ll need a guide book to help her plan her route, and enough
money to pay for her food and lodging. She is also going to take a notebook to writer her experiences in.
She is looking for someone to go with because she doesn´t want to go alone.

1.- Why does she take a book with her in the mornings?

2.- Why will she need a guidebook?

3.- Why will she need money on the trip?

32. Make sentences using SO TH AT / SO AS NOT TO.

1.- She sets her alarm clock at 5 p.m.. She doesn´t want to be late.

2.- She puts her alarm clock near her bed. She want to hear it.

3.- She makes her sandwiches the night before. She wants to have more time in the morning

4.- She listens to the weather forecast. She wants to know what to wear.

5.- She doesn´t make too much noise. She doesn´t want to wake the family.

R E L AT I V E S
33. Complete these relative clauses with who or which.

- This is the little girl WHO came to John´s party.

- This is the friend _______ convinced me to visit Canada last summer.

- Let me show you the computer _______ I have just bought. It´s simply amazing
- This is the machine _______ you have to repair.
- The film is about woman _______ stayed in Africa for many years studying how the gorillas lived.
- The lady _______ lives upstairs is a famous opera singer and we usually hear her rehearsing.
34. Join each pair of sentences with a relative pronoun and make a new one.

He is a doctor / he visits me ... He is THE doctor WHO visits me.

She is my neighbour / She lent me a ladder.

It is a dog / It followed me home yesterday.

This is a car / It won the Car of the Year award.

Those are thieves / They robbed the first bank.

35. Compare the relative in these clauses in these sentences and answer the question below:

- The woman who works in the bank is very nice.

- My sister Sarah, who studies Law, is very clever.

- Which clause gives essential information about the person we are talking about?

- Which clause gives extra information about the person we are talking about?

REPORTED SPEECH
36. Read what Roger told a friend and then write it in reported speech.

“We are going to have a meeting on animal‟s rights next Thursday. I must prepare some reports for the
people coming and I‟m going to be very busy. But I don‟t mind because the meeting is very important. Last
year we held a similar meeting in Canada and we have achieved very important goals since then. I think
people are becoming more and more conscious about animals‟ rights. We are working hard to defend
animals.”

37. Read the police officer‟s report and write in direct speech what Mrs Webber actually said.

“Mrs Webber told me that the night before at 9.25 p.m. she was walking her dog. She said that she had seen
a light on at her neighbours‟ house. She had approached the house and seen two men running out. The two
men ran quickly to a car standing in front of the house. Mrs Webber noted down the number plate. She said
that she had telephoned us immediately because she was sure that she was doing the right thing.”

38. Report these questions. Remember that you must repeat the question word in the reported
question.

-“Who is going to study at Harvard next year?” Malcolm asked.

-“When will Peter and Debbie arrive in Hastings?” Sharon asked.

-“Where did Ann meet Tom for the first time?” Bill asked.

-“What happened to Brooke Winn after the war?” my grandfather asked.

-“Why has Mandy explained my secret to everybody?” I wondered.

-“How can I switch off the computer without deleting the document?” the student asked.

-“Which film are you talking about?” Tony asked.

-“Who is that attractive man talking to Lynn?” Andrea asked Peter.

-“Why have you left the cat outside?” Sam asked me.

PHRASAL VERBS
39. Consult the dictionary and match the phrasal verbs in the box with the definitions which follow:

split up – bring up – call in – come

across – give up – keep on – make out –
put up – speak up

................ : educate, rear.

................ : distinguish.

................ : finish a relationship with somebody.

................ : speak louder.

................ : continue doing something.

................ : make a short visit to somebody.

................ : give accommodation to somebody.

................ : stop doing something which was a habit or a regular activity.

................ : meet somebody or find something by chance.

--Now complete these sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box. Use the right tense.
-In the darkness I couldn‟t.................... if the burglar was a man or a woman.

-What a pity! My brother and his girlfriend................. last week.

-.................. trying and you will succeed!

-Could you............ , please? I can‟t hear you.

-My grandparents...................... nine children.

-Alan says he is going to.............. smoking but I don‟t believe him.

-I............... these old photos in the attic yesterday. What memories they bring back!

-Karen is arriving tonight. We‟ll...............her .................... for a couple of days and then, she is going to
Scotland.

-Why don‟t we............... at Eve‟s on the way?

R ES ULT CL AUSES
40. Complete this story with the right conjunction: because, as, although, even though or so.

“Last night I could not sleep because the neighbours next door were having a party, I got up and
looked through the window. It was 4 a.m. I saw a man limping across the road. He was wearing a big hat
I could not see his face. It was a cold night, he was wearing a light, shabby suit and no coat.
I had nothing to do, I decided to go down and ask him if he was alright. I went out of my house and
approached the man. When he turned round I was really surprised it was Mr Durren. Mr Durren is
quite eccentric. he is the richest man in town he lives in a very simple way and he doesn‟t like to
spend any money at all. He looked quite bad I asked him what had happened. He told me that he was
going back home when a dog bit him. his leg was in a bad way he decided to walk to the
hospital. I asked him why he had not taken a taxi: “ they are very expensive,” he answered.
I am a good person, I told him I would take him to the hospital in my car. “How much will it cost me?” he
asked. “Nothing. I am not interested in money,” I said. “That is not possible everybody likes
money,” he shouted. He seemed really angry with me I went back into my house and he went on
limping to the hospital.”

PRESENT P E R F E C T
41. Ask these people if they have done these things:

- Jonathan / do the washing up.

Jonathan, have you done the washing up?

- Ashley / visit New York.

- Loni / study for the exam.

Now ask your partner if these people have done this:

- Herbert / play tennis before.

Has Herbert played tennis before?

-Lynn and Peter / buy a new car.

Nick / sing in a karaoke.

42. Fill in the blanks with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets and one of these particles:
already, yet, still or just.

- You______ the ironing. It´s incredible! You are so fast. (do)

- Everybody is waiting for Mr Johnson but he_______. (not arrive)

- A : Would you like something to eat?

B : No, thanks. I _______ breakfast. (have).

- But I ________what I´m looking for. (not find).

- _______ the postcards ________? (send).

-I´m very worried. Jack went to Canada a week ago and he _________(not telephone).
- I_______ my homework. Let´s go out (finish).

- Wait a minute! Lucy ________ her hair ________. (not dry).

- A: We_______ all our Christmas presents. (buy).

- B: But we are only in October!

FOR / SINCE

43. Put for o since with these complements.

_________ February ____________last week

_________twenty years ____________an hour

_________five minutes ____________six months

_________ he arrived ____________1967

44. Fill in the blanks with for or since.

- My husband and I have lived in this cottage since 1989.

- Tomorrow I´m starting my dance classes again. I haven‟t danced______ a long time.

- Cecily hasn´t seen her school friends______ she left her home town twenty years ago.

- Thomas has worked in the same bank_______ eight years.

- My grandfather hasn´t smoked________ he had a heart attack.

PAST P E R F E C T
45. Give the correct tense of the verb in brackets, either Simple Past or Past Perfect Tenses

1.- When he ..... (arrive) home he ..... (realize) he ..... (forget) his books at school.
2.- She ..... (burst) into tears the moment he ..... (shut) the door.
3.- His finger ..... (begin) to bleed as soon as he ..... (cut) himself.
4.- He ..... (lose) his new watch almost immediately after he ..... (receive) it as a birthday present.
5.- It ..... already ..... (begin) to rain when we ..... (be) on our way back home.
6.- He ..... already ..... (die) when the doctor they ............. (call) ..... (arrive).
7.- The plants ..... (not grow) until the gardener ............. (water) them.
8.- When the police ..... (break9 into the house the thieves ............. already ..... (escape).
46. The Past Perfect Tense in indirect speech

Change the following sentences into the past tense and Past Perfect.

Ex: He wants to know what you did last week.

He wanted to know what you had done the previous week.

1.- He tells me he has gone to England with two friends.

2.- They want to find out if she has done it.
3.- He knows you have already been here.
4.- She says she was absent from school those days.
5.- She is sure she put it on that shelf.
6.- They are waiting and they wonder if their father has lost the way.
7.- These students believe that the course has come to an end.
8.- Do you really think he has done it?.
9.- Your father wants to know why you arrived home so late.
10.- I cannot remember whether he has gone to the cinema or not.
11.- He believes that we have made a terrible mistake.
12.- He cannot remember where he got the money.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
47. Rewrite these sentences using the words given below.
a) If you don‟t hide the message, someone will steal it.
Unless you hide the message, someone will steal it.
b) Unless you eat more, you will be ill.
If you __________________________________________________________________.
c) Unless John stops smoking, he‟ll never be healthy.
If John _________________________________________________________________.
d) If they don‟t feed the cat, it will die.
Unless they _____________________________________________________________.
e) If he doesn‟t come to the picnic, he won‟t see his friends again.
Unless he ______________________________________________________________.

48. Fill in the blanks with a suitable form of the second conditional type.
a) If Sam tried (try) harder, he would pass (pass) the exam.
b) If I _____________ (have) a car, I ____________ (give) you a lift.
c) Your English __________ (improve) if you ____________ (read) more books.
d) If he _____________ (eat) less ice-cream, he _____________ (not/be) so fat.
e) What _____________ (you /do ) if you ______________ (see) a ghost ?

49. Complete these sentences. Use the corresponding 1st , 2nd or 3rd conditional type.
a) I advise you not to turn up for work tomorrow.
If I were you , I wouldn‟t turn up for work tomorrow.
b) We didn‟t tell him about the broken step, so he fell down.
If we _________________________________________________________________.
c) Perhaps one night a burglar will come into your room.
What would you do if ____________________________________________________.
d) I hope the weather will be nice next weekend, so that we can go swimming.
If the weather __________________________________________________________.
e) I put the key under the mat and so the burglar got in.
If I ___________________________________________________________________.
READING
PUBS

A uniquely British institution, the pub is as much a national symbol as big Ben or the “bobby”. There are all
sorts of pubs for all sorts of people and one reason for their variety and popularity is that they´ve been
around for over a thousand years.
Pub is short for “public house” –an establishment that has been licenced to sell alcoholic liquor. In fact,
th
London is one of the best places to follow the development of pubs through the centuries. The 16 century
saw a great expansion in sea trade and many pubs grew up along the River Thames to serve the sailors and
shipbuilders. In the 17th century, as coach travel developed, large coaching inns appeared with stables for
the horses and accommodation for the passengers. A good example of such an inn is the George Inn in
Borough High Street.
Many pubs claim to be among the oldest in London, but they usually refer to the pub´s name or foundation
as most of London was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666. The Spaniards´ Inn is Generally recognized as
being one of the oldest; originally built in 1585, the Romantic poets, Charles Dickens and the highwayman
Dick Turpin all used to drink there.
Quite apart from their historical and cultural importance, another good reason for going to a pub, of course,
is to drink British beer. There are countless varieties of beer available, but the best type is “real ale”. This
means the beer is still fermenting as you drink it.
Pub Walks
Given the sheer number of pubs in London, the problem facing a visitor to the capital is knowing which
ones are worth visiting. The answer is to take a guided pub walk. I recently joined a walking tour of some of
the pubs in the East End of London, an area not normally visited by tourist. The first pub on the agenda was
The castle in Norwich Street. To reach it we had to pass down Greville Street, named after a Victorian
gentleman who was murdered by his manservant because he was omitted from his master´s will
Another Castle next, this time in Cowcross Street. Situated just outside the old city wall, there is a story that
King George IV exchanged his watch for cash there so he could continue gambling. The grateful king
granted the landlord of the pub a pawnbrokers licence in return and the sign outside depicts three brass balls,
the pawnbrokers symbol. A large painting inside the pub depicts the historic transaction
The Pheasant&Firkin in Seward Street is one of a chain of twelve pubs all with the word “firkin” (a nine-
gallon barrel) in their names and which brew their own beers
The last pub before closing time, signalled when the landlord rings a bell and calls for last orders, was the
White Lion in Bastwick Street. This is a typically boisterous East End pub, complete with pianist playing
popular tunes to which enthusiastic costumers sing along to. The White Lion is one of the most common
pub names and refers to King Edward IV

1.- Answer these questions in your own words

- Why did the number of pubs grow so much in the 16th century?
- What made pubs develop in the 17th century?
- Why can´t we be sure about which pub is the oldest in London?
- What are the two main reasons for going to a pub?
- Why is it a good idea to take a guided tour of pubs in London?
- Do you think the anecdote about King George IV is true? Why/Why not?

2.- Choose the right answer to these questions without looking at the text.
- _____ used to drink in the Spaniards´ Inn
a) Charles Dickens
b) George IV
- Real ale is ____
a) black beer
b) beer still fermenting at the time of drinking it
- The author joined a walking tour in the _____
a) West end
b) East end
 - In a pub, we know it is closing time because ___
a) the landlord rings a bell
b) the pianist plays a closing tune

3.- Say which of the following information is in the text and which isn´t
- A fire destroyed London in 1666
- The landlord of the Spaniards´ Inn was Spanish
- The George Inn is in Castle Court
- According to the writer, the best type of beer is “real ale”
- Greville Street is in the East End
- George IV granted the landlord of the Castle in Cowcross Street a pawnbrokers licence
- King Edward IV had a pub called the White Lion

4.- Find in the text the words that mean the same as these ones and note them down:
- Noisy: boisterous
- Songs: ________
- Policemen: ________
- Describes: ________

5.- Choose the meaning these words have in the text:

- Inns:
a) Establishements that provide lodging and food to people, especially travellers
b) Stables to keep traveller´s horses

- Highwayman:
a) Write the political issues
b) Man on a horse who robs travellers

- Will:
a) Auxiliary that gives the verb a future sense
b) Legal declaration of a person´s wishers to distribute his belongings after his death

- Pawnbroker
a) Person who lends money at interest
b) Person who gambles

- Brew
a) Sell beer ina pub
b) Make beer by a traditional method
6.- Match these words from the text with the right definition

Trade Give someone the same name as another person

Sheer Yellow metal made from copper and zinc
Named after Long tailed bird often shot as a sport or for eating
Gambling Activity of buying, selling or exchanging goods
Brass Risking money in a game
Pheasant Unit of volume equal to 4.5 litres
Gallon Huge
THE TUDOR PERIOD

The Tudor Period started with king Henry VII and finished with Queen Elizabeth I. This period was
especially important in England because of the religious Reformation that took place.

Henry VII
The king eliminated the influence of the feudal classes, and the importance of noblemen decreased. He
stimulated overseas, trade and promoted voyages like John Cabot´s one to America in 1497. England was
then a country respected abroad and a wealthy kingdom as well.
Henry had two sons, Arthur and Henry, and a daughter, Margaret. His son Henry VIII succeeded him.

Henry VIII
When Henry VIII came to the throne, the atmosphere was strong and firm. Henry married his brother´s
widow Catherine of Aragon. They had a daughter, Mary, but England needed a male heir, so Henry decided
to divorce Catherine. But Catherine was the aunt of the Emperor of Rome so it was unlikely that the Pope
would help Henry to get the divorce.

In Europe Martin Luther´s doctrine about the reformation of the church was achieving geat popularitu but
the Pope condemned it. In England, Luther´s ideas were not very popular but the church was not popular
either because of its wealth. Henry VIII took advantage of this and introduced Reformation in England. He
appointed himself “Supreme Head of the English Church” by the act of supremacy in 1534 and England
became Protestant. The lord Chancellor, Thomas More, did not recognise the king as Head of the Church
and was executed. Archbishop Cranmer considered Henry´s marriage to Catherine invalid and Henry
married five more times. His wives were Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard
and Catherine Parr. Jane Seymour gave him a son, Edward. Henry VIII died in 1547.

Edward VI
He came to the throne when he was only 9, and the Duke of Somerset was the man who really ruled the
country. He wanted Edward to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, but the Scottish regent sent her to France and
once there, she married the French prince (the future king Francis II). The situation in England was not very
good: there was unemployment and the prices were very high. Edward died of smallpox in 1553, at the age
of 16. His sister Mary ascended to the throne.

Mary I
Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and the first woman to be queen in England.
Mary was Catholic and she quickly dismissed all Protestant bishops from their sees. Under her reign,
England became Catholic again. In July 1554 Mary married the Spanish king, Phillip II, in Winchester
Cathedral. In 1555 Mary´s persecution of Protestants started; she burnt hundreds of them and people called
her Bloody Mary because of this. In November 1558 she died. Her sister Elizabeth became queen.

1.- Answer these questions in your own words:

- What was the most important change that England underwent in the Tudor period?
- Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
- What did Henry finally do to get the divorce?
- Do you think Henry VIII was a tolerant man?
- Why didn´t Edward VI marry Mary, queen of Scots?
- Did Mary I respect the ideas of the Protestans?
- What positive effects for commerce did Elizabeth´s reign have?
- What problems did Elizabeth I have with Mary Stuart?
2.- Complete these sentences by choosing the right answer. Do it without looking at the text

- Henry VII eliminated the influence of _______

a) the clergymen and bishops
b) the feudal classes and noblement

- The Church of England was so unpopular _______

a) because of Luther´s doctrine
b) because of its wealth

- Henry VIII married _______

a) six times
b) five times

- Thomas More was executed because ________

a) he did not recognised Henry VIII as Head of the Church
b) he did not want Henry VIII to divorce Catherine

- Mary Stuart married _____

a) Phillip II of Spain
b) Francis II of France

HISTORY OF IREL AND

F I R ST INVADERS

In the year 7000 B.C. unknown tribes, probably from the Iberian Peninsula, settled in the valley of
the river Boyne. In the 5th century B.C. the Celts arrived in Ireland. These people were divided into
small kingdoms always at war with one another. In 432 A.D. Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland and
christianised the island.
The Scandinavians arrived in 800 A.D., first the Danes and then the Vikings. They settled on the
outskirts of Dublin. They destroyed all the monasteries and all signs of Christianity. The Irish built
fortresses and castles to defend themselves from the invaders. Finally, in 1014 the Irish king Brian
Boru defeated the Vikings in the battle of Clontarf.

ENGLISH INFLUENCE

In the 12th century Ireland was divided into four kingdoms. The kings of these kingdoms were
always fighting to be high-king of Ireland. In 1166 Rory O´Connor, king of Connacht, defeated
Dermot MacMurrough, king of Leinster and became high-king. But MacMurrough wanted to be
king so he asked Henry II, the Norman king of England, for help. Henry sent Richard Strongbow
and his men there in 1170 and helped MacMurrough to be king. When MacMurrough died in 1171
Henry II became king of Ireland. The Norman barons began to conquer lands in Ireland and by the
year 1200 most of the Irish lands were in the hands of the Normans.
In the 16th century, under the rule oh Henry VIII, England became Protestant. In 1541 Henry VIII
became king of Ireland, but Ireland did not want to be Protestant so he declared war on the Irish.
Fifteen years later the English king expropiated the lands of the Irish Catholics, and Protestant
English an Scottish settlers occupied them. The Irish noblemen were forced to leave the country.

F I R ST STEPS TO INDEPENDENCE

Between the 17th and 18th century the Irish Catholics lost the few rights they still had. In 1800 the
Irish Parliament was persuaded to vote urs dissolution and London assumed the political control of
Ireland. In 1823 Daniel O´Connell formed the Catholic Association, the first effective step to
emancipation. In 1828 he was elected Member of the Parliament but he could not take his seat
because he was a Catholic. This fact forced the introduction of the Emancipation Act in 1829,
which gave Catholics the same rights as Protestants.

THE G R E AT FAMINE

During the 1840´s a terrible catastrophe struck the country: the Great Famine. In 1846 and 1847 a
parasite destroyed the potato crops, the main sustenance of the Irish. More than 700.000 Irish
people died and 800.000 emigrated to America. The population was drastically reduced from 8 to 4
million people.

MORE STEPS TO INDEPENDENCE

The Irish Party, headed by Isaac Butt and Charles Stewart Parnell tried to achieve a system of self-
government for Ireland, but it was not possible. In 1916 an armed revolt was put down but its
supporters (the Sinn Fein) achieved support in the elections of 1918 and established the first Dail
(parliament) in 1919

FREEDOM AT L A ST

In 1921 Ireland and England signed the Treaty of London and Ireland gained its independence, 26
Irish countries formed the Irish Free State, and the 6 countries in Northen Ireland remained part of
the United Kingdom. One part of the island rejected this division and in 1922-23 a Civil War
started. In 1923 the truce arrived. W.T.Cosgrave was chief of government from 1922 to 1932. In
1932 Eamon de Valera became Prime Minister until 1959. From then until his retirement in 1973
he was President. In 1937 a new Constitution was voted; in 1949 the last links with Great Britain
were cut and Ireland became a Republic. In 1973 Ireland became a member of the European
Union.

1.- Answer these questions in your own words.

- Which tribes arrived in Ireland before the Normans?
- Why was the battle of Clontarf so important for the Irish?
- What were the consequences of MacMurrough´s cried for help to the Normans?
- Why did Henry VIII declare war on Ireland?
- What led to the achievement of the Emantipation Act in 1829?
- What was the Great Famine? What consequences did it have for Ireland?
- Why did the Civil War break out in Ireland?

2.- Write the event that took place in these years

- 432 A.D.: Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland and christianised it
- 1171:
- 1556:
- 1919:
- 1921:
- 1922-23:
- 1932-59:
- 1937:
- 1949:
- 1973:
3.- Choose the right meaning for these words:

- High king:
a) the king of all the kingdoms
b) the most intelligent king

- Emancipation:
a) Catholic cult
b) Freedom from political restrictions

- Crops:
a) produce for exporting to other countries
b) cultivated plants for food

- Rejected:
a) refused to accept
b) agreed with

4.- March these words with the right definition:

Outskirts Stop something by using force

Defeated Agreement to stop war

Assume Serious lack of food in a country

Famine Part of a city not in the centre

Put down Accept responsibility

Truce Won a victory over the enemy

31.- Match these words with their meaning:

Slave Finally

Eventually Sound that snakes make

Put out Clear an area of something

Get rid of Person who is the property of another person

Hissing Stopped burning

32.- Imagine you are Saint Patrick and answer these questions

- How and when did you arrive in Ireland?

-
- Why did you always want to go back to Ireland when you were in France and Rome?
-
- How did you convince the High King of Ireland to become Christian?
APOLLO 11

Neil Armstrong was to be the captain of Apollo 11. E. Aldrin and M. Collins were his team. The
flight to the moon was the second journey into space for all three. Apollo needed three astronauts,
although only two could land on the moon. The third man, Collins, had to stay in orbit round the
moon in one piece of the spaceship, the command module. His two friends went down in another
piece, the lunar module, to land on the surface of the moon. Then the lunar module had to dock
again with the command module for the journey home. On 16th July 1969, the men were ready. The
Apollo spaceship was also ready on top of Wernher von Braun‟s powerful Saturn rocket. It was
now or never for the USA. Several miles away people heard the noise as the Saturn left the ground.
Many people watched it on T V and heard the American voice from Cape Kennedy:”We have lift-
off”. Apollo flew high into the sky. One by one the rocket stages fired and fell away. Then in only
a few minutes the spaceship left the earth‟s atmosphere.

Again the Saturn rocket fired and sent Apollo on its way when it was time for it to leave
earth orbit and go to the moon. Then suddenly there was a problem; a Soviet spaceship was too
near Apollo in space. However the Soviets told them that the Soviet spaceship was an unmanned
probe; it was not a danger to Apollo. Armstrong and his men had a quiet three-day journey before
Apollo reach the moon. Then only a few minutes late, Apollo went into orbit round the moon.
There was time for a meal and some sleep before their most difficult job began.

..Four...three...two...one...zero! The lunar module, called the Eagle separates from the command
module. Armstrong and Aldrin have said goodbye to Collins who will wait in orbit for them. They begin to
go down to the surface of the moon. They look out of their window and see- not a flat landing-place but a
crater! Immediately Armstrong must find a safe landing-place and move the Eagle to it. He is successful a
short time later the world hears Armstrong‟s voice:” The Eagle has landed!”

After six hour rest, on 20th July 1969 Armstrong opens the door of the Eagle. A few moments later
he is the first man to put his foot on the surface of the moon. Next Aldrin comes out and together the two
men put the US flag into the ground. They are alone on the moon but millions of people on earth can watch
the American success because the astronauts have T V cameras with them.

4. Match these words with the right definition.

Words Definition

Dock Sections of a rocket where the engines are

Lift-off Join together in outer space
Fell away Space vehicle for exploring outer space
Stages Separated from the spaceship
Unmanned Leave the earth
Probe Without people inside
THE TI TANIC

The Titanic left Suthampton for New York on Wednesday 10 April.

High up in the ship, Frederick Fleet looked into the night. There was no moon but the stars were
bright. The sea was still. It was very cold. The Titanic had six men who were lookouts. These men were the
eyes of the ship. Fleet remembered the words of one of his officers:” look out for icebergs. We‟ve heard that
there are some about.”

It was 10 o‟clock at night. Fleet could see nothing dangerous in front of the ship. He spoke to the
other lookout, Reginald Lee, “I‟m so cold,” he said. “I can see nothing. Can you?”
“No. I‟ve never seen the sea still and quiet like this”.

Now it was 11.40 on Sunday 14 April. Suddenly Fleet saw something in front of him. It was small
but every minute it grew bigger and bigger. He took up the telephone and spoke to the officer on the bridge
of the ship.

“What did you see?”

“Iceberg in front of the ship,” said Fleet.

For the next half minute Lee and Fleet looked at the iceberg. It came nearer and nearer. Still the
ship did not turn. “We‟re going to hit it if we don‟t turn soon, “thought turn. The iceberg was higher than
the Titanic The two lookouts felt the touch of the iceberg. But it was not a big bang.

Just then Captain Smith came on to the bridge. “Mr Murdoch, what was that?” he asked.
“An iceberg, sir. I turned the ship and I‟ve now stopped her. I tried to go round the iceberg but she
was too close. I couldn‟t do any more.”

On the bridge Captain Smith heard the news. It was bad. “The water‟s coming in fast,” said one
officer.”It‟s filling the lower part of the ship.”

At 12.05 a.m. the Captain said, “Get the boats ready. Tell the passengers. The ship is sinking.” It
was twenty-five minutes after the bang.

Then the people on the Titanic soon heard the news. Passengers left their rooms. The sailors started
to get the lifeboats ready. There were sixteen boats. There were also four boats made of cloth. All the boats
together could carry 1178 people. There were 2207 people on the Titanic.

“Women and children first.”Now nobody wanted to stay behind on the Titanic. The front of the ship
was deeper in the water now. One after another the lifeboats dropped into the sea. One young Irishman,
David Buckley, jumped into a boat with some other men. He put a cloth over his head. He looked like a
young woman. So an officer let him stay. But the other men had to leave. Another young man tried to hide
in a boat. An officer found him “You must wait. Women and children first”.

One by one the lifeboats dropped into the sea. At last here was only one wooden lifeboat. There
were 1600 people still on the Titanic. Men began to jump into the cold sea. Some swam to the lifeboats. But
most of the officers and sailors stayed on the ship. They waited quietly or walked up and down.

1502 people went down with the Titanic. Today all ships must carry enough lifeboats for all the
people on the ship. Ship radios must work 24 hours a day. All ships must listen to the radio for news about
icebergs.
1.- Answer the questions about the text.

-What did Frederick Fleet do when he saw the iceberg?

-What did Mr Murdoch do in order not to crash into the iceberg? Was he successful?
-What were the orders that Captain Smith gave at 12.05 a.m.?
-Why did so many men stay on the Titanic if she was sinking?
-What “positive” consequences did the sinking of the Titanic have?

2. Say if these statements are true or false. Support your answers with evidence from the text.

-At 10 p.m. Fleet and Lee did not see anything strange on the sea.
-The Titanic hit the iceberg because she didn‟t turn round.
-There were sixteen life boats in total aboard the Titanic.
-An officer told David Buckley to leave the boat immediately.
-More than 1000 people died when the Titanic sank.

3. Match these words with the meaning they have in the text.

Still Near the ship

Lookouts Not moving, quiet.
Close Fell
Sinking People who watch the sea to warn of possible danger
Life-jackets Going below the water
Dropped Waistcoats people put on in order to stay afloat in water

G R E AT BRITAIN

Compulsor y: school is compulsory from the age of 5 to 16.

Primary school: from the age of 5 to 11.
Secondary school: up to the age of 16 or 18.

UNITED KINGDOM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Schools: most of the British schools are state schools. The students pay no fees and the books are fee. Abut
7% of schools are private.
Curriculum: in G. Britain there is a fixed number of subjects that include: science, English, history, maths,
geography, art, physical education, music and a foreign language.
Terms: British schools have three terms: autumn term from September to December, spring term from
January to March and summer term from April to July.

U.S.A. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Compulsory: school is compulsory from the age of 6 to 16. The different of study are called
grades.
Elementary school: from the age of 6 to 13.
Secondary or high school: up to the age of 16.
Schools: 85% of students attend public schools. 15% attend private schools. Four out of five private schools
are run by religious groups.
Curriculum: there is no national curriculum in the USA. But there are certain common subjects in all
schools: maths, language, penmanship, science, social studies, music, art and physical education. In some
schools there are courses on computers and in a second language. Apart from these subjects there are also
non academic subjects called electives that students may choose from, such as cooking, photography,
theatre...
And afterwards...: many American students want to enter university when they finish high school.
To do so, they must pass the Scholastic Attitudinal Test and get a good score.
1. Answer these questions with your own words.

-What is the main difference between state and private schools?

-How many levels of schooling are there in Great Britain and the USA?
-Is the British curriculum the same for all schools? What does it consist of?
-Is there a national curriculum in the USA? Are there the same subjects in all US schools,
then?

2. Match these words with the meaning they have in the text.

Compulsory Are managed

Fees T otal number of points that somebody gets in a rest.
Terms Periods of time which the school year is divided into.
Score Sum of money paid for a service
Are run Something obligatory
Curriculum Skill or style in writing
Penmanship Everything that is taught at school

3. Write for and against these questions:

-In your opinion, which schools are better, public or private schools? Why?
-Are you for or against taking an exam before entering university? Why?

4. Complete this information about the educational system in your country.

Compulsory schooling age:

Primary school:
Secondary school:
Curriculum:
Terms:
- Now compare the system in your country with the system in Great Britain.

5. Say which of these words are related to school and which ones aren‟t.

Jam-rucksack-ruler-track-cartoon-rubber-chalk-world-map-shop-pencil case-sunflower-paper-clips-
encyclopedia-umbrella-homework-puppy-notebook-pupil-uniform.

ANGEL A WILKINSON

20, is a student at the university of Ulster in Northern Ireland and studies for a degree in
electronic systems.

ANGEL A WILKINSON

“I‟ve lived all my life in Coleraine on the north coast of Northern Ireland. When I started at the
university last year I was a bit lonely: It was my first time away from home and it took a while to
settle in. But after a few weeks I made good friends and now we all have a brilliant time.

The electronics course is hard work, harder than I expected although it‟s not surprising
because there‟s a great deal to cram in. It covers computer hardware and software and involves
programming, electronics design and a great deal besides. There‟s a lot of practical work involved.
Electronics is still regarded as a male preserve; I‟m the only woman on the course at the moment. I
got interested in electronics when I did a week‟s work experience with a large company while I
was working for my Maths, Physics and Chemistry “A” levels. I wanted to do something practical
and didn‟t want to become a teacher so this course seemed just right. Next year I‟ll be on a
placement working in industry- I‟m not sure where that will be yet- before returning for the fourth
year and finals.”

JASON ANDREWS

20, lives in Treharris, near Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales, and travels to Ystrad Mynach
College of further education to study computing and office technology.

“I‟m in my third year at college on the computer course and have learnt how to programme
computers using BASIC. Most of the work is practical with a lot of time spent at the keyboard. I‟m
hoping that I‟ll be able to get a job in civilian support work with the armed forces from their early
history to the modern day- it‟s my main hobby. In my room here I‟ve got a large collection of
military memorabilia including badges, books and imitation weapons. I started collecting vintage
toy cars when I was very young and began collecting all things military when I was eight.

I‟m looking forward to getting my own car some time soon. At present a taxi transports me
between home and college. I‟ve got a girlfriend in Merthyr Tydfil and a car would mean I could
see her more often. I‟m a member of a PHAB club in Merthyr and we meet every week on
Thursday evenings. It‟s good fun. We go on outings and do various sporting activities; it helps
able-bodied people to get to know and understand disabled people and vice versa. At the next
PHAB sports day in November I‟ll be doing archery and weight-lifting. I do various other things;
sometimes I play my electric guitar and can pick up music quite easily, and I used to play the organ
although the only keyboard I play at the moment is attached to the computer.

1. Say if the following statements are true or false. Give evidence from the text.

-Jason is highly interested in music and sports.

-Jason would like to get a job with the armed forces.
-Jason has got his own car

2. Match these words with the meaning they have in the text.
Keyboard Piece of metal or cloth with a message.
Memorabilia Short pleasure trips.
Badges Set of keys that you press to operate a computer.
Vintage People with a physical or mental disability.
Handicapped Sport involving shooting with a bow and arrows.
Outings Thing people collect related to something or somebody in the past.
Able-bodied Healthy and strong.
Archery Classic, characteristic from a period in the past.

3. Choose the right meaning for these words.

Settle in
Live
Become established
Cram in
Learn
Fit into a small space or short time
Male preserve
An area of activity regarded as belonging only to men
Temporary job to acquire experience

CONQUER O F A M E R I C A

Around the year 1000, a party of Vikings under Leif Ericson sailed to the eastern coast to North
America. They landed at a place called Vinland. Five hundred years later, the need for trade and an
error in navigation led to another European encounter with America. Christopher Columbus
mistakenly believed that he could reach the Far East by sailing 6.400 kilometres west from Europe.
Columbus sailed west, but he did not reach Asia. Instead he landed on one of the Bahamas Islands
in the Caribbean Sea.

ENGLISH SE T T LE M E N TS

The first successful English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.
Of the first 105 colonist, 73 died of hunger and disease within seven months of their arrival. Buy
the colony survived and eventually grew and became wealthy.
In New England several settlements were established by English Puritans. These settlers came to
America to escape persecution in England and to found a colony based on their own religious
ideals. One group of Puritans, called the “Pilgrims” settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.
Over time, the British colonies in North America were also occupied by many non-British groups.
German farmers settled in Pennsylvania, Swedes founded the colony of Delaware, and African
slaves first arrived in Virginia in 1619. In 1626, Dutch settlers purchased Manhattan Island from
local Indians chiefs, and built the town of New Amsterdam; in 1664, the settlement was captured
by the English and renamed New York.

COLONIAL E R A

By 1770 Philadelphia, with 18000 inhabitants was the largest city, followed by New York, Boston
and Charleston, South Carolina.
All the colonies shared a tradition of representative government. The English king appointed many
of the colonial governors, but they all had to rule in cooperation with an elected assembly. Britain
could not exercise direct control over her American colonies. London was too far away. By 1733,
English settlers had occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast, from New Hampshire to
Georgia. The British government charged new taxes on sugar, coffee, textiles and other imported
goods. But the Americans feared that the new taxes would make trading difficult. Tensions eased
when Lord North removed all the new taxes excepts that on the tea. In 1773 a group of patriots
responded to the tea tax by staging the “Boston Tea Party”. Disguised as Indians, they boarded
British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbour.

REVOLUTION

On April 19, 1775, 1770 British soldiers marched from Boston to forestall a rebellion of the
colonists. At the village of Lexington, they confronted 70 militiamen. Someone – no one knows
who- fired a shot and the American War of Independence began.
At first the war went badly for the Americans. The tide turned in October 1777, when a British
army under General John Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, in northern New York. The Treaty of
Paris, signed in September 1783, recognized the independence of the United States and granted the
new nation all the territory north of Florida, south of Canada and east of the Mississippi River.
1.- Answer these questions in your own words.

- Which two factors were decisive in Columbus´ arrival to America?

- Who were the Pilgrims?
- Which groups arrived in America during the 17th century, apart from the English?
- Do you think America was a land of opportunities? Why/Why not?
- What was the aim of the “Boston Tea Party”?
- Which fact led the Americans to win the War of Independence?

2.- Choose the sentences that express one idea from the text.

A.-
- Columbus´ expedition was the first one to reach North America
- Columbus arrived 500 years later than the Vikings
- The Vikings decided to go to the New World

B.-
- The first English settlement was an immediate success
- Despite the initial problems, the colony at Jamestown survived and became wealthy
- Jamestown was founded by London merchants

C.-
- The Pilgrims wanted religious freedom
- The Pilgrims went to America to make fortune
- The Pilgrims did not believe in God

D.-
- By the end of the 18th century Philadelphia was the biggest city in North America
- The biggest city by 1770 was Charlestown
- Los Angeles was one of the most important cities by the 1770s

E.-
- Britain had direct control over its colonies
- Britain controlled its colonies trough a governor
- The British king governed the colonies.

3.- Rewrite these sentences by substituting the words in italics for the ones below:
(govern, brought, gave, intercept, additions to the law, organising, the course of event
changed)

- Dutch settlers purchased Manhattan Island from local chiefs

- They all had to rule in cooperation with an elected assembly
- A group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the “Boston Tea Party
- 700 British soldiers marched from Boston to forestall a rebellion of the colonists
- The tide turned in October 1777
- And granted the new nation all the territory
- In 1791 10 amendments – the Bill of Rights- were added to the constitution
4.- Find the right synonym to these words

Wealthy Threw

Appointed Were afraid

Feared Rich

Tossed Boxes

Crates Chose

5.- Match these words with their right definition

Trade Amount of money that people have to pay to the

government
Goods Made the situation less unpleasant

Eased Put on clothes to change your appearance

Taxes Activity of buying, selling or exchanging goods

Disguised Stopped fighting and admitted defeat

Surrendered Things made to be sold

Translate the following sentences which cover most grammatical points you
worked on.

1. Lisa ya no trabaja en la tienda de su padre

____________________________________________________________________.
2. Matt Kremp es saxofonista.
____________________________________________________________________.
3. No quiero que vayas al parque porque está lloviendo mucho
____________________________________________________________________.
4. Unos 1500 millones de personas hablan inglés en todo el mundo
____________________________________________________________________.
5. El inglés se usa en muchas ocasiones.
____________________________________________________________________.
6. Muchos idiomas incluyen palabras inglesas en su conversación diaria
____________________________________________________________________.
7. Encantado de conocerte. ¿De dónde eres?.
____________________________________________________________________.
8. La música reggae nació hace unos 20 años.
____________________________________________________________________.
9. A diferencia de muchos músicos pop, él tenía algo que decir.
_____________________________________________________________________.
10. ¿De quién es este libro? Es mío.
_____________________________________________________________________.
11. Antes de irte de vacaciones, hay algunas cosas importantes que debes hacer.
_____________________________________________________________________.
12. Estuvimos en Londres el mes pasado. Nos gustó tanto que esperamos volver.
_____________________________________________________________________.
13. Por favor, déjame quedarme un poco más.
_____________________________________________________________________.
14. World Charity es una organización que ayuda a los pobres.
_____________________________________________________________________.
15. Ella trabaja allí tres días a la semana.
______________________________________________________________________.
16. En mi tiempo libre me gusta hacer muchas cosas.
______________________________________________________________________.
17. Siempre he querido hacerlo desde que era un niño.
______________________________________________________________________.
18. ¿Lo sabe el Sr. Johnson?
______________________________________________________________________.
19. Se casan el mes que viene.
______________________________________________________________________.
20. Soy un estudiante de 16 años
______________________________________________________________________.
21. Dime lo que tengo que hacer para ser miembro del club
______________________________________________________________________.
22. No tenía nada que ver con el mundo del espionaje
______________________________________________________________________.
23. Estaba a punto de irse cuando recibió una oferta que no podía rechazar
______________________________________________________________________.
24. Ellos no estaban de acuerdo.
______________________________________________________________________.
25. Vimos una película sobre el trabajo de los bomberos
______________________________________________________________________.
26. Se mudó a Londres porque su madre encontró un trabajo mejor.
______________________________________________________________________.
27. Esa película se basa en una historia verdadera
______________________________________________________________________.
28. Yo no soy así.
______________________________________________________________________.
29. Nadie puede decir con seguridad de donde viene esta superstición.
______________________________________________________________________.
30. Por eso es por lo que mucha gente evita tener 13 invitados.
______________________________________________________________________.
31. A las 8,00 estaba desayunando con Raquel.
______________________________________________________________________.
32. Estábamos sentados en el suelo porque no había suficientes sillas
______________________________________________________________________.
33. Los dos fueron a la ópera ayer.
______________________________________________________________________.
34. ¿Te gustan los coches? Sí.
____________________________________________________________________.
35. Perdone, ¿es este el museo? Sí.
______________________________________________________________________.
36.- La fiesta es en la casa de Larry, ¿no?
______________________________________________________________________.
37.-Parecen deliciosos, ¿no?
______________________________________________________________________.
38.- Cuando le pidieron a una mujer 5000 libras, ella se rió de ellos
______________________________________________________________________.
39.- ¿Está todo preparado para el viaje? Creo que sí
______________________________________________________________________.
40.- Esta fiesta también se llama el 4 de julio.
______________________________________________________________________.
41.- Hace que les digan su futuro.
______________________________________________________________________.
42.- ¿Por qué no vamos a patinar mañana?
______________________________________________________________________.
43.- Sabe conducir pero nunca lo hace.
______________________________________________________________________.
44.- ¿Hay leche en el frigo?
______________________________________________________________________.
45.- Hay un manzano en el jardín.
______________________________________________________________________.
46.- ¿Te gustaría un bombón?
______________________________________________________________________.
47.- Quiero que lo ordenes inmediatamente.
______________________________________________________________________.
48.- Voló de América a Italia para visitar a sus primos
______________________________________________________________________.
49.- La Coca-Cola se vende en 185 países
______________________________________________________________________.
50.- Tiene que terminar este informe hoy.
______________________________________________________________________.
51.- Juan debería tomarse unas vacaciones
______________________________________________________________________.
52.- Debe tener su propio juego de llaves.
______________________________________________________________________.
53.- No debes aparcar aquí. (está prohibido)
______________________________________________________________________.
54.- Sería mejor que nos diésemos prisa.
______________________________________________________________________.
55.- Algunos otros pubs cogen el nombre de algún personaje famoso.
______________________________________________________________________.
56.- El no se llevaba muy bien con su amiga Ruth.
______________________________________________________________________.
57.- El verano pasado hicimos un viaje a Egipto.
______________________________________________________________________.
58.- No pongas excusas.
______________________________________________________________________.
59.- El es un conductor precavido.
______________________________________________________________________.
60.- ¿Me puedes ayudar a arreglar la bici? Lo siento pero tengo que irme.
______________________________________________________________________.
61.- Juan estaba tumbado en la cama.
______________________________________________________________________.
62.-Era tan pequeño que no alcanzaba.
______________________________________________________________________.
63.- Estás equivocado en una cosa.
______________________________________________________________________.
64.- ¿Cómo sabía una niña de 9 años esas cosas?
______________________________________________________________________.
65.- El hará la colada por la mañana.
______________________________________________________________________.
66.- Creo que lloverá mañana.
______________________________________________________________________.
67.- Llegó a Dublín ayer por la noche.
______________________________________________________________________.
68.- ¿Te ayudo?
______________________________________________________________________.
69.- ¿Vamos a un pub esta noche?
______________________________________________________________________.
70.- Es una ciudad cercana a la costa que creció en los 70.
______________________________________________________________________.
71.- Durante 6 años cuidó de los animales.
______________________________________________________________________.
72.- Se las arregló para deshacerse de todas las serpientes venenosas.
______________________________________________________________________.
73.- Tío Juan viene mañana, martes.
______________________________________________________________________.
74.- La película está a punto de empezar.
______________________________________________________________________.
75.- Hay unas rosas para ti en el comedor.
______________________________________________________________________.
76.- Hace mucho frío en enero.
______________________________________________________________________.
77.- Antes había muchos niños en este colegio
______________________________________________________________________.
78.- Trabajar mucho es muy agotador.
______________________________________________________________________.
79.- Comer demasiado es malo para el estómago.
______________________________________________________________________.
80.- Pedro es más alto que Juan
______________________________________________________________________.
81.- Juan es más inteligente que Pedro
______________________________________________________________________.
82.- Aunque Helena es la mejor.
______________________________________________________________________.
 83.- Nunca habían sido más felices.
______________________________________________________________________.
84.- Es la montaña más alta del mundo
______________________________________________________________________.
85.- Y este es el océano más grande del mundo.
______________________________________________________________________.
86.- No es sólo el 9 de octubre, sino toda la semana.
______________________________________________________________________.
87.- Mis padres han trabajado en la misma fábrica toda su vida.
______________________________________________________________________.
88.- No has hecho nada bien desde que llegaste.
______________________________________________________________________.
89.- La semana pasado compré un coche nuevo.
______________________________________________________________________.
90.- No ha visto a sus compañeros de colegio desde que dejó su ciudad natal.
______________________________________________________________________.
91.- ¡No lo vas a creer! Ya ha limpiado el coche.
______________________________________________________________________.
92.- ¿Has comprado el libro ya?
______________________________________________________________________.
93.- Acabo de despertarme y no he desayunado todavía.
______________________________________________________________________.
94.- ¡Todavía no me han devuelto el dinero!
______________________________________________________________________.
95.- ¿Has tomado alguna vez comida exótica?
______________________________________________________________________.
94.- ¿Cuándo fue la última vez?
______________________________________________________________________.
95.- Estos son algunos de los proyectos más importantes.
______________________________________________________________________.
96.- Lanzaron una serie de satélites artificiales al espacio.
______________________________________________________________________.
97.- Estaba demasiado cerca.
______________________________________________________________________.
98.- Las cadenas del fantasma golpeteaban en el castillo mientras las campanas repicaban.
______________________________________________________________________.
99.- Cuando llegamos al aeropuerto el avión había despegado ya.
______________________________________________________________________.
100.-Ese es el policía que me ayudó.
______________________________________________________________________