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Procedia Food Science 6 (2016) 60 – 64

International Conference of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka 2015 (ICSUSL 2015)

A recipe book of traditional Sri Lankan food

A.M.N.T. Adikari*, T.Lakmali

*Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila
(N.W.P), 60170, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Although a number of various traditional foods and diversity of cooking styles and techniques were available in Sri Lanka, today
most of them are getting lost as a result of ‘modernization’ dietary patterns. However, in Sri Lanka,a very limited number of
researcheshave been conducted on traditional foods. Therefore, surveys about traditional foods and dishes are essential to cut down
many problems related with the modernized foods and to increase use of locally available food sources. In Sri Lanka, there are
many recipe books but they do not give an idea about nutrition composition. The survey was conducted to develop a recipe book
by including traditional Sri Lankan food recipes and their nutrition composition. Different food recipes were collected from adult
women in different areas (08 districts) by home visits, face to face interviews and through telephone calls. Further, available
traditional recipes were collected by reviewing the recipe books and searching internet. The amount of ingredients for solid foods
were measured by using household measures and home scale and expressed as grams. Liquid foods were measured by measuring
cylinder and household measures and expressed as millilitres. The recipes which were taken from telephone calls were prepared at
the University dietetics laboratory. Nutrition compositions of recipes were calculated using the Food Base 2000 software. The
developed recipe book consists of 50 recipes of Sri Lankan traditional foods, the method of preparation as well as the nutritional
composition. The recipes in the book have been presented under five food categories; cereal based foods, sweets, dishes, mallum
and kola kenda / herbal drinks. Thus, the developed recipe book provides different recipes with way of preparation and nutrition
composition of them. Therefore, this can be used as an educational tool for menu planning.

©©2016
2016TheThe Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd.is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Ltd. This
Peer-review under responsibility of scientific committee of International Conference of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2015 (ICSUSL
Peer-review under2015).
responsibility of International Conference of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka 2015 (ICSUSL 2015).

Keywords: Nutritional composition; traditional food; traditional recipe

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +94 (0) 714411487.

2211-601X © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka 2015 (ICSUSL 2015).
doi:10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.012
 A.M.N.T. Adikari and T. Lakmali / Procedia Food Science 6 (2016) 60 – 64 61

E-mail address: [email protected]

1. Introduction

Traditional foods include those which have been consumed locally or regionally for many generations. Preparation
methods of these local specialties have been passed down from generation to generation and a part of the fabric of life
in many communities. In some cases, they are not formally documented recipes, but often associated with positive
health benefits and always with local history1.

Traditional foods play an important role in keeping people’s health in good condition, and also contribute to increasing
the value of agricultural products. As a result, they vitalize the rural economy2. There are various traditional foods in
Sri Lanka such as rice and curry, hoppers, string hoppers, pittu, milk rice, kolakenda, dosi, upma, vadai, roti, herbal
aurvadic foods (welpenela, curry leaves, bittergourd, cucumber, nelli, etc), and fruits (mango, rambutan, mangosteen,
wood apple- Feronialimonia, cashew, beli- Aeglemarmelos, delum- Punicagranatum, thibiri, hibutu, jackfruit-
Artocarpusheterophyllus, etc).

In this study, an effort was taken to sustain and protect our traditional foods by preparing a recipe book, because of
the fact that traditional food and dishes have been escaping from Sri Lankans. Early Sri Lankans ate traditional foods
and dishes, and own foods were prepared by themselves by using available raw materials from the environment. Most
of Sri Lankan ate rice and curry as their staple food. Curries were prepared using plant based raw materials by adding
Sri Lankans’ hot spices. Sweets were prepared using ingredients such as coconut milk, different types of flour and
honey. Thus, during old days, health conditions in the villages remained at a high standard because of the consumption
of indigenous traditional food.

2. Methodology

Primary data of different food recipes were collected from adult women in selected areas of Kandy, Kegalle, Galle,
Matale, Jaffna, Embilipitiya, Kurunegala and Anuradhapura by home visits, face to face interviews and through
telephone calls. Secondary data were collected by reviewing the recipes from recipe books and internet. The study
sample of adult women, age ranging from 55 to 70 years, having knowledge and practices of traditional recipes were
interviewed from each area. The women who were available at home during data collection time and willing to give
the information on traditional recipes were interviewed. The study sample was selected by purposively.

The amount of ingredients for solid foods were measured by using household measures and home scale and
expressed as grams. Liquid foods were measured by using measuring cylinder and household measures and expressed
as milliliters. Some ingredients which were not measured, amounts were directly asked from the subjects (E.g. cashew
nut, Semolina, etc.). In case the participants gave different information about ingredients used in each food
preparation/dish, the average amounts of ingredients of each food item were used. The recipes which were taken from
telephone calls were prepared at the University dietetics laboratory. Nutrition compositions of recipes were calculated
using the Food Base 2000, software modified with Sri Lankan food composition data.

Recipes were categorized under five groups as (1) Cereal based food products - Pittu, Hoppers, String hoppers, Milk
rice, etc., (2) Dishes - Jack curry, Breadfruit curry, Cashew nut curry, Polos curry, Maluambulthiyal, Hath maluwa,
etc., (3) Sweets - Kevum, Kokis, Aluwa, Asmi, Welithalapa, etc., (4) Mellum (Green leaves) - Penela kola mellunm,
Polpalamellunm, Mukunuwennamellunm, etc., and (5) Kenda / Herbal drinks - Gotukolakenda, Hathawariyakenda,
and Elabatu / Eggplant leaves kenda.

Recipe analysis database was used, and weight changes during cooking were entered according to the food varieties.
Ingredients for each recipe were arranged according to the deceasing order of amounts/ volume. Ingredients of each
recipe were given in the recipe book as proportionately to the main ingredient.
62 A.M.N.T. Adikari and T. Lakmali / Procedia Food Science 6 (2016) 60 – 64

Nutrition composition of recipe was given for one portion. For dishes, 1 portion = 100 g; for sweets and other cereal
based foods, 1 portion = 1 medium size piece; For Kenda / Herbal drinks, 1 portion = 1 Glass (240 mL).

3. Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows selected traditional food recipes of Sri Lankans with their energy and macronutrient composition in a
portion.

Table 1. Sri Lankan traditional food dishes with nutrition composition.

Traditional Food Dishes Ingredients Nutrition composition

per portion
Milk Rice
White raw rice 500 g E =105.4 Kcal
Salt to taste 444.2 kJ
Tick coconut milk 2 cups / 280 ml P = 1.3 g
Water 3 cups / 420 ml F = 6.7 g
* Note: For 15 medium size pieces C = 10.5 g
( per portion = 55 g)

Pittu
Rice flour / wheat flour 250 g E = 55 Kcal
Scrapped coconut 150 g 231 kJ
Pinch of salt P = 0.9 g
Thick coconut milk ½ cup / 70 ml F = 2.2 g
* Note: For 5 medium size pieces C = 8.3 g
( per portion = 15 g)

Aluwa
Rice flour 250 g E = 93 Kcal
Sugar 190 g 393 kJ
Cashew nut 20 g P = 1.3 g
Cardamom 1 / 1.5 g F = 0.8 g
Thick coconut milk 90 ml C = 21.4g
* Note: For 10 medium size pieces ( per portion = 26 g)

Seven curry / “hath Pumpkin 50 g E = 147.3 Kcal

maluwa” Kiriala50 g 572.1kJ
Kankun50 g P = 3.8g
Mukunuwenna 50 g F = 11.2g
Cowpea 50 g C = 7.8g
Cashew 12 g (per portion = 100g)
Jack seeds 25 g
Red onion 3 g
Coconut milk1 cup / 140 ml
Green chilli 5 g
Salt to taste
Pinch of turmeric powder
Rampe 2-4 small pieces / 1g
Chilli powder 1¾ tsp /2g
Curry powder 1 ½ tsp/1g
Garlic 1 pieces / 1 g
 A.M.N.T. Adikari and T. Lakmali / Procedia Food Science 6 (2016) 60 – 64 63

Curry leaves5-8 leaves/1g

Tender Jack / “polos” curry Polos/ Tender jack 1 medium size / 250g E =191.9 Kcal
Sliced coconut 14g 802.2 kJ
Red onion 3 small / 9g P = 2.7 g
Chili powder 9g F = 16.7 g
Curry powder 5g C = 7.9 g
Pinch of Turmeric powder (per portion = 100g)
Curry leaves/ Rampe2-4pieces / 1g
Cinnamon 1-2 pieces / 1g
Garcinia 2 / 2g
Salt to taste
Thick coconut milk 2 ½ cups / 350ml
Thin coconut milk 2 cups / 240ml
Coconut oil 1tsp

1tsp

Agunakolamellum Aguna kola 50 g E = 60 Kcal

Scraped coconut ¾ cup / 25 g 584 kJ
Green chilli 1-2 / 5-6 g P = 3.3 g 4.2 g
Red onion 2-3 samall / 9g F = 4.1 g
Moldive fish 1 tbsp / 1 g C = 2.9 g
Lime juice 2-3 drops (1 portion = 1 cup, 50g)
Salt to taste

Hathawariya /Asparagus Asparagus /Hathawariya leaves 65 g E = 121.2 Kcal

Keda White raw rice 60 g 510.1 kJ
Salt to taste P = 1.5 g
Thin coconut milk 350 mL F = 9.4 g
Thick coconut milk 175 mL C = 7.5g
(per portion = 1 glass)

E: Energy, P: Protein, F: Fat, C: Carbohydrates

The developed recipe book contained 50 recipes of Sri Lankan traditional foods and dishes.Recipes are presented
under five groups; cereal based foods, Sweets, Dishes, Mellum and Kenda / Herbal drinks. Pittu, Hoppers, String
hoppers, Milk rice, like food are included under cereal based foods. Milk rice / Kiribathis a ceremonial specific and
is most common among Sinhala community. Milk rice was prepared with combining with mung gram (Mungkiribath)
and with peni pol (Ibulkiribath). Nutrition composition is enhanced due to these combinations.

Hoppers were consumed as a breakfast as well as a snack. It was consumed with lunumiris or banana, and the way of
preparation was same in all studied areas. Another common traditional breakfast was string-hoppers and way of
64 A.M.N.T. Adikari and T. Lakmali / Procedia Food Science 6 (2016) 60 – 64

preparation was same in all studied areas. This was prepared with wheat flour, kurakkan flour, white rice flour and
brown rice flour and consumed with curries with gravy and with coconut sambol.

Upma and Vadi were common among Tamil and Muslim communities. The way of preparation differs in Jaffna than
other study areas. Main difference is the addition of cardamom and cumin seeds to the Vadi mixture.

There are 3 main types of curry: White, Red and Black. Example for white curry is “Kirikos”. Red curries contain a
large amount of chili powder or ground red chilies with a few other spices. An example for red curry is Jackfruit curry
prepared with adding more chili powder. Black curries are dark in color which is achieved by the roasting of the spices
until they are a deep brown (e.g. maluambulthiyal). The way of preparation of many of curries differs in different
study areas. Polosambul / tender jackcurry is prepared in different ways in Kandy and Kegalle. Lotus root curry is
more specific to Anuradhapura area among other study areas. Kalupolmaluwais common in Kurunegala and Kandy
areas while Cashew curry is common in KurunegalaDistrict.

Sweets are another group, and varieties of Kevum (Mungkevum, Kondakevum, Athirasa, etc.) are common in Sri
Lankan cuisines. Way of preparation of Athirasa and Kondakevum were approximately same in all study areas except
Kandy where a special way of preparing Mungkevumis adopted by preparingbatter with adding eggs. Other sweets
areAluwa, Welithalapa, Helapa, Uduvel, Asmi, and Kokis.

Mellum is fondly eaten with curries. Prepared from finely shredded green leaves and maldive fish, it is mingled with
grated coconut and spices. The way of preparation of mellum was approximately same in all study areas.

Kenda / Heahal drinks were common traditional food item and still they are popular among rural communities,
especially in Kandy, Anuradhapura, Embilipitiya and Galle. Different varieties of green leaves are used for preparation
of Kenda, and combinations of different leaves arealso used. The way of preparation is approximately same in all
areas but, there is a slight difference among Muslin community than others as they added beef, chicken and gout meat
into Kenda.

4. Conclusion

The developed recipe book provides traditional recipes with method of preparation and nutrient composition.
Therefore, this may be useful as an educational tool for menu planning for healthy people as well as patients who need
special dietary menu planning.

References

1. Patermann, C. European Research on Traditional foods. European Commission, Directorate- general for research, Communication unit, B-
1049, Brussels. 2007. www.ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/kbbe/docs/traditional-foods.pdf[Accessed 03 October 2014]
2. Li-Te Li., Li-jun YIN, Saito,M. Function of traditional foods and food culture in China. Collage of food science and Nutritional engineering,
China agricultural University, 2004; pp. 213-220.
www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/publication/jarq/38-4/38-04-01.pdf[Accessed on 03 November 2014]