Rabbis Joseph B.

Soloveitchik and
Abraham Joshua Heschel on
Jewish-Christian Relations

Reuven Kimelman

Abstract: How is it that Rabbis Joseph B.

Soloveitchik and Abraham Joshua Heschel, who had
so much in common, became the spokesmen for
opposing positions on Jewish-Christian dialogue? Is
there a fundamental difference in their analyses of the
nature of Judaism and Christianity? Have recent
developments confirmed or disconfirmed their hopes
and fears? Would they say anything different today?

Biography: Reuven Kimelman is Professor of

Talmudic History, Midrash, and Liturgy at Brandeis
University. He is the author of The Mystical Meaning of
Lekhah Dodi and Kabbalat Shabbat (Hebrew), published
by Magnes Press of the Hebrew University.

The Edah Journal 4:2

Edah Inc. © 2004
Kislev 5765
Rabbis Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Abraham Joshua Heschel on
Jewish-Christian Relationsi

Reuven Kimelman

From the forties through the seventies of the Rabbis Heschel and Soloveitchik had much in
twentieth century, the two most consequential common: Both were scions of illustrious eastern
religious thinkers on the American Jewish scene European families. R. Heschel, a direct descendant
were Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972) of the Apter Rav, was related to many of the great
and Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (1903-1993), the rebbes from the circle of the Maggid. R.
former a professor at The Jewish Theological Soloveitchik, a direct descendant of the Beis Halevi,
Seminary of America, the latter a professor and Rosh was related to the giants of Lithuanian talmudic
Yeshiva at Yeshiva University. By the late fifties scholarship. Both were child prodigies6 who in their
each had emerged as the major theological voice of twenties broke with family tradition and started their
his institution and movement.2 Indeed, they were general education in Warsaw only to continue at the
probably the only theologians read by students of University of Berlin—1925 for R. Soloveitchik, 1927
both institutions. Each had international followings.3 for R. Heschel—where both earned their doctorates
in philosophy in the early 1930s.7 Indeed, in their
By 1960 R. Abraham J. Heschel was the most widely dissertations both thanked the same neo-Kantian
read Jewish theologian in America,4 whereas R. professor of philosophy, Max Dessoir.8 R. Heschel
Joseph B. Soloveitchik was the most widely accepted and R. Soloveitchik met first in Berlin9, and, later, in
ideologue of “Integrationist Orthodoxy.” New York.10
Integrationist Orthodoxy” is preferable to
“Modern,” since it reflects better its ideological Both R. Soloveitchik and R. Heschel struggled with
tenor. For it, as represented by its ideological the epistemology of Kant,11 admired Kierkegaard,12
mentor, believes in integrating Orthodoxy and the and enlisted Bergson, Otto, Dilthey, Scheler,
university, Orthodoxy and the State of Israel, and Husserl, Hartmann, Heidegger, among others,13 in
Orthodoxy and the Israeli army. It not only exists in Europe as well as Reinhold Niebuhr in America14 in
modernity or takes its cue from modernity, but their exposition of Judaism. To buttress their
relates to it by encounter or dialogue rather than by argument, they relied on physicists and philosophers
rejection or capitulation.5 of science such as Newton, Planck, Einstein and

The Edah Journal/Kislev 5765 Kimelman 2

Whitehead.15 Enamored of Rambam, they fought the intellectual trivialization of Judaism and
extensively cited and significantly modeled their lives defended the halakhah as a concretization of religious
after him.16 Indeed, R. Heschel at age twenty-eight experience.22 They expounded Judaism in terms of
wrote in seven months a commissioned biography of religious anthropology and presented it as a response
Rambam, published in 1935, in honor of his eight to the problems of—indeed the conflicts inherent
hundredth birth anniversary. In their major works, in—human nature.23 Both focused on the religious
they cited the first Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi consciousness,24 depicted religious experience as part
Schneur Zalmen of Liadi, at crucial places in their of the human response to the mystery of existence,25
argument.17 understood the religious life as a response to the
reality of being commanded,26 conceptualized the
“Both were scions of illustrious East European problem of human existence in terms of meaning
rather than being,27 and perceived much of the
families who overcame family tradition and started
divine-human relationship as a partnership.28
their general education in Warsaw only to continue
in Berlin.” Whereas others talked primarily of the ultimacy of
Torah or Israel, they spoke primarily of the ultimacy
Both were masters of the full gamut of the Jewish of God.29 Nonetheless, each realized the limitations
tradition. They not only knew Bible and its exegesis, of such talk. Since with regard to the Divine, one
the full panoply of Rabbinic literature, Jewish apprehends more than one can comprehend, clearly
medieval philosophy, Kabbalah, Hasidism18, Musar, more than one can verbalize, each realized that
and modern German Jewish thought, but also much of faith experience must remain ineffable.30
articulated illuminating reformulations of much of Both wrote of the potential redemptive significance
them. Indeed, their mastery of the depth and of the State of Israel.31 Each was intensely involved
breadth of the Jewish tradition along with much of in the passions of the day.32 Both used a literary style
the rest of the Western intellectual tradition and that matched their inspired vision.33 The two were
Christian theology may be unparalleled amongst master stylists of English, Hebrew, and Yiddish,34
twentieth century theologians.19 indeed captives of the poetic muse.35

Both saw prayer20 and the Sabbath21 as defining Besides their mastery of these three languages, they
religious experiences in Judaism and penned knew Greek, Latin, Polish, and German. Finally,
penetrating works on their meaning. Together they they raised many disciples. There is hardly a signify-

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cant theological voice in modern traditional Judaism the Europeans were chief rabbis, the Americans
of the twenty-first century in America who does not were academics.
count him or herself as a disciple of one, if not both,
of them.36 R. Soloveitchik and R. Heschel emerged early on as
the major Jewish spokesmen. Already on December

“Together they fought the intellectual trivialization of 8, 1960, R. Soloveitchik declared before rabbis of the
various denominations, convened by the World
Judaism and defended the halakhah… When others
Jewish Congress, that he opposed the presence of
talked of Torah or Israel, they spoke of the ultimacy
Jews as observers or with any formal status at the
of God.” Ecumenical Council.37 Within a year, on November
26, 1961 (moved from November 25, which fell on
Nonetheless, in the area of Jewish-Christian the Sabbath, to allow for R. Heschel’s presence), R.
dialogue, by 1964 they had become the spokesmen Heschel played the central role in a meeting with
for allegedly antithetical positions. What is the Cardinal Bea. They initiated their conversation with
history and significance of their divergent a discussion of Rabbi Akiba’s pronouncement on
approaches? In 1959 Pope John XXIII convened the the uniqueness of The Song of Songs, about which
Second Vatican Council. From 1958 to 1960 the Cardinal Bea had recently written. Among the other
Papacy eliminated from Catholic liturgies several subjects discussed were: the difference in the sense
expressions prejudicial to the Jews. The Pope of mission young people felt in Communist
charged Cardinal Augustin Bea, president of the countries versus Western countries, the renewed
Secretariat for Christian Unity of the Holy See, with religious interest in Israel, the underground Jewish
the task of preparing a draft on the relationship religious life in the Soviet Union, the significance of
between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people holiness in time, and the talmudic idea that when
for the consideration of the Council Fathers. reciting the Shema one should be ready for
martyrdom if necessary.38
Among the organizations that became involved was
the American Jewish Committee. AJC set up an On January 9, 1962, R. Heschel received a personal
advisory group consisting of Rabbis Elio Toaff of letter from Cardinal Bea in German which expressed
Rome, Jacob Kaplan of France, and Louis his anticipation of a memorandum from R. Heschel.
Finkelstein, Salo Baron, Joseph Soloveitchik and Three books by R. Heschel—God In Search of Man,
Abraham Heschel of America. Interestingly, while Man Is Not Alone, and The Sabbath—were sent in

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February 1962 to Cardinal Bea39, who received them which holds the Jewish people responsible for
as evidence of the “strong common spiritual bond the crucifixion of Jesus and sees in every Jew a
between us.” (This language of “spiritual murderer of Christ.
bondedness” was eventually incorporated into the 2. That Jews be recognized as Jews … and that
text of the Church document and became central to the council recognize the integrity and the
papal teaching on the Jews. Pope John Paul II continuing value of Jews and Judaism.
reiterated the phrase during his visit to the Great 3. That Christians be made familiar with
Synagogue of Rome in May 1986.)40 Still, in April it Judaism and Jews.
was unclear whether the Church would repudiate the 4. That a high-level commission be set up at the
notion that Jews are “deicides” cursed by God. Vatican, with the task of erasing prejudice and
keeping a watch on Christian-Jewish relations
In May, 1962, R. Heschel responded to Cardinal everywhere.
Bea’s invitation to submit proposals for the
document on the Catholic Church and the Jewish In the summer of 196241, R. Heschel was in frequent
people by submitting a memorandum “On contact with Abbot Leo Rudloff, an active member
Improving Catholic-Jewish Relations.” In his of Cardinal’s Bea’s unofficial group on Catholic-
introduction, R. Heschel stated: Jewish relations. Abbott Rudloff had impressed
Both Judaism and Christianity share the upon R. Heschel the importance of his being
prophet’s belief that God chooses agents available at the Ecumenical Council during the
through whom His will is made known and His spring session when the resolution against anti-
work done throughout history. Both Judaism Semitism was scheduled for action. R. Heschel
and Christianity live in the certainty that expressed concerned about his “representa-
mankind is in need of ultimate redemption, that tiveness.” Accordingly, R. Tanenbaum worked to set
God is involved in human history, that in up a meeting between R. Heschel and R.
relations between man and man God is at stake; Soloveitchik42 for the Orthodox community, and
that the humiliation of man is a disgrace of God. another between R. Heschel and R. Freehof for the
Reform community. The meeting between R.
R. Heschel went on to make four recommend- Heschel and R. Soloveitchik was to take place in
ations to improve mutually fruitful relations early September. According to R. Bernard
between the Church and the Jewish community: Rosensweig, in 1962 R. Soloveitchik met with
1. That the Council brand anti-Semitism as a sin Monsignor Johannes Willebrands (subsequently
and condemn all false teachings, such as that Cardinal and president of Commission for Religious

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Relations with the Jews) to discuss the possibility of “spiritual fratricide,” and declared that, faced with
religious dialogue between Jews and Christians.43 the choice of conversion or death in the gas
chambers of Auschwitz, he would choose
On March 31, 1963, Cardinal Bea visited New York. Auschwitz. Nonetheless, on September 14, on the
R. Heschel chaired a delegation of Jewish leaders eve of Yom Kippur, feeling it an act of qiddush ha-
who met privately with him and spoke at a banquet shem, if not piquah nefesh, R. Heschel had an audience
held in Cardinal Bea’s honor. R. Heschel spoke of with Pope Paul VI in order to persuade him to adopt
the common threat of evil facing humanity and of the original language of Cardinal Bea against the
the necessity of dialogue. According to Cardinal conversion of the Jews and the calumny of deicide.
Willebrands: About this effort R. Heschel said:
Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik had also been And I succeeded in persuading even the Pope ...
expected at this meeting. He was not able to [H]e personally crossed out a paragraph in which
come because of the serious illness of his wife. I there was reference to conversion or mission to
had the privilege and the joy to meet with him the Jews. The Pope himself ... This great, old
privately on the evening of the same day. This wise Church in Rome realizes that the existence
convinced me definitively: If the Vatican Council of Jews as Jews is so holy and so precious that
fulfilled its intention concerning the Declaration the Church would collapse if the Jewish people
on the Jews, we would have a dialogue of a would cease to exist.46
spiritual nature with the Jews.44
According to Eugene Fisher, executive secretary of
The text of the Council's declaration, to be called the Secretariat for Catholic-Jewish relations,
Nostra Aetate (“In our Time”), from the second National Conference of Catholic Bishops, R.
session in 1964 omitted specific reference to the Heschel's efforts ultimately had such a transforming
term “deicide” (though condemning the notion of effect that by 1967 he was able to write that "The
collective guilt quite strongly) and added a statement Schema of the Jews is the first statement of the
of eschatological hope for the union of Israel and Church in history—the First Christian discourse
the church. This last statement, which at best may dealing with Judaism—which is devoid of any
have been intended to express the belief that at the expression of hope for conversion.”47
end of time all who profess God's name will be
gathered into union with God45, was taken by many In February 1964, at the Conference of the
Jews as a reaffirmation of the Christian mission to Rabbinical Council of America, R. Soloveitchik
the Jews. Accordingly, R. Heschel called the draft criticized the proposed decree as “evangelical

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propaganda” that dealt with Jews only as potential (3) Jews should refrain from recommending
converts. He argued that discussion between changes to Christian doctrine, for such
Christians and Jews should be limited to non- recommendations would lead to reciprocal
religious subjects, and that the Council should be Christian recommendations for changes to
asked solely for a condemnation of anti-Semitism, Jewish belief. Change must emerge
not for assertions of religious brotherhood.48 autonomously from within, for “non-
interference is a sine qua non for good will and
R. Heschel declared that “faced with the choice of mutual respect.”
conversion or death in the gas chambers of (4) Each community must articulate its position
Auschwitz, he would choose Auschwitz.” that the other community “has the right to live,
create, and worship God in its own way, in
In the spring of 1964, R. Soloveitchik delivered the freedom and dignity.”
50
talk “Confrontation.” Rarely has a talk, subsequently
an essay, been more consequential or more R. Soloveitchik emphasized that both communities
provocative to Christian-Jewish relations. What have “the right to an unconditional commitment to
follows is not a summary of the essay, since the God that is lived with a sense of pride, security,
rhetoric of the essay is essential to its meaning and dignity and joy in being what they are.” This
cogency.51 Only those elements significant for a precludes “trading favors on fundamental matters of
comparison and contrast with R. Heschel are noted. faith” or “reconciling differences” out of an
obligation to compromise.
R. Soloveitchik lays down four preconditions for
Jewish-Christian engagement: R. Soloveitchik spells out what he means by his
(1) There must be an acknowledgement that the rejection of any negotiation of differences:
Jewish people is an “independent faith Any intimation, overt or covert, on the part of
community endowed with intrinsic worth to be the community of the many that it is expected of
viewed against its own meta-historical backdrop the community of the few to shed its uniqueness
without relating to the framework of another (i.e. and cease existing because it has fulfilled its
Catholic) community” (pp. 71-72) mission by paving the way for the community of
(2) The Jewish “singular commitment to God the many must be rejected as undemocratic and
and….hope for survival are non-negotiable and contravening the very idea of religious freedom
not subject to debate or argumentation.” (p. 72).

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 We must always remember that our singular On the other hand, what it does do is rife with
commitment to God and our hope and paradoxes. By promoting the communication
indomitable will for survival are non-negotiable between Adam and Eve as paradigmatic of
and non-rationalizable and are not subject to humanity, abstracting them from their maleness and
debate and argumentation (p. 73). femaleness, it spiritualizes the biblical narrative more
than Philonic or Christian allegory. The references to
For our purposes, note that the R. Soloveitchik’s an Adam I and an Adam II, though possibly
first recommendation (recognition of Jews as an Kabbalistic, have their closest cognates in Paul's
independent faith community) resembles R. Epistles55 and modern Christian theology.56 The
Heschel’s second recommendation to Cardinal Bea, analysis of Jewish-Christian relations is locked into
while his third (no Jewish proposals to change ancient Jacob-Esau imagery redolent of medieval
Christian doctrine) can be taken as opposing R. Jewish thought.57 Its conclusion based on the
Heschel’s first. assumption of an assertive Jacob turns out to be R.
Soloveitchik’s exegetical creation, opposed to the
“Rarely has a talk been more consequential or traditional midrashic reading of an obsequious Jacob
more provocative to Christian-Jewish relations.” before Esau.58 The irony is even greater upon
realizing that Catholic theological tradition identifies
The essay itself is quite unusual. Perhaps it can best the Jews with Esau, and themselves—as the true
be described via negativa, by stating what it is not. It is Israel—with Jacob.59
not written in Hebrew, the traditional language of
Jewish legal discourse. It does not come to a clear The essay also draws an analogy between the
behavioral conclusion (pesaq halakhah). It makes no religious situation of the individual and that of the
reference to the history of Jewish understandings of community, albeit assuming that much of individual
Christianity. In this regard, it does not cite the religious experience is ineffable. It proclaims the
Talmud, Judah Ha-Levi, Maimonides, Nachmanides, standard of all religious communities to be "religious
Menahem ha-Meiri, Jacob Emden, or Israel democracy and liberalism," while asserting that there
Lifschutz, not to mention authorities of the last can be no trans-religion standard. Finally, it draws
century.52 Indeed, it hardly cites at all. And when it upon the language of “The Lonely Man of Faith,”
does cite Maimonides and Nachmanides,53 the which was delivered to a Catholic audience at St.
citations have nothing to do with Christianity. It also Johns Seminary in Brighton Mass, 1964 and depicts
makes no assessment of the relationship between what he holds to be the incommunicable faith
Christianity and avodah zarah.54 experience.60

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Why is this response, or responsum, different from those who are well-informed theologically, and who
all other responses to Christianity? Why does it lack psychologically do not grovel before Christianity or
the traditional elements of the Jewish discussion of modernity, to broach a conversation with
Christianity? Are they absent because R. Soloveitchik Christianity. It thus serves as a prohibition for the
realized how much the modern situation differs many and a permission for the few.63 Some will
from the medieval? After all, the political-religious claim that the Rav is talking out of both sides of his
equation has almost been turned on its head. Then mouth. Precisely; the fragmented modern Jewish
the Church was at the apex of its temporal power, situation prevents a single answer on the burning
whereas Judaism was at its nadir. Now Judaism issues of the soul. In the contemporary life of the
through the State of Israel is at the apex of its soul there are few universals. A rebbe's answer has
61
temporal power, whereas the Church is at its nadir. to be attuned to the needs, abilities, and the
Since the ratio is more one of numbers than brute situations of his students. By referring to himself
power, R. Soloveitchik only designates the Church as more as a rebbe than a poseq, R. Soloveitchik allowed
the “community of the many” and Judaism as “the himself to give divergent rulings to different
community of the few.” Noteworthy is the fact that students.64 Apparently, in the vagaries of the post-
the Church is presented as a faith community with modern world, one cannot be a poseq without being a
its own integrity. rebbe, for the validity of an objective order so often
consists in reflecting a subjective reality.65
“The essay itself is unusual. Perhaps it can best
be described via negativa, by stating what it is R. Heschel responded to the type of position
identified with R. Soloveitchik66 in his article “From
not.”
Mission to Dialogue,” which appeared in

Rather than being formulated as a pesaq halakhah, the “Conservative Judaism” 21 (Spring 1967). The article

essay constitutes a meditative ambivalent reflection had been adapted from R. Heschel’s address to the

on the complexity of the issues. Its contradictory 1966 Rabbinical Assembly convention. It also

quality is intrinsic to its message.62 What it gives with incorporated selections from his 1965 Inaugural

one hand, it takes away with the other. On the one Address at Union Theological Seminary that was

hand, it is sufficiently prohibitive to buttress those published as “No Religion is an Island.”67 After

who are apprehensive about, or unwilling to engage stating that the primary aim of the article is to find a

in, such a conversation, providing the requisite religious basis for cooperation on matters of moral

religious legitimation for their declining to do so. On and spiritual concern in spite of disagreements, R.

the other hand, it is sufficiently equivocal to allow

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Heschel honed in on the difference between our R. Heschel then turns to those Jews who affirm the
contemporary situation and the pre-modern one: supremacy the halakhah as well as those Christians who
A good many people in our midst still think in affirm the supremacy of the Church saying:
terms of an age during which Judaism wrapped The supreme issue today is… the premise
itself in spiritual isolation, an age which I sought underlying both religions, namely, whether there
to relive in a book called “The Earth is the Lord’s.” is a pathos, a divine reality concerned with the
Nowadays… involvement has replaced isolation. destiny of man which mysteriously impinges
The emancipation…has not only given us rights, upon history. The supreme issue is whether we
it has also imposed obligations…we are deeply are alive or dead to the challenge and the
conscious of the vital interrelationship of religious expectation of the living God. The crisis
sensitivity and the human situation (p. 1). engulfs all of us. The misery and fear of
alienation from God make Jew and Christian cry
As physical isolationism is no longer a socio-politcal together (p. 2).
reality, so spiritual isolationism, for R. Heschel, is no
longer a moral option. R. Heschel faulted Christianity for its dejudaization,
especially of the Bible, and the dogmatization of its

“Its contradictory quality is intrinsic to its theology. He sought a coalition of Judaism and
Christianity against the movement of modern
message. It serves as a prohibition for the many
nihilism, the desanctification of the Bible, and the
and a permission for the few.” removal of the Bible from public discourse, lest the
life of faith become an anomaly. It is precisely such
Having attacked Jewish isolationism, R. Heschel an understanding of this joint mandate that
then targets Christian triumphalism, saying that provoked R. Heschel’s opposition to religious
while we pray “that all human being will call upon parochialism. In a possible allusion to his Bostonian
God, we abstain from conversion and regard any counterpart, R. Heschel says:
attempt at depriving a person of his noble faith, of “There was a time when you could not pry out
his heritage, as an act of arrogance” (p. 1). of a Bostonian an admission that Boston
Nonetheless, aware of the ineluctable dependence Common is not the hub of the solar system or
between what goes on in the Christian world and in that one’s own denomination has not the
the Jewish, he asserts “Unless we learn how to help monopoly of the holy spirit. Today we know
one another, we will only weaken each other” (p. 2). that even the solar system is not the hub of the

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 universe” (p. 3). meaning of the uniqueness of Israel to dwelling
apart.
In contrast, R. Heschel insisted that “no religion is
an island” since “We are all involved with one “As physical isolationism is no longer a socio-
another. Spiritual betrayal on the part of one of us
political reality, so spiritual isolationism, for R.
affects the faith of all of us” (p. 3). Since cynicism, as
he notes, is not parochial, surely religions cannot Heschel, is no longer a moral option.”
“insist upon the illusion of complete isolation” (p.
3). R. Heschel then poignantly asks: “Should we On what basis do Jews and Christians come
refuse to be on speaking terms with one another and together? Whereas all of humanity, R. Heschel
hope for each other’s failure? Or should we pray for believes, can come together on the basis of the
each other’s health, and help one another in image of God in all, Jews and Christians can also
preserving our respective legacies, in preserving a meet on “the level of fear and trembling, of humility
common legacy?” Answering his rhetorical question, and contrition, where our individual moments of
R. Heschel states: “The world is too small for faith are mere waves in the endless ocean of
anything but mutual care and deep respect; the world mankind’s reaching out for God ... where our souls
is too great for anything but responsibility for one are swept away by the awareness of the urgency of
another” (p. 3). In actuality, R. Heschel not only answering God’s commandment” (p. 5). Admittedly,
opposed religious isolationism, but worked to create “We may disagree about the ways of achieving fear
a coalition of religions to counter the worldwide and trembling, but the fear and trembling are the
movement of inter-nihilism that threatens the same.” However divided we are by doctrine, we are
ecumenical movement of interfaith. united by “Our being accountable to God, our being
objects of God’s concern.” More specifically:
R. Heschel then makes a paradoxical move. While We are united by a commitment to the Hebrew
stressing that “the community of Israel must always Bible as Holy Scripture, faith in the Creator, the
be mindful of the mystery of its uniqueness,” he God of Abraham, commitment to many of His
goes out of his way to identify the verse that would commandments, to justice and mercy, a sense of
normally support such a position—“There is a contrition, sensitivity to the sanctity of life and
people that dwells apart, not reckoned among the to the involvement of God in history, the
nations” (Num. 23:19)—with “the gentile prophet conviction that without the holy the good will be
Balaam” (p. 4), as if to say that only a perverse defeated, prayer that history may not end before
interpretation of Scripture would circumscribe the the end of days (p. 6).

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R. Heschel challenges both Christians and Jews with out of the moral and spiritual predicament
regard to the other’s role. “A Christian ought to affecting all of humanity.
realize that a world without Israel will be a world
without the God of Israel. A Jew ... ought to Did R. Heschel’s approach bear any fruit in the
acknowledge the eminent role and part of sixties?68 For a fuller answer see the recent article on
Christianity in God’s design for the redemption of the subject, “Heschel and the Christians,” by
all men.” Indeed, “Opposition to Christianity must Michael Chester.69 For our immediate purposes,
be challenged by the question: What religious Chester cites a eulogy of R. Heschel by John C.
alternative do we envisage for the Christian World? Bennett, president of Union Theological Seminary,
Did we not refrain for almost two thousand years where R. Heschel had been invited to be the first
from preaching Judaism to the Nations?” After all, if non-Christian visiting professor. President Bennett
“Judaism is the mother of Christianity, it has a stake states:
in the destiny of Christianity. Should a mother Abraham Heschel belonged to the whole
ignore her child [see Isaiah 49:15] even a wayward... American religious community. I know of no
one?” (p. 8). other person of whom this was so true. He was
profoundly Jewish in his spiritual and cultural
“What religious alternative do we envisage for the roots, in his closeness to Jewish suffering, in his
religious commitment, in his love for the nation
Christian World?”
and land of Israel, and in the quality of his
R. Heschel concludes with a caveat that, while prophetic presence. And yet he was a religious
conceding some of R. Soloveitchik’s reservations, inspiration to Christians and to many searching
manages to maintain his own position on Jewish- people beyond the familiar religious boundaries.
Christian discourse: Christians are nourished in their own faith by his
Refusal to speak to Christian scholars would be vision and his words (p. 249).
barbarous. Yet to teach without competence,
without commitment, would lead to confusion Bennett then says:
and frustration. We may not be ready for a I truly believe that there has been a radical break
dialogue in depth, so few are qualified. Yet the in the minds and consciences of both Protest-
time has come for studying together on the ants and Catholics with their evil past of anti-
highest academic level in an honest search for Judaism70, which so often helped to create the
mutual understanding and for ways to lead us climate in which brutal racist anti-Semitism has
flourished. I have great confidence that this

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 turning point has at last come, this turning away The editor, Rev. Donald Campion wrote in his lead
from so cruel and wicked a history, and editorial:
Abraham Heschel has had an enormous The best instruction we Christians may receive
influence in what one may call the consolidation concerning the continuing vitality and richness
of this change (p. 251). of the Judaic tradition in which we providential-
ly share is the life and example of a Jew like
This judgment of Bennett is confirmed by the Jesuit Professor Heschel... May this special issue serve
priest, Donald J. Moore, who writes: not only to introduce a Christian readership to
Anyone familiar with the course of Catholic- the wisdom and holiness of a man and the
Jewish relations will recognize the remarkable sacred tradition that nourished him, but also
coincidence between the four proposals set forth promote the love ... that he strove mightily to
in this memorandum [i.e. of Heschel cited inculcate. Each of you, our readers, will have his
above] and what has actually taken place within own lesson to learn from Abraham Heschel as
the Roman Catholic Church in its teachings and he speaks to you of the living tradition of
structures over the past quarter of a century.71 Judaism, in all its energy, holiness, and com-
passion. May the God whom Jews, Christians,
In the seventies, two events underscore the fruits of and Muslim worship bring us to live together in
R. Heschel’s efforts. In January 31, 1973, a little peace and understanding and mutual
more than one month after R. Heschel’s death, Pope appreciation.
Paul VI addressed thousands at the Vatican about
the nature of the quest for God. There he stated: Finally, we should ask whether R. Heschel’s
“Even before we have been moved in search of approach continues to bear fruit in the twenty-first
God, God has come in search of us.” The published century. In 2003, the Statement by the Christian
text credits the 1968 French edition of R. Heschel’s, Scholars Group entitled “A Sacred Obligation:
72
“God in Search of Man.” According to many, this was Rethinking Christian Faith in Relation to Judaism and the
an unprecedented public acknowledgement of a Jewish People” offered the following ten statements
non-Christian by a pope. On March 10 of the same for the consideration of their fellow Christians73:

year, America, the leading Jesuit American journal, 1. God’s covenant with the Jewish people
took the unprecedented act for any Christian journal endures forever.
of devoting its entire issue to Jewish religious 2. Jesus of Nazareth lived and died as a faithful
thought through a discussion of R. Heschel’s impact: Jew.

The Edah Journal 4:2/ Kislev 5765 Kimelman 13

 3. Ancient rivalries must not define Christian- 9. We affirm the importance of the land of Israel
Jewish relations today. for the life of the Jewish people.
4. Judaism is a living faith enriched by many 10. Christians should work with Jews for the
centuries of development. healing of the world.74
5. The Bible both connects and separates Jews
and Christians. This statement totally meets the demands of R.
6. Affirming God’s enduring covenant with the Abraham Joshua Heschel, indeed, it sums up his
Jewish people has consequences for Christian various pronouncements. Still, it is only a statement
understanding of salvation. by a group of Christian scholars. The question is:
7. Christians should not target Jews for were it to be adopted by the Church would it meet
conversions. equally the demands of R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik? It
8. Christian worship that teaches contempt for is hard to see why not.
Judaism dishonors God.

NOTES
i
I am indebted to Professors Edward E Kaplan and Byron Sherwin, and Rabbi Jacob J. Schachter for their
comments on this essay.
2
Instructive in this regard is the volume in the B’nai Brith Great Book Series entitled Great Jewish Thinkers of
the Twentieth Century, which was published in 1963. The youngest thinker represented is R. Soloveitchik.
However, in the Forward, the editor writes: “It is regrettable that limitations of space prevented the
inclusion ... of ... Heschel, whose neo-Hassidic thought has made such an impact on American Judaism” (p.
xii). Such a statement is made of no other living thinker.
3
A comparable contemporary phenomenon of a Jewish theologian’s influence extending far beyond his
reference group is that of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, the late Lubavitcher Rebbe. I recall an
issue of Panim el Panim, the defunct Israeli weekly on religious life edited by Pinchas Peli, of the early sixties
that featured the pictures of all three on the same page as the major influentials of the day.
4
To judge by paperback sales
5
See The Orthodox Forum, Engaging Modernity: Rabbinic Leaders and the Challenge of the Twentieth Century, ed. M.
Sokol (Northvale, NJ: Jacob Aronson, 1997), especially the essays on R. Soloveitchik.
6
R. Heschel’s first publication was of talmudic novellae at the age of fifteen. It appeared in a Warsaw rabbinic
journal, Sha‘arei Torah, Tishrei-Kislev, 5683 (1922). Already in 1925, R. Soloveitchik was known to have
mastered the Talmud; see Hillel Goldberg, Between Berlin and Slobodka: Jewish Transition Figures from Eastern
Europe (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav, 1989), p. 191, n. 11.
7
R. Soloveitchik wrote on Hermann Cohen’s epistemology and metaphysics. He had originally planned on
writing on Maimonides and Plato. R. Heschel wrote on prophetic consciousness. He told me that he had
toyed with the idea of writing on the logical system of the Sha’agas Aryeh by the eighteenth century halakhist
R. Aryeh Leib. Neither found a sponsor for his initial plan.

The Edah Journal 4:2/ Kislev 5765 Kimelman 14

8
See Shaul Shimon Deutsch, Larger Then Life: The Life and Times of the Lubavitcher Rebbe: Rabbi Menachem
Mendel Schneerson (New York: Chasidic Historical Productions, 1997), 2:159.
9
Rabbi Shalom Dov-Ber Wolpo reports in his book Shemen Sasson me-Haveirekha (Holon: Ideal Press, 4763),
p. 186, that Rabbi Ephraim Wolf wrote to the Lubavitcher Rebbe that the former president of Israel,
Zalmen Shazar, told him that R. Soloveitchik, whom he met in his hotel in New York City, mentioned that
he had met both Rabbi Schneersohn, the future Lubavitcher Rebbe, and R. Heschel in Berlin. Professor
Haym Soloveitchik, told me (telephone conversation, March 16, 2004, as well as all other references to him)
that his father told him that he only saw the future Rebbe pass by. R. Soloveitchik’s oldest daughter, Dr.
Atarah Twersky, recalls her father saying that the future Rebbe visited him unexpectedly in his apartment in
Berlin. When he introduced himself as the son-in-law of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, R. Soloveitchik asked him
why he was studying at a university when his father-in-law opposed it. My wife’s uncle, Zvi Kaplan of
Jerusalem, told me that Rabbi Yitshak Hutner told him that he was with the future Rav and Rebbe together
at a lecture on Maimonides at the University (apparently in 1929). After the lecture, when the professor
approached Schneersohn for his opinion, he deferred to R. Soloveitchik. In any case, in Berlin both Rabbis
Heschel and Soloveitchik maintained relations with Rabbi Hayyim Heller, Rabbi Jehiel Weinberg, and
Professor Eugen Mittwoch.
10
Rabbi Fabian Schoenfeld (telephone conversation of March 21, 2004) recalls seeing R. Heschel in the
1960s at two of R. Soloveitchik’s yahrzeit lectures for his father in Lamport Auditorium of Yeshiva
University. Prof. Haym Soloveitchik recalls that in 1962-63 he saw the two together twice in his father’s
Yeshiva University apartment and heard of a third meeting from his mother, who was present at all three.
He also recalls (telephone conversation, June 23, 2004) that in 1967 R. Heschel paid a visit to R.
Soloveitchik, who was then sitting shiv`ah for his mother in her or his brother’s apartment in New York. R.
Heschel’s daughter, Professor Susannah Heschel, e-mailed me that she recalls R. Soloveitchik visiting her
father in their home in the mid- or late sixties and that he paid a shiv`ah call when R. Heschel died. He died
on Friday night, Dec. 23, 1972.
11
See Goldberg, Between Berlin and Slobodka, p. 121 and Lawrence Perlman, “Heschel’s Critique of Kant,”
eds. J. Neusner, E. Freichs, and N. Sarna, From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox,
Vol. 3, (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989) 213-226.
12
Both considered Kierkegaard the Christian religious genius of the nineteenth century (see below). For R.
Soloveitchik, the more theological the work, the more Kierkegaard is cited. For R. Heschel, see A Passion for
Truth (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973), passim.
13
This comes through both in R. Soloveitchik’s Hebrew work, Halakhic Man, translated by Lawrence Kaplan
(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1983), esp. p. 164; with Jeffrey Saks, “An Index to Rabbi Joseph
B. Soloveitchik’s Halakhic Man,” The Torah U-Madda Journal 11 (2002-03), pp.107-122, respective entries in
the index; and in his English work The Halakhic Mind (New York: Seth Press, 1986), respective entries in the
index , both written in 1944. For R. Heschel, see Edward K. Kaplan and Samuel H. Dresner, Abraham Joshua
Heschel: Prophetic Witness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), indices respectively. On Heidegger, see
R. Heschel’s Who Is Man? (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 97.
14
For R. Soloveitchik, see Halakhic Man, n. 41; for R. Heschel, see The Insecurity of Freedom: Essays on Human
Existence (New York: Noonday Press, 1967), pp. 127-149. R. Heschel was called upon to eulogize his friend
Niebuhr; see his Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity, ed. S. Heschel (New York: Noonday Press, 1996), pp.
301-02.
15
For R. Heschel, see the appendix to The Sabbath (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1963); for R.
Soloveitchik, see Halakhic Man, passim; and The Halakhic Mind, respective entries of the index.
16
For both, see Goldberg, Between Berlin and Slobodka, pp. 123-26, and 202, n. 37. For R. Heschel, see
Edward Kaplan, “Metaphor and Miracle: Abraham Joshua Heschel and the Holy Spirit,” Conservative Judaism

The Edah Journal 4:2/ Kislev 5765 Kimelman 15

46 (Winter 1994), pp. 3-18, esp. 6-8; and my eulogy of Professor Isadore Twersky, the Talner Rebbe, at the
annual Maimonides dinner (1997), archived at the Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik Institute, Maimonides
School, Brookline, MA.
17
For R. Soloveitchik, see Halakhic Man, n. 31 along with nn. 55, 59, 60, 65, 66, and 70; and “U-Viqqashtem
me-Sham,” in Galui ve-Nistar (Jerusalem: Department of Education and Torah Culture in the Diaspora of the
World Zionist Organization, 5739), pp. 170-71. For R. Heschel, see “The Concept of Man in Jewish
Thought,” eds. S. Radhakrishnan and P. Baku, The Concept of Man (London: Allen and Unwin, 1960), pp.
162, n. 26, and 165, n. 76; God in Search of Man (New York: Meridian Books, 1961), p. 333, n. 16; and Man’s
Quest for God: Studies in Prayer and Symbolism (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1954), p. 75. Haym
Soloveitchik told me that his father considered the two great religious minds of the nineteenth century to be
R. Schneur Zalmen and Kierkegaard. He had special regard for the former’s Torah commentary, Liqqutei
Torah.
18
Whereas the mastery of Kabbalah and Hasidism by R. Heschel, the hasid and Professor of Jewish Ethics
and Mysticism, is assumed, it is noteworthy how often R. Soloveitchik, the litvak, cites these sources when
constructing his own theology. In his arguably most theological essay, “U-Viqqashtem me-Sham,” his citation
of them, especially the Zohar, is only second to his citations of Maimonides. On the whole subject, see
Lawrence Kaplan, “Motivim Qabbaliyim be-Haguto shel ha-Rav Soloveitchik,” in Avi Sagi, ed., Emunah bi-Zemanim
Mishtanim (Jerusalem: Department for Torah Education and Culture in the Diaspora, 1996), pp. 75-93. On
R. Heschel’s mysticism, see Arthur Green, “Three Warsaw Mystics,” Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought 13
(1966), pp. 1-58.
19
For initial comparisons, see my “The Inexplicable Phenomenon,” Review of Abraham Joshua Heschel,
Prophetic Witness (Midstream, May/June 1999), pp. 43-44; and Goldberg, Between Berlin and Slobodka,
respective entries of the index. There is a sense in which both Rabbis Heschel and Soloveitchik constructed
distinctive syntheses of Maimonidean, Hasidic-Kabbalistic, and modern Continental thought.
20
For R. Soloveitchik, see Worship of the Heart: Essays on Jewish Prayer (Jersey City, NJ: Ktav, 2003); for R.
Heschel, see Man’s Quest for God: Studies in Prayer and Symbolism (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1954).
21
For R. Soloveitchik, see his Shi‘urim le-Zekher Abba Mori z”l, 2 vols. (Jerusalem, 5743-45), pp. 1:50-68;
2:105-151, and “Ha-Shabbat ve-ha-Mo‘adot,” in idem, Ha-Adam ve-Olamo” (Jerusalem: Department for Torah
Education and Culture in the Diaspora, Sifriyat Eliner, 5758), pp. 241-248. For R. Heschel, see The Sabbath.
22
While this is R. Soloveitchik’s signature position, R. Heschel also says: “Jewish law is sacred prosody. The
Divine sings in our deeds, the Divine is disclosed in our deeds” (Man’s Quest for God, p. 106).
23
This perspective permeates their entire oeuvres. For R. Soloveitchik, start with his “Confrontation,” and
“The Lonely Man of Faith,” conveniently published together in Studies in Judaica in Honor of Dr. Samuel Belkin
as Scholar and Educator, ed. L. Stitskin (New York: Ktav, 1974), pp. 45-133. (See note 50 below.) For R.
Heschel, see his Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), Part II,
“The Problem of Living,” and his Who Is Man?
24
Compare R. Soloveitchik’s description of “Halakhic Man” in his book of that name, and R. Heschel’s
description of “The Pious Man” in his Man Is Not Alone, pp. 273-296.
25
See Rivkah Horowitz, “Yahaso shel ha-Rav Soloveitchik la-Havayyah ha-Datit ve-le-Mistorin,” in Avi Sagi, ed.,
Emunah bie-Zemanim Mishtanim, pp. 45-74.
26
R. Heschel even subtitled a chapter “I am commanded—therefore I am” (Who Is Man, p. 111).
27
For R. Soloveitchik, see Worship of the Heart, p. 120; for R. Heschel, see Who Is Man, pp. 67-68.
28
For R. Soloveitchik, see Mo‘adei Harav: Public Lectures on the Festivals by the Late Joseph B. Soloveitchik (Based
upon Students’ Notes), ed. Shlomo Pick (Ramat Gan: The Ludwig and Erica Jesselson Institute for
Advanced Torah Studies, Bar-Ilan University, 2003), pp. 168-193. For R. Heschel, see Who is Man, pp. 75

The Edah Journal 4:2/ Kislev 5765 Kimelman 16

119, with Byron Sherwin, “My Master,” eds. H. Kasimow and B. Sherwin, No Religion Is an Island: Abraham
Joshua Heschel and Interreligious Dialogue (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1991), pp. 56-57.
29
Compare: “If God is not the source of the most objectified norm, faith in Him is nothing but an empty
phrase” (Soloveitchik, The Halakhic Mind, p. 55); “The supreme problem in any philosophy of Judaism is:
What are the grounds for man’s believing in the realness of the Living God?” (Heschel, God in Search of Man,
p. 26).
30
Instructively, R. Soloveitchik, `a la Barth (see below), uses the category to assert the incommunicability of
faith where it functions as a separator, whereas R. Heschel uses it to underscore the pre-conceptual, or at
least pre-verbal, commonality of the faith experience where it serves as a unifier.
31
For R. Soloveitchik, see Hamesh Derashot (Jerusalem: Tal Orot, 5734); and his manifesto of religious
Zionism, “Kol Dodi Dofek,” translated in Theological and Halakhic Reflections on the Holocaust, eds. B. Rosenberg
and F. Heuman (New York: Ktav, 1992), pp. 51-117. For R. Heschel, see Israel: An Echo of Eternity, New
York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967.
32
For R. Soloveitchik, see Bernard Rosensweig, “The Rav as Communal Leader,” Tradition 43:4 (1996), pp.
210-218. For R. Heschel, see my “The Jewish Basis for Social Justice,” eds. G. Orfield and H. J. Lebowitz,
Religion, Race, and Justice in Changing America (New York: The Century Foundation Press, 1999), pp. 41-47,
183; and “Abraham Joshua Heschel—Our Generation’s Teacher,” Religion & Intellectual Life 2.2 (Winter
1985), pp. 9-18 (www.crosscurrents.org/heschel.htm).
33
I know, and have heard of even more, cases of people whose religiosity was triggered by reading their
works. On R. Heschel’s poetics of piety, see Edward Kaplan, Holiness in Words (Albany: State University of
New York Press, 1996).
34
When R. Heschel’s biweekly seminar of the late 1960s dealt with Rabbi Mendel of Kotsk it was conducted
in Yiddish. For him, only Yiddish could capture authentically the Kotsker’s spirit. The result was his two-
volume Yiddish work on the Kotsker Rebbe (1973). Many of R. Soloveitchik’s essays were originally
delivered in Yiddish. Both were masters of the spoken idiom and, given the choice, preferred speaking
mame loshn. According to Haym Soloveitchik, their first meeting in New York, at which his mother was
present, focused on Yiddish literature.
35
One of R. Heschel’s first works was a book of Yiddish poetry, Der Shem Hameforash: Mentsh (translated by
Morton Leifman, The Ineffable Name of God: Man: Poems in Yiddish and English, (New York: Continuum 2004))
Written in Vilna in the mid 1920s and published in Warsaw in 1933, it consisted of dialogues with God. R.
Soloveitchik told me of his appreciation of the poetry of the grandfather of my wife’s uncle, known as the
ilui of Rakov. He was taken by the idea that one of the great scholars of his grandfather’s coterie composed
poetry. For the poetry, see Kitvei ha-Ilui me-Rakov, ed. Zvi Kaplan (Jerusalem: Netsach, 5723), pp. 175-200.
36
On our subject of Jewish-Christian relations, the works of two disciples are instructive. David Hartman,
albeit a disciple of R. Soloveitchik, expounds more the position of R. Heschel; see his A Heart of Many
Rooms: Celebrating the Many Voices within Judaism (Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1999), pp.
180-91. David Novak, albeit a disciple of R. Heschel, expounds more the position of R. Soloveitchik; see his
Jewish Christian Dialogue: A Jewish Justification (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 6-9.
37
This and what follows is based on the archives of the American Jewish Committee, and on Eugene J.
Fisher, “Heschel’s Impact on Catholic-Jewish Relations,” No Religion Is an Island, pp. 110-23. I accessed
these archives of the Committee, located in their Manhattan office, through the kindness of Dr. Steven
Bayne and Charlotte Bonelli of the Committee.
38
From a memorandum of Zachariah Shuster to Foreign Affairs Department of AJC, dated December 1,
1961.

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39
This follows Fischer’s article. According to the memo in the archives of AJC, it was at Cardinal Cushing’s
invitation that R. Heschel and R. Tanenbaum went to Boston on March 27 to meet Cardinal Bea, at which
time R. Heschel gave him The Sabbath.
40
See Fisher, “Heschel’s Impact on Catholic-Jewish Relations,” p. 114.
41
The following is taken from a memo of R. Marc Tanenbaum, the head of interreligious affairs of the
American Jewish Committee, to John Slawson, its president, dated September 4, 1962. In another letter,
dated July 10, 1962, R. Tanenbaum wrote to Martin Buber and mentioned that R. Heschel had told him of
his recent meeting with Buber in Israel to update him on Catholic—Jewish relations.
42
According to Professor Haym Soloveitchik, their second meeting focused on issues that were central to
Vatican II. I was told that R. Wolf Kelman of the Rabbinical Assembly reported that R. Heschel mentioned
to him that prior to his visit to the Vatican R. Soloveitchik had told him: “Ir zeit unser shaliah” (you are our
representative). According to Haym Soloveitchik, his father already then had reservations about Vatican II,
believing that the Church could not engineer the requisite theological revisions to accommodate Jewish
understandings of national redemption. Indeed, Cardinal Willebrands, head of the Vatican’s Commission for
Religious Relations with the Jews, called the subsequent change in the teachings of the Roman Catholic
Church “a real, almost miraculous conversion in the attitudes of the Church and Catholics toward the
Jewish people” (cited in Thomas Stransky, “The Catholic-Jewish Dialogue: Twenty Years After Nostra
Aetate,” America 154, No. 5 [February 9, 1986], p. 93).
43
“The Rav as Communal Leader,” p. 214. Rosensweig wrote, “The Rav rejected this notion totally, using
the basic arguments which he had developed in Confrontation.” Rosensweig believes (telephone
conversation, March 14, 2004) that the 1964 lecture, “Confrontation,” composed at the urging of Rabbi
Walter Wurzburger, reflected R. Soloveitchik’s thinking of 1963 if not 1962. See the next note.
44
From his Forward to A Prophet for Our Time: An Anthology of the Writings of Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum, eds. J.
Banki and E. Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), p. xiv. R. Soloveitchik’s wife became ill
between Purim and Passover of that year. R. Fabian Schoenfeld (telephone conversation of March 21, 2004)
recalls hearing from R. Soloveitchik of a meeting between him and Willebrands in a New York hotel at
which R. Israel Klavan was present. R. Soloveitchik reportedly pressed the Cardinal on the Jewish right to
the Land of Israel, access to the Western Wall, and the Jewish right to build the Temple. The Cardinal
acceded to the first two, but not to the third. Dr. Atarah Twersky, recalls (in two conversations in late
March, 2004) that a non-American Cardinal (Willebrands is Dutch) came to their home in Brookline
probably in the mid-or late sixties. She remembers her father telling the Cardinal that his mother would keep
him indoors on Easter out of fear of anti-Semitic attacks. Henry Seigman claims (telephone conversation on
March 4, 2004) to have arranged a meeting in the early 1970s between the two in a New York hotel at which
Rabbi Klavan and Father Flannery were present. At that meeting, R. Soloveitchik pressed Cardinal
Willebrands on whether Catholic theology could entertain the possibility of the salvation of a faithful Jew.
Cardinal Willebrands told me (telephone conversation on March 29, 2004) that he recalls meeting R.
Soloveitchik at least twice.
45
After all, R. Soloveitchik himself describes Jews as “praying for and expecting confidently the fulfillment of
our eschatological vision when our faith will rise from particularity to universality” (“Confrontation,” [see
below] p. 74).
46
“A Conversation with Dr. Abraham Joshua Heschel,” Dec. 20, 1972, NBC transcript, pp.12-13.
47
Abraham J. Heschel, “From Mission to Dialogue,” Conservative Judaism 21 (Spring, 1967), p. 10.
48
For a detailed treatment of the Jewish involvements in the fourth session of the Vatican Council in 1964-
1965, see the two articles by Judith Herschcopf, “The Church and the Jews,” in vols. 66 and 67 of The
American Jewish Year Book 1965, Vol. 66 (pp. 99-136) and 1966, Vol. 67 (pp. 45-77), prepared by the
American Jewish Committee.

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50
Subsequently published in the journal Tradition (1964), pp. 5-29, and republished in A Treasury of Tradition
(New York: Hebrew Publishing Co., 1967), pp. 55-78, which is cited throughout.
51
Much of what follows is based on the extensive assessment of its content by Eugene Korn; see
http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/conferences/korn with the response of Dr. David
Berger. See also, Daniel Rynhold, “The Philosophical Foundations of Soloveitchik’s Critique of Interfaith
Dialogue,” Harvard Theological Review 96 (2003), pp. 101-20.
52
Many of which are cited in R. Heschel’s comparable essay (see below).
53
Notes 2 and 6.
54
Of course, anyone as well versed as R. Soloveitchik was in the writings of Karl Barth and Reinhold
Niebuhr would be hard put to deal with Christianity in such terms. In “Kol Dodi Dofek,” p. 70, R.
Soloveitchik intimates having a comprehensive knowledge of nineteen centuries of Christian theology from
Justin Martyr to the present.
55
Corinthians 15 and Romans 5.
56
Dr. Alan Brill of Yeshiva University hears in this formulation echoes of the Protestant theologian, Karl
Barth. Barth in the Church Dogmatics dichotomizes culture and faith. The former he assigns to Adam I,
majestic man, and the latter to Adam II, covenantal man. The other influential Protestant theologian is Emil
Brunner. The impact of his books, The Divine Imperative and Die Mystik und das Wort, are so pervasive that
Brill thinks that R. Soloveitchik “consulted with Brunner’s writings directly before delivering many of his
essays” (unpublished typescript). Haym Soloveitchik told me that his father had “high regard” for Brunner.
R. Soloveitchik frequently refers to Barth and Brunner separately. In The Halakhic Mind he mentions them
together in the introduction (p. 4) and in n. 93 ( p. 129). R. Heschel also cites Barth’s Church Dogmatics and
Brunner’s The Divine Imperative; see his Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity, p. 419, n. 70; and p. 420, n. 4.
57
For a spirited defense of the identification of Esau with Christianity, see Abarbanel’s Commentary to
Isaiah 35. The origin of the Rabbinic association of Esau/Edom with Rome is unclear (see Louis Feldman,
“Remember Amalek!”: Vengeance, Zealotry, and Group Destruction in the Bible According to Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and
Josephus [Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2004], pp. 62-67); it may be related to the Hadrianic
persecutions (see Genesis Rabbah 65, 21). In any case, when Christianity took over the Roman Empire, it
got stuck with the designation. Such a designation, however, has nothing to do with history, as Saadia Gaon
noted over a thousand years ago; see Saadia’s Polemic Against Hivi Al-Balkhi, ed. Israel Davidson (New York:
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1915), #76, p. 67. Even stranger is how Jacob’s twin brother
came to epitomize the gentile world. The phrase “As a rule, it is known that Esau hates Jacob” (Sifrei
Numbers 69, ed. Horovitz, p. 65), referring to the biblical Esau in Genesis, came to be understood as “it is
axiomatic that Esau hates Jacob,” referring to the gentile world in general.
58
Gen. Rabbah 75, 2. One wonders what conclusions would have resulted had Abraham, who taught the
fear of God and the Torah to the people of Haran (Tanhuma, Lekh Lekha, end Gen. 12), served as the
model. See Menahem Kasher, Torah Shelamah, 3:555, n. 95.
59
See Rosemary Reuther, Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism (New York: Seabury Press,
1979), p. 133; and Gerson Cohen, Studies in the Variety of Rabbinic Cultures (Philadelphia: The Jewish
Publication Society, 1991), pp. 251-261.
60
When I mentioned this to R. Soloveitchik ’s daughter, Dr. Atarah Twersky, she agreed that the talk, at
which she and her late husband were present, comes under the rubric of general religious discourse and thus
confirms R. Soloveitchik’s position that whereas “we are ready to discuss universal religious problems, we
will resist any attempt to debate our private individual commitment” (p. 80). According to Dr. Twersky, R.
Soloveitchik’s opposition to Jewish-Christian dialogue was rooted in two perceptions. The first was that
“dialogue” is prone to downplay differences in order to underscore commonality and thus result in

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intellectual perversion. The other was that Jewish-Christian dialogue is especially prone to misunderstanding
since Judaism and Christianity share theological terms without sharing their meanings.
61
R. Soloveitchik relished this reversal, indeed deemed it the strongest knock of the Beloved “on the door of
the theological tent.” (“Kol Dodi Dofek,” p. 70).
62
For the purposeful contradictory nature of R. Soloveitchik’s writing, see Ehud Luz, “Ha-Yesod ha-Dialekti
be-Kitvei ha-Rav Y. D. Soloveitchik,” Da`at 9 (Summer, 1982), pp. 75-89. For a defense of it, see my late
colleague (O.B.M.), Marvin Fox, “The Unity and Structure of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik’s Thought,”
Tradition 24/2 (Winter, 1989), pp. 44-64.
63
See David Hartman, Love and Terror in the God Encounter: The Theological Legacy of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik
(Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2001) ch. 5; and Walter Wurzburger, "Justification and
Limitations of Interfaith Dialogue," W. Wurzburger and E. Borowitz, eds., Judaism and The Interfaith
Movement, (New York: Synagogue Council of America, 1967), pp. 7-16.
64
This is in line with the paradoxical nature of the phenomenon known as “the Rav” for such a wide
diversity of disciples. For recent literature on this, see Seth Farber, An American Dreamer: Rabbi Joseph B.
Soloveitchik and Boston’s Maimonides School (Hanover: Brandeis University Press, 2004), p. 157, n. 1. R.
Soloveitchik was the great bridge builder and boundary marker. Many of his disciples, unwilling or unable to
bear the tension in maintaining both, became either bridge builders or boundary markers to constituencies
outside Modern Orthodoxy, Jewish or otherwise. The former see in their mentor the great permitter; the
latter—the great prohibitor. Both are partially right. Indeed, one’s location on the ideological spectrum as
well as one’s role in the community seems to color one’s view of what in R. Soloveitchik was primary and
what was secondary.
65
In a similar vein, R. Yitzhak Hutner, the American rosh yeshiva closest in mentality and experience to R.
Solveitchik, was quoted as saying, “Regardless of what you hear quoted in my name, do not believe it unless
I have told it to you personally” (Goldberg, Between Berlin and Slobodka, p. 63). For individualizing of
answers by a rebbe, see Akiva Yosef Isenbach, Or Shabbat (Jerusalem: 5754) pp. 1:277-279.
66
It turns out that R. Soloveitchik and R. Heschel first responded positively to an invitation by a Christian
audience to address them on the subject. They then addressed their respective rabbinic audiences. It would
be worthwhile to compare the differences between the two Heschel articles with those between the two
Soloveitchik ones.
67
Union Seminary Quarterly Review 21 (January, 1966), reprinted in No Religion Is an Island, eds. Kasimow and
Sherwin, pp. 3-22 . (See note 28 above.)
68
With regard to the fifties, Professor J. A. Sanders of Union Theological Seminary opined that Karl Barth’s
famous work, The Humanity of God, which appeared in 1956, was influenced by R. Heschel’s God in Search of
Man, which appeared the year before” (“An Apostle to the Gentiles,” Conservative Judaism, 28 [Fall, 1973], p.
61).
69
By Michal A. Chester, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 38:2-3 (Spring-Summer, 2001), pp. 246-70.
70
Cardinal Johannes Willebrands writes in his book Church and Jewish People: New Considerations (New York:
Paulist Press, 1992) that Abraham Heschel’s article of 1966, “No Religion is an Island,” helped persuade
him that “anti-Semitism is simply anti-Christian” (p. 162—reference courtesy of Father David Michael of
Brandeis University).
71
Donald J. Moore, S. J., The Human and the Holy: The Spirituality of Abraham Joshua Heschel (New York:
Fordham University Press, 1989), p.12. Moore correlates R. Heschel’s memorandum with the changes in the
teachings of the Church (pp. 17-18). Moore’s assessment is confirmed by Fisher’s; see Fisher “Heschel’s
Impact on Catholic-Jewish Relations,” p. 115. Cardinal Willebrands also testifies that “Heschel’s influence
on the Second Vatican Council’s theology of world religions was deep and decisive” (“Forward” to No
Religion Is an Island: Abraham Joshua Heschel and Interreligious Dialogue).

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72
The classic formulation of this idea is in Judah Halevi's, “Ana emtsa’ekh: U-be-tsateti li-qratekh li-qrati
matsatikh.” (“In going out toward Thee, toward me I found Thee.”)
73
Annual Report 2003 Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College, pp. 8-9. This statement is
partially a response to Dabru Emet: A Jewish Statement on Christians and Christianity, which called on Jews to re-
examine their understanding of Christianity. Both are available at
http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/resources/articles/.
74
To get a sense of how much progress has been made, the findings of Claire Huchet-Bishop, How
Catholics Look at Jews (New York: Paulist Press, 1974) follows. She lists what young Catholics in many
countries were taught about the Jews in the 1960s when R. Soloveitchik was formulating “Confrontation”:
1. The Jews are collectively responsible for the crucifixion and they are a “deicide people”;
2. The Diaspora is the Jew’s punishment for the crucifixion and for their cry, “His blood be upon us and
upon our children”;
3. Jesus predicted the punishment of his people: the Jews were and remained cursed by him, and by God;
Jerusalem, as a city, is particularly guilty;
4. The Jewish people as a whole rejected Jesus during his lifetime because of their materialism;
5. The Jewish people have put themselves beyond salvation and are consigned to eternal damnation;
6. The Jewish people have been unfaithful to their mission and are guilty of apostasy;
7. Judaism was once a true religion, but then became ossified and ceased to exist with the coming of Jesus;
8. The Jews are no longer the chosen people, but have been superseded as such by the Christians.

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