MALALOAN vs. CA [G.R. No. 104879.

May 6, 1994] Respondent: COURT OF APPEALS

FACTS:
1. 1st Lt. Absalon V. Salboro of the CAPCOM Northern Sector (Central Sector) filed with the Regional Trial Court of Kalookan City an application for search warrant. The
search warrant was sought in connection with an alleged violation of P.D. 1866 (Illegal Possession of Firearms and Ammunitions) perpetrated at No. 25 Newport St., cor.
Marlboro St., Fairview, Quezon City.
2. On March 23, 1990, respondent RTC Judge of Kalookan City issued Search Warrant No. 95-90. And on same day, at around 2:30 pm, members of the CAPCOM, armed with
subject search warrant, proceeded to the situs of the offense alluded to, where a labor seminar of the Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER) was
then taking place.
3. According to CAPCOM’s “Inventory of Property Seized”, firearms, explosive materials and subversive documents, among others, were seized and taken during the search.
4. And all 61 persons found within the premises searched were brought to Camp Karingal, Quezon City but most of them were later released, with the exception of the herein
petitioners, EILER Instructors, who were indicated for violation of P.D. 1866 in Criminal Case No. Q-90-11757 before Branch 88 of the RTC of Quezon City.

On July 10, 1990, petitioners  a “Motion for Consolidation, Quashal of Search Warrant and for the Suppression of All Illegally Acquired Evidence” before the Quezon
presented City court; and a “Supplemental Motion to the Motion for Consolidation, Quashal of Search Warrant and Exclusion of Evidence Illegally
Obtained
On September 21, 1990, the  issued the challenged order, consolidating subject cases but denying the prayer for the quashal of the search warrant under attack, the
respondent Quezon City Judge validity of which warrant was upheld; and opined that the same falls under the category of Writs and Processes, within the contemplation
of par. 3(b) of the Interim Rules and Guidelines and can be served not only within the territorial jurisdiction of the issuing court but
anywhere in the judicial region of the issuing court (National Capital Judicial Region)
Petitioner filed a Motion for  Denied
Reconsideration of the said Order
under challenge
Petitioners elevated the suit to the  Whether or not a court may take cognizance of an application for a search warrant in connection with an offense allegedly committed
CA via the instant petition and outside its territorial jurisdiction and to issue a warrant to conduct a search on a place likewise outside its territorial jurisdiction
raised
CA rendered a judgment and  Affirmed the trial court’s decision by denying due course to the petition for certiorari and lifting the temporary restraining order it had
affirmed RTC’s decision issued on Nov. 29, 1990
Malaloan to SC: Appeal  Impugned and sought to reverse the judgment of the respondent court
ISSUE: WON a court may take cognizance of an application for a search warrant in court. It would thus categorize what is only a special criminal process, the power to
connection with an offense allegedly committed outside its territorial jurisdiction and issue which is inherent in all courts, as equivalent to a criminal action, jurisdiction
to issue a warrant to conduct a search on a place likewise outside its territorial over which is reposed in specific courts of indicated competence. It ignores the fact that
jurisdiction the requisites, procedure and purpose for the issuance of a search warrant are
completely different from those for the institution of a criminal action.
RULING:
Yes, the court may take cognizance and may issue a search warrant even if The Court further noted that a warrant, such as a warrant of arrest or a search
the offense is committed outside its territorial jurisdiction. warrant, merely constitutes process. A search warrant is defined in the jurisdiction
as an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines signed by a
Petitioners invoke the jurisdictional rules in the institution of criminal judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property
actions to invalidate the search warrant issued by the RTC of Kalookan City and bring before the court. A search warrant is in the nature of a criminal process akin
because it is directed toward the seizure of firearms and ammunition to a writ of discovery. It is special and peculiar remedy, drastic in its nature, and made
allegedly cached in Quezon City. It was claimed that the application for necessary because of a public necessity.
search warrant was filed in a court of improper venue and since venue in
criminal actions involves territorial jurisdiction of the court, such warrant is In American jurisdictions, search warrant is considered merely as a process, generally
void for having been issued by a court without jurisdiction to do so. issued by a court in the exercise of its ancillary jurisdiction, and not a criminal action
to be entertained by a court pursuant to its original jurisdiction.
The Court held that it is erroneous to equate the application for and the obtention of
search warrant with the institution and prosecution of a criminal action in a trial
A search warrant is merely a judicial process designed by the Rules to The Court rejects that proposition. Firstly, it is evident that the circulars were not
respond only to an incident in the main case, if one has already been intended to be of general application to all instances involving search warrants and in
instituted, or in anticipation thereof. The Court elucidated that where no criminal all courts as would be the case if they had been adopted as part of the Rules of Court.
action has been instituted yet, a search warrant may be filed in a territorial The mentioned circulars were issued to meet a particular exigency, that is, as
jurisdiction other than that wherein illegal articles sought to be seized are then emergency guidelines on applications for search warrants filed only in the courts of
located. This is aside from the consideration that a criminal action may be filed in Metropolitan Manila and other courts with multiple salas and only with respect to
different venues under the rules for delitos continuados or in those instances where violations of the Anti-Subversion Act, crimes against public order under the Revised
different trial courts have concurrent original jurisdiction over the same criminal Penal Code, illegal possession of firearms and/or ammunitions, and violations of the
offense. As provided for in Sec. 15, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court on the venue of Dangerous Drugs Act. Simply put, the aforesaid theory on the court’s jurisdiction to
criminal actions, issue search warrants would not apply to single-sala courts and other crimes.

Sec. 15. Place where action to be instituted. — Additionally, petitioners’ reliance on Administrative Order No. 3 of this Court which
(a) Subject to existing laws, in all criminal prosecutions the action shall be instituted defines the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of the RTC cannot prosper. The
and tried in the court of the municipality or territory wherein the offense was administrative order was issued pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 18 of Batas
committed or any one of the essential ingredients thereof took place. Pambansa Blg. 129, which provides, “Sec. 18. Authority to define territory appurtenant
(b) Where an offense is committed on a railroad train, in an aircraft, or any other to each branch. — The Supreme Court shall define the territory over which a branch of
public or private vehicle while in the course of its trip, the criminal action may be the Regional Trial Court shall exercise its authority. The territory thus defined shall be
instituted and tried in the court of any municipality or territory where such train, deemed to be the territorial area of the branch concerned for purposes of determining
aircraft or other vehicle passed during such trip, including the place of departure and the venue of all writs, proceedings or actions, whether civil or criminal…” The
arrival. Administrative Order did not confer jurisdiction on the covered regional trial court or
(c) Where an offense is committed on board a vessel in the course of its voyage, the its branches, such that non-observance thereof would nullify their judicial acts. The
criminal action may be instituted and tried in the proper court of the first port of entry administrative order merely defines the limits of the administrative area within which
or of any municipality or territory through which the vessel passed during such a branch of the court may exercise its authority pursuant to the jurisdiction conferred
voyage, subject to the generally accepted principles of international law. by BP 129.
(d) Other crimes committed outside of the Philippines but punishable therein under
Article 2 of the Revised Penal Code shall be cognizable by the proper court in which Secondly, the Court cannot accept the conclusion that the grant of power to the courts
the charge is first filed. (14a) mentioned therein, to entertain and issue search warrants where the place to be
searched is within their territorial jurisdiction, was intended to exclude other courts
It would be an exacting imposition upon the law enforcement authorities or the from exercising the same power. As noted in Circular No. 19, the aforementioned
prosecutorial agencies to unerringly determine where they should apply for a search circular was intended to provide prompt action on applications for search warrants. Its
warrant in view of the uncertainties and possibilities as to the ultimate venue of a case predecessor, Administrative Circular No. 13 had a number of requirements,
under the foregoing rules. It would be doubly so if compliance with that requirement principally a raffle of the applications for search warrants, if they had been filed with
would be under pain of nullification of said warrant should they file their application the executive judge, among the judges within his administrative area. Circular No. 19
therefor in and obtain the same from what may later turn out to be a court not within eliminated by amendment that required raffle and should immediately be taken
the ambit of the aforequoted Section 15. cognizance of by appropriate courts. Thus, Circular No. 19 was never intended to
confer exclusive jurisdiction on said executive judges. Instead, they were directed to
The Court further held that the Rules of Court, whether of the 1940, 1960, or the personally act on the applications, instead of framing out the same among other judges
present vintage, or the Judiciary Act of 1948 or the recent Judiciary Reorganization as was the previous practice. With that, it is incorrect to say that only the court which
Act have never required the judicial strictures. In fact, the statutory omission was has jurisdiction over the criminal case can issue the search warrant. It may be
both deliberate and significant and cannot mean that the formulators of the Rules of conceded, as a matter of policy, that where a criminal case is pending, the court
Court or the Congress did not consider it proper or correct, on considerations of wherein it was filed, or the assigned branch thereof, has primary jurisdiction to issue
national policy and the pragmatics of experience, to clamp a legal manacle on those the search warrant; and where no such criminal case has yet been filed, that the
who would ferret out the evidence of a crime. For the Court to impose such conditions executive judges or their lawful substitutes in the areas and for the offenses
or restrictions under the guise of judicial interpretation may be construed as trenching contemplated in Circular No. 19 shall have primary jurisdiction.
on judicial legislation.
This should not, however, mean that a court whose territorial jurisdiction does not
Petitioners theorized that “only the branch of a Regional Trial Court which embrace the place to be searched cannot issue a search warrant therefor, where the
has jurisdiction over the place to be searched could grant an application for obtention of that search warrant is necessitated and justified by compelling
and issue a warrant to search that place” as drawn from issuances of the Court considerations of urgency, subject, time and place. Conversely, neither should a search
(Circular No. 13 issued on Oct. 1, 1985 as amended by Circular No. 19 on Aug. 4, 1987) warrant duly issued by a court which has jurisdiction over a pending criminal case, or
one issued by an executive judge or his lawful substitute under the situations provided
for by Circular No. 19, be denied enforcement or nullified just because it was an action. Certain safeguards were enumerated in Rule 126 of the 1985 Rules on
implemented outside the court's territorial jurisdiction. Criminal Procedure for the issuance of a search warrant and all these have to be
observed regardless of whatever court in whichever region is importuned for or
Affiliated issue: Whether or not a branch of a regional trial court has the actually issues a search warrant.
authority to issue a warrant for the search of a place outside its territorial
jurisdiction. GUIDELINES ON POSSIBLE CONFLICTS OF JURISDICTION where the
criminal case is pending in one court and the search warrant is issued by
Yes, the RTC has the authority to issue a warrant for the search of place outside its another court for the seizure of personal property intended to be used as
territorial jurisdiction evidence in said crime:

The Court emphasized, No law or rule imposes such a limitation on search warrants, in 1. The court wherein the criminal case is pending shall have primary
the same manner that no such restriction is provided for warrants of arrest. The Court jurisdiction to issue search warrants necessitated by and for purposes of said
further held that no period is provided for the enforceability of warrants of arrest, and case. An application for a search warrant may be filed with another court
although within ten days from the delivery of the warrant of arrest for execution a only under extreme and compelling circumstances that the applicant must
return thereon must be made to the issuing judge, said warrant does not prove to the satisfaction of the latter court which may or may not give due
become functus officio but is enforceable indefinitely until the same is enforced or course to the application depending on the validity of the justification offered
recalled. While the lifetime of a warrant has been expressly set in the Rules at 10 for not filing the same in the court with primary jurisdiction thereover.
days, there is no provision as to the extent of the territory where it may be enforced, 2. When the latter court issues the search warrant, a motion to quash the same
provided it is implemented on and within the premises specifically described therein may be filed in and shall be resolved by said court, without prejudice to any
which may or may not be within the territorial jurisdiction of the issuing court. proper recourse to the appropriate higher court by the party aggrieved by the
resolution of the issuing court. All grounds and objections then available,
The jurisdictional rule was that writs and processes of the so-called inferior courts existent or known shall be raised in the original or subsequent proceedings
could be enforced outside the province only with the approval of the former court of for the quashal of the warrant, otherwise they shall be deemed waived.
first instance. Under the Judiciary Reorganization Act, the enforcement of such writs 3. Where no motion to quash the search warrant was filed in or resolved by the
and processes no longer needs the approval of the regional trial court. On the other issuing court, the interested party may move in the court where the criminal
hand, while, formerly, writs and processes of the then courts of first instance were case is pending for the suppression as evidence of the personal property
enforceable throughout the Philippines, under the Interim or Transitional Rules and seized under the warrant if the same is offered therein for said purpose. Since
Guidelines, certain specified writs issued by a regional trial court are now enforceable two separate courts with different participations are involved in this
only within its judicial region. As provided for in the provision, situation, a motion to quash a search warrant and a motion to suppress
evidence are alternative and not cumulative remedies. In order to prevent
3. Writs and processes. — forum shopping, a motion to quash shall consequently be governed by the
omnibus motion rule, provided, however, that objections not available,
(a) Writs of certiorari, prohibition mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus and existent or known during the proceedings for the quashal of the warrant may
injunction issued by a regional trial court may be enforced in any part of the be raised in the hearing of the motion to suppress. The resolution of the court
region. on the motion to suppress shall likewise be subject to any proper remedy in
(b) All other processes, whether issued by a regional trial court or a metropolitan the appropriate higher court.
trial court, municipal trial court or municipal circuit trial court may be 4. Where the court which issued the search warrant denies the motion to quash
served anywhere in the Philippines, and, in the last three cases, without a the same and is not otherwise prevented from further proceeding thereon, all
certification by the judge of the regional trial court. personal property seized under the warrant shall forthwith be transmitted by
it to the court wherein the criminal case is pending, with the necessary
The Court noted the difficulty of detecting and eliciting information regarding the safeguards and documentation therefor.
existence and location of illegally possessed or prohibited articles hence it should not 5. These guidelines shall likewise be observed where the same criminal offense
make the requisites for the apprehension of the culprits and the confiscation of such is charged in different informations or complaints and filed in two or more
illicit items, once detected, more onerous if not impossible by imposing further niceties courts with concurrent original jurisdiction over the criminal action. Where
of procedure or substantive rules of jurisdiction through decisional dicta. the issue of which court will try the case shall have been resolved, such court
shall be considered as vested with primary jurisdiction to act on applications
The Court held that the enforcement of a search warrant issued by court outside the for search warrants incident to the criminal case.
territorial jurisdiction where the place to be searched is located would not create a
constitutional question. Furthermore, the Court is not swayed by the professed
apprehension that the law enforcement authorities may resort to what could be a
permutation of forum shopping, by filing an application for the warrant with a
“friendly court”. As reiterated by the Court, the search warrant is only a process, not
SEPARATE OPINIONS must necessarily be co-extensive with the court's territorial jurisdiction. To hold
otherwise would be to add an exception to the statutory provisions defining the
The majority of the opinion enunciates these two principles: territorial jurisdiction of the various courts of the country, which would amount to
judicial legislation.
1. Before the criminal action is filed with the appropriate court, a court which has no
territorial jurisdiction over the crime may validly entertain an application for and Moreover, the majority view may legitimize abuses that would result in the violation
thereafter issue a search warrant in connection with the commission of such crime; the civil rights of an accused or the infliction upon him of undue and unwarranted
and burdens and inconvenience as when, for instance, an accused who is a resident of
2. After the filing of the criminal action, the court with which it was filed has primary Basco, Batanes, has to file a motion to quash a search warrant issued by the
jurisdiction to issue search warrants necessitated by and for purposes of said case; Metropolitan Trial Court of Manila in connection with an offense he allegedly
however, under extreme and compelling circumstances, another court may issue a committed in Itbayat, Batanes.
search warrant in connection with said case.
On the exception to the second principle where another court may, because of extreme
Justice Davide does not agree with the first and with the exception to the second. and compelling circumstances, issue a search warrant in connection with a criminal
What should be underscored in the foregoing definition or disquisition on the concept case pending in an appropriate court, Justice Davide refuse to subscribe to this view. A
of a search warrant are the following: (a) it is "in the nature of a criminal process akin court which does not have concurrent jurisdiction with the first which had taken
to a writ of discovery," (b) it is generally issued by a court "in the exercise of its cognizance of the case does not also have the authority to issue writs or processes,
ancillary jurisdiction," and (c) it is "designed by the Rules to respond only to an including search warrants, in connection with the pending case. Moreover, since the
incident in the main case . . . or in anticipation thereof." All of these are premised on issuance of a search warrant is an incident to a main case or is an exercise of the
the assumption that the court entertaining the application for and issuing the search ancillary jurisdiction of a court, the court where the main case is filed has exclusive
warrant has jurisdiction over the main case, meaning, of course, the crime in jurisdiction over all incidents thereto and in the issuance of all writs and processes in
connection with whose commission the warrant was issued. connection therewith. The exception may provide room for unwarranted abuse of the
judicial process, wreak judicial havoc and procedural complexities which effective law
Writ of discovery is the discovery in federal criminal cases governed by the Federal enforcement apparently cannot justify.
Rules of Criminal Procedure as provided for in Rule 16 which states that the required
motion is filed after the filing of the indictment or information. To end, Justice Davide submits that:

Ancillary, in reference to jurisdiction can only mean in aid of or incidental to 1. Any court within whose territorial jurisdiction a crime was committed may validly
an original jurisdiction. Ancillary jurisdiction. Power of court to adjudicate and entertain an application for and issue a search warrant in connection with said crime.
determine matters incidental to the exercise of its primary jurisdiction of an action However, in the National Capital Judicial Region, Administrative Circulars No. 13 of 1
October 1985, and No. 19 of 4 August 1987 must be observed.
“Incident in the main case” also presupposes a main case which, perforce, must be
within the court's jurisdiction. 2. After the criminal complaint or information is filed with the appropriate court,
search warrants in connection with the crime charged may only be issued by said
Justice Davide held that reliance upon Sec. 3 of the Interim or Transitional Rules and court.
Guidelines Implementing BP 129 is misplaced for the reason that said section refers to
writs or processes issued by a court in a case pending before it and not to a case yet to
be filed with it or pending in another court. The absence of any express statutory
provision prohibiting a court from issuing a search warrant in connection with a crime
committed outside its territorial jurisdiction should not be construed as a grant of
blanket authority to any court of justice in the country to issue a search warrant in
connection with a crime committed outside its territorial jurisdiction. The majority
view suggests or implies that a municipal trial court in Tawi-Tawi, Basilan, or
Batanes can validly entertain an application for a search warrant and issue one in
connection with a crime committed in Manila. Elsewise stated, all courts in the
Philippines, including the municipal trial courts, can validly issue a search warrant in
connection with a crime committed anywhere in the Philippines. Simply put, all courts
of justice in the Philippines have, for purposes of issuing a search warrant, jurisdiction
over the entire archipelago.

Justice Davide further opined that a search warrant is but an incident to a main case
and involves the exercise of an ancillary jurisdiction therefore, the authority to issue it