STS Assignment
STS Assignment
STS Assignment
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science
and technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine
from herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already
engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by
pre-Spanish era Filipinos.[2]
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal
education and founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas.[2]
The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the later years. The Spanish also contributed to
the field of engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts.[2] Biology is given focus.
Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr.
Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.
[3]
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due
to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.[3] The opening of the
Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably
influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.[3]
Angel Alcala, national scientist, is seen wearing deep blue and yellow academic gown with cap, deep blue with gold tassel.
Angel Alcala is a national scientist noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology.
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands. On July 1, 1901 The Philippine
Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced
the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and
laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December
8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.[2] The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of
the Philippines until World War II.[4]
Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, yawa medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was
given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared
towards agriculture and trade.[4]
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950,
there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal
budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P.
Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board.[4]
During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science grew. In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development."[5] In his two
terms of presidency and during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and technology.
In his Second State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, he declared that science was necessary for the development programs, and
thus, directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools. The Department of Education, with the
National Science Development Board (NSDB), is organizing a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment over
a four-year period.[6]
In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968, he recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic
development, and channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education.[7]
In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part of the war damage fund to private universities to
encourage them to create courses in science and technology and to research. He stated that he planned a project to have medical interns
do a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse their social conscious and reduce the "brain drain." On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35
hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community. The government also conducted seminars for public and
private high school and college science teachers, training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and
workshops on fisheries and oceanography.[8]
In his Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, he emphasized that the upgrading of science curricula and teaching equipment
is crucial to the science development program. He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut
industry. The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB
explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by
sending scientists to study nuclear science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors, engineers, and
technicians.[9]
In his Seventh State of the Nation Address on January 24, 1972, he spoke about his major development projects in reforming sectors of
education. Such projects included research and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural
colleges and vocational high schools.[10]
In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the
economy of the country. (Presidential Decree No. 4, s. 1972)[11] He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support
the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation. It was attached to the Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources for administrative purposes.[12] He provided further support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with
Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972. This decree contains details on the protection of intellectual property for the creator or publisher of the
work.[13] He established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the
Department of National Defense to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people.
(Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972)[14]
In 1973, he created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient
use of energy sources. (Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973)[15]
In 1976, he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and Technology,
which is composed of scientists with "innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences," to serve as a reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise for the country.[16]
In 1978, he created a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program on science and technology to assess policies and programs
of science and technology. (Executive Order No. 512, s. 1978)[17] In his Fourteenth State of the Nation Address on July 23, 1979, he said
that the government invested funds and time in organizations for scientific research, such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry,
and the Bureau of Forest Products. While these projects have had breakthroughs, the market machinery did not adapt and invest in this
technology due to the high-risk front-end costs.[18]
In 1979, he constituted the Health Sciences Center created by R.A. No. 5163 as an autonomous member within the University of the
Philippines System to improve the internal organization and unity of leadership within its units. (Executive Order No. 519, s. 1979)[19]
In 1980, he created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise government and private entities on matters concerning
development in geological sciences. (Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980)[20]
In 1982, he reorganized the National Science Development Board and its agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority to
provide central direction and coordination of scientific and technological research and development. (Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982)[21]
He granted salary increases to the people with teaching positions in the Philippine Science High School due to their necessity in the
advancement of national science. (Executive Order No. 810, s. 1982).[22] He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture
and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños. (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)[23]
In 1986, he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School to encourage careers in science and
technology and to be more accessible to the talented students in the Mindanao and Visayas areas. (Executive Order No. 1090, s. 1986)[24]
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science
and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for
the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon
Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic recovery.[4]
On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science
and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year
2000.[4] The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The Senate Committee on Science and
Technology was one of the committees that handles the least amount of bills for deliberation.[4]
Former DOST Secretary Ceferin Follosco reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos
in 1989 from the previous year's 464 million pesos. However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991
were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992.[4]
During her term, President Corazon Aquino encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to
only Japan in the field of science and technology. One of the goals of her administration was to achieve the status as being an industrialized
country by 2000. She urged that the private research sector form a stronger bond between public research to help jump-start the progress
in the area of Philippine Research and Development.[27]
Ironically, it was during President Corazon Aquino’s term and the reorganization of Philippine bureaucracy that Executive Order No.128
abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.” This Philippine Inventors Commission was under the
Science Development board. It gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad.[28] Despite the abolishment of the Philippine Inventors
Commission, her administration gave rise to new avenues for the government to aid the progress of Science and Technology in the country.
R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level, implemented in
the education system together with this was the “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos. The Aquino administration recognized the importance of science and technology in the development of the Philippines
into a newly industrialized country. Funding for the science and technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in
1992. The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production sector, upgrading
research activities, and development of infrastructure for science and technological purposes. A Research and Development Plan was also
formulated to examine and determine which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority. The criteria for identifying the
program to be pursued were, development of local materials, probability of success, potential of product in the export market, and the its
strategic nature. The grants for the research and development programs was included in the Omnibus Investment Law.[1]
There were noticeable improvements regarding science and technology as stated in President Fidel Ramos' State of the Nation Address. In
his third SONA, there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field. At 1998, the Philippines was
estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers. Adding to the increase of scientists would be the result of the two
newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further development of young kids through advance
S&T curriculum.[29] The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T. Schools were
becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-tech equipment for student improvement and teachers were getting
training programs to benefit themselves and their students. Health care services were promoted through local programs such as "Doctors
to the Barrio Program." The health care programs were innovative and effective as shown by the change in life expectancy from 67.5 years
in 1992 to 69.1 years in 1995.[30]
Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established. The
award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T. In the sixth SONA,
education was one of the primary story-lines wherein programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology and enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and engineering.[31]
Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status of new
industrialized country (NIC). During his term, he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T. In 1993, Science
and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established. Among its priorities were: (1) exporting winners identified by
the DTI; (2) domestic needs identified by the President's Council for Countryside Development; (3) support industries and (4) coconut
industry development. Congress, during his term, was able to enact laws that were significant for the field. Among were: (1) Magna Carta
for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439); (2) Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
and (3) Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459). The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
8293) was enacted during Ramos' term. The law provides industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer
arrangements.[32]
In President Joseph Estrada's term, two major legislations that he signed were Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749[33])
which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources, and
Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)[34] which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new
businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy. Aside from these, in his first State of the Nation Address, President Estrada
launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies. He also announced that Dole-outs are out, which meant basic
health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want, but cannot afford it. Lastly, he said that they would speed up the
program to establish one science high school in every province.[35] It was in his second State of the Nation Address that President Estrada
announced the passage of the Clean Air Act, and the decision to pursue the 15-year modernization program of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines.[36] His last State of the Nation Address pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, as well as
the announcement of the passage of the e-Commerce Act.[37]
In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age" of
science and technology by then secretary Estrella Albastro [3]. Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and
science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level. This is to help increase the productivity from Science,
Technology and Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people. Moreover, the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in
helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.[4]
The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which
focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. This helps schools produce get more involve in this sector. Private
sectors were also encouraged to participate in developing the schools through organizing events and sponsorships. Future Filipino scientists
and innovators can be produced through this system[4]
Helping the environment was one of the focus in developing technology in the Philippines. One of the more known laws to be passed by
her administration was the R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels" act. This act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the
country. This potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy. Also, this benefits the environment
since it boasts a cleaner emission compared to regular fuel. Yet, setbacks such as lack of raw materials is holding the full implementation of
the laws since importing the necessary materials are imported more.[5] On one had, drought-free rice was also highly encouraged to by
used during her term. This enables farmers to produce rice despite the environmental hazards that slows or stops the production.[3]
In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water, the government imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture
and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech). RA 10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE), promotion,
distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and project implementation of agricultural and
fisheries machinery and equipment (Section 4).[38]
In 2014, President Aquino conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in the Scientific field,[39] Academicians Gavino C.
Trono, Angel C. Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, and Edgardo D. Gomez was honored in their respective fields. Trono's contribution helped a lot of
families in the coastal populations through the extensives studies he made on seaweed species. On the other hand, Alcala served as the
pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and herpetology. Barba's
contribution changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round availability of mangoes through his studies on the induction of
flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species. Lastly, Gomez steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral
reefs which led a national conservation.