Project Synopsis

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590018
PROJECT SYNOPSIS
on
“Bidirectional Power Flow Control in a DC Microgrid

through
Switched-Capacitor Cell Hybrid DC-DC Converter”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
Submitted by
Under the Guidance of
1
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on a bidirectional hybrid DC-DC converter
suitable as an interface between two DC voltage buses in various applications
including microgrids. The switched-capacitor cell, incorporated in the converter
topology, gives the advantage of high voltage conversion ratio without using a
transformer. The project analyses the converter operation and the stability in step-up
and step-down operating mode through the statespace averaging method and through
the PWM switch model method applied on an equivalent circuit model. The converter
employs a current controller designed in frequency domain based on the Bode plot,
using the K factor method. The simulation results obtained by means of an average
and a detailed switching model prove, in good correspondence, that the controller is
able to track the reference current waveform with good dynamic performance.
Experimental results obtained from a 200W converter prototype confirm the
theoretical considerations and the simulation results.
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
SL NO CONTENT PAGE NO
1 Introduction 3
2 Literature survey 4
3 Objectives 7
4 Block diagram 9
5 Software used & method 10
6 Expected outcome 11
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Microgrids, renewable energy systems, automotive and other applications
often require bidirectional DC-DC converters in order to ensure the power flow
between various energy storage elements. Therefore, bidirectional DC-DC converters
placed between energy storage devices and DC busses, at different voltage levels,
have become recently important research issues. In many cases, the bidirectional
converters have to provide a high voltage ratio between input and output. Where super
capacitors are used as storage elements, a high voltage ratio is required to allow a
large voltage variation across the terminals, to fully use the energy storage capacity.
In DC microgrids, the DC-DC bidirectional converters play an important

role in the control of the internal DC bus voltage and in maintaining the system power
balance [1]. For hybrid energy storage systems, in which both batteries and
supercapacitors are used as energy storage devices, two or more bidirectional
converters with coordinated control are included [3]. The nowadays interest in plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) imposes the study of new recharge strategies in the
energy systems that include renewable energy sources. In this case, a DC distribution
bus is easy to be implemented in order to integrate this kind of sources. Furthermore,
using bidirectional DC-DC converters in this structure, the energy stored in PHEV
batteries can be fed back to grid, in the so called V2G operation [4, 5].
A high restraint for the bidirectional DC-DC converter is the demand of

galvanic isolation. In applications that require galvanic isolation and high voltage
conversion ratio, flyback or forward converters can be used. The main drawback of
these simple converters is caused by the leakage inductance which requires additional
circuits, with increased complexity.
4
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
1) “Implementation of Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids”
C. Jin, P. Wang, J. Xiao, Y. Tang, and F. H. Choo
DC microgrids are becoming popular in low-voltage distribution systems due

to the better compatibility with photovoltaicpanels, electric vehicles, and dc loads.
This paper presents a practical dc microgrid developed in the Water and Energy
Research Laboratory (WERL) in the Nanyang University of Technology, Singapore.
The coordination control among multiple dc sources and energy storages is
implemented using a novel hierarchical control technique. The bus voltage essentially
acts as an indicator of supply–demand balance. A wireless control is implemented for
the reliable operation of the grid. A reasonable compromise between the maximum
power harvest and effective battery management is further enhanced using the
coordination control based on a central energy management system. The feasibility
and effectiveness of the proposed control strategies have been tested by a dc
microgrid in WERL. Index Terms—Battery energy storage, dc microgrid, hierarchical
control, photovoltaic (PV) system, voltage regulation
[2 ]Y. Du, X. Zhou, S. Bai, S. Lukic, and A. Huang, “Review of nonisolated bi-
directional DC-DC converters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charge station
application at municipal parking decks
There is a growing interest on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV’s) due to

energy security and green house gas emission issues, as well as the low electricity fuel
cost. As battery capacity and all-electric range of PHEV’s a re improved, an d
potentially some PHEV’s or EV’s need fast charging, there is increased demand to
build high power off-board charging infrastructures. A charge station architecture has
been proposed, which has a DC micro grid to interface with DC-DC chargers and
energy storage. Several non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters suited for charge
station applications have been reviewed and compared. Half bridge converter is a
good candidate.
3)Study of a non isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter
C.c Lin, L-s Yang and G

The study represents the non isolated bi-directional DC-DC coverter which has simple
circuit structure. The control stratergy is easily implemented the synchronous rectifier
technique is used to reduce the losess.
5
4) A New bidirectional zeta DC/DC converter
H. Khaleghi, A. Yazdian Varjani, and M. Mohamadian,
Nowadays, applications of DC-AC inverters in various applications such as

hybrid electric vehicles are growing up. DC-DC converters are one of the important parts
of the HEVs. Dual output DC-AC inverters can be used in them. If a multi input-multi
output inverter be used, then the DC-DC converter should be able to prepare the inputs
for that. This paper proposes a new bi-directional DC/DC converter. It can be used as a
single input single output or single input multi output device. Also, it can be used as an
isolated circuit by replacing the inductance in the input side, which is parallel with the
input source, with a transformer. This topology can conduct the input current in both
direct and reverse directions. In addition, the close loop controller design for the non-
isolated DC-DC converter is discussed in detail. Also it's parameters values has been
designed. In order to validate the performance of proposed topology, simulation and also
experimental results are presented.
5) Transformerless DC/DC Converters with a very high DC line to load voltage

ratio
B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici
Conventional dc-dc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains
due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series
resistance of inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformerless dc-dc
converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio.
In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are
charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during the
switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple. Only one
power stage is used. Moreover, the steady-state analyses of voltage gains and
boundary operating conditions are discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype circuit is
implemented in the laboratory to verify the performance.
(PDF) Transformerless DC-DC Converters With High Step-up Voltage Gain.
6
3. OBJECTIVES
 In DC microgrids, the DC-DC bidirectional converters play an important role
in the control of the internal DC bus voltage and in maintaining the system
power balance
 This project develops a bidirectional power flow control using a hybrid DC-
DC converter with switched-capacitor cell
 The project highlights the step-up and step-down operating mode and
elaborates the stability analysis using two averaging approaches: an analytical
and an average simulation model based method
 The controller design for stability, based on the Bode plot using K factor
method [7], is discussed in detail.
 Digital simulation and experimental results on a 200W prototype are given,
which prove good operation in step-up and step-down mode and a smooth
transition between them.
7
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.1
 Construction:
A DC microgrid structure which incorporates a bidirectional hybrid DC-DC

converter (BHDC) is presented in Fig (1). It contains three main sections. Section A is
a boost converter without the output capacitor, section B is a capacitor switching cell
[14] which allows the increasing of the voltage transfer (gain) ratio, and section C is
an output LC filter. V1 is normally a low voltage source, usually made from several
batteries in series. V2 is a high voltage source that in application discussed in this
paper represents a 400V-600V voltage bus inside a microgrid system. Each source has
bidirectional behavior: it can source or draw current. The switches are bidirectional,
made by an IGBT or a MOSFET transistor in parallel to a diode, which allows the
current flow to be reversed between sources, at any time, depending on the demand of
the microgrid system in which BHDC is placed. This converter can be also
successfully used in other applications, in which only one voltage source is used and
the energy is transferred at a prescribed voltage to the other side where a load is
connected.
8
5. Components requirements
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Diodes
 Battery
 MOSFET and IGBT
 Connecting wires
 Software Used
 MAT LAB Simulation
 AURDINO
 MICROCONTROLLER (@MEGA3P8 )
 PSIM
9
6. METHODLOGY
A. Step-down Mode
The converter acts as a battery charger. Energy is taken from the high voltage bus V2
and used to recharge the battery stack that represents the low voltage bus V1. The two
converter states in the step-down mode are presented in Fig. 2 and the main
waveforms are pointed out. S1 is always blocked and S2 and S3 are driven by the
same control signal. Synchronous operation is also possible if S1 is a power MOSFET
instead of an IGBT, which has positive impact on the converter efficiency
In the on state, C1 and C2 are connected in parallel through S2 and S3 and the
voltage across each capacitor satisfies the inequality V1 < Vc < V2. The voltages
across L1 and L2 are positive and their currents increase.
In the off state, the current provided by V2 flows through L2 and the two
capacitors C1 and C2 connected in series through D1. The voltage across each
capacitor satisfies the inequality 2Vc > V2. The L2 voltage is negative and its current
decreases. In the same time, L1 is connected to V1 through D1 and its current also
decreases.
B. Step-up Mode
In the step-up mode, the energy is taken from the low voltage bus V1 and
transferred to the high voltage bus V2. and the main waveforms are pointed out . In
both states S2 and S3 are blocked.
In the on state, the transistor S1 in conduction connects the inductor L1 to V1 so

the L1 current and the energy stored in L1 increase. The capacitors C1 and C2 are
connected in series by S1 (2Vc > V2), and therefore they transfer the energy to L2
and to the output V2.
In the off state, C1 and C2 are connected in parallel through D2 and D3 and the
voltage across each capacitor satisfies V1 < Vc < V2. The voltages across L1 and L2
are negative, their currents decrease and the energy transferred to the output is taken
from L2 and C0. C1 and C2 are charged from V1.
10
Fig (2) Step down & step up equivalent circuit
11
7. EXPECTED OUTCOME
 The converter efficiency is expected to have more than 98%

 Transistor voltage stress is reduces and DC gain increase by using BHDC
converter
 The simulation results from the converter average model based on the PWM
switch model, as well as those from the converter detailed switching model,
confirm the stability of the converter and the fact that the control system is
able to track the reference waveform with good dynamic performance.
 The bidirectional converter operation is stable for step-down and step-up mode
and the switching between them is fast, without oscillation in the controlled
current and with small dumped oscillations in the low-current waveform.
12
8. REFRENCES
[1] C. Jin, P. Wang, J. Xiao, Y. Tang, and F. H. Choo, “Implementation of

hierarchical control in DC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, DOI
10.1109/TIE.2013.2286563, no. 8, pp. 4032–4042, Aug. 2014.
[2 ]Y. Du, X. Zhou, S. Bai, S. Lukic, and A. Huang, “Review of nonisolated bi-
directional DC-DC converters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charge station
application at municipal parking decks,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electronics Conf.
and Expo. (APEC), 2010, DOI 10.1109/APEC.2010.5433359, Feb. 2010, pp. 1145–
1151
[3] K. Zhiguo, Z. Chunbo, Y. Shiyan, and C. Shukang, “Study of bidirectional DC-

DC converter for power management in electric bus with supercapacitors,” in Proc.
IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf. (VPPC), 2006, DOI
10.1109/VPPC.2006.364376, Sep. 2006, pp. 1–5.
[4] C.-c. Lin, L.-s. Yang, and G. W. Wu, “Study of a non-isolated bidirectional DC-
DC converter,” IET Power Electron., vol. 6, DOI 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338, no. 1,
pp. 30–37, Jan. 2013
[5] Y.-S Lee, H,-W. Huang, and T.-H.Chou, “Bidirectional DC-DC converter with
multiple switched-capacitor cells” in Proc .IEEE Int. Power Elecronics Conf.
13

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590018

“Bidirectional Power Flow Control in a DC Microgrid

Under the Guidance of

In DC microgrids, the DC-DC bidirectional converters play an important

A high restraint for the bidirectional DC-DC converter is the demand of

DC microgrids are becoming popular in low-voltage distribution systems due

There is a growing interest on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV’s) due to

3)Study of a non isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter

C.c Lin, L-s Yang and G

H. Khaleghi, A. Yazdian Varjani, and M. Mohamadian,

Nowadays, applications of DC-AC inverters in various applications such as

5) Transformerless DC/DC Converters with a very high DC line to load voltage

B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici

A DC microgrid structure which incorporates a bidirectional hybrid DC-DC

In the on state, the transistor S1 in conduction connects the inductor L1 to V1 so

 The converter efficiency is expected to have more than 98%

[1] C. Jin, P. Wang, J. Xiao, Y. Tang, and F. H. Choo, “Implementation of

[3] K. Zhiguo, Z. Chunbo, Y. Shiyan, and C. Shukang, “Study of bidirectional DC-

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