G.

1
R. No. L-51806 November 8, 1988 Said claim for damages included, aside from the medical and hospital bills, consequential damages
for the expenses of two lawyers who had to go abroad in private respondent's stead to finalize
CIVIL AERONAUTICS ADMINISTRATION, petitioner, certain business transactions and for the publication of notices announcing the postponement of
vs. private respondent's daughter's wedding which had to be cancelled because of his accident
COURT OF APPEALS and ERNEST E. SIMKE, respondents. [Record on Appeal, p. 5].

The Solicitor General for petitioner. Judgment was rendered in private respondent's favor prompting petitioner to appeal to the
Court of Appeals. The latter affirmed the trial court's decision. Petitioner then filed with the
same court a Motion for, Reconsideration but this was denied.
Ledesma, Guytingco, Veleasco & Associates for respondent Ernest E. Simke.

Petitioner now comes before this Court raising the following assignment of errors:

1. The Court of Appeals gravely erred in not holding that the present the
CORTES, J.: CAA is really a suit against the Republic of the Philippines which cannot be
sued without its consent, which was not given in this case.
Assailed in this petition for review on certiorari is the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming
the trial court decision which reads as follows: 2. The Court of Appeals gravely erred in finding that the injuries of
respondent Ernest E. Simke were due to petitioner's negligence — although
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered ordering defendant to pay there was no substantial evidence to support such finding; and that the
plaintiff the amount of P15,589.55 as full reimbursement of his actual inference that the hump or elevation the surface of the floor area of the
medical and hospital expenses, with interest at the legal rate from the terrace of the fold) MIA building is dangerous just because said respondent
commencement of the suit; the amount of P20,200.00 as consequential tripped over it is manifestly mistaken — circumstances that justify a review
damages; the amount of P30,000.00 as moral damages; the amount of by this Honorable Court of the said finding of fact of respondent appellate
P40,000.00 as exemplary damages; the further amount of P20,000.00 as court (Garcia v. Court of Appeals, 33 SCRA 622; Ramos v. CA, 63 SCRA 331.)
attorney's fees and the costs [Rollo, p. 24].
3. The Court of Appeals gravely erred in ordering petitioner to pay actual,
The facts of the case are as follows: consequential, moral and exemplary damages, as well as attorney's fees to
respondent Simke — although there was no substantial and competent proof
to support said awards I Rollo, pp. 93-94 1.
Private respondent is a naturalized Filipino citizen and at the time of the incident was the
Honorary Consul Geileral of Israel in the Philippines.
I
In the afternoon of December 13, 1968, private respondent with several other persons went to
the Manila International Airport to meet his future son-in-law. In order to get a better view of Invoking the rule that the State cannot be sued without its consent, petitioner contends that
the incoming passengers, he and his group proceeded to the viewing deck or terrace of the being an agency of the government, it cannot be made a party-defendant in this case.
airport.
This Court has already held otherwise in the case of National Airports Corporation v. Teodoro,
While walking on the terrace, then filled with other people, private respondent slipped over an Sr. [91 Phil. 203 (1952)]. Petitioner contends that the said ruling does not apply in this case
elevation about four (4) inches high at the far end of the terrace. As a result, private because: First, in the Teodoro case, the CAA was sued only in a substituted capacity, the
respondent fell on his back and broke his thigh bone. National Airports Corporation being the original party. Second, in the Teodoro case, the cause of
action was contractual in nature while here, the cause of action is based on a quasi-delict. Third,
The next day, December 14, 1968, private respondent was operated on for about three hours. there is no specific provision in Republic Act No. 776, the law governing the CAA, which would
justify the conclusion that petitioner was organized for business and not for governmental
purposes. [Rollo, pp. 94-97].
Private respondent then filed an action for damages based on quasi-delict with the Court of First
Instance of Rizal, Branch VII against petitioner Civil Aeronautics Administration or CAA as the
Such arguments are untenable.
entity empowered "to administer, operate, manage, control, maintain and develop the Manila
International Airport ... ." [Sec. 32 (24), R.A. 776].

2
First, the Teodoro case, far from stressing the point that the CAA was only substituted for the Exec. Order 365, which led the Court to consider the CAA in the category of a private entity
National Airports Corporation, in fact treated the CAA as the real party in interest when it were retained substantially in Republic Act 776, Sec. 32 (24) and (25).<äre||anº•1àw> Said Act
stated that: provides:

xxx xxx xxx Sec. 32. Powers and Duties of the Administrator. Subject to the general —
control and supervision of the Department Head, the Administrator shall
... To all legal intents and practical purposes, the National Airports have among others, the following powers and duties:
Corporation is dead and the Civil Aeronautics Administration is its heir or
legal representative, acting by the law of its creation upon its own rights and xxx xxx xxx
in its own name. The better practice there should have been to make the
Civil Aeronautics Administration the third party defendant instead of the (24) To administer, operate, manage, control, maintain and develop the
National Airports Corporation. [National Airports Corp. v. Teodoro, supra, p. Manila International Airport and all government-owned aerodromes except
208.] those controlled or operated by the Armed Forces of the Philippines
including such powers and duties as: (a) to plan, design, construct, equip,
xxx xxx xxx expand, improve, repair or alter aerodromes or such structures,
improvement or air navigation facilities; (b) to enter into, make and execute
Second, the Teodoro case did not make any qualification or limitation as to whether or not the contracts of any kind with any person, firm, or public or private corporation
CAA's power to sue and be sued applies only to contractual obligations. The Court in the Teodoro or entity; ... .
case ruled that Sections 3 and 4 of Executive Order 365 confer upon the CAA, without any
qualification, the power to sue and be sued, albeit only by implication. Accordingly, this Court's (25) To determine, fix, impose, collect and receive landing fees, parking
pronouncement that where such power to sue and be sued has been granted without any space fees, royalties on sales or deliveries, direct or indirect, to any aircraft
qualification, it can include a claim based on tort or quasi-delict [Rayo v. Court of First Instance for its use of aviation gasoline, oil and lubricants, spare parts, accessories
of Bulacan, G.R. Nos. 55273-83, December 19,1981, 1 1 0 SCRA 4561 finds relevance and and supplies, tools, other royalties, fees or rentals for the use of any of the
applicability to the present case. property under its management and control.

Third, it has already been settled in the Teodoro case that the CAA as an agency is not immune xxx xxx xxx
from suit, it being engaged in functions pertaining to a private entity.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that the CAA is tasked with private or non-governmental
xxx xxx xxx functions which operate to remove it from the purview of the rule on State immunity from suit.
For the correct rule as set forth in the Tedoro case states:
The Civil Aeronautics Administration comes under the category of a private
entity. Although not a body corporate it was created, like the National xxx xxx xxx
Airports Corporation, not to maintain a necessary function of government,
but to run what is essentially a business, even if revenues be not its prime Not all government entities, whether corporate or non-corporate, are
objective but rather the promotion of travel and the convenience of the immune from suits. Immunity functions suits is determined by the character
travelling public. It is engaged in an enterprise which, far from being the of the objects for which the entity was organized. The rule is thus stated in
exclusive prerogative of state, may, more than the construction of public Corpus Juris:
roads, be undertaken by private concerns. [National Airports Corp. v.
Teodoro, supra, p. 207.]
Suits against State agencies with relation to matters in
which they have assumed to act in private or non-
xxx xxx xxx governmental capacity, and various suits against certain
corporations created by the state for public purposes,
True, the law prevailing in 1952 when the Teodoro case was promulgated was Exec. Order 365 but to engage in matters partaking more of the nature
(Reorganizing the Civil Aeronautics Administration and Abolishing the National Airports of ordinary business rather than functions of a
Corporation). Republic Act No. 776 (Civil Aeronautics Act of the Philippines), subsequently governmental or political character, are not regarded as
enacted on June 20, 1952, did not alter the character of the CAA's objectives under Exec, suits against the state. The latter is true, although the
Order 365. The pertinent provisions cited in the Teodoro case, particularly Secs. 3 and 4 of state may own stock or property of such a corporation
3
 for by engaging in business operations through a The inclination itself is an architectural anomaly for as stated by the said
corporation, the state divests itself so far of its witness, it is neither a ramp because a ramp is an inclined surface in such a
sovereign character, and by implication consents to way that it will prevent people or pedestrians from sliding. But if, it is a step
suits against the corporation. (59 C.J., 313) [National then it will not serve its purpose, for pedestrian purposes. (tsn, p. 35, Id.)
Airport Corporation v. Teodoro, supra, pp. 206-207; [rollo, p. 29.]
Emphasis supplied.]
These factual findings are binding and conclusive upon this Court. Hence, the CAA cannot disclaim
This doctrine has been reaffirmed in the recent case of Malong v. Philippine National its liability for the negligent construction of the elevation since under Republic Act No. 776, it
Railways [G.R. No. L-49930, August 7, 1985, 138 SCRA 631, where it was held that the Philippine was charged with the duty of planning, designing, constructing, equipping, expanding, improving,
National Railways, although owned and operated by the government, was not immune from suit as repairing or altering aerodromes or such structures, improvements or air navigation facilities
it does not exercise sovereign but purely proprietary and business functions. Accordingly, as the [Section 32, supra, R.A. 776]. In the discharge of this obligation, the CAA is duty-bound to
CAA was created to undertake the management of airport operations which primarily involve exercise due diligence in overseeing the construction and maintenance of the viewing deck or
proprietary functions, it cannot avail of the immunity from suit accorded to government agencies terrace of the airport.
performing strictly governmental functions.
It must be borne in mind that pursuant to Article 1173 of the Civil Code, "(t)he fault or
II negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the
nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time and
Petitioner tries to escape liability on the ground that there was no basis for a finding of of the place." Here, the obligation of the CAA in maintaining the viewing deck, a facility open to
negligence. There can be no negligence on its part, it alleged, because the elevation in question the public, requires that CAA insure the safety of the viewers using it. As these people come to
"had a legitimate purpose for being on the terrace and was never intended to trip down people the viewing deck to watch the planes and passengers, their tendency would be to look to where
and injure them. It was there for no other purpose but to drain water on the floor area of the the planes and the incoming passengers are and not to look down on the floor or pavement of the
terrace" [Rollo, P. 99]. viewing deck. The CAA should have thus made sure that no dangerous obstructions or elevations
exist on the floor of the deck to prevent any undue harm to the public.

To determine whether or not the construction of the elevation was done in a negligent manner,
the trial court conducted an ocular inspection of the premises. The legal foundation of CAA's liability for quasi-delict can be found in Article 2176 of the Civil
Code which provides that "(w)hoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being
fault or negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage done... As the CAA knew of the existence of
xxx xxx xxx the dangerous elevation which it claims though, was made precisely in accordance with the plans
and specifications of the building for proper drainage of the open terrace [See Record on
... This Court after its ocular inspection found the elevation shown in Exhs. A Appeal, pp. 13 and 57; Rollo, p. 391, its failure to have it repaired or altered in order to eliminate
or 6-A where plaintiff slipped to be a step, a dangerous sliding step, and the the existing hazard constitutes such negligence as to warrant a finding of liability based on
proximate cause of plaintiffs injury... quasi-delict upon CAA.

xxx xxx xxx The Court finds the contention that private respondent was, at the very least, guilty of
contributory negligence, thus reducing the damages that plaintiff may recover, unmeritorious.
This Court during its ocular inspection also observed the dangerous and Contributory negligence under Article 2179 of the Civil Code contemplates a negligent act or
defective condition of the open terrace which has remained unrepaired omission on the part of the plaintiff, which although not the proximate cause of his
injury, contributed to his own damage, the proximate cause of the plaintiffs own injury being the
through the years. It has observed the lack of maintenance and upkeep of
the MIA terrace, typical of many government buildings and offices. Aside defendant's lack of due care. In the instant case, no contributory negligence can be imputed to
the private respondent, considering the following test formulated in the early case of Picart v.
from the litter allowed to accumulate in the terrace, pot holes cause by
Smith, 37 Phil. 809 (1918):
missing tiles remained unrepaired and unattented. The several elevations
shown in the exhibits presented were verified by this Court during the
ocular inspection it undertook. Among these elevations is the one (Exh. A) The test by which to determine the existence of negligence in a particular
where plaintiff slipped. This Court also observed the other hazard, the case may be stated as follows: Did the defendant in doing the alleged
slanting or sliding step (Exh. B) as one passes the entrance door leading to negligent act use that reasonable care and caution which an ordinarily
the terrace [Record on Appeal, U.S., pp. 56 and 59; Emphasis supplied.] prudent man would have used in the same situation? If not, then he is guilty
of negligence. The law here in effect adopts the standard supposed to be
supplied by the imaginary conduct of the discreet paterfamilias of the
The Court of Appeals further noted that:

4
 Roman law. The existence of the negligence in a given case is not determined of Rayo v. Court of First Instance, supra, includes liability on a claim for quasi-dilict. In the
by reference to the personal judgment of the actor in the situation before aforestated case, the liability of the National Power Corporation to answer for damages resulting
him. The law considers what would be reckless, blameworthy, or negligent in from its act of sudden, precipitate and simultaneous opening of the Angat Dam, which caused the
the man of ordinary intelligence and prudence and determines liability by death of several residents of the area and the destruction of properties, was upheld since the
that. o,rant of the power to sue and be sued upon it necessarily implies that it can be held answerable
for its tortious acts or any wrongful act for that matter.
The question as to what would constitute the conduct of a prudent man in a
given situation must of course be always determined in the light of human With respect to actual or compensatory damages, the law mandates that the same be proven.
experience and in view of the facts involved in the particular case. Abstract
speculations cannot be here of much value but this much can be profitably Art. 2199. Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one are entitled to an
said: Reasonable men-overn their conduct by the circumstances which are adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he
before them or known to them. They are not, and are not supposed to be has duly proved. Such compensation is referred to as actual on compensatory
omniscient of the future. Hence they can be expected to take care only damages [New Civil Code].
when there is something before them to suggest or warn of danger. Could a
prudent man, in the case under consideration, foresee harm as a result of
the course actually pursued' If so, it was the duty of the actor to take Private respondent claims P15,589.55 representing medical and hospitalization bills. This Court
precautions to guard against that harm. Reasonable foresight of harm, finds the same to have been duly proven through the testimony of Dr. Ambrosio Tangco, the
followed by the ignoring of the suggestion born of this prevision, is always physician who attended to private respondent (Rollo, p. 26) and who Identified Exh. "H" which
necessary before negligence can be held to exist.... [Picart v. Smith, supra, p. was his bill for professional services [Rollo, p. 31].
813; Emphasis supplied.]
Concerning the P20,200.00 alleged to have been spent for other expenses such as the
The private respondent, who was the plaintiff in the case before the lower court, could not have transportation of the two lawyers who had to represent private respondent abroad and the
reasonably foreseen the harm that would befall him, considering the attendant factual publication of the postponement notices of the wedding, the Court holds that the same had also
circumstances. Even if the private respondent had been looking where he was going, the step in been duly proven. Private respondent had adequately shown the existence of such losses and the
question could not easily be noticed because of its construction. As the trial court found: amount thereof in the testimonies before the trial court [CA decision, p. 81. At any rate, the
findings of the Court of Appeals with respect to this are findings of facts [One Heart Sporting
Club, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 5379053972, Oct. 23, 1981, 108 SCRA 4161 which, as
In connection with the incident testified to, a sketch, Exhibit O, shows a had been held time and again, are, as a general rule, conclusive before this Court [Sese v.
section of the floorings oil which plaintiff had tripped, This sketch reveals Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 66186, July 31, 1987,152 SCRA 585].
two pavements adjoining each other, one being elevated by four and one-
fourth inches than the other. From the architectural standpoint the higher,
pavement is a step. However, unlike a step commonly seen around, the edge With respect to the P30,000.00 awarded as moral damages, the Court holds private respondent
of the elevated pavement slanted outward as one walks to one interior of the entitled thereto because of the physical suffering and physical injuries caused by the negligence
terrace. The length of the inclination between the edges of the two of the CAA [Arts. 2217 and 2219 (2), New Civil Code].
pavements is three inches. Obviously, plaintiff had stepped on the inclination
because had his foot landed on the lower pavement he would not have lost With respect to the award of exemplary damages, the Civil Code explicitly, states:
his balance. The same sketch shows that both pavements including the
inclined portion are tiled in red cement, and as shown by the photograph Art. 2229. Exemplary or corrective damages, are imposed, by way of
Exhibit A, the lines of the tilings are continuous. It would therefore be example or correction for the public good, in addition to the moral,
difficult for a pedestrian to see the inclination especially where there are liquidated or compensatory
plenty of persons in the terrace as was the situation when plaintiff fell
down. There was no warning sign to direct one's attention to the change in
the elevation of the floorings. [Rollo, pp. 2829.] Art. 2231. In quasi-delicts, exemplary damages may be granted if the
defendant acted with gross negligence.

III
Gross negligence which, according to the Court, is equivalent to the term "notorious negligence"
and consists in the failure to exercise even slight care [Caunan v. Compania General de Tabacos,
Finally, petitioner appeals to this Court the award of damages to private respondent. The liability 56 Phil. 542 (1932)] can be attributed to the CAA for its failure to remedy the dangerous
of CAA to answer for damages, whether actual, moral or exemplary, cannot be seriously doubted condition of the questioned elevation or to even post a warning sign directing the attention of the
in view of one conferment of the power to sue and be sued upon it, which, as held in the case
viewers to the change in the elevation of the floorings notwithstanding its knowledge of the
5
hazard posed by such elevation [Rollo, pp. 28-29; Record oil Appeal, p. 57]. The wanton disregard
by the CAA of the safety of the people using the viewing deck, who are charged an admission
fee, including the petitioner who paid the entrance fees to get inside the vantage place [CA
decision, p. 2; Rollo, p. 25] and are, therefore, entitled to expect a facility that is properly and
safely maintained — justifies the award of exemplary damages against the CAA, as a deterrent
and by way of example or correction for the public good. The award of P40,000.00 by the trial
court as exemplary damages appropriately underscores the point that as an entity changed with
providing service to the public, the CAA. like all other entities serving the public. has the
obligation to provide the public with reasonably safe service.

Finally, the award of attorney's fees is also upheld considering that under Art. 2208 (1) of the
Civil Code, the same may be awarded whenever exemplary damages are awarded, as in this case,
and,at any rate, under Art. 2208 (11), the Court has the discretion to grant the same when it is
just and equitable.

However, since the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) has taken over the
management and operations of the Manila International Airport [renamed Ninoy Aquino
International Airport under Republic Act No. 6639] pursuant to Executive Order No. 778 as
amended by executive Orders Nos. 903 (1983), 909 (1983) and 298 (1987) and under Section 24
of the said Exec. Order 778, the MIAA has assumed all the debts, liabilities and obligations of
the now defunct Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), the liabilities of the CAA have now been
transferred to the MIAA.

WHEREFORE, finding no reversible error, the Petition for review on certiorari is DENIED and
the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. No. 51172-R is AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Fernan, C.J., Gutierrez, Jr., Feliciano and Bidin, JJ., concur.