IMPACT SPRINKLER PATTERN MODIFICATION

D. C. Kincaid
MEMBER
ASAE

ABSTRACT Use of a straightening vane upstream of the nozzle

Methods of modifying the water distribution pattern of minimizes diffusion of the jet and helps to maximize the
an impact-drive sprinkler are described. A method of pattern radius. With high pressures, the jet breaks up
pattern modification called intermittent diffusion is sufficiently to produce a desirable pattern shape. However,
introduced. A deflector attached to the drive arm as pressure is reduced, the pattern becomes annular or
intermittently diffuses the jet of a standard circular-orifice doughnut shaped. It then becomes necessary to
nozzle, producing desirable pattern shapes while mechanically break up or diffuse the jet to produce a
maintaining a large pattern radius. Uniformity of desirable pattern. Desirable application patterns can vary
application for both wind and no-wind conditions was from the classical triangular (application rate decreases
evaluated using both the deflector and diffuse type nozzles. linearly with distance from the sprinkler) to a rectangular
The deflector is beneficial for low pressure sprinkling, (constant rate) shape, but should have continuously
particularly under windy conditions. Equations were decreasing application rates with distance from the
developed to predict the operating characteristics of the sprinkler.
impact arm. KEYWORDS. Sprinklers, Sprinkler irrigation, One method of diffusing the jet is to use a fixed
Distribution. deflector on top of the jet or a pin protruding into the jet.
These devices are usually mounted beyond the impact arm,
and are mainly used to reduce the pattern radius where
INTRODUCTION necessary. Recently, manufacturers have developed
tationary type sprinkler irrigation systems (hand noncircular orifice nozzles which produce diffuse jets and
move, solid set, and sideroll laterals) are used on improved patterns with low pressures. The disadvantage of
S approximately 8 million acres of agricultural land in the diffuse-jet type of nozzle is that the jet has a large
the U. S. (Irrigation Journal, 1990). The impact-type cross-section which is easily deflected by wind, and the
sprinkler is used predominately on these systems because pattern radius is reduced. Also, the diffuse jet does not
of its low cost and reliability. Its basic design has changed operate the impact arm as efficiently as a smooth jet,
very little since it was introduced 50 years ago. The water resulting in possible rotation problems.
application patterns of these sprinklers can be varied by A secondary nozzle can be used to fill in portions of the
adjusting nozzle pressure or by using fixed deflectors, pattern. Multiple-nozzle sprinklers have not been popular
multiple nozzles, or diffuse nozzles. As energy costs for low application rates because, for a given flow, they
increase, there is a need to find ways to operate sprinkler require smaller nozzles, which reduces the potential pattern
systems at reduced pressures without reducing spacings, radius and may cause plugging problems.
while maintaining high uniformity of application. Flow control nozzles have recently been developed that
The main objective of this article is to introduce and use a circular orifice which contracts as pressure increases.
evaluate a new method of pattern modification using the These nozzles maintain flow within about 5% of nominal
impact arm, and compare this method with previous flow over a wide pressure range. They produce patterns
methods. A secondary objective was to develop equations very similar to those of the circular fixed-orifice nozzles.
describing the mechanics of the impact arm, which may The ideal sprinkler for large field applications would be
prove useful in optimizing the deflector-drive impact arm. one which uses circular orifice, fixed or flow-control
nozzles to maximize pattern radius for a given pressure and
flow rate, while avoiding the doughnut (annular) shaped
PATTERN MODIFICATION METHODS patterns characteristic of circular nozzles. This can be done
The ordinary round or straight-bore nozzle produces a by intermittently deflecting the jet to fill in the intermediate
relatively undisturbed jet and produces the largest pattern portion of the pattern. Intermittent diffusion can be
radius for a given pressure and flow rate (Kincaid, 1982). accomplished by attaching a deflector to the impact arm.
Several types of deflectors were tested before settling on
the configuration shown in figures 1 and 2.
Article was submitted for publication in April 1991: reviewed and
approved for publication by the Soil and Water Div. of ASAE in October
1991.
Trade names and company names are included for the benefit of the IMPACT DRIVE MECHANICS
reader and do not imply any endorsement or preferential treatment of the The impact drive consists of an impact arm rotating
product listed by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service. about a pivot pin (usually vertical) and a coil spring
The author is Dennis C. Kincaid, Agricultural Engineer. USDA- connected to the arm and sprinkler body. The arm contains
Agricultural Research Service. Kimberly, ID.

VOL. 34(6): NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1991 2397
 Figure la shows a schematic of the spoon, nozzle, and
the deflector and its mounting point. Figure lb shows a
schematic of the deflector design which is divided into two
types which will be discussed later. Figure 2 shows the
deflector parts, including a spacer and mounting screw, and
the deflector mounted on a sprinkler. A hole is drilled in
the arm and threaded to accept the mounting screw. The
deflector shown is 40 mm in length and was cut from
2 mm thick aluminum angle.
The basic relationship describing the movement of the
impact arm is:

0. a = dco/dt = (d MO) (dO/dt):z do.) /d0 = / ( I)

where
CC = is angular acceleration of the arm (rad/s 2),
= is angular velocity (rad/s),
T = is spring torque acting on the arm at any
instant (N-m),
I = is moment of inertia of the arm (kg-m 2 ),
= is angle of rotation (rad), measured clockwise
from the position of maximum extension (see
fig. 1) when 0.) = 0, t = 0, and t is time (s).

In this analysis, the angle 0 = 0 and time t = 0 when the

arm is fully extended and beginning to rotate toward the
sprinkler body. The arm accelerates until it strikes the
sprinkler body at some angle 0 i , called the impact angle.
The spoon wedge interrupts the jet a few degrees before
impact, however, for the present the effect of the wedge on
the arm acceleration will be ignored. The spring torque on
the arm is given by:

T = T o +CO.—CO= T m — C 0 (2)

where C is the spring constant (N-m/rad), To is torque

Deflector mounting point (N-m) when 0 = 01 , and T m is the maximum torque (N-m)
at 0 = 0.
Nozzle
_ _ _ _•_ _•_ _ _ L - - Jet center Combining equations 1 and 2, and integrating, results in
e v an equation giving velocity as a function of angle:
d
c. 4.5
Figure 1—Schematic and definition sketch. = ((C /I) (200 0– 0 (3)
a. Sprinkler arm and spoon.
b. Top view Type 1 and 2 deflectors and spoon.
c. Side view of deflector. where 0 0 = to/C + 0; and T = 0 at 0 = Op. The
manufacturers pre-loaded spring torque is To.
a spoon which momentarily deflects the water jet
horizontally, providing an impulse which imparts angular By substituting dO/dt for co in equation 3 and
momentum to the arm. The spring gradually absorbs this integrating, we obtain an equation for time as a function of
momentum and returns the arm to impact the body and angle:
rotate the sprinkler slightly. The design of the arm and
spoon has been optimized to rotate the sprinkler at a slow
t = 2 (I /C)" sin- 1 [0/(20o) r 5] ( 4)
rate while minimizing the amount of water deflected by the
spoon. The spoon-deflected water generally falls close to
the sprinkler.
The following relationships were developed to aid in Using equation 4, and letting ti be the time when 0 = 0 i ,
understanding how an arm-mounted deflector could be results in the following dimensionless equation:
designed to deflect the jet for a desired percentage of time,
and thus produce a desired pattern shape.

2398 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE


a. b. C.

Figure 2—Sprinkler and deflector.

a. Sprinkler with mounting hole drilled in arm, spacer, deflector, and mounting screw.
b. Top view of mounted deflector.
c. Side view.

50% of the normally undisturbed angle (0.50 < 0/0; < 0.55)
t /t, = sin- I [(p0/(20,) )0.5] /sin - 1[(p/2)°.5] (5) (refer to fig. 3). Figure 1 shows the deflector angle O d.
The angular velocity of the arm at impact (0 = 0;) can be
determined from equation 3. The velocity and angle 0; is
where p = 0;/0 0. also determined by the impulse of the jet acting on the
spoon. Referring to figure la, it is assumed that the spoon
Equation 5 is plotted in figure 3 for values of p from 0.1 deflects the jet at a right angle at a radius, r. The torque
to 1.0. Figure 3 shows that the dimensionless angle-time created by the jet acting on the spoon is:
relationship is very insensitive to p. The percent of time
that the jet is undisturbed by the spoon is not very sensitive
..r. =pqVr (6)
to initial spring torque. For example, if it is desired to 1
deflect the jet for 30% of the time that the jet is undisturbed
by the spoon, the deflector angle should cover about 45 to where Ti = torque (N-m),
V = jet velocity (m/s),
r = impulse radius (m),
q = nozzle flow rate (L/s), and
P = density of water 1 kg/L.
The acceleration due to the jet impulse is:

a =(t i – t o )/I (7)

Combining equation 7 with the equality code) = lade

(from eq. 1), and integrating yields (assuming that the
torque is constant for the small impulse angle):

2
o) /2 = Op j — T o )/i (8)

where 9i is the jet impulse angle (rad).

Equation 8 can be combined with equation 3 with 0 = 0;

and CO eliminated to obtain:

Angle ratio () /I I 0.5

) – 0p
Figure 3—Rotation angle-time relationship for a spring operated a =( 02p + 2 2 j (9)
impact arm, p i /9 0 .

VOL. 34(6): NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1991 2399
where Op = to/C is the preload angle and TABLE 1. Moment of inertia, spring constant and initial
0 2 = - TO/C. torque of selected 19 mm (3/4 in.) base sprinklers
C
Impact arm To
Note that the arm impact angle, 0 1 , is independent of the Sprinkler (kg-m 2 ) (Nm/rad)
(Nm)
Material
moment of inertia and is dependent only upon the spring
constant and preload angle, and somewhat dependent on Nelson F33 Brass 0.00037 0.023 0.025
nozzle flow due to the effect of equation 6 on equation 9. Rainbird 301-1 Brass 0.00030 0.017 0.040
Rainbird 30EF Aluminum 0.00012 0.009 0.016
Table 1 gives measured moment of inertia, spring 0.020 0.025
Weather Tec 10-30 Brass 0.00029
constant, and initial torque from several sprinklers. The
moment of inertia was measured by alternately weighing
the arm, cutting off segments of the arm in 10 mm radial
increments and calculating the inertia of each segment. The TABLE 2. Calculated and measured impact angle and
spring constant was calculated from spring torque impact frequency of a Rainbird 30H sprinkler
measurements at angles of 0 and 45° (measured r frequency td
counterclockwise from the sprinkler body). Note that the
(kPa) (1../s) (mm) (deg) (deg) (deg) (s) (s) (rad / s)
aluminum arm has much lower moment of inertia and
spring constant. However, the ratio I/C is relatively calc meas calc meas
constant, resulting in nearly equal impact frequencies for 207 0.25 70 5.0 33 35 5.7 5.7 0.0064 0.081 13.6
these sprinklers. 207 0.25 80 5.0 38 35 55 5.7 0.0060 0.086 14.6
Data for verification of equations 4 through 9 were 207 0.25 80 4.0 31 35 5.9 5.7 0.0053 0.079 13.1
207 0.25 80 45 34 35 5.7 5.7 0.0057 0.083 13.9
obtained by using a video camera mounted directly above 5.7 5.7 0.0050 0.083 14.0
207 0.25 90 4.0 35 35
an operating sprinkler to measure the impact angle and 276 0.28 90 4.0 45 42 5.2 5.3 0.0043 0.092 16.1
impact frequency (number of impacts per second). The 276 0.34 90 4.0 53 52 4.9 4.9 0.0039 0.099 17.8
camera recorded 60 frames per second, and by using single 207 0.29 90 4.0 40 43 5.4 5.0 0.0046 0.088 15.1
frame advance the angle was determined within about Note: C = 0.017 Nm / rad,
2° accuracy. The impact frequency was accurately 1 = 0.0003 4.-m 2 ,
determined by counting frames through several cycles. To = 0.043 Nm.

Table 2 lists the measured parameters and compares

calculated and measured impact angle and frequency for a
sprinkler using straight bore nozzles and two pressures. intermediate portion of the application pattern while
The first four columns and the note at the end of the table leaving the jet undisturbed for a sufficient percentage of
give measured input parameters, and the rest are time to maintain a near maximum pattern radius. While
calculated. The procedure is to first calculate the impact diffusing the jet, the deflector must not seriously affect the
angle using equation 9, and then calculate the time t i using operation of the arm and thus reduce the rotation rate of the
equation 4. The impact frequency is 1/(2(t i + t d )), where t d sprinkler head.
is the time required to accelerate the arm, and t d = 0j /co, The device consists of a flat plate attached to the arm
where co is calculated by equation 8. The flow was above the jet but close to the nozzle. The deflector is
measured and nozzle jet velocity was determined as angled so that the jet is deflected downward about 10°. The
V = 1.416 P 0 • 5 , where P is pressure in kPa. outer edge has a radius, r d , (about 75 mm in this case) and
The angle 0i is the most difficult parameter to measure, is horizontal, to minimize lateral reaction forces on the arm
and was initially estimated at 5°. The first five lines of as the deflector passes through the jet (see fig. lc). The
Table 2 show the sensitivity of the calculated impact angle vertical angle, 0,„ can be adjusted so that the deflector edge
and frequency to the values O i and r. The calculated angle passes partially or completely through the jet. This type of
0 1 changed roughly in proportion to a change in r or 0 i . deflector produces a horizontally diffuse jet with a
However, the frequency changed only about 1/3 as much trajectory angle of about 15° (the normal jet trajectory
as 0 1 . It appears that good results can be obtained by setting angle is 23° to 25°).
r equal to the distance to the spoon (90 mm in this case) The most important parameters are the horizontal angles
(which assumes that the water is deflected 90° by the 0 c and O d , which are the starting and ending deflection
spoon), and then adjusting Oi until the calculated frequency angles and which determine the percentage of time that the
agrees with the measured frequency. The last three lines in jet is deflected. The deflector denoted Type 1 is defined by
Table 2 show that the equations predicted the changes in O c < O d < O i (see fig. lb), whereas Type 2 is defined by
frequency and angle reasonably well as the flow and nozzle < O i < O d . In Type 1, 0 c is set small (< 10°) and
pressure changed. The values of t d , t i , and co are given for O d determines the deflection time. In Type 2, O c determines
reference. the nondeflected arc.
It was desired to minimize the size and weight of the
deflector and thus its effect on the arm inertia. The
INTERMITTENT DEFLECTOR DESIGN FOR deflectors tested were made of 2 mm thick aluminum,
OPTIMUM PAIIERN weighed about 7 g, and increased the moment of inertia of
the brass arms about 4%. The radius and vertical angle
This section describes the development of a deflector were chosen first and then tests were run varying the
which can be attached to the impact arm to modify the distance d and the angles 0 c and 0 d . The deflector distance
pattern of a round jet nozzle. The purpose of the deflector below the jet centerline, d, was not very critical and can
is to intermittently diffuse the jet so as to fill in the

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE

2400


vary between 1 to 4 mm without changing the pattern

significantly.
Sprinkler: F33 Nozzle: FCN 4.0
The deflector was developed and tested by running
indoor radial-leg (single collector line) pattern tests with Pressure: 207 kPa (30psi)
different deflector configurations, simulating field
uniformities with no wind, and comparing results with tests Deflector angles, deg
of both round-jet and diffuse-type nozzles. When a near B C O d Type
_c 5
optimum configuration was obtained, outdoor tests were
0 0 no def.
run for a range of wind speeds and results were compared E 18 1
- - 9
with outdoor tests of round-jet and diffuse-jet nozzles. E 4 20 1
---- 9
Indoor radial-leg tests were conducted to compare water -
45 2
a> 25
distribution patterns with no wind, following the ASAE 3
Standard S398.1, with a collector spacing of 0.5 m and
nozzle height of 0.6 m above the collectors.
Figure 4 compares the FCN nozzle with diffuse type 2
N..
.s • — —
nozzles at nearly equal pressure and flow. The Rainbird
CD nozzle uses a square orifice, and the MG9S is a
triangular orifice nozzle. The diffuse nozzles convert
annular shaped patterns to nearly horizontal or rectangular
patterns with a reduced radius. The arm spoon spray 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
produces a high rate near the sprinkler which is increased
Distance, m
by the diffuse jet.
Figure 5 compares patterns from a nozzle with the two Figure 5-Effect of intermittent deflector on rate pattern.
types of deflectors with the pattern from the same nozzle
without a deflector. The deflector radius, rd , was 75 mm,
the vertical angle, 0,,„ was 10° and the deflector distance, d, The impact angle increases with pressure or flow rate as
was 1 mm. The Type 2 deflector produced a nearly shown in Table 2. With a Type 1 deflector, as the pressure
triangular pattern but reduced the pattern radius more than increases, the impact angle increases and thus the
Type 1. percentage of time that the jet is deflected decreases. The
The equations and figure 3 can be used to estimate the Type 1 deflector is thus easier to design for a range of
percentage of time that the jet is deflected. For the case pressures and flow rates. Figure 6 shows the effect of
shown in figure 5 for the Type 1, 9-20 deflector, and using nozzle pressure on the Type 1 deflector pattern. To insure
parameters from Table 1 for the F33 sprinkler, the impact adequate duration of deflection, the deflector should be
angle was calculated at 45°, 0 0 = 107°, and p = 0.4. The designed for the lowest operating pressure.
undeflected arc is (45-20) = 25° and the ratio
0/8; = 25/45 = 0.56. From figure 3, t/ti = 0.73, which is
the fraction of time undeflected. The jet is therefore
deflected 27% of the time.

Flow rate: 0.31 L/s (5gpm) Sprinkler: F33 Nozzle: FCN 4

Pressure: 207 kPa (30 psi)

Nozzle
— CD 1 1 /64
- - MG9S
_c --- FCN 5.0
E
E
ai
a

2 4 6 8

16
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Distance, m
Distance,
Figure 6-Effect of pressure on pattern with a Type 1 deflector, 0c = 9,
Figure 4-Comparison of patterns with different nozzle types. = 18°.

VOL. 34(6): NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1991 2401


TABLE 3. Uniformity coefficient (CU%) for various nozzle deflector Windspeed, mi/hr
combinations, with square spacings and no wind, using a Nelson F33 sprinkler
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Nozzle Pressure Deft Radius Spacing m (ft)
100
1cPa (psi) deg m 12 (40) 14 (45) 15 (50) 17155) 18 (60; Sprinkler: F33 Nozzle: FCN 4
Triangular. 15 97 95 97 96 89 95 Spacing: 1 2x 1 5m Pressure kPa(psi)
Rectangular' 15 88 87 80 73 80 207(30)D
90 276(40)D
FCN4t 207 30 25-32 13 88 90 90 87 84
FCN4t 276 40 25-32 14 90 90 88 86 84 85 345(50)D
FCN4t 207 30 9-20 13 85 81 81 82 77 207(30)N
FCN4t 207 30 9-18 14 86 82 78 78 80
FCN4t 207 40 9-18 15 85 85 81 79 80
80 276(40)N
345(50)N
FCN 4t 207 30 none 145 69 75 61 55 60 75
FCN4t 276 40 none 155 71 81 73 65 66
FCN4t 345 50 none 16 77 86 78 71 70 70
FCN4t 414 60 none 16 81 87 79 75 75

FCN 5 207 30 none 15 73 77 64 61 65

65
FCN 6 207 30 none 15 78 79 66 63 67
FCN 6 276 40 none 16 78 85 76 70 73 60
FCN 6 345 50 none 16 80 88 80 74 74
FCN 6 414 60 none 16 84 90 81 77 77 55
MG 8S'. 241 35 none 135 83 79 78 81 77 50
MG 9St 207 30 none 13 81 79 80 80 74
RND 5 / 32§ 207 30 none 135 81 66 63 70 60 0 1 '2
3 4 5 6 7 8
CD 11 / 6411 207 30 none 14 89 83 80 84 79
Windspeed, m/s
• Indicates simulated distribution patterns.
t Nelson Flow Control Nozzle. 4 gpm nominal flow. Figure 7-Uniformity vs. windspeed with FCN 4 nozzle at 3 pressures,
Triangular orifice nozzles. with (D) and without (N) the Type 1 deflector.
§ Straight bore nozzle, size in inches.
1 Square orifice nozzle.

Flow Control nozzles, respectively, at three different

WATER APPLICATION UNIFORMITY nozzle pressures, with and without the Type 1 deflector.
Table 3 lists computed Christiansen (1942) uniformity The deflector significantly improved uniformity at
coefficients (%) for 12 to 18 m square sprinkler spacings windspeeds below 5 m/s but the data is inconclusive for
using data obtained from the indoor tests. Average higher windspeeds.
application rate ranges from 3 to 9 mm/h for these Figure 9 compares the Type 1 and 2 deflectors. It
simulations. The first two lines represent hypothetical appears that although the Type 2 deflector produced better
triangular and rectangular distribution patterns for uniformity with no wind, the Type 1 deflector performs
comparison. The next five lines are for deflected patterns better under wind conditions. This is probably due to the
as shown in figure 5, where 9-18 and 9-20° represents fact that Type 1 deflects the jet only once each arm cycle,
Type 1, and 25-45° is the Type 2 deflector.
The triangular distribution pattern gives high uniformity
for all spacings, as expected, and the rectangular
Windspeed, mi/hr
distribution pattern gives CU values above 80% with
spacings smaller than the pattern radius. The circular FCN 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
nozzles require high pressure to achieve high uniformity 100
(> 80%). However, with the deflectors, these nozzles Sprinkler: F33 Nozzle: FCN 5
achieved high CU at much lower pressures. The Type 2 95 Spacing: 12x15m Pressure kPa(psi)
207(30)D
deflector gave higher CU than the Type 1, indicating that 90 - - 276(40)D
for no-wind conditions, achieving a nearly triangular -- 345(50)D
pattern is more advantageous than a large pattern radius. 85
207(30)N
The Type 2 deflector gave better CU values than the 80 276(40)N
diffuse type nozzles. 345(50)N
Outdoor single-sprinkler pattern tests were run using the E 75
Type 1 and Type 2 deflectors to determine how well they
0
would perform under windy conditions in comparison with 70
C
other types of nozzle configurations. The tests were 65
conducted according to ASAE Standard S330.1. The
collector spacing was 2 m, and the nozzle height was 60
0.6 m. Tests were run for 1 to 2 hours when the windspeed
and direction were nearly constant. A computer program 55
was used to calculate uniformity for different spacing
50
combinations and wind directions. A 12 by 15 m spacing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
was chosen for comparison, and the uniformity data are
averaged for four different wind directions. Windspeed, m/s
Figures 7 and 8 show the effect of windspeed on Figure 8-Uniformity vs. windspeed with FCN 5 nozzle at three
uniformity using 0.25 L/s (4 gpm) and 0.32 L/s (5 gpm) pressures, with (D) and without (N) the Type 1 deflector.

2402 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE


Windspeed, mi/hr Windspeed, mi/hr

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100 100
Sprinkler: F33 Nozzle: FCN 4 Pressure: 207kPa(30pti)
95 Spacing: 12x15m Pressure 207 kPa 95
Nozzle Defl.
FCN 4 Typel
90 90 - — FCN 5 Type 1
Deflector - - CD5/32 none
85 Type 1 85
CD11/64 none
80 Type 2 80
- — None
75 75

70 70

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Windspeed, m/s Windspeed, m/s
Figure 9—Uniformity vs. windspeed with two types of deflectors.
Figure 10—Uniformity vs. windspeed comparing the Type 1 deflector
with square (CD) nozzles.
leaving the jet undisturbed for longer periods, which helps
to maintain a larger pattern radius, as shown in figure 5. easier to build than Type 2. This type deflector is easily
Figure 10 compares the deflector tests with the diffuse adjusted and maintains relatively high uniformity for a
jet CD nozzle. The deflector appears to perform as well or reasonably wide range of nozzle pressures and flows. A
better than the diffuse jet at medium and low windspeeds, high degree of uniformity and flow control, over a wide
but may not perform better at high winds (> 5 m/s). pressure range, can be obtained with flow control nozzles
and the intermittent deflector.
The addition of the deflector creates a slight imbalance
in the arm which can cause increased vibration of the
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION sprinkler if the riser is flexible. If this is a problem, the arm
The intermittent deflector was conceived as a means of may need to be rebalanced with the deflector in place.
modifying the application pattern of a sprinkler without
using continuous jet diffusion techniques. The tests with no
wind show that by adjusting the angles of the deflector, the REFERENCES
distribution pattern can be made to approach the triangular ASAE Standards, 36th Ed. 1989. S330.I. Procedure for
shape with a slight reduction in pattern radius, which sprinkler distribution testing for research purposes. St.
results in high uniformities of application. However, the Joseph, MI: ASAE.
outdoor tests show that the classical triangular distribution ASAE Standards, 36th Ed. 1989. 5398.1. Procedure for
pattern is not necessarily optimum, a more rectangular sprinkler testing and performance reporting. St. Joseph,
pattern with a larger radius being more advantageous for MI: ASAE.
windy conditions. Christiansen, J. E. 1942. Irrigation by Sprinkling. California
The Type 2 deflector gave the best results with no wind. Eg. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 570.
It appears that the Type 1 deflector, in which the jet is Irrigation Journal. 1990. 1989 Irrigation Survey. Irrigation
undeflected once per impact arm cycle, and the jet is Journal 40(1):23-34.
deflected approximately 30% of the time, is the best Kincaid, D. C. 1982. Sprinkler pattern radius. Transactions
configuration for wind conditions. It is also smaller and of the ASAE 25(6):1668-1672.

VOL. 34(6): NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1991 2403