Designation: D2041/D2041M − 11

Standard Test Method for

Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of
Bituminous Paving Mixtures1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2041/D2041M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the theo- E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
retical maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)3
bituminous paving mixtures at 25°C [77°F].
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1 The terms “specific gravity” and “density” used in this
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
test method are in accordance with Terminology E12.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 3.2.1 density, as determined by this test method—the mass
with the standard. of a cubic meter of the material at 25°C [77°F] in SI units.
1.2.1 Residual pressure measurements are shown in both the 3.2.2 residual pressure, as employed by this test method—
SI unit of kPa and the commonly used non-standard equivalent the pressure in a vacuum vessel when vacuum is applied.
unit of “mm of Hg”. 3.2.3 specific gravity, as determined by this test method—
1.2.2 Measurements of volume and mass are only given in the ratio of a given mass of material at 25°C [77°F] to the mass
SI units because they are the only units typically used in of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
practice when performing this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 A weighed sample of oven-dry paving mixture in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- loose condition is placed in a tared vacuum vessel. Sufficient
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- water at a temperature of 25°C [77°F] is added to completely
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. submerge the sample. Vacuum is gradually applied to reduce
the residual pressure in the vacuum vessel to 4 kPa [30 mm of
2. Referenced Documents Hg] or less and then held for 15 6 2 min. At the end of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 vacuum period, the vacuum is gradually released. The volume
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements of the sample of paving mixture is obtained by immersing the
for Test Methods for Construction Materials vacuum container with the sample in a water bath and
D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures weighing or by filling the vacuum container level full of water
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen- and weighing in air. Both the temperature and mass are
cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials measured at this time. From these mass and volume
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal- measurements, the specific gravity or density at 25°C [77 °F]
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and is calculated.
Construction Materials Testing
5. Significance and Use
1
5.1 The theoretical maximum specific gravities and densi-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 on ties of bituminous paving mixtures are fundamental properties
Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures. whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and bituminous
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2041 – 03A. DOI:
10.1520/D2041_D2041M–11.
materials.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D2041/D2041M − 11
5.1.1 Maximum specific gravity is used (1) in the calcula- NOTE 3—Residual pressure in the vacuum vessel in millimeters of
tion of air voids in the compacted bituminous paving mixture, mercury is the difference in the height of mercury.
(2) in calculating the amount of bitumen absorbed by the 6.5 Manometer or Vacuum Gage, suitable for measuring the
aggregate, and (3 ) to provide target values for the compaction vacuum being applied at the source of the vacuum. This device
of paving mixtures. can be connected directly to the vacuum source or be in the
vacuum line close to the source.
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure NOTE 4—The vacuum leg of a residual pressure manometer occasion-
and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. ally acquires one or more air bubbles that introduce error into the residual
Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D3666 are generally pressure reading. The additional vacuum gage or manometer provides a
considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ means to quickly detect differences between the two vacuum measure-
inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with ments.
Practice D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice 6.6 Thermometers—Calibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-
D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of eters of suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale
evaluating and controlling some of those factors error of 0.5°C [1°F], conforming to the requirements of
Specification E1 or any other thermometric device of equal
6. Apparatus accuracy, precision, and sensitivity shall be used.
6.1 Containers: 6.7 Water Bath, capable of maintaining, by any means, a
6.1.1 Vacuum Bowls—Either a metal or plastic bowl with a constant temperature of 25 6 1°C [77 6 2°F]. The water bath
diameter of approximately 180 to 260 mm [7 to 10 in.] and a must be suitable for immersion of the suspended container with
bowl height of at least 160 mm [6 in.] shall be equipped with its deaerated sample.
a transparent cover fitted with a rubber gasket and a connection
6.8 Bleeder Valve, attached to the vacuum line to facilitate
for the vacuum line. Both the bowl and cover should be
both the adjustment of the vacuum being applied to the vacuum
sufficiently stiff to withstand the applied vacuum pressure
vessel and the slow release of vacuum pressure.
without visibly deforming. The hose connection shall be
covered with a small piece of fine wire mesh to minimize the 6.9 Mechanical Agitation Device, capable of applying a
loss of any fine material. gentle but consistent agitation of the sample. This device shall
be equipped with a means of firmly anchoring the container so
NOTE 2—The transparent cover allows observation of the release of air
bubbles.
that it does not move on the surface of the device.
6.1.2 Vacuum Flask for Weighing in Air Only, a thick-walled NOTE 5—If stripping of asphalt is a problem, the device can be
equipped with a speed control.
volumetric glass flask with a capacity of approximately 4000
mL, fitted with a rubber stopper with a connection for the 6.10 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 6
vacuum line. The hose connection in the flask should be 5°C [230 6 10°F]. This oven is needed when samples other
covered with a small piece of fine wire mesh to minimize the than laboratory prepared mixtures using oven-dry aggregate
loss of any fine material are tested.
6.2 Balance, capable of being read to the nearest 0.1 g and 7. Sampling
conforming to the requirements of Specification D4753, Class
7.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D979.
GP2. If underwater measurements will be taken, then the
balance shall be equipped with a suitable suspension apparatus 7.2 The size of sample shall be as follows:
and holder to permit weighing the sample while suspended Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size, mm [in.] Minimum Sample Size, g
from the center of the scale. 37.5 [1 ½] or greater 5000
19 to 25 [3/4 to 1] 2500
6.3 Vacuum Pump or Water Aspirator, capable of evacuating 12.5 [1/2] or smaller 1500
air from the vacuum container to a residual pressure of 4.0 kPa 7.3 Sample sizes greater than about two thirds of the volume
[30 mm of Hg] or less. of the container shall be tested in portions with none of the
6.3.1 When a vacuum pump is used, a suitable trap shall be portions tested being less than 1250 g.
installed between the vacuum vessel and vacuum source to
reduce the amount of water vapor entering the vacuum pump. 8. Calibration of Containers
6.4 Residual Pressure Manometer or Calibrated Absolute 8.1 Bowls—Calibrate the container by accurately determin-
Pressure Gage—This manometer or calibrated absolute pres- ing the mass of the container immersed in water at 25 6 1°C
sure gage shall be used to confirm the specified pressure is [77 6 2°F]. Designate this mass as B.
applied to the container and shall be capable of measuring 8.1.1 If the bowl is used for weighing in air, place the
residual pressure to 4.0 kPa [30 mm of Hg] or less. It is to be volumetric lid on the bowl while under water. Remove the
connected at the end of the vacuum line using an appropriate water-filled bowl with the lid in place and dry prior to
tube and either a “T” connector on the top of the container or determining the combined mass of the bowl, lid, and water.
by using a separate opening (from the vacuum line) in the top Repeat three times and average the results. Designate the
of the container to attach the hose. To avoid damage, the average mass as D.
manometer or gage itself is not to be situated on top of the 8.2 Flasks—Calibrate the volumetric flask by accurately
vessel but adjacent to it. determining the mass of the flask filled with water at a

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 D2041/D2041M − 11
temperature of 25 6 1°C [77 6 2°F]. Designate this mass as D. flask in a water bath for 10 6 1 min to stabilize the temperature
Accurate filling of the flask shall be ensured by the use of a without submerging the top of the flask. Measure and record
glass cover plate or similar smooth, flat transparent plate. the temperature of the water in the flask. Remove the ther-
mometer and completely fill the flask using a cover plate,
9. Procedure taking care not to entrap air beneath the cover plate. The cover
9.1 If the paving mixture has been prepared in a laboratory plate shall be the same one used during the calibration of the
using oven-dry aggregates, proceed to 9.2. Any other sample flask. Wipe any moisture from the exterior of the container and
needs to be dried to a constant mass (mass repeats within 0.1 % cover plate. Determine the mass of the flask, plate, and its
for consecutive 15 min determinations) at a temperature of 110 contents completely filled with water. Designate this mass as E.
6 5°C [2306 10°F].
10. Calculation
9.2 Once the sample is dry and while it is still warm, 10.1 Calculate the maximum specific gravity of the sample
separate the particles of the sample of paving mixture by hand, as follows:
taking care to avoid fracturing the aggregate, so that the 10.1.1 Bowls Used Under Water Determination:
particles of the fine aggregate portion are not larger than about
6 mm [1/4 in.]. Cool the sample to room temperature. If A
G mm 5 (1)
separated particles adhere to each other once the sample has A 2 ~C 2 B!
been cooled to room temperature, gently separate the particles where:
of the fine aggregate portion so that they are not larger than Gmm = maximum specific gravity of the mixture,
about 6 mm [1/4 in.]. Place the sample directly into the tared A = mass of dry sample in air, g,
bowl or volumetric flask. Do not use a container within a B = mass of bowl under water, g, and
container. Weigh the container with the sample and designate C = mass of bowl and sample under water, g.
the net mass (mass of sample only) as A.
10.1.2 Bowl in Air Determination:
9.3 Add sufficient water at a temperature of approximately
A
25°C [77°F] to cover the sample completely. Place the cover G mm 5 (2)
A1D 2 E
(bowls) or stopper (flask) on the container.
9.4 Place the container with the sample and water on a where:
mechanical agitation device and anchor it to the surface of the Gmm = maximum specific gravity of the mixture,
device. Start the agitation and immediately begin to remove air A = mass of dry sample in air, g,
trapped in the sample by gradually increasing the vacuum D = mass of lid and bowl with water at 25°C [77°F], g,
pressure until the residual pressure manometer reads 3.7 6 0.3 and
kPa [27.5 6 2.5 mm of Hg]. The vacuum should be achieved E = mass of lid, bowl, sample, and water at 25°C [77°F],
within 2 min. Once the vacuum is achieved, continue the g.
vacuum and agitation for 15 6 2 min. 10.1.3 Flask Determination:
9.5 Gradually release the vacuum pressure using the bleeder A
G mm 5 (3)
valve and proceed with one of the following determinations: A1D 2 E
9.5.1 Weighing in Water—Suspend the bowl (without lid)
where:
and contents in water for 10 6 1 min, then determine the mass.
Measure and record the temperature of the water in the bath. Gmm = maximum specific gravity of the mixture,
Designate the mass under water of the bowl and sample as C. A = mass of dry sample in air, g,
D = mass of cover plate and flask filled with water at
9.5.2 Weighing in Air (Bowl)—Slowly submerge the bowl
25°C [77°F], g, and
and sample in the 25 6 1°C [77 6 2°F] bath, where it shall
E = mass of flask, cover plate, sample, and water at 25°C
remain for 10 6 1 min. The lid shall also be placed in the water
[77°F], g.
bath at the same time. Slide the lid onto the bowl without
removing from the water so as to avoid entrapping any air, then 10.2 If the sample was tested in several portions, report the
firmly press the lid down on the bowl. Remove the bowl with weighted average maximum specific gravity for all portions
the lid in place from the water bath. Carefully dry the bowl and tested.
lid. Determine the mass of the bowl, sample, and lid. Measure
and record the temperature of the water in the bowl. Repeat this 11. Supplemental Procedure for Mixtures Containing
procedure a second time by removing the lid and placing both Porous Aggregate
the lid and the bowl back in the water. It is not necessary to 11.1 If the pores of the aggregates are not thoroughly sealed
wait the 10 minutes before taking the second reading. If the by the bituminous film, they may become saturated with water
mass varies by more than 1.0 g, repeat the procedure until any during the vacuum procedure. To determine if this has
two mass readings are within 1.0 g. Designate the average mass occurred, proceed as follows after completing the procedure in
of these two readings as “E; the mass of the bowl, lid, water, accordance with 9.5.1, 9.5.2, or 9.5.3.
and sample.” 11.1.1 Drain the water from the container. To prevent the
9.5.3 Weighing in Air (Flask)—Slowly fill the flask with loss of fine particles, decant the water through a 75 µm [No.
water taking care not to introduce air into the sample. Place the 200] sieve.

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 D2041/D2041M − 11
11.1.2 Break several of the large pieces of aggregate and Test and Type Index Standard Acceptable
examine the broken surfaces for wetness. If there is any doubt Deviation, 1s Range of Two
Test Results, d2s
as to whether the mix has absorbed water, proceed with this Test results obtained without use of
procedure in order to determine if this correction is needed. Section 11:A
Single-operator precision 0.0080 0.023
11.2 If aggregate has absorbed water, spread the sample on Multilaboratory precision 0.0160 0.044
a flat tray with a nonabsorptive surface and place in front of a
Test results obtained with use of Section 11
fan to remove surface moisture. Break agglomerations of (for Bowl Method only):B
mixture by hand. Stir the sample intermittently in such a way Single-operator precision 0.0064 0.018
that the aggregate particles are rolled over rather than simply Multilaboratory precision 0.0193 0.055
moved horizontally on the tray. This process takes about 2 h.
Take care to prevent the loss of particles of mixture. A
Basis of estimate: analysis of paired test results from 165 to 337 laboratories
11.3 Weigh the tray and sample at 15-min intervals. When participating in the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency
Sample Program.
the loss in mass is less than 0.05 % for this interval, the sample B
Basis of estimate: 2 replicates, 7 materials, 20 laboratories.
may be considered to be surface dry.
13.2 The figures given in Column 2 are the standard
11.4 Substitute the final surface dry mass for A and use this deviations that have been found to be appropriate for the
value in the denominator of equations shown in Section 10. conditions of the test described in Column 1. The figures given
in Column 3 are the limits that should not be exceeded by the
12. Report difference between the results of two properly conducted tests.
12.1 Report the following information: 13.3 The values in Column 3 are the acceptable range for
12.1.1 Maximum specific gravity, Gmm, to the third decimal two tests. When more than two results are being evaluated, the
place. range given in Column 3 must be increased. Multiply the
12.1.2 Type of mixture. standard deviation(s) in Column 2 by the multiplier given in
12.1.3 Size of sample. Table 1 of Practice C670 for the number of actual tests.
12.1.4 Number of samples.
12.1.5 Type of container. Example for three tests: 0.0160 3 3.3 5 0.0528 (4)
12.1.6 Type of procedure. In this example, 0.0160 is the acceptable standard deviation
given in the table in Section 13.1 for multilaboratory precision,
13. Precision and 3.3 is the multiplier for three test results provided in Table
13.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of specific gravity 1 of Practice C670. Additional guidance and background is
test results obtained by this test method are given as follows: given in Practice C670.

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