Work and Energy

Work

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Work
 The work done by a constant force on an object that is undergoing a
straight line displacement is given by
 
W  F S
 Definition of work is based on observations. You do work by exerting the
force on an object while that object moves from one place to another
(undergoes displacement):
 You do more work if the force is greater
 You do more work if displacement is greater

Work

 
W  F S
 SI unit of work is Joule (J) “Jewel”
 1 Joule = (1 Newton) (1 meter); 1 J = 1 N·m James Joule
1818 - 1889

 British unit of work is foot-pound (ft·lb)

 Unit of force is pound, unit of distance is foot
 Conversion: 1 J = 0.7376 ft·lb, 1 ft·lb = 1.356 J

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Work
 You push a stalled car through a displacement S with a constant force F
in the direction of motion:
W  F S
 You push a stalled car through a displacement S with a constant force F
at angle  to the direction of motion:

W  F  S cos
 Only component of force in direction of car’s displacement is important

Work and Kinetic Energy

 From the definition of work we know that the total work done
on an object is related to its displacement (changes in
position).
 
W  F S
Work is also related to changes in the speed of the object.

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Work and Kinetic Energy
 Example: Block sliding on a frictionless table

 Forces acting on a block: its weight, normal force,

and the force F exerted by the hand.

Work and Kinetic Energy

 Example: Block sliding on a frictionless table

A. The net force on a block is

in the direction of its motion.
From N2L, this means that
the block speeds up.
W=F·S also tells us that the
total work will be positive.

B. Here only the component

F·cos contributes to Wtotal.
The block speeds up as well.

 Forces acting on a block: its weight, normal

force, and the force F exerted by the hand.

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Work and Kinetic Energy
 Example: Block sliding on a frictionless table

C. The net force here opposes

the displacement. From
N2L, this means that the
block slows down. W=F·S
also tells us that the total
work will be negative.

D. Here the net force is zero,

so the speed of the block
stays the same, and Wtotal
is zero.
 Forces acting on a block: its weight, normal
force, and the force F exerted by the hand.

Work and Kinetic Energy

 When an object undergoes a displacement:

 object will "speed up" if Wtotal > 0,
 object will "slow down" if Wtotal < 0,
 object will "maintain the same speed“ (constant) if Wtotal = 0.

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Work and Kinetic Energy
 Consider a particle with mass m moving along the x-axis under the
action of a constant net force with magnitude F directed along the
positive x-axis.
 Particle acceleration is constant, and by N2L: F=m·ax.
 Suppose, speed changes from v1 to v2 while particle undergoes a
displacement S=x2-x1 from point x1 to x2.
 1-D constant-acceleration equation:
v22  v12
v  v  2  ax  S
2
2
2
1
S  x2  x1 ax 
2S
v22  v12 1 2 1 2
F  S  mv2  mv1
F  max  m
2S 2 2

Work and Kinetic Energy

1 2 1 2
F S  mv2  mv1
2 2
 The product F·S is the work done by the net force. Thus, it is equal to the
total work Wtotal done by all the forces acting on a particle.

1 2
 Definition of Kinetic Energy: K mv
2
 Like work, kinetic energy of a particle is a scalar quantity: it depends on
particle’s mass and speed, not its direction of motion.
 Car has the same kinetic energy when going north at 10m/s as
when going east at 10m/s.
 Kinetic energy can never be negative; it’s zero when particle is at rest.

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Work - Energy Theorem
1 2 1 2 1 2
F S  mv2  mv1 Ki  mvi F  S  K 2  K1
2 2 2
 Work done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the
particle’s kinetic energy:

 Work - Energy Theorem: Wtot  K 2  K1  K

 When an object moves:
 object will "speed up" if Wtotal > 0, K2 > K1
 object will "slow down" if Wtotal < 0, K2 < K1
 object will "maintain the same speed“ (constant) if Wtotal =0,
K2=K1
 Speeds and distances must be measured in inertial frame of reference!
 Kinetic energy and work have the same units (Joules, or N·m):

1J  1N  m  1(kg  sm2 )  m  1kg  ms 2

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Work and Kinetic Energy

Problem Solving Strategy
 IDENTIFY the relevant concepts: The work-energy theorem is extremely
useful in situations where you want to relate a body’s speed at one point in its
motion to its speed at a different point.
 This approach is less useful for problems that involve time, such as finding the
time it takes a body to go from point 1 to point 2. The reason is that the work-
energy theorem doesn’t involve time at all. For problems that involve time, it’s
usually best to use the relationships among time, position, velocity, and
acceleration we learned in 1-D motion.

 SET UP the problem using the following steps:

1. Choose the initial and final positions of the body, and draw a free-body
diagram showing all the forces that act on the body.
2. Choose a coordinate system. (If the motion is along a straight line, it’s
usually easiest to have both the initial and final positions lie along the
x-axis.)
3. List the unknown and known quantities, and decide which unknowns
are your target variables. In some cases the target variable will be the
body’s initial or final speed; in other cases it will be the magnitude of
one of the forces acting on the body.

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Work and Kinetic Energy
Problem Solving Strategy
 EXECUTE: Calculate the work done by each force.
 Be sure to check the sign of the work for each force; it must be positive if
the force has a component in the direction of the displacement, negative if
it has a component opposite the displacement, and zero if the force and
displacement are perpendicular.
 Add the amounts of work done by each force to find the total work.
 Be careful with signs! Sometimes it may be easier to calculate the vector
sum of the forces (the net force), then find the work done by the net force.
 Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic energies, K1 and K2.
 Note that kinetic energy involves mass, not weight; if you are given the
body’s weight, you’ll need to find the mass.
 Finally, use the relationship Wtot=K2-K1 to solve for the target variable.
 Remember that the right-hand side of this equation is the final kinetic
energy minus the initial kinetic energy, never the other way around.
 EVALUATE your answer: Check whether your answer makes physical
sense. A key item to remember is that kinetic energy can never be
negative. If you come up with a negative value of K, you’ve made a
mistake!

Kinetic Energy
 The example with the hammerhead gives insight into the physical
meaning of kinetic energy.
 The hammerhead was dropped from rest, and its kinetic energy when it
hits the I-beam equals the total work done on it up to that point by the
net force.
 To accelerate a particle with mass m from rest (zero kinetic energy) up
to a speed v, the total work done on it must equal the change in kinetic
energy from zero to K=0.5·m·v2:
Wtot  K  0  K K  1 mv2
2
 Kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total work that was
done to accelerate it from rest to its present speed.
 Or from its present speed to rest!
 Catch the ball right  pull your hand back, increasing distance to stop
the ball: ball does the work on your hand equal to the ball’s initial
kinetic energy Wtot=FS=0.5mv2.
 Pulling hand back, you maximize the distance over which this force acts
and thus minimize the force on your hand.

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 Work and Energy with Varying Forces

 We know that work done by a constant force on an object that is

undergoing a straight line displacement is given by
 
W  F S
 What happens when force exerted on an object is NOT constant
and the object moves in path which is NOT straight?
 Example: spring, stretched
 More you stretch it, the harder you have to pull: thus the
force is non-constant

 Let’s consider straight-line motion with non-constant force

 One complication at a time!
 Fx change along the x-axis (force depends on position)

Work and Energy with Varying Forces

 Particle moves from x1 to x2; Fx depends on coordinate x.
 Let’s divide the total displacement by small segments xa, xb, xc…
 Total work done during segment xa: ~ by the average force Fa in this
segment multiplied by the displacement xa.
 All segments:
W  Fa xa  Fb xb  ...  F f x f   Fm xm

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 Work and Energy with Varying Forces
 If number of segments is very large, segment's width x is very small
 In the limit, the sum is integral of Fx from x1 to x2.
x2

W  lim  Fm xm    Fx dx Varying x-component of force,

straight-line displacement
x 0
x1

 On a graph of force as function of

position, the total work done by this
force is represented by the area
under the curve between the initial
and final positions.

Work and Energy with Varying Forces

 Let’s check it: if Fx is constant from x1 to x2.:
x2 x2

W   Fx dx  Fx  dx  Fx ( x2  x1 )  F  S
x1 x1

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Hooke’s Law

 To keep ideal spring stretched by amount x beyond its initial length,

we need to apply on the end the force which is proportional to x:

Fx  k  x Force required to stretch a spring

K – spring (force) constant, [N/m]

 Example: Force constant k

Floppy toy spring: k=1 N/m Car suspension spring: k=105 N/m

Robert Hooke
1635 – 1703
... lean, bent and ugly man ...

Hooke’s Law
 To stretch a spring, you must do work
 Suppose one end of a spring is fixed, you apply force on another end
 That end moves, so the force does work
 Work done by the force when spring elongation goes from zero to X:
X X
1
W   Fx dx   kxdx  kX 2
0 0
2
 Total work is ~ to square of final
elongation
1
 Graph, Area under the curve: W   X  kX
2
 If spring was initially already stretched a
distance x1, the work to stretch it to a
greater elongation x2:
x2 x2
1 1
W   Fx dx   kxdx  kx22  kx12 What happens if you
x1 x1
2 2 compress the spring?

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Hooke’s Law

What happens if you compress the spring?

Compression:
 Force Fx and displacement x are both negative

 Force is in the same direction as displacement: work is positive

 Example is following…

 Fx

x x

Varying Forces: Work - Energy

Theorem
 One can use the same approach: divide total displacement into segments
 Apply Work-Energy Theorem for each segment: Wa=Ka=Faxa
 Sum the changes to find Wtot
 Another way: dvx dx
ax  , vx  dvx dvx dx dv
dt dt ax    vx x
dt dx dt dx
x2 x2 x2 dvx
Wtot   Fx dx   max dx   mvx dx
x1 x1 x1 dx
 (dvx/dx)dx is the change in velocity dvx during displacement dx. Thus:
x2 1 2 1 2
Wtot   mvx dvx  mv2  mv1
x1 2 2
 Work – Energy Theorem is the same: valid for varying forces as well !

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Curved Path: Work - Energy Theorem
 Force that varies in direction and magnitude
 Displacement lies along a curved path: particle moves from P1 to P2

 Divide curve between P1 and P2 into small vector displacements d.

 Each d is a tangent to the path at its position.
 F is the force at a point along the path,  is the angle between F and d.
 Small element of work W done on particle during displacement d :
dW  F cosd  F d  F  d Total work done on a particle then:

P2 P2 P2 
W   F cosd   F d   F  d (Work done on a curved path)
P1 P1 P1

Power

Definition of work makes no reference to the passage of time

 You lift weight 100N vertically at a distance 1m at constant velocity:
 You do (100N)(1m)=100J of work whether it takes 1 sec, 1 hour, 1
year…
 You want to know how quickly the work is done

 Power is the time rate at which work is done. Power is a scalar.

W
 Average power: Pav 
t
W dW
 Instantaneous power: P  lim 
t  0 t dt

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Power
 The SI unit of power is watt (W), 1 W = 1 Joule per 1 second.

 In the British system of units power is in ft·lb/sec or in a larger unit

called horsepower (hp).
 1 hp = 550 ft·lb/sec = 33,000 ft·lb/min = 746 W = ¾ of kilowatt (kW)

 The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of electrical energy, not power

 energy = power · time
James Watt
 In mechanics, power is expressed 1736 – 1819
in terms of force and velocity Watt's steam engines

W F S
…Started with nothing, died
S as a very wealthy man…
Pav   F  F vav
t t t

W dW P  F v
P  lim   Fv
t 0 t dt In terms of scalar product

Warm-Up: Power

Power climb
 Runner with mass m runs up the stairs to the top of 443-m-tall Sears
Tower. To lift herself there in 15 minutes (900 s), what must be her
average power output in watts? Kilowatts? Horsepower?

 Treat the runner as a particle of mass m.

 Let’s find first how much work she must do
against the gravity to lift herself at height h.

W  mgh  (50kg )(9.8 sm2 )(443m)  2.17 105 J

W 2.17 10 5 J
Pav    241W  0.241kW  0.323hp
t 900 s
 Another way: calculate average upward force and then
multiply by upward velocity
 Upward force here is vertical, average vertical component of
velocity is (443m) / (900s) = 0.492 m/s

Pav  F vav  (mg )vav  (50kg )(9.8 sm2 )(0.492 ms )  241W

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Gravitational Potential
Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

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 Gravitational Potential Energy

 Energy associated with position is called potential energy

 If elevation for which the gravitational potential energy is chosen to be
zero has been selected then the expression for the gravitational
potential energy as a function of position y is given by
U grav  mgy

 Gravitational potential energy Ugrav is associated with the work

done by the gravitational force according to

Wgrav  U1  U 2  (U 2  U1 )  U

Elastic Potential Energy

 When you compress a spring:
 If there is no friction, spring moves back
 Kinetic energy has been “stored” in the
elastic deformation of the spring
 Rubber-band slingshot: the same principle
 Work is done on the rubber band by the
force that stretches it
 That work is stored in the rubber band
until you let it go
 You let it go, the rubber gives kinetic
energy to the projectile

 Elastic body: if it returns to its original

shape and size after being deformed

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Elastic Potential Energy
Spring is stretched
Equilibrium It does negative work on block

Spring relaxes
It does positive work on block

Spring is compressed
Positive work on block

Block moves from one position x1 to another position x2: how

much work does the elastic (spring) force do on the block?

Elastic Potential Energy

 Work done ON a spring to move one
end from elongation x1 to a different
elongation x2
 When we stretch the spring, we do
positive work on the spring 1 2 1 2
W kx2  kx1
 When we relax the spring, work done 2 2
on the spring is negative

 Work done BY the spring

 From N3L: quantities of work are
1 2 1 2
negatives of each other Wel  kx1  kx2
 Thus, work Wel done by the spring 2 2

 We can express the work done BY the

spring in terms of a given quantity at the
beginning and end of the displacement U
1 2
kx J 
2
Elastic potential energy

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Elastic Potential Energy

1 2 1 2
Wel  U1  U 2  U  kx1  kx2
2 2

 When a stretched spring is stretched greater, Wel is negative and

U increases: greater amount of elastic potential energy is stored
in the spring

 When a stretched spring relaxes, x decreases, Wel is positive

and U decreases: spring loses its elastic potential energy

 More spring compressed OR stretched, greater its elastic

potential energy

Latihan soal

Sebuah batu dijatuhkan dari ketinggian 3

meter di atas permukaan tanah. Hitunglah
laju batu tersebut saat berada 1 meter
sebelum mencapai tanah !

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  Berapa usaha yang harus diberikan
untuk mempercepat laju sepeda dari
kecepatan 20 m/detik menjadi 25
m/detik, jika sepeda tersebut dinaiki
oleh orang seberat 800 N dan berat
sepeda 200 N?

Hitunglah daya yang dibutuhkan oleh

sebuah mobil dengan massa 1400 kg
untuk mendaki bukit dengan kemiringan
sedang (100 terhadap bidang datar)
dengan laju tetap 80 km/jam. (Anggap
gaya penghambat pada mobil adalah
sebesar 700 N) !

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