Stability of Structures

Stability - Stable & Unstable Structures
& Members
By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Aug 15, 2017 / DEFINITION
Definition
The resistance offered by a structure to undesirable movement like sliding,

collapsing and over turning etc is called stability.
 Stability depends upon the supports conditions and arrangements of

members.
 Stability does not depend upon loading.
STABLE STRUCTURES
A stricter is said to be stable if it can resist the applied load without

moving OR A structure is said to be stable if it has sufficient number of
reactions to resist the load without moving.
UNSTABLE STRUCTURE
A structure which has not sufficient number of reactions to resists the load
without moving is called unstable structures.
Stability of Structures
STABILITY OF TRUSS
A truss is said to be stable if it is externally and internally stable
EXTERNAL STABILITY OF TRUSS:
Externally a truss is said to be stable if
 All the reactions are not parallel to each other.

 All the reactions are not concurrent i.e. passing through same point
INTERNAL STABILITY OF TRUSS:
Internal stability of truss depends upon the arrangements of members and

joints as
* If m + r = 2j internally stable
* If m + r < 2j internally unstable
* If m + r > 2j indeterminate
Where m = number of members, J = number of joints, R = number of unknown

reactions.
For complete stability the should be both internally and externally stable
Stability of Structural Members
STABILITY OF BEAMS
A beam is said to be stable if it satisfy the following conditions.
1. The number of unknown reactions must be greater or equal to available

equations of equilibrium
2. All the reactions should not be parallel to each other.
3. There should be no concurrent force system i.e. unknown reactions
should not pass through the same point or line.
STABILITY OF FRAME
A frame is said to be stable if it satisfy the following condition.
1. The number of unknown reactions must is greater to equal to available

equations of equilibrium
Analyzing Equilibrium and Redundancy

of Indeterminate Structures
By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Jul 27, 2017 / DEFINITION
While analyzing any indeterminate structure using any method, it is
necessary that the solution satisfy the following requirements:
I. Equilibrium of the Structure

II. Compatibility of the Structure
III. Force Displacement Requirements
I. Equilibrium of a Structure
Equilibrium of a Structure is satisfied when the actions (applied loads) and
reactions hold the structure at rest. For a finite sized structure, substructure,
element or joint, the following six equations must be satisfied:
ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0
ΣMx = 0 ΣMy = 0 ΣMz = 0
Number of equations reduces to 3 for a 2D element or structure:
ΣFx = 0 ------------------------(1)
ΣFy = 0 ------------------------(2)
ΣM = 0-------------------------(3)
These equations are known as Equations of Equilibrium. A structure in which

all the unknowns can be determined using the Equations of Equilibrium is
known as Statically Determinate Structure. While a structure in which all
the unknowns cannot be determined using these equations is known
as Statically Indeterminate Structure.
II. Compatibility of a Structure

Compatibility of a Structure is satisfied when the various segments of the
structure fit together except intentional breaks or overlaps. By compatibility
we mean that:
 Members initially connected together remain connected together (the

distance between them may have altered due to the deformation)
 Two initially separate points remain separate (do not overlap or move
to another common point)
 Cracks or Gaps do not appear as a structure deforms
Consider the indeterminate truss. Each of the members has been elongated.
Point A has movedto a new Point A’. However, by compatibility of
displacements, the elongations are such that the three members remain
connected even after deformation, which is additional information and helps
in developing an extra equation or set of equations.
In the following indeterminate propped beam; we know that at the supports

A and B there is no deflection i.e.
dA = 0 Also dB = 0
In addition slope at a point of maximum deflection is zero i.e.
dy/dx = 0
At the fixed end rotation is resisted hence i.e.
ΣA = 0
All these equations are known as compatibility equations.
Redundancy of a Structure
Any constrain in a structure when removed and do not cause instability to
the structure is known as redundant. Consider the following simply supported
beam. The horizontal and vertical reactions at a hinged support A and the
only vertical reaction at the roller support B prevent both the translation and
rotation of the beam. In other words these supports are sufficient to keep the
structure stable.
If a third support C is provided between these two, it will make the structure
more stable, but its absence is not causing any instability. Thus the
vertical reaction provided by this support may be regarded as redundant and
can be removed. The structure is then known as basic released structure or
primary structure.
The choice of redundant is increased with this extra support thus if the
support B is removed, the structure is still stable. Thus any of the support B
or C may be removed except the hinged one, which if removed will cause a
parallel system of reactions and thence causing the instability of a structure.
Examples of Redundancy/Basic Released Structures

 Unit = lb-ft.
Design of Water Tank using SAP2000

New Model
 Grid. Cylinder R= 5, θ = 9, z = 5. Along, r = 5.93, θ = 4.5, z = 13. Edit
Z last value = 49.
 Draw beams in 2nd storey.
 Edit > Replicate parallel to Z-axis. Z = 13, number = 2.

 Draw edge beam in 1st storey.
 Select beams.
 Edit > replicate parallel to z-axis. Z = 13, No.= 1
 For ring beam.
Define > co-ordinate. t = 0, 11.25, 22.5 ............. 360
 Draw one element on one grid line. Select it and replicate. Radial along Z-axis. θ
= 11.25, No. 31.
 Select all beams in this storey.
 Select insertion point to center.
 Draw single element of area.
 Select area.
Assign > Area > Local axis, 5.625,
 Select area and replicate 31 No & θ = 11.25

 Tz plane select.
 Draw walls.
 Select walls.
 Edit > auto mesh 1-2 = 2, 1-3 = 10
Define
 Define > joint pattern, hydropath
 Define > load cases. Name = hydro water pressure = type
 Define frame section. Define B15 x 12, C12 x12

 Define > area section. Slab, top slab, wall
 Select beams, assign B 15 x 12
 Select column assign C12 x 12
 Select tank base, assign slab
 Select wall
Assign
 Assign > joint pattern hydropath, C = 1, D = -49
 Select > get previous selection
 Assign > area load > surface pressure, Load = hydro, face = 5. By joint pattern.
Name = hydropath. Multipliers = 62.4
 Add to existing load
 Select slab. Assign load= 62.4 lb/ft2
Analyze
 Analyze > run analysis, model “DO NOT RUN”
 Display > show forces/stresses > hydro. Check it for hoop stress
Design (Design Check & Area of Steel)

 Design > concrete frame design > display design combo. UDCON1, UDCON2
 Design > concrete frame design > start design/check
 Design > concrete frame design > verify all members passed
 Design > concrete frame design > display design info
 Select longitudinal reinforcement.
 Design slab, top slab, wall by getting AST1, AST2, beams and columns.
Design & Analysis of Stairs Using

SAP2000
By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Apr 01, 2017 / DESIGN OF
 WD =50 lb/ft2 , WL= 75 lb/ft2

 Slab waist = 6”, f’c= 4ksi; fy = 60 ksi
Steps:
 Unit = lb-ft
 Model= stair cases
o Stair type = type2,
o Right level width= 6”,
o Storey height = 13”,
o Stair projected length = 11.25’
o Opening b/w stairs = 1,
o width1=5’,
o width2 =6’
o Max mash spacing = 1
 Option>preference> concrete frame design ACI-2003
 Define> material concrete, modify, f’c =4 ksi, fy=60ksi
 Define > area section, modify, name= slab6. Thickness= 6”
 Define > load cases, line load
 Define > add default combo
 Select waist slab
 Select > invert selection
 Assign > area > local axis, -90°
 Select All
 Assign > Area load > uniform assign loads
 Analysis > analysis option, 3D
 Analysis > run analysis; model “Do NOT RUN” Run Now
 Display > show forces > area M11, M22
 Display > show forces > area AST1, AST2
Design of Transmission Tower in

SAP2000
By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Apr 26, 2017 / SAP2000, DESIGN OF
 D.L = 30K, L.L= 35k, on top most joint in gravity direction

 Unit = k-ft
 New model = 3D truss.
Transmission Tower
S. No Elevation Wud in a (H) b (W)
1 0 40 0 0
2 16 32 0.3 0.3
3 32 24 0.3 0.3
4 48 16 0.3 0.3
5 64 8 1 1
6 72 8 0 0
7 80 8 0 0
8 88 8 0 0
Chord = W18 x 35 Braces = W 18 x 35
Define:
 Define > material, steel, modifying fy = 36 ksi. Fx = 58ksi.
 Define > load cases add D.L & in L.L
 Self wt =0
 Define > add default combo select steel & convert to user check
boxes.
 Select top most joints.
Assign
 Assign > Joint loads> forces apply loads.
 Select all.
 Assign > frame> release/Partial fixity, check m33 both check boxes.
Analyze
 Analyze >select analysis option. Select 3D trauss.
 Display > show forces> frames. Select UDSTL2 & axial force. Uncheck
fill , check show values, check boxes and view the values on top most
and bottom most members
Time History Analysis SAP2000

By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Aug 01, 2017 / SAP2000
 Define >
o function > time history
o Function type = function from file
o Name = TH
o Browse & select elcentro.
o Values = time and function value, display
 Define > Analysis Case
o New case name = THx
o Analysis case = time history
o Load type = Accel, load name = U
o Function = TH, scale = 32.2
o Select lines, model, transient.
 Select THx
 Add copy name Thy
o Load name = U2
o Do rest of the work for structure analysis

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Stability - Stable & Unstable Structures

The resistance offered by a structure to undesirable movement like sliding,

 Stability depends upon the supports conditions and arrangements of

A stricter is said to be stable if it can resist the applied load without

A truss is said to be stable if it is externally and internally stable

EXTERNAL STABILITY OF TRUSS:

Externally a truss is said to be stable if

 All the reactions are not parallel to each other.

INTERNAL STABILITY OF TRUSS:

Internal stability of truss depends upon the arrangements of members and

Where m = number of members, J = number of joints, R = number of unknown

Stability of Structural Members

A beam is said to be stable if it satisfy the following conditions.

1. The number of unknown reactions must be greater or equal to available

A frame is said to be stable if it satisfy the following condition.

1. The number of unknown reactions must is greater to equal to available

Analyzing Equilibrium and Redundancy

I. Equilibrium of the Structure

ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0

ΣMx = 0 ΣMy = 0 ΣMz = 0

Number of equations reduces to 3 for a 2D element or structure:

These equations are known as Equations of Equilibrium. A structure in which

II. Compatibility of a Structure

 Members initially connected together remain connected together (the

In the following indeterminate propped beam; we know that at the supports

In addition slope at a point of maximum deflection is zero i.e.

At the fixed end rotation is resisted hence i.e.

All these equations are known as compatibility equations.

Examples of Redundancy/Basic Released Structures

Design of Water Tank using SAP2000

 Draw beams in 2nd storey.

 Edit > Replicate parallel to Z-axis. Z = 13, number = 2.

 For ring beam.

Define > co-ordinate. t = 0, 11.25, 22.5 ............. 360

Assign > Area > Local axis, 5.625,

 Select area and replicate 31 No & θ = 11.25

 Define > load cases. Name = hydro water pressure = type

 Define frame section. Define B15 x 12, C12 x12

Design (Design Check & Area of Steel)

 Select longitudinal reinforcement.

Design & Analysis of Stairs Using

 WD =50 lb/ft2 , WL= 75 lb/ft2

 Display > show forces > area M11, M22

 Display > show forces > area AST1, AST2

Design of Transmission Tower in

 D.L = 30K, L.L= 35k, on top most joint in gravity direction

Chord = W18 x 35 Braces = W 18 x 35

Time History Analysis SAP2000

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