Satanic Rebellion 3

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The Satanic Rebellion:

Background to the Tribulation
Part 3
The Purpose, Creation and Fall of Man
by Dr. Robert D. Luginbill
I. The Purpose of Man

II. The Creation of Man
1. The Image and the Likeness of God
2. The Creation of Adam
3. The Human Spirit
4. The Dichotomy of Man
5. The Creation of Eve
III. Status Quo in Paradise
IV. The Fall of Man
1. The Temptation
2. The Fall
3. The Judgment
V. Satan's Hollow Victory
Introduction: As we saw in our last installment, until the restoration of earth and
God's reconstitution of the heavenly lights, Lucifer, the "light-bearer" and his followers
had found themselves in the dark, awaiting their fate. Satan's coup d'état had ended a
dismal failure, and his nefarious experimentations on earth, the original Eden, had been
summarily terminated by a divine intervention that left not only the earth but the
surrounding universe as well buried in deep darkness. We know from the testimony of
scripture that a trial followed in which God condemned Satan and his fallen angels for
their rejection of His authority and for their rebellion:
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Behold, He does not place [unreserved] trust in His servants, but charges [even] His
angels with error.
Job 4:18
Then He will say to those on His left, "Away from Me, you accursed ones, into the
eternal fire [already] prepared for the devil and his angels.
Matthew 25:41
Concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world has been condemned.
John 16:11
Satan's case (and that of his followers) has thus already been adjudicated and his
ultimate fate pronounced. By the time he and his fallen angels are cast down to the earth
during the Great Tribulation (Rev.12:7-9), he will be well aware of the fact that he has
"but little time left" (Rev.12:12). At the conclusion of human history, but not until that
point has been reached at the end of the millennial rule of Christ, Satan will face the
execution of his sentence (Rev.20:10; Is.24:21-22), a verdict adjudged before human
history began. The question may well be posed, "why the delay in judgment? Why did
God not simply plunge the devil and his minions into the fires of hell immediately after
their just condemnation?" The answer to all such questions is intimately bound up with
God's creation of another species of sentient, morally responsible creatures, namely,
Man. So it is that to the purpose, creation and fall of mankind we must now turn.
I. The Purpose of Man
Though already under sentence of death for his unrepentant attempt to overthrow God's
rule over the universe (Job 4:18; Matt.25:41; Jn.16:11), Satan still retains his freedom of
action. We find him spying on our first parents in the garden (Gen.3), appearing before
the Lord to slander our brethren (Job 1&2; Zech.3; Rev.12:10), and prowling the earth in
search of believers whose defenses are down (1Pet.5:8). The reason for the devil's
intense interest in mankind is similar to the reason for our creation in the first place
(and to the reason for the delay in carrying out the sentence of death under which he
stands as well): Man is meant as a response to Satan's rebellion, a living refutation of
the devil's slanderous lies against the character of God. God has created mankind 1) to
demonstrate to all angelic kind His ability to reconcile His creatures to Himself, and 2)
to actually replace all that was lost through the devil's defection.
1. Man created to demonstrate God's righteousness in acting mercifully: Although every
aspect of God's perfect character is visible in His gracious dealings with the human race,
the demonstration of His righteousness toward us in salvation most directly answers
Satan's slanders regarding God's ability to provide reconciliation. It will be remembered
(from part 1 of this series) that part of the devil's appeal to his potential followers rested
on his assurance that God would be unable to effect any reconciliation between Himself
and His rebellious creatures. Satan reasoned that God's righteousness would stand in
the way of His mercy and thus make forgiveness impossible. God would thus be "put in a
box", unable to act in mercy without compromise, unable to execute punishment
without permanently marring His creation in an irreversible way. No matter how much
He might dislike it, God would be forced to tolerate Satan's usurpation of power. And
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though it would not have formed part of his public pitch, the devil was no doubt also
working on the "safety in numbers" principle, reckoning that while God might choose to
chastise one rebel, removing the vast multitude of angels whom Satan had been able to
recruit would create an irreparable rift in the fabric of the universe. But the devil's logic
failed to take into account the ineffable love of God, and was oblivious to the idea that
our God is a God of such grace that He would even sacrifice His most beloved
possession, His Son, Jesus Christ, on our behalf. Satan was correct about the
righteousness of God preventing His mercy from arbitrarily forgiving sin in any form,
but what the devil did not count on was God's willingness to pay for sin Himself through
the sacrifice of His Son, so that we might justly be accounted righteous in His eyes
(2Cor.5:21):
For I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power whereby God may save
everyone who believes (whether the Jew first, or the Greek). Because in it the
righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith, as it is written, "[it is he who
is] righteous on account of his faith [who] shall live".
Romans 1:16-17
We are saved by faith in the Person and work of the One who died in our place and paid
the price of sin for us, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Because Jesus paid the price,
God can forgive our sin, not arbitrarily, but justly, since it has been paid for in full in the
most precious coin. God is therefore not only merciful to forgive us and welcome us into
His family when we believe in Jesus, He is also just in justifying us, righteous in
proclaiming us righteous, "not from works of righteousness which we have done"
(Tit.3:5), but from our acceptance of the work of the One who died for us. Angels being
angels, as we have seen (part 1), any decision to rebel against God would be final.
Possessed as they are of perceptive abilities that far exceed our material limitations, it
can be truly said of them that "they knew what they were getting into" (at least as far as
creatures can know). Reconciliation of fallen angels to a merciful God was therefore
never a likely possibility – because they would not have it, not because God could not
or would not do it.(1) The truth of this last point He has proven irrefutably by the loving
sacrifice of His only Son on mankind's behalf, paying a price so steep we can only dimly
comprehend it. If the devil and his angels had been of a mind to receive such an
incomparable gesture of sacrifice and mercy, God would have generously provided it. By
giving up His Son to the cross, God has demonstrated beyond any shadow of a doubt
both His willingness and His ability to rescue His creatures, for He has in fact done so
for us, even though it meant paying the price His righteousness demanded with the
blood of His own Son.
Thus human history is on the one hand a demonstration to angelic kind (elect as well as
fallen) of God's mercy and His ability to act justly in providing that mercy (albeit at
tremendous cost to Himself). We human beings are actually experiencing God's love and
mercy as He provides for us here in the world despite the devil's opposition. To the
angels, however, we are a demonstration of that love and mercy, made efficacious
through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ and our faith in Him. Being spirits and so not
subject to the material limits that so try our human hearts of flesh, they must learn by
observation, and observe us they do in great earnestness (Job 1&2; Matt.18:10; Lk.15:10;
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1Cor.4:9; 11:10; 1Pet.1:12).(2) That this demonstration will have been one of over seven
thousand years' duration (when human history shall have finally run its course) is
merely further proof of the graciousness and long-suffering of God (Is.30:18; Rom.2:4;
2Pet.3:9; 3:15 etc.). Through the long course of this demonstration (which is our
collective human experience), the elect angels will have come to know God and His
perfect character better than ever before, while the fallen angels will see their leader's
every blasphemous accusation refuted and destroyed in voluminous detail. And when all
is said and done, God's righteousness will have been affirmed as beyond reproach,
proved beyond a shadow of a doubt in the merciful salvation of believing mankind.
2. Man created to replace Satan and his angels: The creation of Man following the
Genesis Gap judgment (see Part 2, our previous study) is a clear indication that the two
events are intimately related. For God to create a new species of creature, possessing
along with the angels both spirituality and free will, and then to deposit them on the
very scene of Satan's rebellious activity was no subtle indication that at least one of
God's purposes for mankind would be the replacement of the devil and his evil legions.
This must have been abundantly and immediately clear to Satan. For here was a new
moral creature who (left to his own devices) might just do what he and his would not:
obey God's will without rebelling against Him. As soon as the requisite population was
reached through procreation, Satan and company could be removed, wholeness and
completeness having thus been restored. Judgment, after all, had already been
pronounced (Job 4:18; Matt.25:41; Jn.16:11). What could remain except for a one-for-
one replacement of fallen angels with human beings, once our numbers became
sufficient? With judgment set, execution of God's sentence against the devil would be
inevitable if not immediate (cf. Rev.20:10):
And it will come to pass on that day (i.e., the "day of the Lord"), that the Lord will
punish the host of heaven above (i.e., the devil and his angels), and the kings of the earth
below (i.e., those who have opposed His Christ), and they will be gathered together,
bound in a dungeon, jailed and imprisoned. And after many days they will be
punished.
Isaiah 24:21-22
Therefore, with the creation of Man, a creature capable of procreation unlike the angels,
the de facto removal of the only remaining, tangible barrier to Satan's execution was
only a matter of time.
The principle of God's desire to retrieve what is lost and replace what is missing is
clearly seen in scripture in the parable of the lost sheep (Matt.18:12-14; Lk.15:4-10), the
law of levirate marriage (Deut.25:5-6), and, of course, in His longing for all mankind to
accept the gift of Jesus Christ and return to Him (cf. Ezek.18:23; Matt.18:14; Jn.12:47;
2Pet.3:9):
[God] who wants all men to be saved and come to accept the truth.
1st Timothy 2:4
There is ample evidence to suggest that elect mankind is, in effect, replacing fallen
angelic kind in God's universal order (Lk.10:17-20; 1Cor.6:3; Rev.20:4). The principle is
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most clearly seen in the God-Man's replacement of the original covering cherub (see
Part 1): Lucifer (the "light bearer") replaced by the Morning Star, Jesus Christ (cf.
Is.14:12 with 2Pet.1:19; Rev.2:28; 22:16). Thus it is only fitting that the followers of the
Morning Star should replace Lucifer's followers. In this way the wholeness and integrity
of the creation will be restored, while everything that was lost will be replaced with
something even better: willing worshipers of God in union with His Son, the God-Man,
so that ultimately "God may be all in all" (1Cor.15:28). Satan's motives for precipitating
the fall of Man are therefore clear. Unwilling to repent, neither could he afford to accept
the new threat the status quo entailed.
3. Man created for the glory of God: The replacement of Satan and his followers with
willing worshipers, and the ample demonstration of God's love and righteousness
through the sacrifice of His Son to save these sinful human beings abundantly redounds
to the great glory of God. After watching the events of human history unfold, the elect
angels (and, in fact, all creatures) are moved to praise and glorify the Lord Almighty for
His matchless grace (cf. Ps.148-150):
To Him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb, be praise and honor and glory and
power for ever and ever!
Revelation 5:13b NIV
It is for God's praise, for God's glory, that we have been created (Is.60:21; Jn.17:10;
21:19; Rom.9:23). By making us and by saving us through Christ, God shows His love
and exposes the devil's lies. In us, in what He has done for us, the glory of God shines
forth, and those who love Him cannot help but praise Him:
Having foreordained us in [His] love for adoption to Himself through Jesus Christ
according to the good pleasure of His will, for the purpose of producing praise for the
glory of His grace which He has graciously bestowed on us in the Beloved [One].
Ephesians 1:5-6
In whom we also have an inheritance, having been ordained according to the design of
Him who is working everything out according to the desire of His will, that we who have
previously placed our hope in Christ might serve the purpose of generating praise for
His glory.
Ephesians 1:11-12
Everyone who is called by my Name, for My glory I have created him, I have
formed him, indeed, I have made him.
Isaiah 43:7
As the passages above indicate, only regenerate human beings (i.e., believers in Christ)
form the echelon of replacement for fallen angelic kind. Human beings who choose to
reject God's gracious gift of Jesus Christ will share the fate of the devil and his followers
in the lake of fire (Rev.20:11-15). This too is a part of the demonstration of the
righteousness of God, and also redounds to His great glory. Not only will the entire
universe witness His gracious provision of mercy towards all who turn to Him, but all
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who oppose His will, Satan and all rebels, be they angels or men, will be crushed
materially (in judgment) as well as spiritually (through the demonstration of human
history; cf. Ps.76:10). And everyone, whether rebellious or regenerate, will eventually
acknowledge the majesty, the righteousness, the glory of God:
By Myself I have sworn. From my mouth a righteous word has gone forth, which will not
be revoked, that every knee will bow to Me, and to Me every tongue will swear. And so
they will acknowledge Me: "Only in the Lord are righteousness and might." Before Him
will come all who raged against Him and they will be put to shame.
Isaiah 45:23-24
It is in the nature of God not to let a lie stand, but instead to expose all lies to the
blinding light of the truth. Human history constitutes, in effect, the "last judgment" of
fallen angelic kind, a vivid, living demonstration of their error and utter sinfulness in the
course of which "every mouth will be stopped" (i.e., every excuse destroyed: cf.
Rom.3:19; Ps.107:42; Mich.7:16) and at the end of which every knee will bow and tongue
declare the glory of God and the grace of God in the gift of His Son our Lord Jesus Christ
(Rom.14:11; Phil.2:10-11).
II. The Creation of Man
Although we owe our creation in part to God's response to the rebellious defection of the
devil and his followers, we have ever been in God's plan, and ever in His love. God was
under no obligation to create the human race. He did not have to give His Son to die for
us. He did not have to pay that awful price the magnitude of which we can only dimly
hope to comprehend. Yet create us He did. In making us, He shared Himself with us. He
blessed us in making us, with blessings that have only just begun to flow our way. To
create us, to save us, though it cost Him His Son, to make us part of His family, to take
us to Himself and ultimately to come to reside with us forever, these are the acts of a
God who is love itself, and we are truly blessed to call Him Father.
1. The Image and Likeness of God: According to the first chapter of Genesis, God created
Man and Woman on the sixth day of restoration. After the heavens had been restored,
and the earth refitted and replenished, when all conditions were suitable and everything
marvelously in place, God gave life to our first parents, Adam and Eve, forming them
and depositing them in a place of perfection:
Then God said, "Let us make Man in our image, according to our likeness, so that he
may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and over the beasts and over
the whole earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth". So God created
the man in His image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created
them.
Genesis 1:26-27
As Genesis 1:26 indicates, the express purpose of Man's creation is his rule and
oversight of the newly reconstructed earth (along with its creatures). This purpose is
reemphasized at several points in the more detailed narrative of Adam's creation in
Genesis chapter two:
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Now Man did not yet exist to care for the land.
Genesis 2:5b
So the Lord God took Adam and placed him in the garden of Eden to care for it and
to guard it.
Genesis 2:15
Now as we saw in Part 1 of this series, Satan was the first trustee of earth, the original
Eden, where he held the prestigious position of "covering cherub", i.e., the guardian of
the throne of God on the Holy Mountain of the primeval, as yet unblemished earth. It
was this pristine earth of which he seized temporary control in his bid to lead the angels
in revolt against the Lord Almighty. Placing Man on this same earth, now rejuvenated,
with a mandate similar to the one which Satan had rejected, is a clear indication that
God meant Man (and his progeny) to assume a role very similar to the one abdicated by
Satan (and his followers): namely, faithful, obedient supervision of God's creation. Now
as we have seen, while angels and men are quite different in some important respects
(most notably in the qualitatively superior longevity, knowledge and absence of
corporeality possessed by the angels), we do share one critical similarity: both species
possess spirituality of a type that mirrors the image and the likeness of their Creator;
both species are intelligent, sentient, morally responsible, capable of being put in a
position of responsibility. But the most critical point of comparison in each case, for
both Man and angels, is the ability, indeed the necessity, of making a conscious choice to
serve faithfully. For the angels, the tangible test was continued allegiance to God or
defection to the devil; for Adam and Eve it was the tree of the knowledge of good and
evil (Gen.2:16-17). But for both species there was a test and the corresponding ability of
spirit to choose. Beyond all argument, God could have created innumerable beings to
serve Him who would have been incapable of sin or rebellion. But God desires instead,
creatures who will choose for Him of their own free will, who will love Him and serve
Him and worship Him willingly (Jn.4:23). To be proper replacements for Satan and his
followers, mankind had to possess a spiritual makeup that was essentially the same as
the angels in two important respects: 1) the ability to make responsible and responsive
choices (with the mental and emotional assets to support this quality), and 2)
individuality (i.e., a personality unique and independent from all others in the species).
Like the angels, Man is a creature capable of exercising and responding to authority
within the parameters laid down by God, and, like the angels, every one of us must make
these essential choices for ourselves. These two essential qualities of spirit (i.e., the
ability to choose for God and the individual responsibility to do so) are referred to in the
Genesis 1:26-27 description as the "image and likeness of God":(3)
Then God said, "Let us make Man in our image, according to our likeness, so
that he may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and over the beasts and
over the whole earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth". So God
created Man in His image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He
created them.
Genesis 1:26-27
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It is almost universally acknowledged that the purpose of the description "in our image,
according to our likeness" is to mark out the similarities between Man and God.
Naturally, the difficulty of comparing infinite God with finite Man makes any such
analogy problematic, but as men and women of faith, we understand that God was well
aware of this when He gave these words to Moses to pen. "Image and likeness", when
properly understood, do in fact give us a wonderfully precise description of the ways in
which this new creature would be like His Maker.
The first thing to understand about "image and likeness" is that the points of analogy
between God and Man are entirely spiritual. And while it is true that more than one
misguided theologian over the course of the millennia has attempted to bring Adam's
physical shape somehow into the picture of "image and likeness", as Christians who
believe in a God who made the universe and is Himself entirely spiritual, we must of
necessity reject such fanciful notions out of hand.(4) Secondly, and this point is
considerably more controversial, the "image" of God and the "likeness" of God, though
both spiritual, are not identical. In an effort to make the best out of a bad argument, one
often hears proponents of the "image only" school say that "image and likeness explain
each other", or claims to that effect. But such pleas bespeak a clear embarrassment
about the need to essentially explain away the second phrase "in our likeness". From the
standpoint of those of us who believe in the economy and purposefulness of what the
Word of God has to say, "in our likeness" on the face of it ought to be providing
additional information. This is especially the case when we consider that the two words
"image" and "likeness" are introduced by different Hebrew prepositions with quite
different meanings.
In fact, the two phrases "in Our image" and "in Our likeness" describe two very distinct
areas of spiritual similarity between God and Man. Throughout the history of the
Church, scholars have struggled with this problem, and the roots of the solution (if not
the solution itself) are to be found in the likes of Gregory of Nyssa, Origen, and the
Schoolmen, with the distinction (generally put) being between a general principle
(image) and an individual application (likeness).(5) It has fallen to the lot of modern
exegetes to move the discussion away from biblical ethics and back to biblical
psychology (where it properly belongs). J. Laidlaw's insightful analysis that saw in image
and likeness both (species-wide) self-consciousness and individual personality is very
close to the mark.(6) Laidlaw, however, took image and likeness to represent this
distinction collectively, and it falls to the great credit of R.B. Thieme to have first seen
"image" as mankind's common spiritual essence (analogous to the divine essence which
is common to all three members of the Trinity), and "likeness" as the individual
personality of distinct human beings (analogous to the different persons of the three
members of the Trinity).(7)
That this interpretation has hit upon the exact truth of what distinguishes the likeness
and image is made all the more clear by the two Hebrew prepositions with which the two
terms are introduced. Man is said to be made in the image of God, but according to
the likeness of God. As many have affirmed (indeed, the point is obvious to all with even
a rudimentary knowledge of Hebrew), the preposition be (‫)ב‬, translated "in" above,
ought by all rights to express a much closer relationship than the preposition ce (‫)כ‬,
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The Hebrew word translated "image" in Genesis 1:26-27 above is tselem (‫ ;)צלם‬its Greek
counterpart, also meaning "image" (as used in the Septuagint and New Testament), is
eikon (εἰκών). Both tselem and eikon refer to Man's spiritual mirroring of God's essence.
Although it is possible, as some have argued, that tselem is to be derived from tsel (‫)צל‬,
"shade" (and that the connection between the words would be felt by the Hebrew reader
in any case), in scripture tselem means "image" in a fairly concrete sense; the word is
often used for statues of pagan idols which, after all, are meant to be exact replicas of the
god in question.(10) On this analogy (transferred to the spiritual realm), the image of God
would seem to be a very clear reflection of His Sovereignty: Man acts for God (in
paradise) and even as God in certain instances. God made us to serve Him, therefore
when we are behaving properly we are indeed acting in His stead. We are el (‫)אל‬, a
"small g" image of the God (èlohiym: ‫)אלהים‬, "God with a capital G" (although in the
Hebrew it is a question of a singular noun in the first instance, versus a plural "of
majesty" used for God Himself in the second).
I said, "You are gods, and sons of the Most High, all of you." However, you shall die in
the manner of Man, and fall like any other [human] prince.
Psalm 82:6
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Jesus answered them, "Is it not written in your law: 'I said, You are gods'?"
John 10:34
It makes perfect sense, therefore, to find this analogy of creatures called "mighty ones"
(i.e., "gods") applied to the angels as well as to mankind, because by His delegation they
too share in the authority of God (the Mighty One):(11)
I will praise You with all my heart. Before the angels (lit. "the gods") I will sing of You.
Psalm 138:1
Everyone who serves an idol will be put to shame, all those who praise images. Worship
Him, all you angels (lit. "gods").
Psalm 97:7
What is Man that you are mindful of him, or the son of man that you care for him? You
made him a little lower than the angels (lit. "the gods"), you crowned him with
glory and honor. You made him sovereign over all the works of your hands. You put
everything under his feet, flocks and all cattle, and also the beasts of the field, the birds
of the skies and the fish of the sea, and whatever swims the paths of the seas.
Psalm 8: 4-8
This last passage, Psalm 8:4-8, is particularly apropos of our study because it provides a
link between men and angels as God's delegates here on earth. The angels are described
as "mighty ones", "gods" with a small "g", while Man, we are told, has been made "a little
lower" than these entirely spiritual creatures who were the first to enjoy God's delegated
sovereignty. Nevertheless, it is Man who has now been made sovereign (as God's
representative) over the earth and everything that God has created on the earth (in
place of earth's original angelic sovereign, Satan as we know from other
scriptures such as Is.14:12-20 and Ezek.28:12-19).(12)
Now it is true that mankind fell (corporately, or "positionally") in Adam (Rom.5:12-21;
1Cor.15:21-22). It is also true that, as a result of Adam's fall, Satan is the present "ruler
of the world" (Lk.4:6; Jn.12:31; 14:30; 16:11; 1Jn.5:19). But the devil's usurped
sovereignty has never gone and will never go unchallenged by God (Gen.3:15;
Rev.20:10). God has used (and continues to use) the sons of men to challenge the devil's
temporary sovereignty which was destroyed positionally (i.e., in principle) by the Son of
God in His victory on the cross (Is.42:3-4; Matt.12:20; 1Cor.15:54-57; Col.2:15; 1Jn.5:3-
5) and will be destroyed experientially (i.e., in practice) at His return (Ps.110:1;
Rev.19:11-21). For it is Christ who is the exact image of the Father (Heb.1:3). And it is
Christ who will rule over the earth in complete and perfect sovereignty as delegated by
the Father (Is.9:6-7) until all His enemies have been crushed and the kingdom can be
handed over to the Father (1Cor.15:24-28). Then we shall witness the Father's
unchallenged rule over the new heavens and earth where "righteousness dwells"
(2Pet.3:13), where there shall no longer be the slightest trace of evil (Rev.21:8; 22:3).
Psalm 8 thus describes Man acting properly in his capacity as a true servant of God,
ministering in God's creation according to God's will. So it is not at all surprising to
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discover that this passage finds its ultimate prophetic fulfillment in the Last Adam, our
Lord and Savior Jesus Christ:
For it is not to angels that He subordinated the world to come (which is our present
topic), but someone testifies at some point saying, "What is Man that you are mindful of
him, or the son of man that you care for him? You made him a little lower than the
angels, you crowned him with glory and honor. You made him sovereign over all the
works of your hands. You put everything under his feet." For in subordinating the world
to him, He left nothing that was not subordinate to him. However, we do not now yet see
the world in subordination to him. But we do now see Jesus crowned with glory and
honor on account of the death He suffered, even Him who became "a little lower than
the angels" [for a brief span] so that by the grace of God He might taste death on behalf
of us all.
Hebrews 2:5-9
All of the scriptures just considered refer to the idea we have discussed above, namely
that the central point of the image of God in Man is the ability to exercise and
respond to authority, to act sovereignly in God's place where He so delegates, and to
be responsible to Him for our actions.(13) This key characteristic of spirit requires other
obvious mental and spiritual aspects and assets (such as self-consciousness, mentality,
conscience, etc.). But just as the sovereignty of God is the coordinating characteristic of
His perfect character,(14) so the ability to judge and govern, and to be morally
responsible (in terms of our own lives along with whatever God places in our charge) is
the key quality of comparison between the essence of God and the essence of Man,
between God as archetype and Man as His image:
Then God said, "Let us make Man in our image, according to our likeness, so that he
may rule . . ."
Genesis 1:26a
The Hebrew word translated "likeness" in Genesis 1:26 above is demuth (‫ ;)דמות‬its Greek
counterpart, also meaning "likeness" (as used in the Septuagint and New Testament) is
homoioma or homoiosis (ὁμοίωμα, ὁμοίωσις). Both demuth and homoioma/homoiosis
refer not to our common mirroring of God's essence, but to the fact that we have an
individual responsibility to seek, follow and serve God.(15) "Likeness" then refers to
mankind's multiplicity in terms of many, unique and individual personalities. In this
point, by analogy, we parallel the persons of Trinity (though even more loosely than we
parallel His essence-image for the reasons discussed above). The fact that the pronouns
in Genesis 1:26 are plural ("Us", "our image") makes it very difficult to exclude the
Trinity from this passage.(16) We share the image of God on an overall essence basis, but
the likeness of God relates to the fact that just as the Trinity is "We", so mankind is
composed of many different members, each of whom shares the image of God (and
the corresponding individual responsibility to seek, follow and serve Him). Although
it is possible, as some have argued, that demuth is to be derived from dam (‫)דם‬, "blood"
(and that the connection between the words would be felt by the Hebrew reader in any
case, and also with the words 'adam, Adam, and 'adamah, ground), in scripture demuth
means "likeness" with no demonstrable connection to this admittedly important term
11
This is the account of the generations of Man: Throughout the period (lit., “day”) when
God was creating Man, He made him (i.e., mankind) in His likeness. He created them
male and female and He blessed them and He called their name “Man” on the day He
created them. Now Adam lived 130 years and he fathered [a son] in his likeness,
according to his image, and he named him Seth.
Genesis 5:1-3
The “day” or period discussed here includes not only the original creation of Adam and
Eve but also all the time which has passed since as the phrase “the account of the
generations of Man” makes clear. Therefore, as a summary statement which includes
both original creation and the subsequent procreation of mankind (i.e., the
“generations of Man” wherein every human being is given life by God; see section II.3
below, “The Human Spirit”), the phrase in Genesis 5:1, “He made [mankind] in His
likeness”, can be explained as a deliberately conflation of the dual phrase used in
Genesis 1:26 “in our image, according to our likeness. This technique is no doubt used
by Moses because more than the original man, Adam, are in view (so that the focus
naturally shifts to the multiplicity of mankind, but with the “in” retained to recall the
essential free will each individual possesses; note that in Gen.9:6 where the case is
individual it is again in His image). And also in the case of verse three here, the
wording, far from being a crux of interpretation on account of the reversal of the
prepositions used with image and likeness (be and ce, “in” and “according to”
respectively), actually helps to confirm the points just expressed. The critical distinction
between Genesis 1:26-27 and Genesis 5:3, quoted immediately above, is that the
subjects of the two passages are entirely different: in Genesis 1:26-27, the subject is
God; in Genesis 5:3, the subject is Adam. Obviously, a comparison based on an
analogy with Man will of necessity be quite different from one based on an analogy with
God. This fact accounts for the reversal whereby we have in Genesis 5:3 “in his likeness”
and “according to his image”. Between a man and a man, “likeness” or individuality is
exactly parallel: all of us are human beings (contrasted with the comparison of Man to
God in Gen.1:26). However in terms of “image”, when comparing man to man, the
comparison becomes less exact here, because now we are not contrasting divine essence
to similar (in principle) human essence, but we are instead comparing a whole man
(body and spirit) to another complete person: without question Adam and Seth, though
similar in terms of species, were at the same time very different, even to the naked eye
(not to mention the differences of mind, emotion, aptitude – all the factors that make
for differences in personality). Reversing “in” and “according to” is the only way to make
clear, based on the pattern set in Genesis 1:26, this distinction between the “man to
man” image-likeness relationship on the one hand, and the “Man to God” image-
likeness relationship on the other.
We have already seen that mankind has been created for the glory of God (section I.3
above). While this glorification of God is primarily accomplished by what He does for us
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(most especially in the sacrifice of His Son, Jesus Christ on our behalf), we too have a
role to play through the exercise of our will here on earth. Our image and likeness to
God, that is, our self-determination and separateness, our ability to choose for God and
the individual responsibility to do so, our limited sovereignty and its common
disbursement (to a greater or lesser degree) to all members of our species, are aspects of
spirit without which it would be impossible for us to participate in this glorification
process (otherwise known as human history). Simply put, God is glorified by our
obedience, by our response to His sovereign authority. Our will is not really "free" in the
sense that we can choose the course of our lives without consequence. We really have
only one choice: obey God. If we do, God is glorified by our obedience. If we do not, we
suffer the consequences (and God still enjoys a measure of glory by dealing with us in
justice, though He would have preferred to deal with us in love). No, we really do not
have "free will" in the overarching sense of the phrase. Either we choose to do God's will,
or we end up choosing to follow the present "ruler of this world" by default (Gal.5:16-17).
Either we accept His sovereign authority over our lives, an authority He possesses by
nature of being God, an authority He has underlined to an unimaginable degree by the
price He has paid for us through the death of His only Son, or we reject Him for the
usurped authority of the devil's world (1Jn.2:15-17). If we seek Him, if we follow Him, if
we serve Him, if we obey Him, we will find that in our lives, in our spiritual gifts, in
the production that flows from the ministries He assigns, we will be partakers in the
delegated sovereign authority of God that was bestowed upon Adam so long ago. But
instead of ruling over the perfection of Eden, our task is to manifest the glory of God by
contesting whatever part of this battlefield called earth that the Lord has assigned to us.
Whatever the spiritual gift, whatever the ministry, whatever the effect God has granted
us, these are spheres of God's delegated sovereignty every bit as significant as Adam's
charge over Eden. We serve at His pleasure, in His might and for His glory,
demonstrating God's power at work in our hearts here on this alien domain, once the
devil's charge (but spurned), once Adam's charge (but lost), now the arena wherein
some of Adam's fallen seed do choose for God – because He first chose us – rejecting
the devil's authority, accepting God's sovereignty, and glorifying Him in Jesus Christ.
Thus Man, as a replacement for Satan and the fallen angels, had to have the image and
likeness of God, i.e., he had to be capable on an individual basis of exercising
authority (as delegated by God) in order to reflect His glory by acting as His faithful
steward (in place of the rebellious usurper: Eph.2:2), and of responding to divine
authority (through faith in Christ after the fall). Since His victory at the cross, Christ is
now our immediate authority, our "head", all power and authority on heaven and earth
having been granted to Him (Matt.28:18; Col.2:10; cf. Matt.9:6; Jn.5:27; 17:2; Eph.2:20-
22):
Any man praying or prophesying with [hair] hanging down from his head dishonors his
Head (i.e., Christ: cf. v.3). And any woman praying or prophesying with her head
uncovered (i.e., hair torn and unkempt as a sign of mourning) dishonors her head (i.e.,
husband: cf. v.3). For then she is one and the same with her who has been shaved [as a
sign of disgrace]. So if a woman is not keeping her hair in order [through styling,
pinning, braiding, etc.], let her be shorn. And if it is a shameful thing for a woman to be
shorn or shaved [and it is], then let her wear her hair properly arranged. For a man
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ought not to wear adorned hair [an effeminate mark of submission] since he is the
image and glory of God. A woman, on the other hand, is the glory of her husband.
1st Corinthians 11:5-7
And everyone of us, if we reflect the Lord's glory with no "veil" obscuring our faces (i.e.,
with unsullied Christian witness), is being transformed into the same image (i.e.,
become more Christ-like) so as to reflect an ever greater degree of glory – exactly what is
to be expected with the Lord's Spirit as the agent of our transformation.
2nd Corinthians 3:18
A comparison of the use of the word "image" in the two passages above reveals an
apparent (though only apparent) contradiction: in 1st Corinthians 11:7, Man still bears
the image, while in 2nd Corinthians 3:18, the fact that we Christians should be in the
process of being transformed into "the same image" has seemed to many to suggest that
we do not at present possess the image of God (or at least that it has been marred in
some way, and so needs to be repaired).(17) The root cause advanced for this putative
"defacing" or "erasing" of the image of God is Adam's fall. But at the heart of all such
theories is inevitably the misconception that the image (usually undistinguished from
the likeness) is, at least in part, related to the body of Adam. In fact, as we have argued
above, both the image and the likeness of God are entirely spiritual.(18) Since the fall, our
bodies have become subject to corruption and infected by sin, but our spirits retain the
same two critical facets bestowed upon them by God on the sixth day of re-creation: 1)
the capability of exercising and responding to authority ("image"), and 2) the
responsibility for our own individual personalities ("likeness"). 1st Corinthians 11:7
clearly states that Man is still the "image and glory" of God (exercising and responding
to God's delegated authority as appropriate). And on closer examination, moreover, it
becomes clear that 2nd Corinthians 3:18 is talking about something quite different. In
that passage the "same image" which we as Christians are being enjoined to emulate is
that of Christ (cf. Eph.4:24; Col.3:10). Christ is the exact image of the Father
(Heb.1:3), and our ultimate role model who followed the Father's will in perfect
obedience (e.g., Matt.16:24; 1Cor.11:1). The "image and likeness" which is our common
heritage as human beings is spiritual – but we are born in sin (Rm.7:18 & 24). As human
beings, we have the potential to seek, follow and serve God, to willingly strive to
transform ourselves into His Christ-like followers, but this requires obedience and
response to God's authority in first believing in and then following Jesus Christ. Only in
this way can we fulfill the potential of His "image and likeness" and bring the glory to
God for which He created us, then re-created us in Jesus Christ (Jn.3:3).(19)
2. The Creation of Adam: The overview of the creation of Man (Adam and Eve) in
Genesis 1:26-27, therefore, deals with general principles: 1) we are all made in the image
of God (i.e., we share an identical type of spiritual essence whose most salient feature is
our ability to understand, exercise and respond to authority for the purpose of being
obedient and faithful stewards of God on earth, living and working for Jesus Christ); 2)
we are all made in the likeness of God (i.e., we are all unique personalities with an
individual responsibility to respond to God's authority). In Genesis 2:7, however, we
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find a more detailed description of the actual event of God's creation of the first human
being, Adam:(20)
And the Lord God formed the man (i.e., Adam's body) from the dust of the ground, then
blew into his nostrils the life-giving breath (i.e., his spirit), and [thus] the man became a
living person.
Genesis 2:7
It is important that we have this description of Adam's creation in addition to the
Genesis 1:26-27 passage, for while that first passage tells us about Man's spirit, this
verse describes for us the creation of Adam's body and God's quickening of that body by
infusing it with a human spirit.
The agent of Adam's creation is "the Lord God" (yhvh èlohiym: ‫)אלהים יהוה‬. Although all
three members of the Trinity are called Lord, the Father's representative and agent of
creation is our Lord, Jesus Christ, the very one who has been chosen to lead the fight
against the devil and ultimately to replace Satan as world ruler (Jn.1:3; Col.1:16;
Heb.1:2).(21) When He does, it will be as the God-Man, a genuine human being, body and
spirit, in eternal union with undiminished deity. God's creation of a body for Adam, the
first member of the species that was to replace Satan and his followers, must have sent a
seismic shock through the diabolical rank and file, given the importance of possessing
bodies in the Satanic platform.(22) In fact, everything in this passage emphasizes the true
materiality of Adam's body: 1) he is created from the dust (or loose dirt), emphasizing
his material origin; 2) he is "formed" (the Hebrew verb yatsar, ‫)יצר‬, emphasizing the
plastic nature of the process and often used of the potter at work (e.g., Is.29:16); 3) the
very name Adam ('adham, ‫ )אדם‬is closely related to the name for ground ('adhamah,
‫אדמה‬, emphasizing the man's close connection with the earth from which he was made.
Significantly, the material, plastic, earth-connected creation of the body, in and of itself,
does not result in life – life occurs only after the Lord God puts a "living spirit" into the
newly formed body. Moreover, it is only as a result of God's breathing of a human spirit
(the “breath of life”, i.e., “life-giving breath”) into the first man, that Adam becomes a
“living person”. This process, observed by angels and recorded for all of Adam's
posterity, makes it abundantly clear that 1) Adam is both a spiritual and a material
being; 2) neither the human spirit nor the human body is meant to exist without the
other:
For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.
James 2:26
For we know that if our earthly tent-dwelling (i.e., our physical body) be struck, we have
an abode [that comes] from God, a dwelling made without human agency, eternal in the
heavens. For indeed we do groan in this one, desiring to put on our habitation which
comes from heaven. And even if we do put off this present one, we will not be found
naked (i.e., our spirits will not be "body-less" at death because we shall receive an
interim body ; cf. Ps.141:8).
2nd Corinthians 5:1-3
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3. The Human Spirit: Adam's creation serves as the pattern for us all. It goes without
saying that our bodies are now formed indirectly through natural procreation, not
directly by the immediate creation of God. Nevertheless, the pattern of body formed
first, life-giving spirit introduced by the Lord later, obtains now as it did with the
creation of the first man:
The God who created the world and everything in it, this is He who as Lord of heaven
and earth does not dwell in temples made by human hands nor is He tended to by the
hands of men – as if He were in need of anything – He it is who gives life and breath
and everything else to all [of us].
Acts 17:24-25
The passage above is reminiscent of Adam's creation. Working backward in the process
of creation, in Acts 17:24-25 Paul enumerates the same three elements in God's
construction of Man that are found at Genesis 2:7:
•1) life (the living person – life resulting from the fusion of body and spirit occasioned by
God's implantation of the human spirit into our bodies at birth).
•2) breath (i.e., the human spirit).
•3) everything else (i.e., our bodies and what is necessary to sustain them in the world).
Most important for the purposes of our current discussion is that just at it was at
Genesis 2:7, so in the Acts 17:24-25 passage "life" is the result of God's gift of "breath"
(i.e., a human spirit). Only after God places the human spirit into the body does life
occur, and apart from this infusion of spirit, there is no life. Other passages of scripture
confirm that human life is the result of God's imparting of a human spirit, without which
the body would be dead:
1) The human spirit is given by God:
Then [at death] the dust (i.e., the body) will return to the earth whence it came, and the
spirit will return to God who gave it.
Ecclesiastes 12:7
Thus says God the Lord, who creates the skies and stretches them out, who fashions the
earth and its produce, who gives breath to the people upon it, even a spirit to those
who walk upon it.
Isaiah 42:5
2) The human spirit's entrance into the body results in life:
Thus says the Lord God to these bones, "Behold, I am about to put a spirit into you
so that you may come to life. And I shall place sinews on you, lay flesh upon you,
and put skin over you. And I shall put a spirit into you so that you may come to
life and know that I am the Lord.
Ezekiel 37:5-6
16
Then He (Jesus) took [the dead child's] hand and spoke to her, saying, "Child, wake up!"
Then her spirit returned [to her], and she immediately got up.
Luke 8:54-55a
And after the three and one half days, a living spirit from God entered into [the
bodies of the two witnesses who had been slain by the beast], and they stood up on their
feet.
Revelation 11:11
3) The human spirit's exit from the body results in death:
If [God] should so purpose in His heart, and gather His spirit and breath to Himself,
then all flesh would expire together, and Man would return to the dust.
Job 34:14-15
Then Jesus shouted out again in a loud voice and exhaled His spirit.
Matthew 27:50
Then they began to stone Stephen while he called out and said "Lord Jesus, receive my
spirit."
Acts 7:59
The Hebrew words used for the human spirit are ruach (‫)רוח‬, literally "wind", and
neshamah (‫)נשמה‬, literally "breath". The Greek word for the human spirit is pneuma
(πνεῦμα), used for both wind and breath. A point that Hebrew ruach and Greek pneuma
have in common is that, in addition to the human spirit, they are also used in scripture
to refer to the Holy Spirit or to literal wind, a fact that makes even more sense than is
apparent at first glance as we shall see below in section II.4 "Dichotomy". What is clear
at this juncture is that wind and breath are largely invisible phenomena, though both are
very real phenomena. Breath-wind thus makes a perfect analogy for the immaterial,
unseen part of Man which quickens the body and results in life upon implantation, that
is, the human spirit:
a) The human spirit is who we are: The human spirit is more than just a life-force that
animates the body; the human spirit is essentially "who we are". Our will and self-
determination, our conscience, our understanding and mentality, our consciousness and
self-consciousness are, while not independent of the body, essentially aspects of the
particular, individual human spirit that is us. Below is a list of scripture passages
touching on the human spirit in its facets, qualities and functions. Taken together, they
paint a vivid picture of what the human spirit is in the Bible, namely our "inner person",
the real "us". The spirit is the place of
conscience:
The spirit of Man is the Lord's lamp, searching out the inner chambers of his heart.
Proverbs 20:27
17
reflection:
For who among men knows the things of Man except the spirit of Man within him?
1st Corinthians 2:11a
perception:
And Jesus, immediately recognizing in His spirit that they were reasoning thus to
themselves, replied to them.
Mark 2:8
refreshment:
And in my encouragement, I rejoiced all the more over the joy Titus felt because his
spirit was refreshed by all of you.
wisdom:
But there is a spirit in Man, even the breath of the Almighty which gives him
understanding.
Job 32:8
willingness:
The spirit is eager (i.e., to do God's will), but the flesh is weak (i.e., so as not to follow
through).
Matthew 26:41
volition:
After these things had occurred, Paul determined in his spirit to pass through
Macedonia and Achaea, then proceed to Jerusalem.
Acts 19:21a
intellect:
For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of His Son, how I
continually make mention of you . . .
Romans 1:9
personality:
18
[For I have already decided,] in the name of our Lord Jesus, when all of you are
gathered together with my spirit by the power of our Lord Jesus, to hand such a one over
to Satan for the destruction of his body so that his spirit may be saved in the day of the
Lord.
mentality:
For if I pray in a tongue, my spirit prays but my [fleshly] mind is unproductive. What
should I do then? I shall pray with my spirit, but also with my mind. I shall sing [praises
to God] with my spirit, but also with my mind.
growth:
(22) [For you have learned the truth] that in respect to your previous behavior you have
put off the old Man, the one that is being destroyed by deceptive lusts, (23) and that
instead you are being re-made in the spirit of your mind, (24) and that you have put on
the new Man, the one created in righteousness and sanctity of the truth according to
God's standards.
Ephesians 4:22-24
understanding:
For the Spirit Himself testifies to our spirit that we are God's children.
Romans 8:16
worship:
For God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship Him in spirit (i.e., the
human spirit responding to the Holy Spirit) and in truth.
John 4:24
blessing:
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.
Philippians 4:23
When we die, our bodies return to the ground, but, as believers in Jesus Christ, our
spirits (i.e., we ourselves) enter into the presence of God (cf. Rev.7:9ff.), temporarily
clothed with an interim body (2Cor.5:3 [Greek]; Rev.6:11), to await resurrection and
their (i.e., our) entrance into a new, permanent and highly superior home, the
"resurrection body".(23) That the spirit so housed is really "us" is clear from Jesus' story
19
of Lazarus and the rich man (though the pre-cross believers in the story have now been
transferred to the third heaven: see Part 1 of this series). In Luke 16:19-31, we see an
Abraham, Abraham's spirit, who though temporarily clothed in this pre-resurrection
state seems in every aspect to be just as he was in life (except without toil and tears).
This is also true of Lazarus, and even the rich man (except for the torments he now
endures). The loss of our bodies will not change the essential facts of who we are, and,
since God made us as creatures who possess both spirit and body, we will never be
"naked" (i.e., without any covering for the spirit: 2Cor.5:3), and the day will come when
we shall receive our eternal body for which we so eagerly hope (Rom.8:23). Our bodies
are important (1Cor.6:13), but rather than being who we are, they are more properly
tools for who we are, that is, for the use of our spirits to be employed in the service of
God for His glory which is our purpose (cf. Rom.6:20; 2Tim.2:20-21):
Therefore I entreat you by God's mercy, brothers, to dedicate your bodies as a living
sacrifice, well-pleasing to God – [this is] your "priestly-service" spiritually performed.
Romans 12:1
Don't you know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you (whom you
have from God), and that you don't belong to yourselves? You were bought at a price. So
glorify God with your body.
Don't you know that all the runners in the stadium run the race, but that only one
receives the prize? Run in such a way so as to achieve what you are after. And again,
everyone involved in competition exercises self-control in all respects. Those athletes go
through such things so that they may receive a perishable crown of victory, but we do it
to receive an imperishable one. So as I run this race of ours, I'm heading straight for the
finish line; and as I box this bout of ours, I'm making every punch count. I'm
"pummeling my body", one might say, bringing myself under strict control so that,
after having preached [the gospel] to others, I might not myself be disqualified [from
receiving the prize we all seek].
For we must all stand before Christ's tribunal, so that each of us may receive
recompense for what he has accomplished through this body, whether it be good or
worthless.
For I know that this will turn out for my deliverance through your prayers and the
provision that comes from the Spirit of Jesus Christ, in keeping with my expectation and
hope that I will in no way be put to shame, but that now as ever, holding nothing back,
Christ will be magnified by means of this body of mine, whether through my life, or
through my death.
Philippians 1:20
After the fall of Adam and its consequent corruption, however, the body often influences
the spirit (i.e., "us") for ill. So, as believers in Christ, we find ourselves caught between
the body's (now) pernicious influence and the divine influence of the Holy Spirit. Our
20
spirits (i.e., "we") thus face the choice in this life of whether to follow the Holy Spirit in
service of God the Father and Jesus Christ our Lord, or instead to give in to the desires,
cravings and lusts of our sinful bodies:
The Spirit is what gives life. The flesh doesn't benefit you at all.
John 6:63
Don't offer up your [bodily] members to sin as weapons of unrighteousness. But rather
offer yourselves up to God as those now alive from the dead, and [offer up] your [bodily]
members to God as weapons of righteousness.
Romans 6:13
I know that nothing good dwells in me – that is, in my flesh. For to will what is good lies
in my power, but to carry it out does not.
Romans 7:18
So then, brothers, we are under obligation – but not to the flesh to live by its rules. For if
you are living by the rules of the flesh, you are destined to die. But if by the Spirit you are
putting to death the practices of the body, you will live.
Romans 8:12-13
But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no plans for carrying out the lusts of the
flesh.
Romans 13:14
But I tell you, walk in the Spirit and you will not carry out what the flesh lusts for. For
what the flesh lusts for is contrary to the Spirit's will, and the Spirit is opposed to what
the flesh desires. Since these are diametrically opposed to each other in this way, what
you are doing is not what you yourself choose.
Galatians 5:16-17
b) The human spirit is created by God: In six days, God re-established and refurbished
the heavens and the earth. But the seventh day of rest is not to be interpreted to mean
that from this point forward, God no longer creates, only allowing (as some would have
it) His creation to roll along entirely on its own momentum. Our Lord, speaking about
His own miracles (performed on the seventh day) addressed this matter directly:
Then Jesus answered them, "My Father is working right up until this present day. And I
am working too".
John 5:17
The human spirit is not passed down biologically through natural procreation
(traducianism), nor was it "pre-made" in eternity past, then deposited in a heavenly
storehouse for later implantation (pre-existence). The human spirit is the immediate
creation of God (creationism):
21
Then they fell upon their faces and said, "O God, God of the spirits of all flesh (i.e.,
mankind), shall one man sin, and will you be angry with the entire congregation?
Numbers 16:22
For I will not contend eternally, nor will I be angry forever. For [Man's] spirit would
faint away before Me, even his breaths (i.e., human spirits) which I have made.
Isaiah 57:16
Thus says the Lord, who stretches out the heavens and lays the foundations of the earth,
who forms Man's spirit [which is] within him.
Zechariah 12:1b
I charge you before God who gives life to all things . . .
1st Timothy 6:13a
At that time we had those who fathered our flesh to discipline us, and we respected
them. Shall we not all the more submit ourselves to the Father of our spirits and
live?
Hebrews 12:9
The immediate creation of the human spirit by God at birth untainted by the corruption
of the flesh along with its close affinity to the Holy Spirit (cf. Rom.8:16) give us every
reason to suppose that, analogous to the Holy Spirit, the human spirit is entirely
spiritual exactly as its name suggests. For the Greek word for Spirit and spirit in both of
these cases is identical (pneuma, πνεῦμα). This principle of essential spirituality can
also be seen in the introspective function or "consciousness" of the human spirit
(likewise analogous to the perceptual role of the Holy Spirit):
For who among men knows the things of Man except the spirit of Man within him? In
just the same way no one has known the things of God except the Spirit of God.
1st Corinthians 2:11
c) The human spirit is implanted by God at birth: Adam, of course, was not born.(24)
His body was formed by the Lord from the dust of the ground. Immediately thereafter,
the Lord breathed into his nostrils the "life-giving breath", and as a result of this
implantation of the human spirit, Adam became "a living person". After our first
parents, however, it is physical birth that has been the means of producing and
providing bodies for us all. So it is that physical birth forms the first of the two natural
termini of human life that scripture takes for granted from Genesis to Revelation
(Gen.4:1; Job 3:11; Eccl.3:2; 7:1; Rev.12:2).(25) Therefore birth is for us what the Lord's
formation of Adam's body was for him, that is, the point at which our life begins, when
the Lord breathes into us our human spirit. The case of the first Adam (our common
forefather) was unique; he is the only person whose body was formed by the Lord from
the dust of the ground. In the case of the last Adam, our Lord Jesus Christ, the taking on
of true humanity by undiminished deity is the most unique event that has ever
transpired in the history of the universe. His conception was also unique, for He was
virgin born by the power of the Holy Spirit. But He came to share in our humanity so as
22
to rescue us from the common fate of wrath that was our lot through our descent from
Adam, and so His birth was after the pattern which we all have in common. He entered
the world in the manner of us all, that is, by normal human birth and the reception of a
genuine human spirit at birth (cf. Ps.22:9-10):
Therefore as [Jesus Christ] was coming into the world (i.e., at His birth) He said, "You
[Father] did not desire sacrifice or offering, but you have prepared a body for Me".
Hebrews 10:5
At that time (i.e., His birth) He [Jesus Christ in His deity] said, "Behold, I have arrived
(i.e., been born) – in the scroll of a book it is written of Me – to do your will, O God".
Hebrews 10:7
Though His body was conceived by the Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ entered the world when
we all do: at birth.(26) This explains why at Matthew 1:20-21 the angel can tell Joseph
"that which has been engendered in her is from the Holy Spirit, and she will give birth
to a Son", and why at Luke 1:35 Gabriel can tell Mary "the Holy Spirit will come upon
you and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; for this very reason that which
is going to be born will be called holy, the Son of God". Both the grammar of these
passages (Greek neuters: "that which") and the prophecies here which are both
primarily concerned with the birth of Christ (as is the case of all the Messianic
prophecies; cf. Jdg.13:7; Is.7:14; 9:6-7; Lk.1:15), make it clear that it is not His
conception, but His birth that is our Lord's point of entrance into the world after the
pattern by which we have all entered it: the physical birth of our bodies followed by
God's breathing into us of our human spirit. The star of Bethlehem and the angelic
chorus that herald His arrival are celebrating not His conception but His birth (Lk.2:8-
20), the point when He first drew breath as a human being (albeit the only divine One:
Phil.2:6-7; Heb.2:14), for that is the point at which the Father brought His Son "into the
world":
And again, when God brings his firstborn into the world, he says, "Let all God's angels
worship him."
Hebrews 1:6 NIV
The Spirit of God made me, and the breath of the Almighty gave me life.
Job 33:4
So once again we return to the analogy of breath, a function of our physical life that only
occurs after birth and ends with death. Breath, a manifestation of physical life which
(while not synonymous with it) is coterminous with that life, is therefore the perfect
symbol and analogy for the life that begins at birth, when God puts our human spirit
into our body. This is why Jesus, to explain our need for eternal life, told us we must be
born again, not "conceived again", for birth is the point where life begins by means of
an act of God, whether it be the first or the second birth (Jn.3:3).(27)
Thus it is the human spirit (eternal if we follow Christ to eternal life) that is all-
important, not this flesh that profits nothing because it will not long endure in its
present form. But the body is the battleground whereon this battle we wage against the
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"principalities and powers" of Satan is being fought out (Eph.6:12). We have seen that
the human spirit (i.e., "we") will of necessity follow either the sinful flesh (influenced by
the devil's world and all that is in it) or the Holy Spirit, but in order to grasp the
mechanics of this process, we must first consider a subject that we have so far
deliberately avoided: the so-called "soul".
4. The Dichotomy of Man: In non-technical (and non-scriptural) discussions of this sort,
the word "soul" is often employed much in the same sense in which we have used
"[human] spirit" above. Probably no concept has been responsible for greater
misunderstanding of what the Bible actually has to say about the constitution of Man
("anthropology" in most systematic theological treatments) than that of the soul as a
supposed third element in that constitution. According to a proper understanding of
the scriptures, Man is not a trichotomous being (i.e., tripartite, composed of body, soul
and spirit), but rather a dichotomous one (body and spirit being the only two discrete
elements of his nature).
a) Definition and Etymology: The word "soul" is of Germanic extraction, part of our
common Anglo-Saxon heritage that forms the oldest stratum of the English language.
All other things being equal, "soul", our word for something spiritual, immaterial and
animating, would not be a bad translation for the Greek pneuma or the Hebrew ruach
(both of which we have translated as "spirit" above). The problem is that while "soul"
could be a synonym for the human spirit, it most definitely is not an additional
element in Man's constitution.
When the Lord first breathed a human spirit into Adam's newly formed body, the result
was that he became a "living being" (Gen.2:7). But beginning in the 3rd Century B.C.,
the Hebrew word nephesh (‫ – נפש‬properly translated "being" above) began to be
translated into a very loose Greek equivalent: psyche (ψύχη). The task of rendering this
particular Hebrew word into Greek was, to be sure, not a simple one. Ancient Greek
notions of "anthropology" (the human constitution) were flexible, to say the least. But
psyche was a particularly unfortunate choice, because the word much more closely
patterns what we should call the human spirit.(28) This initial precedent was then
perpetuated throughout the Septuagint, by and large, and then followed by the writers of
the New Testament, who naturally built upon the conventions of their day. Understand,
their words were most certainly written under divine inspiration – it is the subsequent
interpretation of them with which we are here finding fault. And correct
interpretation is not an issue as long as one realizes that psyche in the New Testament
means the same thing as the Hebrew word nephesh (i.e., "being", not soul or spirit). But
most English versions incorrectly identify psyche as "soul", taking their cue from Greek
literature rather than from the Hebrew semantic exemplar. Worse to tell, these same
versions also generally impute the error backwards, taking nephesh to mean "soul" as
well, because it is translated by psyche in the New Testament! To be fair, the error is an
ancient one, and the Latin Fathers who made use of Platonic and other philosophical
distinctions (which have no place in biblical interpretation) often translate psyche as
animus and pneuma as anima, that is, taking "soul" and "spirit" as "immaterial person"
and "animating principle" respectively (which nearly reverses the true state of affairs).
No matter how such concepts may appeal to us (because of our preconceived notions
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And the Lord God formed the man (i.e., Adam's body) from the dust of the ground, then
blew into his nostrils the life-giving breath (i.e., his spirit), and [thus] the man became a
living person (nephesh).
Genesis 2:7
Two elements are clearly present here: 1) the body, formed from the earth; 2) the spirit,
breathed into the body by the Lord. The result of the combination of body and spirit is
that the first man "became a living nephesh" (the word we are translating "being" in
contradistinction to the erroneous "soul"). Notice that the verse does not say that the
Lord also created a soul/person as some third, distinct element. Quite the contrary.
When the two true elements of Man's constitution combine, he (i.e., in his entirety)
becomes a soul/person (nephesh), so that beyond all argument, nephesh in this most
critical of all anthropological passages represents the whole person (i.e., the
combination of body and spirit into one living person, and not some third, discrete
part). That is why where the word nephesh is used in the Old Testament, and where
psyche is used in the New Testament, almost inevitably one can substitute "person" or
"individual" or "self" (or some other personal pronoun) for these words which are often
(misleadingly) translated "soul" (compare the K.J.V. renderings of the following:
Prov.19:8; Is.32:6; Acts 7:14; 1Pet.3:20):
Any person (nephesh) who sins unintentionally . . .
Leviticus 4:2
Therefore, "soul" (nephesh-psyche) is the term used in the Bible to make clear that the
whole person is in view. We are not just body, nor are we only spirit. As we have
suggested above and shall revisit in greater detail immediately below, the human spirit
is, at present, limited in its capabilities because of the limitations of our present bodies –
it has to work through the sinful body (which is constantly struggling against the human
spirit's will). It stands to reason, then, that the writers of scripture would, more often
than not, refer to people in terms of the whole person, in which case the word "soul"
(nephesh-psyche) is often the term of choice, but it is critical to understand that by
"soul", the entire human being, body and spirit, is meant – the one thing that "soul"
(nephesh-psyche) does not mean in scripture is the immaterial part of Man
exclusively.(29)
This principle actually helps to clarify passages of scripture which are often erroneously
taken as supportive of the trichotomist position:
For the Word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword,
penetrating even to the point of being able to divide the spirit from its earthly life
(lit., the psyche "soul") and the marrow from its bones; [The Word] acts as a judge of the
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thoughts and intentions of our heart.
Hebrews 4:12
Just as the marrow cannot normally be separated from the bone without destroying life
(especially from the 1st century A.D. perspective), so the spirit is, for all practical
purposes, one with the life it enjoys in the body – only the Word of God, the most
penetrating force in the world, could make such a distinction.
And may the God of peace Himself sanctify you in every part, and may your spirit,
life (lit. psyche "soul"), and body be preserved completely intact and without
blame at the advent of our Lord Jesus Christ.
1st Thessalonians 5:23
"Life", or "soul" is here sandwiched in between the spirit and the body, because "life" (or
"soul") is the result of body and spirit being combined by the Lord (Gen.2:7). Only in
this union of spirit and body, complete and intact, can there be a "living soul":
For this reason it has also been written of the first Adam: "The man became a living
person (psyche, translating the Hebrew nephesh)"; [but] the last Adam[, Christ,
became] a life-giving spirit.
For Adam and for us, the body is psychikon, i.e., attuned to the "soul" or earthly
"physical life" we now lead in these present bodies of corruption, but when we follow
Christ in resurrection, it will be pneumatikon, i.e., attuned to the human spirit and to
the eternal life that we shall live with Him forever. In the verses that precede and follow
1st Corinthians 15:45, Paul explains this principle, and so it is worth our while to quote
the passage at length here:
So it is with the resurrection of the dead. The body sown is corruptible, the one raised
incorruptible. The body sown is dishonorable, the one raised glorious. The body sown is
weak, the one raised powerful. The body sown is suited to physical life, the one
raised to spiritual life. If there is a physical body (and there patently is), then there is
also a spiritual one. For, so it has also been written: "Adam, the first man, became a
physical being (nepesh), possessing life, but Christ, the last Adam, became a
spiritual being, bestowing life." However it is not the spiritual body, but the physical
body which comes first, and the spiritual body follows. The first man was earthly, being
taken from the ground. The second Man is heavenly. And as was the earthly man, so also
are we of the earth. And as is the heavenly Man, so also shall we be when we too take on
heavenly form. For just as we have born the image of the earthly man, so also shall we
bear the image of the heavenly Man.
The body is a home for the spirit, and this body we now inhabit is more "soulish" (i.e.,
more attuned to the physical life we now lead), while the resurrection body will be more
attuned to our spirit, giving it much greater rein than we can now even imagine for our
service to and appreciation of the Lord:
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For at the present time our perception [of heavenly things] is like [viewing] a dim
reflection in a mirror. But then [when we meet the Lord] we will see [Him] face to
face. Now I have only partial knowledge, but then my knowledge [of Him] will be
complete, just as He has always known me.
b) The heart: interface between body and spirit: The word "soul" is not the only
biblical word that refers to the whole person, i.e., a spirit and a body which together
constitute a living human being. The word "heart" (Hebrew: lebh, ‫ לב‬or lebhabh, ‫;לבב‬
Greek: kardia, καρδία) likewise refers to the human being as a unity, but with a special
twist: scripture uses the term "heart" to refer to the whole person from an internal
point of view, focusing on and encompassing all the facets of the inner life (e.g.,
mentality, volition, emotion, conscience, etc.):
Many are the plans of a man's heart, but it is the purpose of the Lord that will be
established.
Proverbs 19:21
The "heart", then is the Bible's word for the interface between the body and the spirit.
That is to say, when scripture mentions the "heart", it is referring to the inner spiritual,
mental and emotional functioning of our person, of our human spirit thinking, planning,
emoting, deciding, all through the apparatus of the body (via the brain, the mind, etc.).
In our present constitution, the body is a tool for our spirit's expression, but a delimiting
one. For example, genetic, developmental and environmental factors have a great deal to
do with our current capacity for thought and memory, for emotional control and
expression, in a way that will not be true of our resurrection body (which will be
pneumatikon, i.e., designed to give our spirit full expression: 1Cor.15:44). It will be
recalled that a central plank in Satan's appeal to his potential followers was the promise
of a body to give these angelic spirits sensual expression (cf. Lk.24:39: "a spirit does not
have flesh and bones"). What we have, they crave, and what we shall have (a body
perfectly attuned to our spiritual life) is something that at present they marvel at as they
behold the first One to possess such a magnificent "home" for the human spirit, the
humanity of our Lord Jesus Christ.
When that great day of our resurrection arrives, we shall no longer be subject to the
limitations and the temptations of the home we now inhabit. But as things stand now,
here in this present body of corruption, the limitations are severe, and the temptations
intense. "It has not yet appeared what we shall be[come]" (1Jn.3:2), but what we are
now, who we really are now deep inside is best summed up by the "heart" in its
scriptural usage, for "heart" is the essence of our inner selves, where only God can know
our true thoughts, our true motives:
For the heart is more inscrutable than anything else and beyond curing [of its
duplicity]. Who [among men] can [really] know [what] it [is thinking]? "I am the Lord,
the One who probes the heart and tests [a man's] motives, to repay everyone according
to the path he [walks], in fitting recompense for [all] he does".
Jeremiah 17:9-10
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As to the term heart, in Hebrew, Greek and English, it does refer in secular usage to the
physical organ that pumps life-sustaining blood throughout our physical bodies. Its
selection as the "pith" of who and what we are as individuals is, therefore, no accident.
As the queen among our bodily organs, at the center of our physical being, and
inextricably bound up with the circulation of the blood, a fluid recognized from earliest
times as essential to our continued physical existence, the "heart" was a natural choice
for this prime designation. "Blood is the [symbol of] the life-soul" after all (Deut.12:23)
– physical life, that is, and it is in the heart that for literary (if not medical) purposes
that we imagine this to be concentrated. This is why the Old Testament scriptures
connect the blood with the nephesh, the "soul" (Gen.9:4): when the blood flows out, so
does the physical part of life, just as when the breath-spirit departs, so does the spiritual
part of life. We see the end of physical life, the blood upon the ground, but the spirit
departs we know not where:
Who knows whether a man's spirit rises upward or whether the breath of the beasts goes
down to the earth below?
Ecclesiastes 3:21
In spite of its corrupted sin nature (Rom.7:18), God has demonstrated very clearly
through His superintendence of its development (Job 10:8-12; Ps.119:73; 139:13-16;
Is.44:2, 21, 24) and His loving provision for it (Matt.6:25-34) that He is "for" this body
we now possess (1Cor.6:13). We are the human spirit, not the body (2Cor.10:2-6), but we
live in the body, and the battle we fight for the Lord, we fight out on the battleground of
the heart, endeavoring to make our entire life, inner and outer, well-pleasing and
acceptable to Him:
For the weapons of our warfare are not fleshly, but are powerful for God, for the
destruction of strongholds, destroying sophistries and every presumption that raises
itself up against the knowledge of God, and taking every thought prisoner so as to obey
Christ.
2nd Corinthians 10:4-5
But I perceive another law in my bodily members, waging war against the law in my
mind and taking me prisoner – [a prisoner to] this law of sin that dwells in my body.
Romans 7:23
By this we know that we are of the truth, and before Him we persuade our heart, that if
our heart condemns us, God is greater than our heart and knows everything.
1st John 3:20
c) The word "soul" used as a synonym for "heart": Finally, it is necessary to point out
that there are times when instead of "heart", the center of the "living being" we now are
(thanks to the union of our spirit and our body), writers of scripture employ "soul" as a
synonymous term. This development is common enough in literature. The specific
literary figure involved is called synecdoche, the whole being substituted for the part. In
the case of the use of "soul" for "heart", the whole of our "living person" is substituted
for the nucleus of that person (where all thoughts, emotions, decisions and pangs of
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conscience occur). This substitution has parallels in English: “my very being longs for
thee”. Problems of interpretation only arise if one mistakenly takes this common literary
use to mean that somehow the "soul" is a separate entity of our makeup (rather than the
entire "being" we have seen it to be, encompassing our body and spirit in a living union):
You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul (i.e., your
whole person) and with all your might.
Deuteronomy 6:5
As a man thinks in his soul (i.e., his "heart"; cf. KJV), so he is.
Proverbs 23:7
5. The Creation of Eve (Gen.2:18-24): Up until now we have been speaking of mankind
in the generic sense, "Man" with a capital "m", comprising both genders of our species.
Before we move on to the original status of our first parents in the garden of Eden along
with their temptation, fall and judgment, we must first consider what the Bible has to
say about the creation of Eve and its implications. To appreciate the nature of Satan's
attack on Adam and Eve and the consequences of their sin to all subsequent relations
between men and women, it is first necessary to understand, by way of preface, that the
status of the relationship between the first man and the first woman in paradise before
the fall was very different from what would obtain when they had been expelled from
the garden of Eden after the fall:
Then the Lord God said [immediately after giving Adam instructions not to eat of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil in verse 17], "It is not a good thing for the
man to be alone. I will make for him a helper compatible with him". Now
the Lord God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the sky from the dust of
the ground and brought them to Adam to see what he would call them. And whatever he
called any living thing, that became its name. So Adam gave names to every beast and to
all the birds of the sky and to every wild creature, but he did not find [one that could be]
a helper compatible with him. Then the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon
Adam, and when he was asleep, He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh behind it.
And the Lord God sculpted the rib which He had taken from the man into a woman,
then He brought her to Adam. And Adam said, "This now is bone from my bones and
flesh from my flesh. She shall be called woman, because from man she was taken". For
this reason, a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, for the
two will become a single body.
Genesis 2:18-24
As it was with Adam, so the creation of Eve's body is unique. Neither of our first parents
were born, Adam's body being formed from the dust of the ground and Eve's
constructed from part of Adam's. In terms of her inner essence, however, that is to say
her human spirit, we have no additional information given in the passage above. What
we do have, however, is the statement in Genesis 1:27 that delineates the creation of the
spiritual essence of both Adam and Eve:
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(26) Then God said, "Let us make Man in our image, according to our likeness, so that
he may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and over the beasts and over
the whole earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth". (27) So God
created the man (i.e., "Adam") in His image; in the image of God He created him; male
and female He created them.
Genesis 1:26-27
The shift from "Man" (no definite article in the Hebrew) to "the man" (with the definite
article in the Hebrew) is highly significant. On a collective basis, verse 26 applies to all
human beings (i.e., "Man"), so that we may say that all mankind in a corporate sense
must possess the image and likeness of God, and, consequently, the mandate to respond
to God's authority. In verse 27, however, the switch to the singular means that the focus
has shifted from the general (all human beings) to the specific (Adam in particular), and
here the scripture is careful to attribute the image of God to Adam, but not to repeat this
attribution when "male and female" come into view at the end of the verse. This
apparent (but only apparent) contradiction is repeated in the New Testament where
Paul can write in 1st Corinthians 11:7 that a man is the "image and glory of God", but
that, on the other hand, a woman is "the glory of her husband", and yet say in a second
epistle to that same church (2Cor.3:18), that all of us (clearly men and women alike) are
being "transformed into the same image (i.e., becoming more Christ-like)".
What are we to say then? Do women share in the image of God or not? Genesis 1:26-27
is the beginning of the answer to this question, for in spite of carefully avoiding a
positive answer, neither is a negative reply forthcoming in that passage. In fact, these
two verses supply no basis for finding any spiritual differences between men and
women. The only distinctions to be found are the two already mentioned:
1) male and female are separate categories. However, from the collective statement of
verse 26, the conclusion seems unavoidable that the basis for this distinction is not
spiritual, since no spiritual distinction is mentioned in this statement of the corporate
creation of mankind (and we should expect something here if indeed men and women
were to be distinguished spiritually). It must be assumed, therefore, that the human
spirits of men and women are essentially the same, and that the mention of male and
female categories in the following verse is a reference to our respective bodies (see
below).
2) verse 27 makes no specific positive attribution of the image of God to Eve – but this
is a far different matter from denying the image altogether.
The first point given above is easily buttressed by scripture. In Christ, a spiritual
relationship, there is "no male or female" (Gal.3:28); men and women are equally
"fellow heirs of the gift of eternal life" (1Pet.3:7); and, in eternity, both are relieved of the
institution of marriage with its respective biblical roles (which is at the root of the
apparent dilemma with which we are now dealing: Matt.22:30). We may also make a
persuasive "argument from silence" and add that in all the passages of the Bible that
speak of our hope, our resurrection and reward, one searches in vain for any evidence of
significant distinction between men and women in eternity based on gender.
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The second point given above is also conditioned by our current, earthly circumstance.
Less so in the garden of Eden, but much more so after the fall, the relationship between
husband and wife turns on the issue of authority. As co-heirs in Christ, women clearly
must share in the image and likeness of God, partaking of the exact same spiritual
essence men enjoy. But just as the male role was altered by the fall (Satan's usurpation
of Man's rulership over the earth and the replacement of perfection with toil and
hardship), the female role was also changed dramatically in respect to authority
relationships (see section IV below). As a result, scripture is careful neither to deny
woman's spiritual equality, nor to minimize the authority of the husband by stressing
that equality. For before God we are all equal, but in this present corrupt body, we are all
under various forms of authority, all ultimately delegated by God, and our proper
response to that authority is intimately connected to the spiritual conflict that now rages
unseen all around us (Eph.6:11-12). In Eden, just as the bodies of Adam and Eve were
distinct from one another, so were their roles. However, in the perfection of paradise,
this distinction did not have the authority implications that would later obtain after the
introduction of sin (which makes the exercise of authority in human relationships at all
levels absolutely essential):
For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. Moreover, man was not
created because of woman, but woman because of man. For this reason, a woman ought
to have a sign of authority on her head (i.e., properly arranged hair) because of the
angels. However, in the Lord, woman does not [have priority] over man, nor does
man [have priority] over woman. For just as women are begotten by men, so men are
birthed by women. But everything comes from God.
This passage clearly affirms what we have suggested above, namely, that there are two
ways of looking at this issue which are only superficially contradictory. Creation teaches
both principles that Paul outlines above: 1) the precedence of Adam in the order of
creation; 2) the equality of men and women before God. It is important to note that it is
only after the fall that this precedence in the creation order has authority connotations,
because the authority relationship in marriage is a result of the fall and the judgments of
Genesis chapter 3. In the passage above, Paul switches the order in which these two
principles are treated in Genesis 1:26-27. He first reproves the Corinthian woman for
tearing and disheveling their hair in mourning after the pagan manner (a practice that
shames our hope in the resurrection: cf. Deut.14:1; Mic.1:16). Using the priority of
creation as an argument for their obedience on this point, Paul argues that such a
practice dishonors their husbands by effacing the symbol of respect they are due by this
priority of creation (cf. 1Tim.2:13). However, having established the obligation for the
Corinthian women to respond to their husbands' authority on this point of abuse, he is
quick to anticipate the false conclusion that men are somehow "better" than women in
the eyes of God. In truth, he tells us, we are all equal "in the Lord", with absolutely no
advantage accruing to the male gender, nor any disadvantage to the female gender. This
lesson too, Paul reminds us, is taught by the natural order of creation: since neither men
nor women can exist without the other, it stands to reason that God does not place a
premium on either gender. And in fact, all things originate from the creative hand of
God, so that neither gender has any grounds for boasting – all of us are subordinate to
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God's authority. This last point – that "everything comes from God" – is the most
crucial. Whatever authority a husband has over a wife, an employer over an employee, a
government official over a citizen, a pastor over a member of his congregation, all these
forms of authority have been delegated by God for His own wise and sovereign purposes
and it is well to remember that there is no man, no woman who is not subject to many
forms of God's delegated authority as long as he or she be in this present body. The
predominate reason for the current distinction in authority between the sexes is the
marriage relationship and the obligations it places upon both parties, but in eternity,
there will be "no marrying nor giving in marriage" (Matt.22:30).
The present status quo of authority distinctions in the institution of marriage will not
obtain in eternity, where there will be no corruption and no marriage. The relationship
between the first husband and wife in Eden, however, occupies a middle ground
between our present circumstances and our future hope. There was marriage in paradise
(and certain central points of the marriage relationship continue today as they were in
the beginning: Matt.19:3-9). But the specific delineation of the husband's authority over
the wife which we find stated in principle in Genesis chapter three (and spelled out in
detail in the New Testament epistles: Eph.5:21-33; Col.3:18-19) was apparently lacking
for the simplest of all possible reasons: it was unnecessary (see section III, immediately
following).
III. Status Quo in Paradise

Eden, whose very name means "delight" in Hebrew, was a place of perfection; nothing
was lacking that could contribute to Man's legitimate happiness, nor was anything
present that might make life bitter. God placed Adam in charge of the garden, making
him God's delegated authority, God's "regent" on earth (Gen.1:26-30). The duties that
fell to Adam's lot as a result of God's charge seem to have been entirely satisfying and
enjoyable, while at the same time none too taxing or onerous:
• The garden was irrigated by a system of rivers and mist specially constructed by
the Lord (Gen.2:6; 10-14).
• The trees brought forth a pleasant variety of sustenance "pleasing to the sight and
enjoyable for eating" apart from any horticultural care (Gen.2:9).
• Boredom was not a problem, for God provided satisfying intellectual and physical
labor, such as the classification and categorization of the complex and intricate system
of flora and fauna He had created (Gen.2:19-20a).
• Nor was spiritual sustenance lacking, for the Lord placed in the center of the
garden the tree of life for spiritual refreshment (Gen.2:9 with Rev.22:2), and visited our
first parents for spiritual fellowship after their working day was done (Gen.3:8).
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The one want Adam had, God remedied almost immediately, that is, his need for
companionship. The elimination of this deficiency is, after all, God's stated reason for
creating Eve: "It is not a good thing for the man to be alone" (Gen.2:18). Obviously, the
Lord was aware of this fact before He created Adam (a point emphasized by the mandate
in Gen.1:28 to "be fruitful and multiply"). But Adam was a human being, the exact same
divine mix of body and spirit that each one of us are, so that God did not deem it
appropriate merely to supply him with a mate in the manner of animals. Adam is
instead allowed to discover his need for companionship through a heuristic process of
observation (Gen.2:19-20), with the result that he can appreciate both his own need and
God's gracious gift of Eve to him (Gen.2:23):
I will make for him a helper compatible with him.
Genesis 2:18b
The verse above is crucial to our understanding of the point we are now discussing,
namely that things were different in the garden. Eve is not to be a servant, but, literally,
"a help" (Hebrew: ‫עזר‬, 'ezer). Secondly and critically, she is to be "someone who
corresponds to him" (Hebrew: ‫כנגדו‬, ceneghdo), that is, someone who complements and
fulfills him in all compatibility. The closeness and intimacy of the relationship between
our first parents foreshadowed in this verse is underscored by Eve's creation. The Lord's
formation of Eve's body from one of Adam's ribs adds the physical dimension to the
spiritual one outlined in Genesis 2:18b above. In short, it would have been impossible
for Adam and Eve to have been any closer, body and spirit, and still have been two
distinct people. When the Lord presents to Adam this wife who was in every way an
answer to his search for companionship, his words bespeak not only gratitude, but an
appreciation for this God-given relationship of exceptional intimacy and closeness:
And Adam said, "This now is bone from my bones and flesh from my flesh. She shall be
called woman, because from man she was taken".
Genesis 2:23
Ideally, based on the pattern in paradise, the marriage relationship should even now
continue to be what it was then: even closer than the next closest of all other human
relationships, the parent-child relationship:
For this reason, a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, for
the two will become a single body.
Genesis 2:24
Scripture, then, while emphasizing the closeness of the union between Adam and Eve,
does not provide many specifics on the issue of authority between the first man and
woman prior to the fall. We know that Adam was created first (cf. 1Tim.2:13), and that
Eve was created for Adam, not the other way around (cf. 1Cor.11:8-9). However, neither
the Genesis account, nor the New Testament references intimate an authority structure
between husband and wife similar to the one instituted in Genesis chapter three by the
Lord as a result of the fall of that first couple (Gen.3:16b).
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The reason for this absence, as we have suggested above, is that such an authority
structure was unnecessary in paradise. For instance, Adam and Eve had no monetary
and no sexual problems. Given the extremely high percentage of marital difficulties
today attributable to these two factors alone, one can appreciate immediately that this
first marriage was operating on a much different "battlefield" than every marriage since.
Furthermore, and perhaps more to the point, our first parents were sinless before they
ate of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Neither Adam nor Eve was
initially capable of being selfish or hurtful, self-centered or insensitive. The garden was a
world full of intriguing possibilities, all of them perfectly legitimate – with one
exception. As long as our first parents abstained from the forbidden fruit, nothing was
withheld from them, nothing was lacking for them, no personal ambition or desire that
they could in innocence conceive was denied them. In short, there was essentially no
area where authority might even have any opportunity to function between the first man
and the first woman, for it was completely unnecessary. There was no occasion for Eve's
will to bump into Adam's, because there was nothing that Adam could or would tell Eve
to do or not to do, even if such a thing had occurred to him or to her (and that is
doubtful given their innocence and their perfect surroundings). Indeed, the only
negative prohibition was the command to abstain from eating of the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, and this command came from God Himself and was equally
applicable to both Adam and Eve. As long as they both followed God's will on this point,
marital problems were an impossibility, and, therefore, the issue of "who was in charge"
was an entirely moot point.
In status quo in the garden of Eden, then, God had provided this new species of spiritual
creatures who, unlike the angels, possessed physical bodies, every means for complete
fulfillment of their lives (both spiritual and physical). Adam and Eve (and their progeny,
had it come to that) had the opportunity to experience the never-ending bounty of God's
provision in paradise, perfect in every way, yet completely apart from sin. Even the short
span of time that this state of perfection did continue was sufficient to demonstrate to
the fallen angels the futility of their own designs and the hollowness of Satan's promises.
For the perfect mix of spirit and body which God provided for our first parents was
undeniably superior to any creature-possession that the devil could ever hope to
engineer. Satan, of course, did not waste time in analyzing the situation, and soon found
a devious method to induce our first parents to throw paradise away. But before we cast
too wistful a glance back to the garden, we should consider that this fiasco too was
anticipated by God's plan, and that the ultimate state of redeemed humankind will be
even more glorious than Adam and Eve could ever have imagined in the garden on that
blessed day when we rise incorruptible in the new bodies that God has preordained for
us who love Him and His Son.
IV. The Fall

The creation of a new species of spiritual being, capable of moral response to God's
authority, was rightly perceived by Satan as a threat, even a direct challenge to his
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continued existence. There could be no doubt that Adam and Eve were "aimed" at him.
Mankind was . . .
• Placed on the same world (now re-constructed) from which he had been so
unceremoniously evicted.
• Entrusted with God's delegated authority over the earth and its creatures – a
charge very similar to the one which he had abused.
• Commanded to multiply.
This last point must have been particularly disturbing to the devil. In perfect conditions,
it would not be long until the population of this new species, so much like his fallen
minions in all the morally important ways, expanded to the point of equaling the
numbers of his followers. At that point, Satan and his angels would be de facto replaced
in God's universe, person for person. And when earth was filled with a population of
obedient, God-serving, morally responsible creatures, all responding to the Lord in the
exact way that Satan and his followers should have done . . . the lake of fire was already
in place (Matt.25:41; Rev.20:10); the judgment had already been passed (Jn.16:11).
There could be little doubt that the noose was tightening. All wishful thinking that might
suggest otherwise would have been removed by the realization that this new creature
also possessed a God-given, God-designed body, the central point in the devil's original
indictment of God and in his temptation of his would-be followers as well. One would
have thought that, by now, Satan and his angels would have realized the impossibility of
out-thinking God (let alone out-maneuvering or out-fighting Him). Satan, however, was
not about to wait upon events.
1. Temptation: That Satan should, upon recognizing the threat posed to him by the
unhindered multiplication of mankind, choose to fight tooth and claw, is a clear
indication of the degree to which he (and his) had been confirmed in their evil. His
attitude is unequivocal: if Man is the proof of his rebellion, then destroy the proof; if
Man is the replacement for him, then eliminate the replacement. Do not respond to
God; rather, oppose God at every turn in every possible way.
a. God's last olive branch: The question may well be asked whether God's creation of
Man did not have an additional objective besides checkmating, then replacing Satan and
his minions. Did there not still remain some avenue for grace? Before the temptation
and fall of our first parents, when Man had not yet fallen into sin, Adam and Eve were,
in a moral sense, very much like the reprobate angels before their fall (with the notable
exception of the limitation of their knowledge, a point to which we shall return below).
At that point, our first parents were not in need of a Messiah. They had not yet passed
the point of no return, and the devil's record – in respect to them, at any rate – was still
unmarked. God had restored the earth; could He not also restore Satan and his
followers, if they were willing? These fallen angels must have observed Adam and Eve
for a considerable amount of time before they struck. What if this observation had led
them to rethink their conclusions, to realize the impossibility of struggling against the
God of the universe? What if they had seen reaffirmed in His restoration of earth and
35
His creation of and gracious provision for this new species a glimmer of the grace that
characterizes His perfect person? What if they had come to see that the limitations of
spirits in bodies (in the innocence of initial creation) were significant, and that their
untrammeled spirituality was not, in fact, due to any desire on God's part to deprive
them of anything? In short, what if Man was a lesson to the fallen angels just as he has
come to be to the elect ones? Of the boundlessness of God's love and mercy there can
certainly be no doubt. Indeed, we can really only dimly appreciate how much the infinite
God loves His creatures, "not wishing for any to perish" (2Pet.3:9; cf. 1Tim.2:4),
knowing even the number of the hairs on our heads (Lk.12:7), searching out every lost
sheep (Matt.18:12-14), every missing coin (Lk.15:8-10). These scriptures, to be sure,
refer to human beings, but God is also concerned for His angels, "calling each of them by
name" (Ps.147:4), so that "not one of them is missing" (Is.40:26). What, then, if Adam
and Eve in paradise were the devil's "last chance" to recognize through observing them
the power of God, the justice of God, the grace of God, the mercy of God? The placement
of Adam and Eve in the garden is rightly seen as an action taken by God against the
devil.(30) But what if, at the same time, it was also the Lord's last olive branch to these
wayward creatures, a last appeal to his reprobate children to return to Him?
In the event, by attacking Adam and Eve and attempting to destroy them, Satan gave
undeniable confirmation of the evil that was in him, and set in motion the inexorable
machinery by which God is defeating and replacing him. But it is especially in our God's
provision following the fall that we see His grace and goodness, His deep love for His
creatures, shining through so clearly. Having fallen into sin, we needed a Savior, and He
has provided us with Jesus Christ. Can there be any greater proof of the love that God
feels for His creatures, of the hurt He experiences on their behalf, than that He was
willing to hand His Son over to death to rescue us? God's provision of our Lord Jesus
Christ is the ultimate refutation of all the devil's lies. There can be absolutely no doubt
about the justice and mercy of a God who would sacrifice His own Son in order to pay
for the sins of His fallen creatures and so rescue them from death. In rejecting this final
demonstration of the grace of God, Satan and his followers have voluntarily taken up the
cup of His wrath, determined now in their hardness of heart to drink it to the dregs, and
so fill up the full measure of their sins (cf. 1Thes.2:16b). This seemingly irrational
conduct of Satan and his followers is most reminiscent of Pharaoh's opposition to the
Lord's demands to "let My people go" – a hardening of the heart to an absolutely
unbelievable degree that demonstrates God's power, justice, and mercy. The all-out
opposition to God's plan that next transpires in human history demonstrates lucidly the
confirmed sinfulness of Satan and his angels, heaping up veritable mountains of
incontrovertible proof of the devil's guilt and deserved fate.(31)
We find in scripture no hint of any desire on the devil's part to take note of God's
gracious provision to another, less powerful, but morally similar species, no indication
that "learning" or "repentance" ever seriously entered the demons' collective mind.
Quite the contrary, the ferocious and devious attack of Satan upon Adam and Eve serves
to confirm beyond all argument to the contrary that God was right and righteous in His
judgment of the devil and his followers, for Satan's response to this new development
was to destroy, to annihilate, to murder these new creatures at the very inception of
things (Jn.8:44). Let there be no doubt: but for the restraining hand of God, the devil
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and his demon army would even now make quick work of all of us who now draw breath
upon the earth (cf. Job chapters 1-2). In His grace, of course, God was not about to allow
the devil and his angels to blast Adam and Eve off of the planet by means of their
superior angelic power. Satan, therefore, counterattacked in the most effective way that
was open to him: temptation.
b. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil: The first man and woman, as we have
already seen, were apparently free to do anything and everything that their innocent
hearts could conceive. The one exception to this principle of complete liberty to enjoy
God and His creation in a positive and wholesome way was the prohibition that God
gave Adam against eating fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil:
Then the Lord God gave orders to the Man as follows: "You may certainly eat from any
tree in the garden except the tree of the knowledge of good and evil – from it you may
not eat, for on the day you eat from it, you will certainly die".
Genesis 2:16-17
Before discussing what this tree was and why it was in Eden in the first place, one salient
point – often overlooked in discussions of these verses – needs to be addressed: God in
His grace not only told Adam not to do it, He told him why not. Under no obligation
to do more than make the matter plain through a straight-forward prohibition, the Lord
nonetheless reinforced the ban on eating fruit from this one particular tree by adding an
absolutely truthful explanation of the penalty for disobedience. This is no small point.
Adam and Eve may have been in a condition of "innocence", but that does not mean that
they were childish or child-like, incapable of understanding anything beyond a flat
"no!". Indeed, their level of intelligence was most likely far superior to our own,
uncorrupted as it was by sinfulness in any way.(32) God did not treat them like children,
because they were every bit as mature and perceptive as any of us (only without sin). His
disclosure of the pertinent facts was full and complete. The critically important truth
that death would follow disobedience turned out to be the point where Satan ultimately
attacked (by distorting this truth, as we shall see below). Nevertheless, God, in full
knowledge of what would happen, still did not deny Adam and Eve this essential
knowledge: as spiritual creatures morally bound to respond to His authority, it was
important for our first parents to know not only what was prohibited, but also the
consequences of disobeying the prohibition. Adam and Eve did not have a need to
know good and evil in the garden, but they did need to know the punishment for
rebelling against God, for without such knowledge, the seriousness, the permanence, the
utter irrevocability of such a sin could hardly have been appreciated. Adam and Eve did
indeed understand the gravity of violating this command, because the Lord God Himself
made it clear to them. To have done otherwise would not have been in keeping with His
perfect character.
As to the tree of the knowledge of good and evil itself, it is important to remember that it
was planted (and thus created) by God Himself:
Now the Lord God caused to spring up from the ground every sort of tree which was
pleasant to behold and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of the garden, and
37
the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Genesis 2:9
This is essential to understand, because this famous tree, stemming from God's creative
hand, was not evil in any way. Rather, eating from it (in violation of God's specific and
unequivocal commandment) gave the partaker an expanded ability to distinguish
between good and evil, it gave the ability to be "knowing good and evil". For sinful
persons in the midst of the devil's world, the ability to distinguish between good and
evil, between "right and wrong" as we should say, is of tremendous importance. This
expansion of the natural conscience is now an integral part of our physical makeup as a
direct result of our first parents' sinful partaking of the forbidden fruit (Rom.2:14-16).
For those naturally inclined to be sinful, a clear grasp of what is sin (and what is not) is
indispensable for navigating a safe course through the devil's world (not to mention
being an indicator of our utter sinfulness and need for a Savior: cf. Gal.3:23-25). But for
two perfect people in paradise, insulated from the evil in the universe authored by
Satan, such knowledge was completely unnecessary. They were not subject to
temptation or capable of sin in any way whatsoever – with the single exception of the
prohibition against eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, a
prohibition with a corresponding penalty out of all possible proportion to the pleasure of
eating its fruit (easily duplicated from almost any other tree in the garden). Here is the
wisdom and grace of God: Adam and Eve had no inordinate desire for the fruit of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and no need for or independent interest in
attaining a knowledge of "good and evil", ideas for which they lacked any frame of
reference entirely. But God in His grace and in His wisdom so provided for them that if
they should violate His command (and so experience immediate spiritual death,
entering into a state of sin), they would then also acquire the knowledge that they would
then require for their new fallen state: i.e., a knowledge of what was good and what was
evil, of what was right and what was wrong. For, after sinning, this would be the only
way for them to see God's goodness and their own sinfulness, and so discern the devil's
deception.
A second tree stood beside the tree of the knowledge of good and evil in the very middle
of the garden of Eden: the tree of life. The tree of life was the most sublime of all the
flora which God had created. Its fruit gave spiritual refreshment and provided physical
rejuvenation (Gen.3:22 ; cf. Rev.22:2). It was the focal point of Adam and Eve's
universe, and most likely the place where they met with the Lord "in the cool of the day"
(cf. Gen.3:8). Had they merely refrained from that other, prohibited tree, they could
have, they would have lived forever in bliss in the middle of this perfect paradise,
constantly refreshed and restored by the fruit from the tree of life.
So why was it there, this other tree, this tree of a type of knowledge for which Adam and
Eve had no need whatsoever, would only need, in fact, if they should disobey God and
eat of its fruit? Why did the Lord place it immediately beside the tree of life, the focus
and means of refreshment and spiritual fellowship? The answer to these questions is
simple enough. By creating a tree whose fruit was forbidden to them, God gave our first
parents the option of not following His will, a will that clearly had only their best
interests at heart, for violation and rebellion would result in immediate spiritual death.
38
And just as God did not hide from them the consequence of disobedience, neither did
He hide away the tree of the knowledge of good and evil itself. Nothing could be clearer
about the choice Adam and Eve faced: life and death stood side by side in these two
trees, the one a source of life and blessing which they experienced every day, the other a
source of death, prohibited by God and explained by God (as we have seen). We have
also discussed at great length (Part I of this series) that God wants worshipers,
followers, believers who want Him. In terms of power, He is more than capable of
forcing us to do His will, but that is not the God we have. Our God is a loving, merciful,
good God, who will not force us to choose Him if we are determined in our hearts to
rebel from Him. But as is clear from scripture, from human experience, and from the
record of Adam and Eve, He always makes the issue crystal clear for us: to choose for
Him is to follow a path of grace that He has lovingly constructed for our good before the
dawn of time; to choose against Him, to rebel against His will, that is what takes the
effort, a self-willed, arrogant, self-deceptive "kicking against the goads" that, from its
inception to its ruinous conclusion, must break through all the barriers of grace and love
that He has constructed in our behalf to guide us back to the true path. As sinners at
birth, we are not in the situation of "maintaining paradise" (as our first parents were),
but rather of "accepting salvation". Everything that God has constructed, all nature, all
science, all we know and see and think and feel, declares His existence (Ps.19:1-4;
Rom.1:18-21), and yet everything we observe about ourselves and our fellow man
virtually shouts that we are sinful and in desperate need of His help, His salvation
(Rom.7:7-11). As Adam and Eve in the garden merely had to follow the unmistakably
clear guidance of God to avoid death, so they and we outside of the garden only need to
follow the powerfully magnetic pull of God's truth in the gospel of Jesus Christ to
transcend death through Him (Jer.31:3; Hos.11:4; Jn.6:44-45):
And when I am lifted up from the earth, I will draw everyone to Myself.
John 12:32
c. The devil's strategy: In order to continue enjoying paradise, Adam and Eve, created
perfect, had only to refrain from something God had personally told them would kill
them. Moreover, they knew very well what God had told them not to do, and had every
reason to believe that what He had said about the dire consequences of violating His
prohibition was absolutely true. For their entire lives (the period between their creation
and fall, however long), they had experienced nothing but the favor, the blessing, the
goodness of God. Even more to the point, there was no reason whatsoever for them to
violate His will on the point of abstaining from the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of
good and evil. In fact, it is entirely doubtful that in the absence of the devil's clever
attack it would ever even have occurred to our first parents to eat this forbidden fruit, let
alone actually do so.
Satan's motives in moving against Adam and Eve have already been discussed and are
clear enough. The propagation of these new creatures, willing to respond to God's will
would not only be a demonstration that other creatures (creatures with bodies,
moreover) could and would be obedient to God, thus vindicating His character against
satanic slander and demonstrating the righteousness of His condemnation of the devil.
The spread of perfect mankind would also form a natural replacement for Satan and his
39
angels: Perfect human beings who chose not to sin would have made a perfect
complement to the elect angels, and a fitting replacement for the fallen angels who
would not choose to be reconciled to God.
We have no precise information as to how long the devil waited to launch his attack. It
stands to reason that, given his own experience, Satan would want to give Adam and Eve
time to sin on their own.(33) After all, the devil had done so without temptation, and we
may assume that part of his defense before God had been that any sort of creature would
eventually act as he had acted (i.e., sooner or later fall into sin and rebellion against
God). But even though Man had possessed a freedom of the will comparable to that of
the angels, it soon became apparent to the devil that he was unlikely to sin against God –
without a push. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil had not the intrinsic
attraction for Adam and Eve that the usurpation of universal rule had for Satan and his
angels. The reason for this relative lack of interest in transgressing the bounds that God
had set for them was rooted in the relative limitations of their knowledge and abilities.
As terrestrial, corporeal creatures, mankind did not (and does not) possess an inherent
knowledge of the spiritual realities of the universe, and was at the time incapable of
leaving the earth in any case.(34) This lack of extensive and multifaceted knowledge (as
possessed by the angels), coupled with the absence of angelic power and ability, thus
turned out to be a strength in terms of our first parents' resistance to temptation. But
every strength has a concomitant weakness, and the devil was quick to assess the
vulnerabilities of this new species.
Prohibited by God from destroying the first man and woman physically, the devil
designed an ingenious spiritual attack instead. If Adam and Eve's mental and physical
limitations (relative to the angels) made the possibility of their disobedience remote (in
a vacuum), these very same limitations might open them up to a more subtle assault.
Our first parents' appreciation of the omnipotence, the magnitude, and, especially, the
truthfulness of God fell far short of the angelic perception, and this turned out to be an
exploitable avenue for the devil's strike. Satan's followers had possessed vast angelic
knowledge and perception, but not physical bodies, so the devil had concentrated his
efforts to tempt them in the latter area. Adam and Eve, on the contrary, had perfect
physical bodies, but lacked the knowledge and perception of the angels precisely
because of their physical limitations, and so it was toward these limitations that Satan
directed his attack. It was her relative ignorance of the glory, the power, and the
absolute veracity of God that would open Eve up to temptation along these lines, and,
once successful, a similar failure on Adam's part to appreciate the magnitude of God's
knowledge and faithfulness would lead him to follow suit. Satan saw his opportunity and
seized it. The strategy was carefully conceived. If successful, it would disqualify mankind
from being God's regent on earth (thus regaining for Satan some claim to the mastery of
his former realm), and would place mankind in the same or at least an analogous
situation to Satan and his angels: fallen from the grace of God and under sentence of
divine judgment. It must have seemed to the devil a perfect plan, and, in his arrogance,
it is doubtful he had any idea that his actions were destined to set in motion God's
gracious plan of salvation for mankind in which God Himself would partake of
humanity, wrest the world from Satan's grasp and cleanse the universe of the devil and
his followers once and for all. Just as Satan had failed to appreciate God's final olive
40
branch (as offered in the example of Adam and Eve), so he failed to realize that the all
wise God had anticipated his every move.
2. The Fall: It is extremely important for every believer in Jesus Christ to understand the
devil's method in his temptation of Eve, because his essential tactic in tricking her is the
same one which always lies behind his attacks: distortion of the truth.
Truth is the one essential issue for Christians (Jn.8:32). Truth is what we are all about;
truth is why we are here. Our God is the God of truth (Ps.31:5), and in truth we are to
worship Him (Jn.4:24). Without faith in the truth, we cannot please Him (Heb.11:6),
and only by listening to His truth can we grow close to Him and serve Him effectively
(Zech.1:3-4; Mal.3:7; Jas.4:8). God's word is truth (Jn.14:6; cf. Jn.1:1; 1:14; 17:17). It is
the word of God which Jesus, the Word of God (Jn.1:1), always emphasized (Jn.18:37b),
and it is only by our acceptance of and allegiance to the living Word through the written
word that we even are "believers" (Jas.1:18), that is to say, those who accept and respond
to the truth of what God has to say. The first principle of truth is Jesus Christ (Jn.14:6).
Once we accept Him, the truth of what the Father and the Spirit say about Him
(Jn.14:16-17), then we enter into a life of learning about Him, about what He has to say
to us, about what He wants from us (1Tim.2:4). Everything that emanates from Him is
truth, the prime example being His Son who is, in fact, "the Truth" (Jn.17:17). Our
Christian lives involve a great many issues, activities, decisions, tests and trials, but
central to everything we do and everything we are as Christians is the truth that comes
from God. To the extent that we appropriate His truth, learn it, believe it, test it, rely on
it, live by it and are ready to die for it, we advance, we grow, we honor Him. Apart from
what He says, we can do nothing, for apart from the truth of God, we do not even know
what to do or how to do it. No action, no thought, no word from our lips can be right,
can be true, without the knowledge of, the belief in, and the commitment to God's truth,
as Jesus' final prayer on our behalf shows so well:
I have given them Your word, and the world hated them, because they are not of the
world just as I am not of the world. I do not ask that you take them out of the world, but
that you protect them from the evil one. For they are not of the world just as I am not of
the world. So make them holy by means of Your truth – Your word is truth. And
just as you sent Me into the world, so I have sent them into the world. I am consecrating
Myself for their sake, so that they too may be made holy through truth.
John 17:14-19
Today, we know where to go to find the truth: God's truth is found in the Bible, "the
word of God, the word of truth" (Jn.17:17; Heb.4:12). Now Adam and Eve did not have a
Bible; instead, they had personal instruction from the Lord God Himself (an epiphany of
the pre-incarnate Christ).(35) This brings up an interesting and important point: the case
of Adam and Eve is just one in a series of scriptural examples that prove beyond any
doubt that lack of faith and failure to grow spiritually have nothing whatsoever to do
with the form in which God has made His truth available. No vision, no sign, no dream,
no epiphany, no personal appearance of God Himself, no rapture to the third heaven,
nothing, in fact, will serve to turn unbelief into belief, simply because of its form. For
every Paul on the road to Damascus, there are millions and billions of lost souls who
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would never have responded the way Paul did (as vouchsafed by the multitudes that
rejected our Lord in person during His first advent, or the rebellious activities of the
Exodus generation who had seen so many of God's mighty miracles first-hand). The
hard heart of unbelief is more impenetrable than any material known to Man. But God
is just, and faithful, and merciful, and He well knows what manner and means will reach
those who truly wish to seek Him.
The personal appearance of the Lord in Eden to deliver His mandates did not keep our
first parents from sinning; and when He came in the flesh, His teaching was often
rejected (for He experienced the rejection of all but the most faithful of His disciples:
Jn.1:11; 6:60; 6:66). Similarly, there are many people who blame their lack of faith upon
the form in which God's truth is currently "packaged", assuming (in ignorance) that
somehow the Bible is "not quite" God's inspired Word. Unbelief always manages to find
an excuse (as it did in Jesus' day), and the devil always manages to exploit this lack of
trust in God and His Word (as he did in the garden). The essence of Satan's strategy in
attacking Adam and Eve was the same then as it is now: drive a wedge of deception
between the believer (or potential believer) and the truth.(36)
And the two of them, the man and his wife, were nude, but they felt no shame. And the
serpent, more than any other wild creature which the Lord God had made, was
shrewd.
Genesis 2:25-3:1a
The Hebrew word 'arum, ‫ערום‬, rendered as "shrewd" above, is very difficult to translate
into English. It refers to a complexity of character which may either be laudatory
("prudent, careful, circumspect") or derogatory ("wily, crafty, cunning"). Thus the King
James translation is, in one sense, quite good, for "subtle" is one of only a handful of
English adjectives that can bear the meaning of "deep and complicated" in reference to
personality without choosing between positive and negative attribution. Now this is a
very important issue in the interpretation of Genesis 3:1. The serpent, along with all
other living things on the earth, was one of the Lord God's own creations (Gen.1:24-25).
We cannot be sure of its appearance before it was cursed to crawl on its belly, but one
thing of which we can be certain is that such a creature would never have been capable
of (or interested in) tempting his human sovereigns to sin (cf. Gen.1:26 & 28). "Subtle"
and "shrewd" bespeak a quality of animal personality without at the same time
attributing to the serpent an innate malevolence – what it did, it did under the control
and guidance of the devil (as we shall shortly see). But within these famous verses of
scripture is an important point often overlooked in exegesis: the final verse of chapter
two is intimately connected with the opening verse of chapter three, and the
paronomasia between "nude" and "shrewd" (i.e., between 'arom and 'arum: almost
identical in the Hebrew) serves as a very deliberate connection and contrast. Adam and
Eve are naked; so unsophisticated in the ways of the world are they that they do not even
perceive the necessity for what is perhaps the most basic of all human conventions, the
wearing of clothing. One should expect nothing less from our first parents before
partaking of the fruit of the forbidden tree: they had no cognizance or understanding of
the difference between good and evil since everything they saw, or touched, or
experienced in any way was good. Certainly they felt no shame at being naked – they
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And he said to the woman, "Did God really tell you not to eat from any tree in the
garden?"
Genesis 3:1b
This is not a "Balaam's donkey" situation (cf. Num.22:28-30). This verse and the ones
which follow clearly depict a casual conversation between Eve and the serpent, that is to
say, not an uncommon event (in contrast to Balaam being addressed by his donkey). The
first woman betrays no surprise at the fact that the serpent speaks to her, and it seems
quite clear that this was not their first conversation. As a creature with a "special
relationship" to Adam and Eve, the serpent was Satan's obvious choice as a vehicle
(through possession of its body) for attacking our first parents. The identification of the
devil with the serpent here in the first book of the Bible is most clearly presented in its
final book:
And the great dragon, the ancient serpent, the one called Devil and Satan, was
thrown down; even he who deceives the entire world was thrown down to the earth,
and his angels were thrown down with him.
Revelation 12:9
However, what should have caught Eve's attention was not who was speaking, but rather
what was being said. For the serpent's question contains a number of subtle indications
that all is not right:
• the serpent refers to the Lord God with the more familiar title "God", thus subtly
diminishing His authority and bringing Him down to her level (cf. Gen.3:8, 9, 13,14).
• the serpent evinces surprise that the Lord God would go so far as to prohibit her
from doing anything, thus subtly suggesting that He has unfairly deprived her of
something desirable.
• the serpent mis-states what the Lord God actually did tell Adam (Gen.2:16-17).
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This last point is the most subtle of all. Typically, the devil's attacks center around a
distortion of God's truth. Satan was not looking to plant a new and obviously false idea
in Eve's head. His strategy was much more devious than that. Satan had found a weak
link in our first parents' armor, and by mis-stating God's very specific prohibition, he
was probing that weakness. No one would have been more surprised than the devil had
Eve agreed with the serpent’s question. Nor did he suppose that she would express
ignorance on the subject. On the contrary, Satan fully expected Eve to correct her
misguided pet ("Did God really tell you not to eat from any tree in the garden?"). This
approach had two advantages:
1) Based upon his observations of the first woman over what might very well have
been an extended period of time, it was clear to the devil that some sort of diversionary
attack would be necessary. Otherwise, the bizarre event of her pet acting and talking
more like Adam and herself than a subordinate animal lacking self-awareness would be
bound to raise Eve's suspicion (and this had to be avoided at all costs). This seemingly
innocent question on the serpent's part cried out for correction. The serpent's
assumption was wrong, oh so wrong, demonstrably wrong, since he had observed the
first couple eating from many a tree in the garden for lo these many years. This point, of
course, should have occurred to Eve. Although it is true that she had no idea her little
pet had been taken over by the devil, the question was so ridiculous as to be troubling.
But Satan had correctly discerned that Eve's natural urge to correct, to "educate" this
weaker creature, her maternal instinct, if you will, would override her suspicions, and
draw her into the dialogue.
2) Satan had also observed that Eve's understanding of the Lord God's command was
imprecise. It is very likely that Adam is the source of the additional "rider" appended to
the Lord's command "and that we must not touch it". Adam, after all, had been the one
to whom the Lord had given the command – before Eve's creation (Gen.2:15-18). Here
we see Adam's natural urge to emphasize an important prohibition (his paternal
instinct, if you will). But the imprecision, however well meant, gave Satan an
opportunity. Once the devil had managed to get Eve engaged in this conversation, he
was confident that her false appraisal of what exactly it was that God had said would
provide the leverage he needed. For as soon as she began to question God on one point,
Satan knew that everything He had commanded would then become subject to
interpretation (and disposal at whim).
The devil's strategy as employed against Eve is thus critically important for us to
understand today, for his tactics remain essentially the same: first, involve us in a
"dialogue", some form of subtle temptation, verbal and otherwise, which engages our
egos and our arrogance; second, use this dalliance with him to throw the slightest
shadow of doubt upon some aspect of God's word, God's commands, or God's character;
finally, as soon as a fracture of distrust, a fissure of failing belief, appears in our shield of
faith, then slam home whatever wedge will fit the crack.
Our entire Christian experience is predicated upon an initial and an abiding faith, trust
and belief in God through the Person of His Son Jesus Christ, the living Word, as
expressed in His scriptures, the written word. Satan will always be lurking to sever us
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from this faith, and his most effective methodology in doing so can be clearly seen in his
attack on Eve: that is, the perversion of the word of God. It is no accident that in both
the first multiple book of the Bible (the Pentateuch or Torah), and in the last book of the
Bible, we are severely warned not only against subtracting anything from the Bible, but
also about adding anything to it (Deut.4:2; Rev.22:18). Both the omission of critical
truth and the addition of non-truth play right into the devil's hands. For if he can get us
to compromise on one point, anything else is possible.
Then the woman said to the serpent, "We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden."
Genesis 3:2
Had Eve stopped there, the entire course of human history would have been radically
different. But she was not content to correct the serpent's mis-statement (though, as we
have suggested, the question itself should have given her pause). Instead, she allowed
herself to be drawn into the discussion which clearly lies behind this loaded-question.
The entire thrust of Satan's carefully planned assault is to get Eve thinking about and
discussing God's commandment concerning the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
(without, at the same time, alerting her suspicion). Having disabused her pet of his false
notion, Eve simply cannot stop herself from repeating and explaining her understanding
of God's command, an understanding which was noticeably imperfect (as Satan must
have known only too well). Let it be noted that the serpent, as an animal, had absolutely
no need to know about this prohibition: the command not to eat had been directed by
God to mankind only. The gratuitous nature of the lesson she proceeded to give the
serpent should also have set off some sort of warnings in the back of Eve's mind, but it is
clear from the biblical account that the process of temptation was, as it so often does,
gaining momentum with every step of the dance.
"But from the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said that we
must not eat from it, and that we must not touch it, lest we die".
Genesis 3:3
Although Eve is eager to give the serpent a "lesson" in what God had and had not said, it
is most unfortunate that she is so very quick to follow her pet in referring to the Lord
God (His name as used elsewhere in chapter three: Gen.3:8, 9, 13,14) by the much more
familiar "God". Familiarity, as the proverb has it, often breeds contempt, and the lack of
respect engendered by this breach of etiquette was to cost Eve dearly. Whenever we, as
Christians, seek to make it a matter of personal policy to always sanctify God in the eyes
of all with whom we deal (respecting His Name and His Person, giving Him the glory,
testifying by our deeds as well as our words that we do trust and hope in Him), we can
expect this commitment to be challenged by the devil (cf. Num.20:12; Matt.6:9). It is
always easier to accommodate ourselves to lower opinions of the Lord held by those
with whom we may be speaking. Such was Eve's situation, and instead of properly
rebuking the serpent for his lack of respect for the Lord God, Eve chose to sink to his
level. Accommodation is often a very valuable tool in communicating with others, but
the one thing that can never be compromised is God's truth. Eve failed to see that a
principle had been attacked here, the principle of the Lord God's dignity and, hence, His
authority. Once Satan had effected a breach on this front, his victory was not far off. In
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order to pass this most difficult test, it would have behooved Eve to have had a healthy
fear of God. The last thing she needed in the face of the devil's wily attack was the feeling
that she was somehow on equal terms with God, "more or less". This sort of arrogance is
the height of folly, and has been at the root of many a shipwrecked faith in every
generation since:
The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
Proverbs 1:7
Ironically, Adam and Eve had first to reject the one principle of wisdom which they did
possess and understand (i.e., "don't eat from the tree") in order to gain the "knowledge"
that doing so had been a very bad idea indeed.
As the serpent's teacher, Eve was not particularly well prepared. First, she had added to
the Lord's injunction (Adam's "rider" about not even touching the tree). Second, she had
followed this up by mimicking the serpent's lack of respect for the Lord (calling Him
"God" instead of "the Lord God"). And there is a third crucial mistake in her response
which also demonstrates Eve's failure to grasp the key issues of life and death at stake
here. Rather than using its rightful name, Eve calls the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil the "tree which is in the middle of the garden" (Gen.3:3). This is a neutral-
sounding name which not only omits the warning implied in "knowledge of good and
evil", but also overlooks the source of life from which she and Adam drew daily
sustenance. For there were, in fact, two trees in the middle of the garden (Gen.2:9). The
other tree, of course, the first tree mentioned by name in Genesis 2:9, was the tree of
life. This first tree, directly opposite the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, also
served as a clear sign and symbol to our first parents. For it was a daily, visual and
tangible reminder that their life of blessing and freedom from want depended upon their
continued partaking from this first tree as much as it did upon their continued
abstinence from that other tree. The tree of life, the one whose fruit sustained,
maintained and enriched their lives, was also in the middle of the garden, and had not
been forbidden by God. Only that other tree, the one whose fruit would most certainly
bring immediate death, had been forbidden, with both the injunction and the
consequence spelled out by the Lord God Himself. By positioning these two trees
directly opposite each other in Eden's midst, God had made the issue of life and death
perfectly clear in a graphic, spatial way: it was impossible to turn and face the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, the tree which brought death, without first having turned
away from the tree of life.
"You will surely not die," the serpent said to the woman. "For God knows that on the day
you eat of it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God [or "gods"], knowing
good and evil."
Genesis 3:4 -5
With this violent contradiction by the serpent, Eve quickly transitions from teacher to
student. Having hastily (and faultily, as we have seen) set to correcting the serpent, she
is now only too eager to drink in these cunning words. In this swift reversal of Eve's
position, we see the inherent weakness of conviction which is based upon emotion
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rather than absolute faith in the truth. That Eve did not have an unshakable faith in
what the Lord God had said about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is certainly
proved by her willingness to accept the serpent's lie in place of God's truth. While it is
certainly true, as many commentators have noted, that Satan undermined Eve's resolve
by appealing to her ego, and that his method of temptation was both deceptive and
highly effective, the point cannot be made too strongly that if only she had really
believed what God had said, she would have been more inclined to disbelieve these
diabolical words which so directly contradicted our Lord's words.
As we have had occasion to say time and again, it is a basic principle of the human spirit
as conceived and constructed by God, that truth must first be rejected before the lie can
be accepted. In her eagerness to become the serpent's instructor, Eve had not made God
the issue, but herself. Specifically, she had gloried in her own knowledge (as inadequate
and defective as it was). As a result, when the serpent unexpectedly challenges her
position, she is easily shaken, because she is not grounded firmly in the faith of God's
truth, but in the unstable emotional false confidence of her own ego. Further, since her
position is built upon emotion and false information, there is no logical bedrock from
which to mount a defense against this challenge. With the skill of a Socratic philosopher
or a defense attorney, the serpent has led Eve into a forensic cul-de-sac. With her
confidence shaken and her passive skepticism about God's commandment exposed, she
has been rendered receptive to the lies that now spew forth from the serpent's mouth.
The devil (in the guise of the serpent) wasted no time in demolishing Eve's shaky
bravado. As he so often does when dealing with moral weakness (nonchalance about
God and His word in this case), the devil launched a direct assault. His statement that
Eve and her husband would "not die" as a result of partaking of the forbidden fruit was a
compound lie. In truth, disobedience meant instant spiritual death (condemnation by
and alienation from God), eventual physical death (as the process of degeneration
began), and ultimate eternal death (in the absence of some amazingly gracious
intervention by God Himself, of which possibility it is doubtful that even Satan had any
clue at this juncture). Physical death, we know, would not come immediately after the
first couple ate the fruit, but it did become inevitable, so that there is really not a grain of
truth in what the devil had to say. From any point of view, this was a horrendous lie, not
only because it was so untrue, but because it was meant, in effect, to mercilessly murder
the first man and woman (Jn.8:44).
Satan's lie was, in fact, so brazen, that Eve couldn't believe it wasn't true. The so-
called "big-lie" phenomenon is one which has been repeated many times since in the
course of human history. Claims and falsehoods that are so bold and so outrageous as to
contradict the obvious truth are often capable of stirring a latent and powerful arrogance
set deep in the human heart. For instinctively we as a species seem to understand that if
truth itself can be destroyed and negated, then there is no obstacle that can stand in our
way, there is nothing to prevent us from storming the very gates of heaven itself (and
joining the ruler of this world in his quest to unseat the Ruler of the universe). But this,
of course, is an impossible "if", and despite the waves of mind-numbing arrogance it
may send pulsing through the dark places in our hearts, whether in universal terms or a
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simple statement in the here and now, truth shall ever stand, and the lie shall always be
doomed to repudiation and defeat.
The possibility of disobedience with impunity, "eat and not die", quickly transforms Eve
from an advocate for God to a curious listener. Her zeal for God ebbs away rapidly and
she becomes more than willing to give the devil his say (Rom.10:2). What she hears after
this reassuring lie completes the transformation from opponent, to listener, to disciple:
if only she will eat of the forbidden fruit, she will become "like a god".(37)
When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and was attractive to the eye, and
that the tree was desirable for bestowing insight, she took some of its fruit and ate it,
then gave it also to her husband with her and he ate.
Genesis 3:6
True to the lesson she gave the serpent, Eve is still focused on the tree of the knowledge
of good and evil rather than its fruit. This was unfortunate for her, because
concentrating on the tree (which was merely the carrier of the fruit) clouded the crucial
issue: eating its fruit was enjoined, not touching the tree that bore it. As a tree, the tree
of the knowledge of good and evil was apparently quite similar to the other trees in the
garden, and that realization now sweeps through Eve's mind: it bore fruit, pleasant to
behold, and had a specific use – just like many (if not all) of the trees in the garden with
which she had long been familiar. Seeing this particular tree as just one of any number
in a much larger category (none of which had ever done her any harm) went a far way
towards mitigating whatever healthy fear she still possessed. Eve's unhealthy focus on
the carrier of the fruit over the fruit itself also had the unintended consequence of
emboldening her to eat. Touching can be accidental, and it certainly constitutes a much
less dramatic involvement with anything than does "taking and eating". Had the barrier
been seen right from the start as the actual eating of the fruit, the very sensual and
deliberate nature of the act might have given Eve pause and led her to reconsider. But,
because of her erroneous understanding of the Lord God's command, the barrier in her
mind was the flimsy, almost arbitrary "touch-barrier", and we can almost see her sidling
over to the tree and gingerly tapping it with her fingertip as we would a hot stove. Once
this easy, false barrier had been breached, Eve must have felt secure that no further
consequence would ensue from eating the fruit itself.
Beyond both of these two points which result from Eve's faulty understanding of God's
word (i.e., the generalization of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil into the
category of benign trees and the lowering of the transgression barrier in her mind), it
must also be said that neither eventuality would have been of much effect if Eve had not
lost her fear of God. What happened in her case is most important to note because it is a
pattern for all of her children ever since. Ignorance, complacency and lust often combine
to lead us into sin, and that was certainly what took place at the fall. Eve's relative
ignorance of what God had said combined with her relative complacency about what
the consequences of disobeying God might be made for a very weak shield of faith with
which to meet the devil's attack. When challenged on her uncertain knowledge and
assured that there would be no consequences, the prospect of "becoming god-like" was
more than enough of a temptation to kindle her lust and strip away her meager
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defenses. This is the way the devil always works. He observes the chinks in our armor,
our ignorance of the word or God, our disbelief, our doubts, our nonchalance about
following in the footsteps of Christ (in general or on particular points), and then, armed
with this critical "scouting report", he attacks, providing false information, false
assurances, and tempting us (or frightening us) right when and where we are at our
weakest.
The devil had a "file" on Adam too. Just as Satan had correctly discerned the most
effective way to induce Eve to throw away her perfect life for a hollow promise and a
vain hope, so he had shrewdly observed Adam's main point of vulnerability: Eve. Men in
love have been writing poetry to and about the objects of their affections for millennia,
but it is often overlooked that the very first poem in human history was written by Adam
on the occasion of the Lord God's presentation to him of his wife:
And Adam said,
"This now is bone from my bones and flesh from my flesh.
She shall be called woman, because from man she was taken".
Genesis 2:23
This couplet, in Hebrew poetic form, effectively encapsulates for us Adam's enthusiasm
for this captivating new creature. No English translation can easily reflect the beauty,
simplicity and wittiness of this poem. For example, Adam's clever naming of the woman
('ishah: ‫ )אשה‬is an elegant paronomasia on the word "man" ('ish: ‫ )איש‬derived by adding
a feminine ending to it – the sort of thing which cannot easily be duplicated in our own
tongue (even though the words “man” and “woman” are similarly close). Adam was
clearly motivated to do more than say "thank you" to God and "hello" to the woman; for
this grand occasion he mobilized his considerable verbal talents to create an entirely
new mode of expression (poetry), providing us with an exquisite and graceful first
specimen of this entirely new genre. Obviously, Eve inspired him – and why not? Of all
the marriages that have since transpired in the history of our race, this is the only one of
which we can say of the bride and groom that they were "a perfect match" for each other
(because God Himself made the match, making the bride specifically for the groom: cf.
1Cor.11:9). Nor could there be any more perfect location for a honeymoon than the
garden of Eden. Eve and Adam both, moreover, besides living in a perfect place, were
themselves perfect, with no possible source of rancor, division or estrangement save
one: the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
When Adam returned to the center of the garden (after an enjoyable day of observing
and classifying Eden's flora and fauna, no doubt), his expectation of another blissful
homecoming to the woman he so adored was quickly overturned. The Bible does not
record for us the scene when Eve met him that day, but we can be sure that Adam
realized immediately that all was not right in Eden, and relatively certain that he, with
his exceptional intellect, was quick to apprehend that Eve had eaten of the forbidden
fruit – the only potential source in Eden of "trouble" (a concept hitherto not
experienced). Eating the fruit had instantly rendered Eve spiritually dead, had begun the
inevitable process of physical degeneration, and had destined her for the carrying out of
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God's sentence of death in eternity (barring gracious intervention on His part). However
we need not assume that her body had undergone any noticeable change that would
have alerted Adam to the new situation. What did change though, what had to have
changed significantly was her behavior. She was no longer perfect, and she knew it.
She was now mortal, death was inevitable, and she knew it. She had been terribly
deceived, was alienated from God and the life of God, and knew it. Her eyes were indeed
opened, opened to all the fear and horror which her new status as a sinner bequeathed.
Eve was in grave trouble, wracked with guilt, and terribly afraid. The state she must
have been in when Adam came home we can scarcely imagine.
The mention scripture makes about Adam's part in the fall is that Eve "gave [some of the
fruit] also to her husband with her and he ate". These two short but all important
prepositional phrases speak volumes about Adam's reaction to the alarming situation he
encountered upon returning home that evening. The Bible is quite clear that Adam did
not eat the forbidden fruit because he was deceived about what the consequences of so
doing would be (1Tim.2:14). Adam knew very well that, by taking the forbidden fruit
from his wife's hand and eating it as she had done, he too would suffer the three-fold
death whose initial consequences he could plainly see being played out in the woman he
loved. Confronted by the love of his life, his perfect soul-mate, weeping inconsolably and
having passed irrevocably beyond the pale of paradise, Adam now faced an impossible
decision. How could he possibly desert the one person who made him complete, his own
flesh and bone? She was helpless, desperate, and in dire need. How could he just turn
his back on her and walk away? The twin phrases "to her husband with her" make it
clear enough that such was essentially Adam's thinking: he was "her husband", and
would stay "with her". Adam did not flee at the sight of his fallen wife. He did not
separate himself from her for a time to think things through. He did not consult God
about the situation. Adam's compassion for this woman he loved so deeply was such that
he stayed with her, consoled her, listened to her, gave in to her, and ate the fruit. Adam
was not bullied into it; he was not nagged into it; he was not tricked into it.
Contemplating the possibility of a life without Eve, and with his heart breaking to help
her, he cast his lot in "with her" and thus joined her in death.
The romantic and noble aspect of Adam's decision should not inspire us. He was every
bit as wrong as Eve. In fact his conduct was the more culpable, because he knew exactly
what he was doing. Both of our first parents betrayed God (Eve in ignorance, Adam in
cognizance), and both transgressed for essentially the same reason: failure to believe
and trust Him. Eve was deceived about the nature and the content of what He had said;
Adam failed to trust Him, failed to believe that for a God who could create an Eve,
nothing would be impossible. We are, of course, not told what "would have happened"
or "might have happened" had Adam waited on the Lord instead of immediately trying
to solve Eve's problem for her in the only manner he could devise (i.e., by joining her in
her sin), but with the entire Bible as our guide, the one thing we can say for certain is
that "nothing is impossible for God" (cf. Gen.18:14; Job 42:2; Jer.32:17; Matt.19:26;
Lk.1:37; 18:27). By assuming, as Adam may have done, that his added sinfulness would
force God to "reevaluate", the first man stepped into exactly the same trap of arrogance,
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the same false assurance, that had originally trapped the devil: i.e., assuming himself to
be irreplaceable.(38)
While it is altogether right and proper that we point out the failings of our first parents
in this connection, it also behooves us to realize and understand that none of us would
have done any better. Eve was the first human being ever to experience temptation, and
the attack launched upon her by the devil represents some of his "best work". With our
current perspective, well-informed about Satan and his devices as we are, we might have
done better, but then so would have Eve. Assuming a complete ignorance of the devil
and his wiles, which of us would venture to say that he or she would not have succumbed
to this most clever assault? Adam's shoes are likewise very difficult for any of us to try
on. What he lost when Eve fell was the perfect relationship, the perfect person, perfectly
designed for him. We cannot really even imagine the duress such a loss put him under,
and it would be well to admit that any of us would almost certainly have reacted in the
same way.
Although the first Adam failed when confronted by Satan's considerable deceptiveness,
and although all of his progeny ever since has (with one exception) confirmed this
dubious heritage, the Last Adam has left for us a stirring example of how to contend
with the devil's temptations. Christ met Satan's best efforts not in a paradisaical garden,
but in a desert at the end of a forty day fast and vigil. Satan's threefold temptation of
Christ was his masterpiece of deception, and only Christ could have withstood it. But we
would do well to note how He withstood it. The Son of God, the Word of God Himself,
met the devil's charge with the shield of the word of God, refuting Satan's words with
God's words. There can be no better brief for the importance of learning what the Bible
says and means (the basis, along with belief, of Christian spiritual growth) than the
example left for us by our Lord. Every subtle temptation of the devil is laid bare for the
lie it is and rebuked – by scripture (Matt.4:1-11; Mk.1:12-13; Lk.4:1-13):
1. The temptation to become distracted from God's word:
And the tempter approached Him and said, "If you are the Son of God, command
these stones to become bread". But He replied, "Man's life does not depend on food
only, but on every word that comes from God's mouth" (Deut.8:3).
Matthew 4:3-4
Christ was hungry, not having eaten for forty days, and certainly had the power to turn
stones to bread. This would have been a very easy act to justify, under the
circumstances, and to rationalize. But our Lord had been led into this test by the Holy
Spirit, so that it was without any doubt the will of God for Him to endure this trial, not
to bring it to an abrupt end at Satan's urging (Matt.4:1; Mk.1:12; Lk.4:1). The hard thing
about this test, the really difficult part of it, was not the hunger (although it is fair to say
that any of us deprived of food for forty days would be sore pressed to resist the
opportunity to eat when it suddenly arose after such a long period of time). No, for
Christ, the deceptive part of this temptation was the challenge thrown in His face by
Satan: "If you are the Son of God". For the devil's implication is crystal clear: the real
Son of God wouldn't be deprived like this, and would certainly be able to call upon God's
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power to supply His legitimate needs. Christ's intense hunger is merely a contributing
factor to the temptation, for it is really the fact of His deprivation, used by Satan to
reproach Him, that constitutes the real test. Christ's situation here is analogous to that
of Job's. Job's comforters failed to understand that his suffering was not deserved, but
was instead part of God's plan (the ultimate divine compliment, in fact). These men self-
righteously assumed that intense suffering had to mean God's disfavor (punishment for
sin), and Job, who had up until their arrival endured the most intense persecution at
Satan's hands without faltering in his faith, was finally tripped up by the stinging
reproaches of his erstwhile friends. Satan's "if" is an attempt to break down our Lord's
resolve in the exact same way by prodding Him into "proving" the devil wrong.
But our Lord, instead of focusing on the words of the tempter (as Eve had done) or over-
focusing on the reproach (as Job had done), gave instead his complete attention to the
word of God. Jesus' quotation of Deuteronomy 8:3 is riveting (as is every one of His
scriptural answers to the devil's challenges). He does not make Satan the issue, nor His
hunger, nor the devil's challenge to His true status as God's only Son. Our Lord makes
God the issue. And how does He do so? By quoting a small part of God's truth that cuts
through the devil's lie like the sharpest sword. For Christ's selection of scripture proves
more than that He had memorized much (if not all) of the Bible as it existed in His day
(the Old Testament). Christ's absolutely appropriate choice of quotation shows that He
also understood it and believed it. Unbelievers can memorize scripture. Only for
believers can the Bible truly become an irresistible sword, and only to the extent that it
is understood and believed.
Our Lord's handling of the devil's temptation is the perfect model for us to follow.
Christ's impeccable understanding of and absolute belief in God's word gave Him the
ability to rebut this deceptive and "right sounding" suggestion of the devil. For Jesus
understood and believed from the Bible that sometimes it is God's will for us to
endure privation and hardship, in order to teach us that His word is more important
than anything else, even food. In the context of Deuteronomy 8:3 (the verse Jesus
quotes), the Israelites experienced hunger that they might learn through this temporary
privation to trust God, to believe that whatever His reason for bringing on their short
term suffering, He had only their best interests at heart. The use of this quote shows that
our Lord understood that it was necessary for Him too to put God's word and God's will
first, and to "learn obedience through the things He was suffering" in order to prepare
Himself to face the ultimate reproach, the reproach of the cross (Heb.5:8; cf. Heb.2:18;
4:15; 11:26; 13:13).
2. The temptation to test God:
Then the devil took Him to the holy city, stood Him on the pinnacle of the temple, and
said to Him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written that
'He will command His angels concerning You', and 'They will lift You up in their hands
lest You strike your foot against a stone'" (Ps.91:11-12). Jesus said to him, "It is also
written, 'You shall not put the Lord your God to the test'" (Deut.6:16).
Matthew 4:6-7
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Satan's second temptation of Christ is very similar to the first. Once again, he is
attempting to provoke Christ into disobedience by challenging Him to prove His
standing as "the Son of God". But instead of inviting Christ to abuse His special powers
to do something legitimate (that is, eat when hungry), this time Satan entices Him to
take an ordinary human action (i.e., jumping) to do something illegitimate (that is,
without authorization to put the Father in a position of having to rescue Him).
Satan's second temptation is more than just a wily variation on the theme of the first.
The devil sharpens this particular arrow by giving it the cachet of apparent scriptural
support. If the promise of angelic protection has ever applied to any human being, it
certainly applied to our Lord Jesus Christ (cf. Matt.26:53). Indeed, immediately after
Christ's successful negotiation of these temptations, the angels did minister to Him
(Matt.4:11; Mk.1:13). This challenge to our Lord's standing as the Son of God is at once
more direct and yet also more subtle. Only the Son of God could expect to be rescued
after following this suggestion of the devil. Now Christ was and is the Son of God, and
was well aware from His perfect knowledge and understanding of scripture that these
verses quoted by Satan did indeed apply first and foremost to Him as part of the body of
prophecy in the Old Testament which looked forward to the coming of the Messiah for
its complete fulfillment. For our Lord to refuse to jump might give the appearance
that He lacked faith in this divine promise – to everyone except God, that is (and to
those who have adopted God's point of view as Christ did perfectly). Please understand
that such a temptation would be of no effect if directed against you or me, because we
are not the Son of God, and because we do not possess the perfect faith that Jesus did.
You see, Christ knew that the Father would deliver Him and that the verses with which
the devil was taunting Him referred uniquely to Himself. He could easily refute the
devil's insinuation that He was not really the Messiah by merely jumping and thereby
showing Satan that he was dead wrong. The devil was daring Jesus to “prove” that He
really believed it,, and our Lord could easily have done so. But our Savior knew full well
that the issue at stake was not His own honor and glory, but the honor and the glory of
the One whose mission He had come to fulfill (Jn.7:18; 8:50; 8:54)
The living Word of God, a prodigy in the understanding of the Bible at age twelve
(Lk.2:41-52), was now, after two additional decades of the most intensive study of the
word of God, impervious to Satan's guileful misapplications of scripture. He would have
to be. Throughout His earthly ministry He would encounter similar reproaches that
would tempt Him to end His personal suffering and silence the blasphemous
insinuations of those who opposed Him. Perhaps the most galling of these (very similar
to Satan's taunt) would come as He hung on the cross, dying for the sins of those who
were abusing Him:
"If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross!"
Matthew 27:40b
3. The temptation to give allegiance to someone or something besides God:
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Then the devil took Him to a very high mountain, and showed Him all the kingdoms of
the world and their glory. Then he said to Him, "All these I will give to you, if you fall
down and worship me". Jesus responded to him, "On your way, Satan. You shall worship
the Lord your God and worship Him alone" (Deut.6:13).
Matthew 4:8-10
It is often said that everyone has his price. Certainly we all have particular areas of lust
where bribery of one sort or another will be more likely to succeed, and areas of
weakness where pressure will be more likely to make our resolve crumble. Satan, as we
have remarked before, is a shrewd observer who makes a point of gathering intelligence
to use against us (cf. Job 1-2; 1Pet.5:8). The report he received on Jesus Christ, however,
was most disheartening, for beyond His true status as a flesh and blood human being,
there was absolutely no sin, no weakness, and, very importantly, no area of ignorance
about the word of God. Nevertheless, the devil crafted a subtle strategy. He would offer
our Lord something many human beings have desired, but no one has ever possessed:
world rulership.
Again, however appealing we may imagine this offer to have been, it would have been
much more so to Christ, for to this He had been born (Jn.18:37), and He was well aware
of the scriptures that proclaimed this as His birthright (e.g., Ps.2:8-9). This time the
devil's "if" is not directed toward Christ's status as Son of God, but presents instead a
condition for fulfilling the offer: the worship of Satan. It is one of the devil's favorite
tricks to make us think that our receipt of blessings is dependent upon him, and our
prior accommodation with him and his evil world system. Whenever we fail to
acknowledge God as the source of all we have, we play right into Satan's hands, and so
become vulnerable to his manipulation. But Christ fully understood and believed that
only the Lord God is worthy of our worship, for from Him only do our blessings flow
(Deut.6:13).
Eve became distracted from the word of God and opened herself up to the devil's
deception (temptation #1). Adam put God to the test by throwing his lot in with Eve,
vainly hoping that he would be "lifted up" before crashing to the ground (temptation
#2). Both of them failed to trust God alone for blessing (provision of a wonderful life
without the forbidden fruit in Eve's case, provision of a wonderful life without the
woman in Adam's case), and so effectively gave Satan their allegiance in place of God
through their respective sins (temptation #3). Satan's use of these same temptations on
Christ failed, because the word of God pulsed through Jesus' heart, not merely as empty
phrases, but as living truth, fully understood and fully believed.
We can only resist the devil by following the example of our Lord Jesus Christ and
taking the word of God into our hearts as He did, listening to it, learning and
understanding it, believing it then acting upon it in faith (Jas.4:7). Eve didn't listen well
enough; Adam listened, but didn't believe well enough. When push came to shove,
neither of them was strong enough in faith to maintain their allegiance to God under the
pressure of the devil's assault. If we are to grow up spiritually and gain some measure of
safety against Satan's deceptions, we must commit ourselves to the word of God, to
understanding it and to making it our own through faith, because only in this way can
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we hope to follow in the footsteps of Christ, and avoid the stumbling blocks that tripped
up Adam and Eve.
Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked, so they
sewed together fig leaves and made garments for themselves.
Genesis 3:7
The opening of Adam and Eve's eyes, that is to say, their sudden understanding of good
and evil, was a tremendous shock and disappointment. What their now opened eyes
perceived was that, by their disobedience of the Lord God's command, they had forsaken
what was good and embraced what was evil. Their newly developed perspicacity of good
and evil was only of any use because they had sinned and were now sinful beings.
Eating the forbidden fruit immediately changed them and their progeny forever,
polluting their previously perfect bodies with the corruption of inherent sin. From now
on, sin would always be "crouching at the door" (Gen.4:7), so that an ability to
distinguish between what was sinful and evil from what was good and right would be
essential to the survival of the human race. For mankind to be inherently sinful without
a conscience or consciousness of sin would make our continued existence as a species
impossible. Equally tragic would have been the complete absence of any shame, any
recognition of evil, any possibility of remorse (and therefore of any potential repentance,
should God provide a way). Viewed in this light, the tree of the knowledge of good and
evil, in addition to providing a way for man to show his free choice for God (by
abstaining from it), was also a most gracious provision, because, in the event of sin, it
would, along with sin, provide the capacity to distinguish and recognize sin. Recognition
of our sinfulness is always the first, essential step toward seeking relationship with God,
for it is the conscience that separates the devil's lie from the truth of God, the truth that
we are sinners and in desperate need of His grace:
[The nations] demonstrate that the law has been written in their hearts when their
conscience testifies against them, and their thoughts alternate between allegations or
even excuses.
Romans 2:15
Along with the common human heritage of utter sinfulness, we also possess, thanks
entirely to the grace of God, a natural consciousness of that sinfulness. This realization
is gracious because it provides motivation for all who will respond to God to seek Him
for a solution to the devastating problem of sin, sin that controls us, sin that destines us
to physical death, sin that, unless it should somehow be blotted out, means our ultimate
damnation for all eternity. It is the consciousness of sin and death that moves us to seek
God.
God must, however, be sought in the proper way, His way. Nothing man can do to atone
for sin or to make up for sin or to cover up for sin will ever be sufficient for God. Only
the blood of His beloved Son is acceptable payment. No ritual, no good deeds, no
amount of praying or working or singing or chanting or self-effacement or fasting or
self-affliction or any other activity of human energy will bring us so much as a single
step closer to our God. Only what He has done for us through the sacrifice of His Son
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can save us from our sin, and only if we accept that sacrifice in the way He has ordained:
the simple obedience of believing, of trusting, of following Christ, today, tomorrow and
forever.
Adam and Eve were conscious of their sin. Instead of some grand vision, their opened
eyes saw only their own guiltiness, their own sin. Their nakedness now testified against
them, for now they had a sense of shame (unnecessary in a world without sin). But
awareness of sin is merely the first step in the process of being reconciled to God. Our
actions cannot do it; we have to wait for God to do it; we have to put our faith, our trust
in Him, in the work of His Son, a fact for us since the cross, a promise for all those
before the cross. Adam and Eve, however, did not wait for the Lord God to return to the
garden. They decided instead to "fix" the problem on their own. They would "do"
something to remove the problem of sin. Nakedness was the symptom, and that could be
readily alleviated; it could be easily covered up:
"If I have concealed my sins like Adam, hiding evil in my heart . . ."
Job 31:33
So the first man and woman set to work busily manufacturing garments out of some
suitably large leaves that graced one of the garden's trees. After they had donned their
new invention, their consciousness of sin did not leave them, nor did the sin they have
since passed down to their descendants through their now mortal bodies. But at least
they had managed to cover the problem up. Maybe God wouldn't notice. Maybe God
would find this sufficient. While their actions and thinking may seem ridiculous to us
now, we should realize that covering sin up with fig leaves, the quick fix laid upon the
problems of the devil's world by which mankind thinks to score points with the Almighty
and somehow reconcile this evil world to Him, has been in vogue ever since and is
proceeding with a vengeance in our own day. Satan loves to encourage people, especially
Christians, to become involved in schemes and activities that will "solve" the problems
of this world, fig leaves on an incurable cancer of evil that can only be eradicated by the
return of the Lord Himself.
But how is one to know what is a genuine Christian act and what is merely playing into
the devil's "do-gooder" hands? Specific applications must be left to you, dear reader, for
only he who is actually involved in any given situation is capable of judging aright. But a
good "rule of thumb" is that anything you do yourself (a cup of water offered in the
Lord's name) has the most chance of being legitimate service to the Lord, whereas
anything that is done through an organization you do not control (i.e., outside of your
local church) is highly susceptible to being co-opted by one of the devil's schemes.
Ultimately, only Christians who are growing spiritually, seeking God and drawing nearer
to Him through His word, have any serious chance of consistently discerning what is
truly good in God's eyes (Rom.2:18; 14:22; 1Cor.11:28; 2Cor.13:5; Gal.6:4; Eph.5:10;
Phil.1:10; 1Thes.5:21):
Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by this renewal of your thinking
(i.e., through obedience to the word of God; cf. v.1), so that you may discern what God's
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will for you is, namely what it is good, well-pleasing, and correct [for you to do].
Romans 12:2
3. The Judgment:
Then they heard the voice of the Lord God [as He was] walking about in the garden at
the [time of] day when the evening breeze [came up]. So Adam and his wife hid
themselves from the presence of the Lord God in the midst of the garden's trees. Then
the Lord God called out for Adam and said to him, "Where are you?" And Adam
responded, "I heard your voice in the garden and was afraid because I was naked, and so
I hid myself". Then He said, " Who told you that you were naked? Did you eat from the
tree from which I told you not to eat?" Then Adam replied, "The woman whom You gave
to be with me, she gave to me from the tree and I ate".
Genesis 3:8-12
The appearance of the Lord God in the garden quickly melts away the false confidence of
our newly sinful first parents, dissolving their self-delusion, leaving only fear in its place.
The sudden realization that their feeble attempt to cover over their sin is woefully
insufficient puts the fear of God into them, and they rush to hide from Him for whom
nothing is hidden (Heb.4:13). Their reaction is entirely understandable, for which of us
would not find his rationalizations similarly shattered, his fig leaves similarly withered,
if he were to be suddenly confronted by God Himself?
"Woe is me, for I am ruined. For I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a
people of unclean lips. For my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts!"
Isaiah 6:5
The effects of sin which had been so obvious in Eve's behavior are now similarly evident
in Adam's response to the Lord God's interrogation. For Adam, whom we saw only
hours before choosing to suffer the consequences of mortality with Eve in place of an
immortal life without her, now, in his new, sinful state, has no qualms about attempting
to pass off all the blame to the love of his life. Though often portrayed as amusing, the
seriousness of Adam's betrayal should not be overlooked. For all Adam knew at this
point, this "selling out" of his wife for his own sake might well have brought down upon
Eve a swift and terrible vengeance from the Lord God. But Adam, now under the
influence of the sin that has infected his entire body, is much more concerned about the
consequences for himself than he is with the consequences for the woman for whom
only shortly before he had sacrificed everything.
Adam's words, "The woman whom You gave to be with me", besides redirecting the
blame toward Eve, also constitute a none too thinly veiled reproach against God.
Creativity in shifting responsibility away from ourselves and pointing the finger at
others (especially at God) is an all too common characteristic of sinful humanity. Adam's
intimation that God is to blame for his sin because God gave him Eve is breathtaking. Is
God somehow responsible for our sin and the trouble we bring on ourselves because He
has graciously given us life and physical bodies and resources – without which sin would
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be impossible? Heaven forbid! This is a case of the pot reproaching the Potter (Is.29:16;
45:9; 64:8; Jer.18:4-6; Rom.9:20-21). Nevertheless, trying to hold God responsible for
our evil just because He made us is a ploy one finds below the surface of nearly all
evil rationalizations and is even older than Adam, for this outlandish accusation is at the
heart of all the devil's lies.
Then the Lord God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" And she replied,
"The serpent deceived me, and I ate". So the Lord God said to the serpent, "Because you
have done this, you are accursed, more than any beast or wild animal. You shall go on
your belly and eat dust all the days of your life. And I shall place hostility between you
and the woman, that is, between your seed and her Seed. He will attack you head-on, but
you will attack Him from behind".
Genesis 3:13-15
In an attempt to avoid responsibility, Adam had responded in a most circuitous fashion
to the very direct question asked of him by the Lord God ("Did you eat?"), prefacing his
response with a self-serving defense that sought to shift the blame (Eve gave me the fruit
and You gave me Eve). Eve's response to the Lord God's interrogation, however, is a
good deal less tortured and convoluted. Despite the fact that she is given more latitude
to respond ("What is this you have done?" as opposed to "Did you eat?"), Eve simply
states the facts: she was deceived by the serpent and she ate. For good reason Adam had
found it necessary to offer a defense before answering God's question. His sin had been
committed in complete cognizance of the specifics of God's prohibition, of the issues at
stake, and of the consequences his act would have. Adam had no excuse, so in his guilty
sinfulness he tried to manufacture one. Eve, on the other hand, did have an explanation
(if not an excuse) and so had no reason to embellish her story. This is not at all to say
that Eve's conduct was excusable (sin is sin, whether committed in full knowledge or
suborned by deception). But Adam's sin was clearly inexcusable under any
interpretation. The fact that Adam sinned in complete cognizance of what he was doing
(and what effect it would have) is the essential reason why sin passes to all of us
"through Adam" rather than through Eve (i.e., through the male line: Rom.5:12-21).
The serpent, as we have seen, was (and is) just an animal. But since he was Satan's
chosen vehicle for this first assault on mankind, the serpent was cursed for this
association. He became (and remains to this day) a fitting symbol for the devil and his
snake-like, deceptive attacks upon mankind. God's judgment upon the serpent is thus
most appropriate, for the reduction of this lithe and subtle creature to the status of
crawling vermin serves as a reminder of and a memorial to the devil's deceitful method
of attack, lying in hiding, waiting like a viper to strike whenever we present him with the
opportunity.
The Lord God's further promise of future hostility between the woman's Seed (Jesus
Christ: cf. Gen.22:17 with Gal.3:16) and the serpent's seed (all who follow Satan, and, in
particular, antichrist) is a further confirmation that this judgment has broader
implications. The prophecy of Christ's direct assault upon the devil (accomplished at the
cross), and Satan's continuing tactics of sneak attack against Christ preeminently, and
also His followers (in all generations of human history, and especially during the
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Tribulation under antichrist) is often called the protevangelium, because it constitutes
the first occurrence of the gospel message (i.e., a promise that God would Himself
provide His own Seed to right mankind's wrong and crush the adversary in the process).
As the Seed of the woman, Christ is here clearly foreshadowed as taking on true
humanity in order to attack the serpent head-on. This prophecy to destroy in a most
direct fashion the devil's power over sinful mankind by striking at the serpent's head
was fulfilled at the cross, where the hold Satan had won over mankind at the fall was
finally broken:
Therefore since "these children" (i.e., believers given to Christ by God: v.13) have a
common heritage of flesh and blood, [Christ] too partook of these same [common
elements] in a very similar fashion (i.e., not identical only in that He was virgin born
and so without sin), in order that through His death He might put an end to the one
possessing the power of death, that is, the devil, and might reconcile those who were
subject to being slaves their whole lives long by their fear of death.
Hebrews 2:14-15
When Adam and Eve sinned, a threefold death became the new reality of their lives:
1) They instantly experienced spiritual death, that status where we are, because of
our sin and unrighteousness, accounted dead by a righteous and holy God who can in
His perfection have nothing to do with us any longer (except on His own terms of grace:
salvation from our predicament through our acceptance on a non-meritorious faith-
basis of Christ's saving work on the cross). Eating the forbidden fruit contrary to the
explicit prohibition of the Lord God destroyed our first parents' relationship with Him
(spiritual death), leaving them helpless to alter or remove this alienation (as their fig leaf
experiment demonstrated most clearly). Reconciliation would come, but on God's terms,
as Adam and Eve both accepted and trusted in the Lord God's promise of the Seed.
2) Their bodies were also instantly rendered mortal. The process of decay and
degeneration began immediately upon partaking of the fruit. Under the conditions that
pertained in this antediluvian world, Adam and Eve and many of their children had, by
our standards, exceptionally long lives, but even living a thousand years seems
infinitesimal when compared to immortality. Eating the forbidden fruit contrary to the
explicit prohibition of the Lord God also eventually destroyed their bodies (physical
death). Even the restoration of their relationship with God through their faith in His
promises would not erase this appointment with death (Heb.9:27), but God had
promised them the Seed who would save them through His sacrifice. The "coats of skin"
with which the Lord God would clothe them (Gen.3:21) in preference to garments of
their own creation are a clear foreshadowing of Christ's work on the cross: in
contradistinction to our own pitiful acts of what we would call good (fig leaves), God will
only accept the blood of Christ as payment for our sin. The animals slain, their blood
spilt to clothe us in our need, are pictures of Christ's death on our behalf (and such
animal sacrifices would remain the dominant symbol for His death on the cross until the
day of its fulfillment). As our first parents did, we too must stop relying on the arrogant
acts of our own tainted "goodness" and trust instead in God's solution, Jesus Christ, if
we are to live beyond physical death through the resurrection (Heb.2:14-15).
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3) As a consequence of their spiritual death, Adam and Eve were alienated from the
life of God (Eph.4:18: cf. Rom.5:10; Eph.2:12). As a result of their impending physical
death, they would not be able to abide forever in this world (Heb.9:27). Already
condemned, therefore, and facing the end of temporal life, eternal death was the
sentence that now hung over their heads, inevitably and inexorably approaching –
unless they accepted in faith God's solution in the Person of the promised Seed.
Though not always articulated, and more often than not deliberately obfuscated, this
threefold death that is our common human heritage eventually impinges upon
everyone's consciousness. Our conscience teaches us how far we fall short of the holiness
a perfect God demands (Rom.2:14-16), and we are only too well aware of the horrible
and tragic end of life that is our collective lot. The fear and the terror we humans feel in
regard to death is sign enough that, on some very basic level, we understand that
through our own devices no good result waits on the other side. This fear is the devil's
ace trump. Through it he has entrapped uncounted millions, coaxing them into a variety
of false religions that promise relief and solution, but without Christ. Jesus alone gives
us the power to escape this fear through faith in Him and His resurrection.
To the woman He said, "I will surely multiply for you the labor-pains that follow
conception: in pain you will give birth to children (lit. "sons"). For you will desire your
husband, so he will rule over you".
Genesis 3:16
Along with the natural consequences of their sin (the threefold death), Adam and Eve
receive, as the serpent did, specific additional judgments that suit the nature of their
individual transgression. Eve's first additional punishment, pain in childbirth, is a
relatively straight-forward one: sinful people in a sinful world beget children tainted by
sin from the moment of their conception (Ps.51:5), so that it is only fitting that the
process of bringing them to birth should be a painful one.
The second penalty is far more controversial and requires a few words of explanation.
The Hebrew word teshuqah (‫)תשוקה‬, translated "desire", does not refer here to the
female libido. Marriage in the garden of Eden had been a pleasant and an easy
proposition. Adam may have been the titular "head of the family", but, as we have seen,
issues of authority would doubtless never have come up in such a perfect paradise
between two sinless people. Outside of the garden, however, and between imperfect
people, clearly delineated hierarchies are essential for all organizations, including
marriage. By virtue of his original position as God's representative on earth, on the basis
of his priority of creation, and because of the fact that he had not been deceived, Adam
would be heir to the authority position in marriage as would his male descendants –
provided there would be any marriages (1Tim.2:13-15). It is well to ask what
incentive Eve (or any of her female descendants, for that matter) would now have to put
themselves voluntarily under someone else's authority, especially given the fact that said
person would also be imperfect and sinful. Part of Eve's penalty, a curse that has been
passed down to women throughout the millennia (in the same way that the serpent and
Adam also pass down their individual penalties), is this "desire" for a husband, a
marriage, and children (the meaning of the phrase "you will desire your husband"). This
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And to Adam He said, "Because you obeyed your wife and ate from the tree about which
I gave you the commandment not to eat from it, the ground is cursed on your account.
In painful toil you will eat from it all the days of your life. When you go to eat wild
plants, you will find the ground producing thorns and thistles for you. And bread you
shall eat [only] by the sweat of your brow, until you return to the ground from which you
were taken. For you are dust, and you will return to dust".
Genesis 3:17-19
Adam's punishment also fits the crime. Although he had enjoyed all the wondrous fare
of paradise without expending any effort whatsoever, under the pressure of the potential
loss of his spouse he ate the one fruit from which the Lord God had commanded him to
abstain. As a result, by this one act of disobedience, Adam brought an end to the free
bounty of the garden of Eden. From this point forward, Adam (and his progeny) would
have to work for a living. The ground would no longer yield its crops without the effort
of cultivation, and even the vegetation which would bear fruit apart from Man's
husbanding, would still yield it grudgingly, amid thistle and thorn. And the end of a life
of toil would not be victorious accomplishment, but the disintegration of one's body and
of all one had accomplished upon the earth. Adam had understood before he ate the
forbidden fruit that death would result, but this last curse, the vanity of necessary effort,
was perhaps the most grievous and demoralizing of all (cf. Eccl.2:22-23 et passim).
Thanks be to God that our labor in the Lord is not in vain (1Cor.15:58; Gal.6:9; cf
1Cor.3:10-15)!
Then Adam named his wife Eve, because she was the mother of every living person. Now
the Lord God made clothes of skin for Adam and his wife and clothed them. And the
Lord God said, "Behold, Man has become like One of Us in respect to his knowledge of
good and evil. So now, lest he also keep stretching forth his hand and taking [fruit] from
the tree of life and [so] live forever . . .". So the Lord God expelled Man from the garden
of Eden to work the ground from which he had been taken. Thus He drove Man away,
and placed in front of the garden of Eden the cherubim and the fiery revolving sword to
block access to the tree of life.
Genesis 3:20-24
We have mentioned above the coats of skin as part of the promise of the woman's Seed
to come. Animal sacrifice was not only commanded in the Mosaic law. It existed
throughout the age of the gentiles and may be traced back to this original point of origin
(cf. Gen.4:4; 8:20-21; 15:8-21). The bloody loss of life is a clear picture of the
horrendous death that Christ would die on our behalf to rescue us from death
(1Cor.5:7b). We are helplessly exposed to the ravages of sin – until God clothes us,
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taking away the shame of our nakedness through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on our
behalf.
We have seen how through their sin, Adam and Eve brought upon themselves and upon
us their children the threefold curse of death (the spiritual death of alienation from God;
the inevitability of physical death; and the condemnation of eventual eternal death –
apart from the provision of salvation). We have also seen how they brought upon us all
the gender-specific curses treated above. But there was one final consequence to their
sin. By their disobedience to the Lord God's commandment, they also forfeited their
right to reside in the garden of Eden.
It would be unthinkable for spiritually dead, sinful creatures to live forever in paradise.
Such a state of affairs would amount to a festering cancer on the universe that would
never be resolved. Eternal life can only work for perfect people (Adam and Eve) or
people made perfect (as eventually we shall be through our faith in Jesus Christ: cf.
Heb.12:23b). Paradise without perfection would be unstable, for God would eventually
have to act to resolve such a situation (through fiery judgment). Furthermore, without
the sure and certain knowledge of an impending physical death, human beings would
have little motivation to consider their sinful manner of life and their need for a Savior
to deliver them from sin and death.
Inasmuch as Adam and Eve had not refrained from the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil despite their state of perfection, it was not likely that sinful mankind would
voluntarily abstain from the tree of life after being expelled from Eden. God therefore
placed "the cherubim and the fiery revolving sword" at the garden's entrance to prevent
any further attempts on the tree of life. The reference here is to the chariot of God with
its sword-like flashes of lightning, carried by the cherubim (cf. Ezek.1:13).(39) As His holy
throne, this chariot symbolizes the presence of God Himself, and it is a sad final
commentary on the fall of Man that the presence of God which had once been such a
blessing to our first parents had now become an awesome and terrifying sight, blocking
their access to eternal life, filling their consciences with guilt and the consciousness of
impending judgment. Thanks be to God that He Himself has provided His children with
a way back to the tree of life through the sacrifice of His own Son Jesus Christ on our
behalf: He endured the judgment due us on the tree of the cross, that we might eat once
more the fruit of life eternal.
V. Satan's Hollow Victory

What Satan did to Adam and Eve was very similar to what he had previously done to a
large number of his fellow angelic creatures, that is, convince them of the desirability
(and advisability) of rejecting God's authority. That such a course of action was
tantamount to accepting his authority in place of God's was a fact lost on Adam and Eve
(and possibly not completely comprehended by many of his angelic followers). But it
was a fact certainly central to the devil's plan. Indeed, such is his typical modus operandi
today: first pry the intended victims away from God (and anything else good he or she
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may be holding on to), then they will follow the path of evil as a natural consequence of
their rejection of the good.
By the same means, then, that he used to gain control over a large part of the angels (i.e.,
deception), Satan regained a measure of control over the earth he had once
(temporarily) ruled:
And the devil said to Him, "I will give you all this power and all their glory – for it has
been surrendered to me and [so] I [can] give it to whomever I please."
Luke 4:6
The Greek verb paradidomi (παραδίδωμι, “surrender”) in the passage quoted above
means that Satan's reign over the earth was not wrested from God or awarded to the
devil, but was rather relinquished by Adam, abandoned, abdicated, given over by
default, or "surrendered". The devil's policy of undermining God's authority, then
corrupting others and thereby gaining control over them (and all they possess) proved
just as effective on Adam and Eve as it had on those angels who followed him in
rebellion against God. As a result of the first man's dereliction of duty, "the whole world
now lies within the control of the evil one" (1Jn.5:19). By listening to a creature instead
of his Creator (Rom.1:25), Adam forfeited a large measure of mankind's dominion over
planet earth. As they walked out of the garden, Adam and Eve were not only entering a
world characterized by pain, toil and ultimate physical death, but also a world where the
devil's influence would be great and pervasive. This was no Eden, but a world where
only the unseen protection of God would prevent them from being annihilated by the
satanic forces swirling around them, a world where only the diligent seeking of God (in
response to the consciousness of sin they now possessed from their knowledge of good
and evil) would lead them away from the otherwise inevitable path of death.
Satan had now brought Man down to his level. Just as the devil and his followers were
essentially on parole from "death row", awaiting God's administration of the sentence of
death already passed against them, so Man finds himself under a similar stay of
execution after the fall, albeit one limited by the relative shortness of human life.
However, the devil was not allowed to gloat and enjoy his hollow victory for long. For, as
had been the case in his earlier rebellion, he may have won a battle, but he lost the war.
The immediate offer of a Savior (in the Seed of the woman, His sacrifice adumbrated in
the coats of skin) took Satan as completely by surprise as did the destruction and re-
creation of the earth. Once again, God in His omniscience had everything planned
before the devil had even conceived his counter-attack. Because they do not share the
intellectual, temporal and material limitations of mankind, the angelic creatures who
followed Satan were not prone to have a "change of heart", but rather were confirmed or
"hardened" in their opposition to God by the time they rebelled (as we saw in part 1 of
this series; see also section IV.1.a above).(40) Man, on the other hand, born in relative
ignorance, and subject to severe temporal and material limitations, upon the realization
of his mortality and sinfulness has the potential of responding to God's redemptive offer
of grace in Jesus Christ, our Savior who was "given over for our transgressions, but
raised for our justification" (Rom.4:25).
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The final battle was now on in earnest. The devil instantly sized up the new situation:
without a concerted effort on his part, the generations of human beings to come would
in large numbers turn to God, and the promised Savior. The Last Adam destined to
restore what the first Adam had lost, would come to save them from their sins and wrest
back the control of the world Satan had only so recently regained. The end of such a
process could only be what the devil had feared from the unimpeded procreation of the
first man and woman in paradise: the replacement of himself and his followers with a
new race of obedient creatures (only now they would choose to follow God instead of
choosing not to rebel against Him), the reestablishment forever of God's rule over the
earth, and the final execution of his sentence: the lake of fire for all eternity. All future
satanic strategy, therefore, would be designed to prevent these eventualities. In the next
part of this series, we shall examine Satan's desperate counter-strategy, the world
system established to blind the eyes of mankind and oppose to the utmost all those who
would seek God's truth.
Notes::
1. cf. especially Heb.2:16: "For certainly it is not angels with whom He consorts, but
rather the seed of Abraham with whom He associates Himself".
2. See Peter #22 for a more detailed development of this principle. The issue is also
addressed in Part 1 of this series.
3. J.E. Hartley in Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, R.L. Harris, G.L. Archer,
B.K. Waltke edd. (Chicago 1980) v.2 p.768, points out that tselem and demuth are
immediately explained by Man's rulership over the creatures.
4. F. Delitzsch, A System of Biblical Psychology (Erlangen 1855) 78-87, points out that
the Church Fathers generally saw the image and likeness in a spiritual sense.
5. See Trench's discussion in Synonyms of the New Testament (London 1880) 49-53.
6. The Biblical Doctrine of Man (Edinburgh 1895) 160-175.
7. R.B. Thieme Jr., Adam's Rib (Houston 1973) 5, et alibi. Laidlaw (supra n.6) had also
insisted that the Trinity was the model in these phrases for distinct, human
personalities, 170.
8. See for example Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, R.L. Harris, G.L.
Archer, B.K. Waltke edd. (Chicago 1980) v.1, 438.
9. See Part 1 Bible Basics: Theology: The Study God. section II, “The Persons of God: the
Trinity”.
10. e.g., 2Kng.11:18; Ezek.7:20; Rev. 13:14ff. This point can be clearly seen from
Heb.10:1, where eikon (as something fairly precise: the good realities to come) is
specifically distinguished from the "shadows" of the law.
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11. Additionally, angels (like men) are called the "sons of God" (Gen.6:1-4; Job 1:6; 2:1;
38:7; Ps.29:1; 89:6-7).
12. See Parts 1&2 of this series: Satan's Rebellion and Fall and The Genesis Gap
respectively.
13. Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology (Princeton 1871) v.2, 99, says of Man "he is a
spirit, an intelligent, voluntary agent; and as such he is rightfully invested with universal
dominion".
14. See Part 1 Bible Basics: Theology: The Study God, section I.B.4, “God is Sovereign”.
15. For example, James 3:9 uses homoiosis for "likeness of God" because mankind in
general (i.e., a generic plurality) is in view. This also explains why in Genesis 1:27 we
have only "creating Adam in God's image" while making Man in the "likeness of God" is
not repeated: only Adam created at that time, not the entire human race.
16. As Laidlaw points out so effectively: 1895 [n.6. supra] 168ff.
17. See L. Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids 1949) 202-210, for a thorough
synopsis of the varying views on this subject.
18. See section I.3 below.
19. The common human potential for seeking God is taught, for example, in Eccl.3:11;
Ps.19:1-4; Acts 17:26-27; Rom.1:19-20; 2:14-16.
20. Genesis 2:4 is a summary of the seven days of re-creation; Genesis 2:5 begins this
more detailed account (contra NIV et al.). See part 2 of this series, The Genesis Gap.
21. See Part 1 of Bible Basics: Theology: The Study God, section II, C: "The Trinity in the
Old Testament". For the roles of the Trinity in creation, see part 2 of this series, The
Genesis Gap, section III: Creation and Re-Creation.
22. See part 1 of this series, Satan's Rebellion and Fall, IV, 3, b.
23. See Peter #20 for a detailed development of this doctrine.
24. Eve's body too was formed by the Lord (from one of Adam's ribs). See section II.5
below.
25. The other, of course, being physical death (the natural consequence of the fall of
Adam).
26. This is not at all to imply that for this reason the fetus has no worth in God's eyes.
Quite to the contrary, the unborn are highly valued in scripture (Ex.21:22; Job 10:8-12;
Ps.139:13-16; Is.44:24; 49:4-5). Further we may note that in the Bible children are
considered a great blessing (cf. 1Sam.2:1-11 and Lk.1:46-55), with infertility seen as a
curse (Hos.9:14; cf. Gen.38; Lev.20:20-21; 1Sam.1:11), and pregnancy as a blessing and
occasionally even a means of vindication (cf. Num.5:11-31 and Lk.1:25). Whereas, on
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the other hand, the sacrifice of children is an abomination (Lev.18:21; Deut.12:31; 18:10;
Ps.106:37-38).
27. For more detail on the principle of the new birth, see Peter #19.
28. When Odysseus visits the underworld in the tenth book of the Odyssey, for example,
he and his men see the psyche of Achilles (among others).
29. Generally speaking then, the word "spirit" refers to the "inner Man" (as opposed to
the body), and "soul" to the whole person (a human spirit in a live body). The significant
exception is when "soul" (nepesh-psyche) is used as a synonym for the "heart", i.e., the
whole person with and emphasis on the inner person as we are now constituted (i.e.,
pre-resurrection). See section II.4.c.
30. As Delitzsch remarks (supra n.3), God opposing Man to the devil's rule was true
even in Eden, where the devil's presence (in his possession of the serpent) was "a
destructive power to which man was placed in opposition that he might overcome it"
(SOBP, 75).
31. See Part II of the series Exodus 14: Hardening Pharaoh's Heart.
32. Just as the inhabitants of ancient civilizations (e.g, Egypt, Israel, Greece and Rome)
were, on an individual level, of superior intellect to the current population of the world,
the same was probably the case for the first several generations of mankind (to an even
greater degree). It is true that in today's world we possess greater collective knowledge,
but, man for man, and woman for woman, we would be no match for our ancestors of
millennia past: e.g., an individual Roman could build a bridge to last thousands of years;
we can all use computers (but cannot on our own build all the components that run
them).
33. According to the "seven day" theory of biblical chronology, Adam and Eve would
have been in the garden at least several decades before their fall (see part 5 of this
series).
34. The sum of millennia of technological developments has only served, when
objectively viewed, to reinforce this appreciation of our severe limitations vis-a-vis even
the physical universe (despite our arrogant human tendency to celebrate our somewhat
paltry achievements in space-flight). In terms of the spiritual dimension, our technology
has not (nor can) penetrate this barrier in the least.
35. See Part 1 of Bible Basics: Theology: The Study God, section II.C, “The Trinity in the
Old Testament”.
36. See Peter #27 for a detailed analysis of the Satan's method of attack at the fall.
37. The Hebrew word for God (èlohiym, ‫ )אלהים‬is, strictly speaking, a plural form, and
can mean "gods" as well as God (cf. e.g., Num.25:2).
38. See Part 1 of this series, Satan's Rebellion and Fall.
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39. See Part 1 of this series: Satan's Rebellion and Fall.
40. See Part 2 of the series Exodus 14: Hardening Pharaoh's Heart.
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Satanic Rebellion 3

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The Satanic Rebellion:

I. The Purpose of Man

III. Status Quo in Paradise

IV. The Fall

3. The temptation to give allegiance to someone or something besides God:

V. Satan's Hollow Victory

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