Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences

2018, Vol. 12 (2), 501-520

Pak J Commer Soc Sci

Effect of Performance Expectancy and Effort

Expectancy on the Mobile Commerce Adoption
Intention through Personal Innovativeness among
Pakistani Consumers

Shrafat Ali Sair (Corresponding author)

School of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and
Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
Email: [email protected]

Rizwan Qaiser Danish

Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
Global environment is now changing drastically, and a revolutionary change has been
observed in consumer buying behavior, radically shifting from physically environment to
mobile commerce. Regardless of the previous researches that has executed by researches
over the last two decades on the adoption behavior of mobile commerce in a field of
marketing and IT, further empirical investigation is required to explore the individual
characteristic such as personal innovativeness that stimulate the consumers to adopt the
mobile commerce services. Primarily this research is conducted to understand the
relationships among performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness
and behavioral intentions in a Pakistani consumer market and how individual variable
dubbed personal innovativeness mediates the relationship among performance
expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and behavioral intentions using
framework of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The study
has conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 320 users of mobile commerce in total.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is used through AMOS version 23.
Results show that the performance expectancy and effort expectancy are significantly
influence the behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce with significant effect of
mediator and the results for this study could be fruitful for telecommunication, mobile
commerce companies and marketers in formulating strategies to attract potential
consumers effectively and efficiently. The present study enriches and adds value to
limited literature on performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness
and behavioral intentions. In addition, personal innovativeness has not been inspected
earlier as a mediating variable.
Keywords: M-commerce, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal
innovativeness, behavioral intentions.
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

1. Introduction
The traditional experiences of consumers have transformed in a mobile shopping
environment. It is a popular way for modern consumers to search and pay for their
purchasing via mobile platform (Hung, Yang, & Hsieh, 2012). People have adopted
mobile devices since the last decade to perform the daily tasks. The reliability of
consumers on their mobile devices in every purchase will continually grow, and they will
be more and more dependent on it in the future (Kourouthanassis & Giaglis, 2012). The
users of mobile devices (e.g., smartphone or mobile tablets) prefer those websites that
they can navigate quickly via their devices (Zamfiroiu, 2014). Experts has reported that
the size of mobile data is increasing around the globally every month; estimated as eleven
exabytes during the period of 2012 to 2017. Despite the high penetration towards the
mobile commerce transactions still there is need to discover the phenomena through
which consumers are engaged in the mobile commerce activities. The focus of past
researches is to explore the technological factors, how these factors influence consumers
behavioral intention and scant studies are conducted those explore the individual
characteristics. The present study bridges this gap and investigate the consumer personal
characteristic that is personal innovativeness as a mediating variable along with the two
technological variables that are performance expectancy and effort expectancy.
Revolutionary change has been accrued in Pakistan in the use of mobile technology. The
volume of financial transaction in Pakistan is increasing every day and mobile commerce
transactions are becoming the integral part of routine life. For instance, according to the
vision of State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) that every bank should lunch their services in a
branchless banking to facilitate the consumers, for this State Bank of Pakistan formulated
its regulations in 2008 so that the financial transactions may be conducted through the
mobile phones. Practically, mobile commerce models are working herein Pakistani
consumer market e.g., Easypaisa (Telenor), Mobicash (Mobilink), HBL Express (Habib
Bank Limited). United Bank Limited has introduce mobile application to facilitate their
consumers to make transaction from distance. In a similar way, Standard Chartered Bank
have their mobile application dubbed „Breeze‟. Online purchasing trends is growing
rapidly, especially young consumers are choosing online environment for buying the
products rather visiting physical store. The more recent trend in shopping in wireless
environment by using mobile communication technology and it has an exponential
growth rate. No longer, computer tools are using in purchasing but consumers are using
their smart phones and other personal devices e.g., tablets (Benou & Bitos, 2008). The
scant researches conducted that has explored factors effecting mobile commerce adoption
intention. Therefore, it is decided to explore phenomena through which phenomena
consumers are adopting the mobile commerce transactions in Pakistan i.e., which
technological factors are affecting mobile commerce adoption with special reference of
Pakistan and how the personal factor, “personal innovativeness” influence the behavioral
intentions to adopt mobile commerce.
2. Literature Review
The term mobile commerce explains how business activities conducted through wireless
environment. Clarke (2008) has defined mobile commerce that it covers all types of
transactions conducted via mobile devices. In other words, purchasing and selling
through the relatively new method called wireless mode. In the current research study
mobile commerce is considered as any type of buying and selling that involved the

502
 Sair & Danish

transference of ownership or right of products that is executed via mobile devices by

accessing a computer-network (Chong, 2013). The concept of mobile commerce is
evolved in 1997 in Helsinki, Finland. Officially, first time this term is used in is its place
of birth. Albeit, mobile commerce is getting popularity everyday but there is not a single
definition for this concept. According to scholars, minor differences are there in the
interpretation of mobile commerce term. Various definitions exit in contemporary
literature and author has adopted Tiwari and Buse (2007) definition of mobile commerce
for this study that is “any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use
goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobiles access to
computer-mediated networks with the help of mobile devices”. According to Siau et al.
(2001) both the concepts e-commerce and mobile commerce are not similar and are
differentiate clearly. They have clearly mentioned that mobile commerce is operationally
different from e-commerce and transactions through the mobile commerce model are
conducted by internet over wire with the unique features that are associated with smart
devices. The unique features of mobile commerce are: a) ubiquity b) personalization c)
flexibility and d) dissemination.
Most of the existing research studies regarding consumer acceptance were conducted by
using previous technology acceptance theories for instance, Theory of Reasoned Action
abbreviated as TRA (Jiang, 2009), Innovation Diffusion Theory abbreviated as IDT (Lu
et al., 2011), Technology Acceptance Model-TAM (Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1992),
Motivational Model-MM (Davis et al., 1992), Theory of Planned Behavior-TPB (Schifter
& Ajzen, 1985; Ajzen, 1991), Model of PC Utilization-MPCU (Thompson et al., 1991),
Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior-DTPB (Taylor & Todd, 1995), Innovation
Diffusion Theory-IDT (Moore & Benbasat, 1991), Socio Cognitive Theory-SCT
(Compeau & Higgins, 1995). The Theory of Planned Behavior abbreviated as TPB (Ruiz-
Mafe et al., 2013). Of course, TAM is used widely in the technology acceptance, but it is
not free of limitation. The major limitation is that it does not explain how to acceptance
mobile technology and how to use mobile technology (LópezNicolás et al., 2008).
UTAUT theory has established in 2003 by Venkatesh et al. after the integration of well-
established above eight theories from the existing literature. UTAUT (Venkatesh et al.,
2003) theory is therefore has been selected as a theoretical base for the current research
study along with individual variable.
Finally, UTAUT proposed four critical constructs from the above listed theories
including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating
conditions. These extracted constructs shape the consumer behavior to adopt information
technology (IT). The construct performance expectancy is near the concepts; relative
advantage and perceived usefulness (name of old constructs). Effort expectancy is near
the concepts; perceived ease of use (name of old constructs) and these two constructs are
being studied in the current study. The variable of interest is a behavioral intention to
adopt mobile commerce.
2.1 Discussion on Study Dimensions
2.1.1 Performance Expectancy
Venkatesh et al. (2003) has defined the variable „performance expectancy‟ as it is a
degree to which one believes that the job performance will improve by using innovative
technologies. The concept „perceived usefulness‟ in the behavior models such as the

503
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

Technology Adoption Model (TAM) is consistent with the „performance expectancy‟.

Other studies stated the „performance expectancy‟ as it is individuals‟ perception that the
usage of system will improve the performance (Min et al., 2008; Jambulingam, 2013).
2.1.2 Effort Expectancy
Likewise, „performance expectancy‟ another major variable that is found in the UTAUT
model is „effort expectancy‟. The study variable „Effort expectancy‟ (EE) can be defined
with respect to ease that is how an individual feel either he/she use technology in easy
way and how much strength of ease is there in usage of technology. Based on the
technology usage behavior (either easy or difficult) consumers decide either mobile
commerce option is feasible in their practical lives.
2.1.3 Personal Innovativeness
Accompanied by the technological factors, consumers‟ individual characteristics on
technological adoption are explored by investigators and have received much attention in
an area of marketing and information technologies research for instance personal
innovativeness (Thakur & Srivastava, 2014). Prior UTAUT models have not specifically
addressed this individual variable personal innovativeness. According to the many
researchers it is a considerable psychological antecedent to recognize the consumer
behavior regarding technological adoption in different context. The examples of such
context exist in past researches: e-payment adoption (Lin & Nguyen, 2011) and online
purchasing intention in village (rural) tourism (San Martin & Herrero, 2012).
2.1.4 Behavioral Intention (BI) To Adopt Mobile Commerce
Behavior of consumers towards the technology or actual use of novel technology is
predicted by the well-established predictor that is behavioral intention (Zhang et al.,
2012). The concept behavioral intention is playing a central role in both theories of TAM
and UTAUT introduced by Davis (1989) and Venkatesh et al. (2003). In accordance with
Zarmpou et al. (2012) the variable behavioral intention defines as it is a subjective
approach of consumers towards the adoptability of mobile commerce. The concept
mobile commerce is not approached at its maturity but it is evolved since last two
decades and not fully implemented by the developing nations, so it is decided for the
current study is to explore the consumers‟ behavioral intentions of mobile commerce
acceptance rather to investigate the actual use of mobile commerce and this practice is
being followed in past researches (e.g., Chong et al., 2012; Dai & Palvia, 2009; Wei et al.
2009; Zarmpou et al., 2012).
3. Hypothesis Discussion
Various studies describe that the factor performance expectancy influences significantly
the consumers‟ behavioral intention to accept and adopt mobile commerce adoption in
different context for example, the study of Yu (2012) investigates the mobile banking, the
research of Kuo and Yen (2009) examines m-data services, Shin (2009) exposes the m-
payment and m-stock trading behavior explores by Tai and Ku (2013). Specifically, the
researcher Yu (2012) has investigated the determinants in the adoption of mobile
banking. The specific theory that is employed during this investigation is UTAUT. For
this purpose, a sample of 441 participants has been drawn for this study and has inference
that the consumers‟ intention to adopt m-banking is majorly affected by two factors that
are performance expectancy and social influence. Furthermore, the researches Tai and Ku

504
 Sair & Danish

(2013) have explored the derivers associated with the m-stock trading in the lens of stock
investor. To investigate stock investor intention about m-stock trading, 329 stock
investors from Taiwan are participated in a phase of data collection. After analyzing the
received data, it is observed that the determinant performance expectancy is significant to
measure the behavioral intention in the usage of m-stock trading along with other two
factors. This dimension is like to the perceived usefulness factor that is described in
TAM. Generally, it is perceived from the existing literature that consumers want to adopt
emerging technologies if the consumers believe that the new technology will help and
useful to them (Alalwan et al., 2017). Repeatedly it has found by the researchers that the
perceived usefulness is a significant determinant of consumers‟ continuance intentions
towards mobile commerce in Taiwan (Hung et al., 2007; Lin & Shih, 2008) Performance
expectancy is an individual perception that the usage of mobile commerce applications
can be helpful while conducting business activities. The results of this dimension are
mixed, however, some of researches have supported the positive relationship between
perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to adopt mobile commerce (Faqih &
Jaradat, 2015; Liébana-Cabanillas et al., 2017), on the other hand Zhang et al., (2012)
reported that there is no significant relationship. The determinant of performance
expectancy in much more than the perceive usefulness that contains the extra aspects e.g.,
1) relative advantage and 2) extrinsic motivation (Huang & Kao, 2015). So, it can be
possible that the findings of performance expectancy may differ from the perceived
usefulness for instance, the results of the study Jaradat and Rababaa (2015) explained that
performance expectancy influences the adoption behavior of mobile commerce
significantly and this research is conducted in Jordan. Currently, there are more evidences
in literature that indicate the same findings about the performance expectancy that it is
significant predictor of mobile payments adoption (Alalwan et al., 2017; Morosan &
DeFranco, 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016). A more recent study executed in Taiwan (Chou et
al., 2018) that is conducted with 435 valid responses have us used performance
expectancy as predictor of mobile commerce. The study results indicated that
performance expectancy significantly influence the consumers‟ behavioral intention in
the mobile commerce environment.
As aforementioned literature is demonstrating that performance expectancy is most
important factor that has strong effect on consumers‟ behavioral intention to adopt mobile
commerce technologies, Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:
 H1: A positive relationship exists between performance expectancy and behavioral
intentions to adopt mobile commerce technology.
As aforementioned, effort expectancy is equitant to the concept easy to use i.e., at what
extant consumers feel about technology that it is easy to use (Jambulingam, 2013). The
adoption behavior may vary across the culture, so consumers behave differently around
the globe. For instant, Teo and Noyes (2014) have conduced study in Singapore on a
behavioral intention. The data is collected from the pre-service registered teachers at the
National Institution of Education in Singapore through the survey questionnaire. They
have analyzed the data set of 264 (received responses), SEM statistical technique is
applied and have found that effort expectancy influences the consumers behavioral
intention to use technology. So, effort expectancy is a considerable factor of users‟
behavioral intentions. Consumers‟ intentions to use information technology is adopted if
it is perceived by consumers that it is easy to use. Similar results have been found in the
505
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

study of Tan et al. (2012). This study is conducted at Malaysia to investigate the mobile
learning behavioral adoption. The data is collected through the questionnaire from the
university students belongs to private sector situated at Perak state and total received
responses are 402. Multiple regression technique is applied, and results show that the
ease of use is a significant determinant of the adoption of mobile learning. A strong
relation exists between ease of use and adoption of mobile learning. The corollary of this
research findings indicates that the demographics are also considerable elements in
technology adoption like age in this case is significant. Young consumers are more
suitable and consistent with the factor ease of use i.e., youngsters can easily adopt mobile
learning. The study predictor effort expectancy is equivalence to old construct perceived
ease of use. The results of study Faqih and Jaradat (2015) have explored that perceived
ease of use is an important indicator of the adoption behavior of mobile commerce.
Likewise, the findings of a study conducted in Jordan have shown the similar results that
effort expectancy is positively associated with consumer intention to use mobile
commerce. On the other hand, recent researches that have studied on the adoption
intention of other m-technologies have not shown the direct relationship between effort
expectancy and intention to use (Morosan & DeFranco, 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016).
Whereas, an indirect effect of effort expectancy on behavioral intention has observed i.e.,
effort expectancy has positive effect on performance expectancy and hence on behavioral
intention (Alalwan et al., 2017; Herero et al., 2017; Oliveira et al., 2016). A more recent
study executed in Taiwan (Chou et al., 2018) and study results indicated that effort
expectancy significantly influence the consumers‟ behavioral intention in the mobile
commerce environment.
Abovementioned discussion and findings are demonstrating that effort expectancy (i.e.
consumers perceive it an “ease of use”) is most important determinant that has a direct
and strong influence on consumers‟ behavioral intention to adopt mobile commerce
technologies, Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:
 H2: A positive relationship exists between effort expectancy and behavioral
intentions to adopt mobile commerce technology.
Some of the previous studies conducting to explore factors affecting the mobile
commerce have demonstrated that the individual psychological construct, personal
innovativeness is a valuable predictor that influence the users‟ behavioral intention to
adopt mobile commerce. The examples of such studies are; 1) of Dai and Palvia (2008)
on mobile commerce and 2). Kim et al. (2010) on m-payment. It is inferenced and
deducted from the studies of Ko et al. (2009) and Kuo and Yen (2009) that there is
positive association between personal innovativeness and technology adoption i.e., the
novel technology adoption is more likely by those consumers of higher personal
innovativeness. Truong (2013) argue that the construct personal innovativeness is well
known, established, and universally accepted in such a way that all the consumers around
the globe are supposed to be similar who have willingness to accept new things.
According to Truong, the individual psychological characteristic, personal innovativeness
i.e., novelty looking for is not eroded by consumers‟ cultural differences. In the study of
Kuo and Yen (2009) personal innovativeness have a direct effect on behavioral intention
and have effect indirectly on behavioral intention through perceived usefulness (i.e.,
performance expectancy) perceived ease of use (i.e., effort expectancy). The study
predictor effort expectancy is equivalence to old construct perceived ease of use. The

506
 Sair & Danish

results of study Faqih and Jaradat (2015) have explored that perceived ease of use is an
important indicator of the adoption behavior of mobile commerce. Likewise, the findings
of a study conducted in Jordan have shown the similar results that effort expectancy is
positively associated with consumer intention to use mobile commerce. On the other
hand, recent researches that have studied on the adoption intention of other m-
technologies have not shown the direct relationship between effort expectancy and
intention to use (Morosan & DeFranco, 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016). Whereas, an indirect
effect of effort expectancy on behavioral intention has observed i.e., effort expectancy
has positive effect on performance expectancy and hence on behavioral intention
(Alalwan et al., 2017; Herero et al., 2017; Oliveira et al., 2016). A more recent study
executed in Taiwan (Chou et al., 2018) and study results indicated that effort expectancy
significantly influence the consumers‟ behavioral intention in the mobile commerce
environment.
Considering the above arguments and collective findings in the current literature, it has
been demonstrated that the personal innovativeness is important construct that may play
the role of mediator, therefore, it can be hypothesized that:
 H3: Personal innovativeness will mediate the relationship between performance
expectancy, effort expectancy, and behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce.
 H3a: Personal innovativeness will mediate the relationship between performance
expectancy and behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce.
 H3b: Personal innovativeness will mediate the relationship between effort
expectancy and behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce.

Performance
Expectancy

Behavioral
intentions to
Personal adopt M-
Commerce
Innovativeness

Effort
Expectancy
Figure 1: Study Model
4. Research Methodology
Positivist philosophy is assumed in the study because of the nature of the research that is
conducted to explore the determinants of consumers‟ behavior in the adoption of mobile
commerce. The human behavior is being recognize through the positivism framework so,
objectivist approach is used in collecting the numerical data for analyses. The reason of
selection of positivism philosophy is that it is consistent and match with existing
marketing studies in literature of same nature in which consumer behavior is explored
(Boateng & Owusu, 2013). Therefore, the philosophical stance that is taken for the
current research is positivism. Relating to this philosophy the appropriate research
approach that is incorporated for the study is deductive. Deductive approach supports the
507
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

researches to formulate the hypotheses from the existing theory and further allow to
develop a specific research design to test it (Silverman, 2013). In case of present
research, the aim of study is to identify the significant determinants that effect the
consumers‟ behavioral intentions to adopt the mobile commerce technology. For this
purpose, two kinds of hypotheses are developed first type formulate the hypotheses that
are related to the technological factor; either technological factor performance expectance
and effort expectancy are positively influence to the behavioral intention to adopt mobile
commerce and second type of hypotheses are related to indirect path, either individual
level characteristics personal innovativeness is mediating the relationship between
independent and dependent variable. Further, explanatory survey research strategy is used
to explore the research question. The survey research design that permits to work with
positivist approach and allow researcher to test the theory and it is scientific approach to
investigate research Saunders et al. (2012). Regarding the nature of study, in the current
study the numeric data is expected to collect so, study is conducted by using positivist
research philosophy with quantitative-survey technique. The explanatory study is
involved because this study contributes an explanation in the existing knowledge.
Further, the type of investigation is correlation owing to the involvement of number of
variables in this study. As aforementioned, for current study quantitative approach is
appropriate so, the researchers‟ involvement is minimal. The study setting is non-
contrived. The unit of analysis is individual because author is going to collect data from
the university students having knowledge about mobile commerce technology. It is a
cross-sectional study.
Primary data is gathered by visiting the respondents through survey. The questionnaire is
adopted from the previous studies and the questionnaire is comprised of 16 items. Each
dimension is explained by at least three elements. Measuring items are shown in
appendix A. Author has selected the students of public and private institutes across
Pakistan that are enrolled in business schools accredited at National Business Education
Accreditation Council (NBEAC) as a target population. The logic behind the selection of
students at university level is, they are actively used the smartphones and internet, young
consumers have grown up with new technologies. Hypotheses are related to mobile
commerce, so smartphone users are highly relevant. The reliability and validity of the
research instrument is tested before and after the pilot testing through the Cronbach‟s
alpha coefficient (α) and Average Variance Explained (AVE) respectively to avoid any
possible error and all the numerical values are in the acceptable range. The overall value
of Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient is α = .835, according to Brown et al., (2000) the
acceptable vale is 0.70 and hence, within the range.
According to Lian and Xiu-zhen (2010) and Islam et al. (2010), there are four major
categories of mobile commerce services. More explicitly, these categories 2) commercial
transactions (e.g., shopping, and banking etc.), 2) entertainment (e.g., download videos
and TV streaming services etc.), 3) information (e.g., news and searching Islamic Hijri
calendar etc.) and 4) Communication and these types of users are considered in a target
population for the current study. As for as sampling design is concerned, author is used
multi-stage sampling technique i.e., segregate the target population in two strata public
and private universities then define the proportion of target population which one is
higher finally get required sample by applying the convenience sampling. The advantage
of convenience sampling is that it allows researcher to collect large sample in a quick and

508
 Sair & Danish

easy way (Yang, 2005) and is appropriate for this study because past studies are applying
this sampling technique in similar type of studies (e.g., Koury & Yang, 2010; Harris et
al., 2005 and Tai & Ku, 2013).
Tanaka (1987) explained that in the „item response theory‟, 10 responses are sufficient
for one item (10:1). Generally, 10:1 case, responses to item ratio is used but some
researchers recommended higher ratio of 20:1 (Kline, 2013) and later ratio is adopted for
this study. As aforementioned all the construct items are adapted from the previous
studies and total 1668 items are measured on Likert-scaled. The sample size is 320
(16*20=320) therefore, 320 questionnaires in hard form are distributed among
respondents in which 300 fully filled responses are received so, the response rate is
93.75%. Field work to collect data methods was simple and collected by visiting the
respondents and collected data was entered in SPSS version 23, AMOS version 23 for
analyses of data and various statistical techniques have applied after feeding data and
codification.
5. Results & Interpretation
5.1 Analysis Procedure
After data screening and cleaning, preliminary analysis has done because it leads towards
appropriateness of data set to investigate for further statistical techniques and to apply
these tests author used IBM SPSS version 23. Further, Structural Equation Modeling
technique is used that allows research to test the inter dependency among variables and
explore the nature of relationships. One of the advantage using SEM is that it assesses the
interrelated dependency in a one phase. If in a study the number of dependent,
independent, mediating, moderating variables are more than one then SEM is more
appropriate technique to examination the hypotheses. SEM can be permitted to evaluate
the fitness of model overall. Visually, the relationships are presenting through the path
diagram and observed variables are shown in rectangles and unobserved variables are
shown in elliptical or circle. Anderson and Gerbing (1982) recommend two approaches
for model in SEM; first one is to draw measurement model and second one is to test
structural model while Kline (1998) have considered CFA (confirmatory factor analysis)
is compulsory with max. likelihood estimation process to measure the convergent validity
and discriminant validity. To apply the statistical technique SEM by using so-called data
analysis software i.e., AMOS version 23. All the basic assumptions e.g., normality,
linearity multicollinearity, homoscedasticity etc. of SEM are confirmed in a pre-testing
phase. After the satisfactory results regarding basic assumptions of SEM test is
performed.
5.2 Preliminary Analysis
Respondent‟s biographical profile is explained through their gender, age, marital status,
education and institution and data this data is analyzed through frequencies tables and
show that 49.8% respondents are male and 50.2% are female and 51.2% respondents
belong to public sector and 48.8% belong to private sector. This private-sector and
public-sector ratio is predefined in a sampling strategy. Reliability of instrument is tested
through the Cronbach's Alpha (α) and overall value of α is 0.835. Convergent validity of
instrument is tested by calculating composite reliability (shown in table 1) and the values
of all constructs are in acceptable range and greater than 0.60 (Malhotra, 2010) so there is
no issue of instruments‟ reliability and convergent validity. Whereas, the values of
509
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

average variance extracted (AVE) are shown in table 1 and are above 0.50. So, the
discriminate validity is confirmed too (Kline, 2005; Hair et al., 2010). Correlations
among variables are reflected by the Pearson correlation coefficient, all the correlation
values of Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Personal Innovativeness with
dependent variable that is “Behavioral Intentions” are significant at the 0.01 level (2-
tailed) (i.e., r = .325, .248, .444, p<0.01.). The statistical vale of KMO and Bartlett‟s test
of sphericity is 0.789 (p < 0.001) that show that sample is adequate. The preliminary
analyses of course allow researcher to proceed for further.
Table 1: Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability and Average Variance, Extracted
Values of the Measurement Scale
No. of Cronbach's Composite
Variables AVE
Items Alpha Reliability
Performance Expectancy 5 0.733 0.678 0.518
Effort Expectancy 3 0.727 0.722 0.508
Personal Innovativeness 4 0.810 0.678 0.525
Behavioral Intentions 4 0.731 0.750 0.575
4.3 Measurement Model
Table 2: Standardized Regression Weights for Constructs

Variables Estimate p-value

BI_13 <--- B_Int 0.687 .000

BI_14 <--- B_Int 0.773 .000
BI_15 <--- B_Int 0.655 .000
BI_16 <--- B_Int 0.488 .000
PE_01 <--- P_Exp 0.695 .000
PE_02 <--- P_Exp 0.611 .000
PE_03 <--- P_Exp 0.562 .000
PE_04 <--- P_Exp 0.439 .000
PE_05 <--- P_Exp 0.388 .000
EE_06 <--- E_Exp 0.541 .000
EE_07 <--- E_Exp 0.798 .000
EE_08 <--- E_Exp 0.695 .000
PI_09 <--- P_Ino 0.131 .000
PI_10 <--- P_Ino 0.990 .002
PI_11 <--- P_Ino 0.539 .000
PI_12 <--- P_Ino 0.922 .001
Note. B_Int & BI = Behavioral Intentions, P_Exp & PE = Performance
Expectancy, E_Exp & EE = Effort Expectancy, P_Ino & PI = Personal
Innovativeness

510
 Sair & Danish

All the required values of fit indexes are within the recommended range (see Table 3).
The value of X2/d.f. is acceptable up to 3 and herein the study measurement model the
value is 2.304 and the value of GFI-goodness of fit index = 0.903 (> 0.9), the value of
AGFI-adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.955 (> 0.80), the values of RMSEA-root mean
square error of approximation 0.046 (< 0.08). The value of RMR- root mean square
residual, NFI-normed fit index, CFI-comparative fit index, PCLOSE are 0.027 (< 0.08),
0.919 (> 0.90), 0.952 (> 0.95) and 0.814 (> 0.05) Hence, all the resultant values are
significant and above the recommended range hence, model is good fit. Table 2 shows all
the standardized regression estimated values and clearly depicted from table values that
all the factor loadings are significant at p < .001 and above the acceptable threshold
values.
Table 3: Model Fit Summary for Measurement Model
Fit indices Recommended values Results
X2/d.f. <3 2.304
GFI (goodness of fit index) > 0.9 0.903
AGFI (adjusted goodness > 0.80 0.955
of fit index)
RMSEA (root mean square < 0.08 0.046
error of approximation)
RMR (root mean square < 0.08 0.027
residual)
NFI (normed fit index) > 0.90 0.919
CFI (comparative fit index) > 0.80 0.952
PCLOSE > 0.05 0.278 > 0.05 0.814

Table 4: Standardized Regression Weights for Structural Equation Model

p-
Path of Variables Estimate S.E. C.R.
value
Personal_Ino <--- Performance_Exp 0.168 0.010 3.699 .000
Personal_Ino <--- Effort_Exp 0.304 0.013 6.689 .000
Behavioral_Int <--- Performance_Exp 0.331 0.032 8.322 .000
Behavioral_Int <--- Personal_Ino 0.452 0.131 13.054 .000
Behavioral_Int <--- Effort_Exp 0.220 0.047 5.195 .000

All the required values of fit indexes are within the recommended range. The value of
X2/d.f. is acceptable up to 5 and herein the study SE model the value is 3.399 and the
value of GFI-goodness of fit index = 0.998 (> 0.90), the value of AGFI-adjusted
goodness of fit index = 0.957 (> 0.80), the values of RMSEA-root mean square error of
approximation 0.062 (< 0.08). The value of RMR- root mean square residual, NFI-
normed fit index, CFI-comparative fit index, PCLOSE are 0.001 (< 0.08), 0.998 (> 0.90),
0.999 (> 0.95) and 0.278 (> 0.05) Hence, all the values of fit indexes are significant and
above the recommended range hence, model is good fit.
511
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

Table 4 shows all the standardized regression estimated values and clearly depicted in
said table that all the factor loadings are significant at p < .001 and above the acceptable
threshold values. Therefore, variable paths in structural equation model are significant for
all theoretical relationships.
5.3 Mediation Analysis
Table 5: Inference for Mediation
Direct Direct
Indirect Mediation type
Hypothesis Beta w/o Beta
Beta observed
Med w/Med
1
Performance_Exp-
β = 0.284 β = 0.023 β = 0.225
Personal_Ino- Full Mediation
p = 0.001 p = 0.611 p = 0.001
Behavioral_Int
2
Effort_Exp-
β = 0.284 β = 0.160 β = 0.088
Personal_Ino- Partial Mediation
p = 0.001 p = 0.001 p = 0.001
Behavioral_Int

Performance
Expectancy 0.33
0.16 1 Behavioral
8 Personal intentions to
0.45
Innovativeness 2 adopt M-
0.30
Effort 4 Commerce
0.22
Expectancy
0
Figure 2: Path analysis
Mediation 1 as depicted in table 5 that direct effect in the absence of mediator is
significance and the direct effect in the presence of mediator is not significance whereas
indirect effect of mediator that is significant between PE and BI. So, it is obvious that the
direct effect of PE towards BI is significant without mediator and is insignificant with
mediator and it is significant through indirect path. Hence, PI fully mediates the
relationship between PE and BI.
Mediation 2 as depicted in table 5, both the direct effects, in the absence of mediator and
in the presence of mediator are significance whereas indirect effect of mediator that is
also significant between EE and BI. So, it is described that the direct effect of EE towards
BI is significant without mediator and with mediator and even it is significant through
indirect path. Therefore, the final decision about the mediator has reported that is PI
partially mediates the relationship between EE and BI.
5. Discussion, Implications and Conclusion
5.1 Discussion of Findings
First hypothesis (H1) propose to establish relationship between performance expectancy
(PE) and behavioral intentions (BI) to adopt mobile commerce technology. The

512
 Sair & Danish

numerical value of r = 325, p < 0.01 conveyed a strong positive relationship between PE
and BI. Statistical value of Standardized regression weights (β = 0.331, p < 0.001) from
the structural equation modeling show a significant (positive) relationship between PE
and BI and SEM analysis is confirmed the adequacy of a hypothesized model. This
finding of the current study is matching with the past research (Chou et al., 2018) and the
study results of Verkijika (2018) is contradicted with the present study. According to
Verkijika (2018), performance expectancy has no direct effect on consumer behavioral
intention but effort expectancy positive effect on performance expectancy. The reason
of matching and differing the results is that the first study is conducted in Asia (Taiwan)
and second study is conducted in Africa (Cameroon). Performance expectancy is an
important predictors of mobile commerce adoption intention like other scholars (Faqih &
Jaradat, 2015; Liébana-Cabanillas et al., 2017). Consumers opt the mobile commerce
services if they feel confidence on the usefulness of services. Hence, the first hypothesis
(H1) is fully supported as the behavioral intention to adopt mobile commerce is a function
of usefulness i.e., PE is a significant determinant of adoption behavior.
Hypothesis second (H2) is assumed the relationship between effort expectancy (EE) and
behavioral intentions (BI) to adopt mobile commerce technology. The correlational
coefficient value is r = 0.220, p < 0.01) that elaborates a significant positive relationship
between EE and BI. Standardized regression weights through SEM is calculated that
shows significant (positive) relationship between EE and BI that is β = 0.266 (p < 0.001).
So, the interpretation of findings has specified that the EE impact on consumers‟ adoption
intentions of mobile commerce positively significant. This finding of the current study is
matching with the past research (Chou et al., 2018). Effort expectancy is an important
determinant of behavioral intention of mobile commerce like other scholars (e.g., Aloudat
et al., 2014; Faqih & Jaradat, 2015). Results of the study revealed that consumers in
Pakistan are using mobile commerce services and believe that mobile commerce
technology is easy to use and easy to understand. Hence, the second hypothesis (H2) is
fully supported as the behavioral intention to adopt mobile commerce is a function of
ease of use. i.e., EE is a significant determinant of adoption behavior.
Third hypothesis is proposed to test the mediational effect of personal innovativeness
between independent and dependent variables. Mediation analysis is applied in SEM
through bootstrapping. In case of sub hypotheses, H3a and H3b; βa is a direct beta without
mediation, βb is a direct beta with mediation, and βc is an indirect beta and these beta
values are calculated to check the mediational effect. The calculated values of three betas
of the two sub hypotheses are: (βa = 0.284, p = 0.001; βb = 0. 023, p = 0.611; βc = 0. 225,
p = 0.001), (βa = 0.284, p = 0.001; βb = 0.160, p = 0.001; βc = 0.088, p = 0.001),
respectively. The results of H3a indicate that there is full mediation. The results of H3b
show that there is partial mediation. Hence, the third hypothesis (H4) is fully supported
that PI mediates the relationship between PE & BI and EE & BI. The previous studies
also support that personal innovativeness is a significant factor that positively influence
on adoption behavior of mobile commerce (e.g., Lu, 2014; Luqman et al., 2016; Anwar,
2018). Based on the discussion of H3 it is suggested to concerns that offering mobile
commerce services that they should consider personal innovativeness (i.e., individual
characteristic) while segmenting the consumers and should launch the services
accordingly.

513
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

5.2 Theoretical Implications

Of course, various studies have published that investigate the behavioral intentions to
adopt mobile commerce, but the researches that empirically testing the individual
differences to adopt the mobile commerce is in emerging phase (Choi et al., 2011). The
individual characteristics: personal innovativeness is imbedded in an original UTAUT
framework and empirically it is tested in Pakistani market by collected data from young
consumers of mobile commerce and hence this study is contributing in the existing body
of knowledge. The empirical results of the study have exposed that personal
innovativeness is positively significant effect on the adoption intentions of mobile
commerce hence, hypothesis related to personal innovativeness is supported. Personal
innovativeness mediates the relationships between performance expectancy, effort
expectancy and behavioral intention. Conclusively, study insights have contributed in the
knowledge creation that the individual features in the mobile commerce technology
adoption among the young consumers in Pakistan.
5.3 Managerial Implications
The managerial implications of the study are recommended to the business practitioners
of mobile industry that assist to judge the successful drivers (i.e., performance
expectancy and effort expectancy and the mediating factor personal innovativeness) in
the development of mobile applications and these managerial contributions help the
practitioners that are working in the field of m-commerce adoption for young consumers
in Pakistan. Performance expectancy is found important and should built-in by experts
that providing mobile commerce services while introducing their services so that mobile
commerce services become more beneficial to their consumers. Therefore, it revealed
from the results that users in Pakistan are opting mobile commerce services because of its
productive nature. Secondly, effort expectancy is equal to the ease of use so, it is
recommended to the practitioners to make the user-friendly services and that are easy to
understand, and they have tried their best to make easy as possible. For this they may add
the bilingual interfaces and make the design simple while offering the services in market.
Personal innovativeness is observed as an influential driver of adoption intentions
towards mobile commerce among the young Pakistani consumers. It facilitates the m-
commerce services providers to segregate the consumers in two segments based on
individual consumer characteristic: consumers who are highly personal innovative and
those who are low personally innovate before the implementation of marketing strategy.
Eventually, marketing expert may use the social media tools for instance, Facebook,
Twitter etc. in Pakistan in place of traditional ways of communication channels (e.g., TV)
to appeal the target users effectively and these modern communication strategies could
facilitate the practitioners to deliver the effective massages for young consumers.
5.4 Limitations and Associated Opportunities for Future Research
Following are the limitations of the present study and associated future directions:
The present study has various limitations that may address in future researches. All the
respondents are taken from Pakistan for this research and ignore cross cultural context
that‟s why the results of the study have the issue of generalizability in western societies
because of substantial cultural differences. Moreover, respondents are taken from the
university students that are user of mobile commerce technology that may create problem
in the way of external validity. In accordance with Pahnila et al. (2011) majority of

514
 Sair & Danish

university students in a data set have not typical representative of online purchase
behavior. This study also put the limits on generalizability as the data is collected from
young consumers and age belongs to the 20-30 years segment. These limitations may
hinder the generalizability of study results. Future opportunity is associated with these
limitations that may lead researchers to do the future studies by collecting data from the
respondents of different ethnicities or by conducting future studies in a multi-country and
comparison can be drawn to explore the consumers‟ adoption intentions in a various
cultural context. Various age group consumer may help in depth understanding of
consumers‟ behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce.
The current study is a cross-sectional and limits the study due to its temporal nature that
has investigated the consumers‟ perception and adoption intentions at a specific time
shot. It is suggested by researchers that perception and adoption intentions vary with the
passage of time so, gained information may merely be valid for the current situation in
Pakistan. Therefore, the results of the study may not be appropriate for upcoming period
because data may be considered as redundant or outdated. This limitation of the study
may overcome in future studies by applying the longitudinal time frame for the
investigation of consumers behavioral intention to adopt mobile commerce over time so
that study model would be authenticated in different time shots for instance, future
researches may be conducted to study the consumers‟ adoption intentions in steps: a) pre-
adoption and b) post adoption of m-applications.
5.5 Conclusion
Significance of mobile commerce among the young consumers of Pakistani is in progress
and the current study exposes that why users in Pakistan are accepting mobile commerce
services and how performance expectancy, effort expectancy and personal innovativeness
motivate to adopt it. To achieve the study aims, author has proposed a model that
considers both technological factors and individual characteristic: 1Performance
Expectancy, 2Effort Expectancy (from the UTAUT model) and 3Personal Innovativeness
as a supplementary variable which extends the UTAUT model. All the study constructs
are adopted from literature that have identified that these factors determine the adoption
intention of consumers. The results of the study have demonstrated that three study
factors have positive significant effect on the adoption intention in consumer market with
reference to Pakistan therefore, all the projected hypotheses H1, H2, and H3 are fully
supported.

REFERENCES

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Alalwan, A. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Rana, N. P. (2017). Factors influencing adoption of
mobile banking by Jordanian bank customers: Extending UTAUT2 with trust.
International Journal of Information Management, 37(3), 99-110.
Aloudat, A., Michael, K., Chen, X., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2014). Social acceptance of
location-based mobile government services for emergency management. Telematics and
Informatics, 31(1), 153-171.

515
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

Ali, A. (2018). Drivers and Barriers of Mobile Commerce: The Role of Consumers’
Personal Innovativeness. (MSc), Brock University, Ontario.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Some methods for respecifying measurement
models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement. Journal of Marketing Research,
9(4), 453-460.
Benou, P., & Bitos, V. (2008). Developing mobile commerce applications. Journal of
Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 6(1), 74-88.
Boateng, K. A., & Owusu, O. O. (2013). Mobile Number Portability: On the Switching
Trends among Subscribers within the Telecommunication Industry in a Ghanaian City.
Communications of the IIMA, 13(4), 75-90.
Brown, A., Cramer, L. D., Eckhaus, D., Schmidt, J., Ware, L., & MacKenzie, E. (2000).
Validity and reliability of the dexter hand evaluation and therapy system in hand-injured
patients. Journal of Hand Therapy, 13(1), 37-45.
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a
measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 189-211.
Chong, A. Y.-L. (2013). A two-staged SEM-neural network approach for understanding
and predicting the determinants of m-commerce adoption. Expert Systems with
Applications, 40(4), 1240-1247.
Chong, A. Y.-L., Chan, F. T., & Ooi, K.-B. (2012b). Predicting consumer decisions to
adopt mobile commerce: Cross country empirical examination between China and
Malaysia. Decision Support Systems, 53(1), 34-43.
Chou, Y. H. D., Li, T. Y. D., & Ho, C. T. B. (2018). Factors influencing the adoption of
mobile commerce in Taiwan. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 16(2),
117-134.
Clarke III, I. (2008). Emerging value propositions for m-commerce. Journal of Business
Strategies, 25(2), 41-57.
Dai, H., & Palvia, P. (2008). Factors affecting mobile commerce adoption: a cross-
cultural study in China and the United States. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Americas
Conference on Information Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada August 14 th-17th, 2008, 204.
Dai, H., & Palvi, P. C. (2009). Mobile commerce adoption in China and the United
States: a cross-cultural study. ACM SIGMIS Database, 40(4), 43-61.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111-
1132.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of
information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Faqih, K. M., & Jaradat, M.-I. R. M. (2015). Assessing the moderating effect of gender
differences and individualism-collectivism at individual-level on the adoption of mobile
commerce technology: TAM3 perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
22, 37-52.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., (2010). Multivariate
Data Analysis. Pearson, Upper Saddle River.

516
 Sair & Danish

Harris, P., Rettie, R., & Cheung, C. K. (2005). Adoption and usage of m-commerce: A
cross-cultural comparison of Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. Journal of Electronic
Commerce Research, 6(3), 210-224.
Herrero, Á., & San Martín, H. (2017). Explaining the adoption of social networks sites
for sharing user-generated content: A revision of the UTAUT2. Computers in Human
Behavior, 71, 209-217.
Huang, C. Y., & Kao, Y. S. (2015). UTAUT2 based predictions of factors influencing the
technology acceptance of phablets by DNP. Mathematical Problems in Engineering,
Article ID 603747.
Hung, M. C., Hwang, H. G., & Hsieh, T. C. (2007). An exploratory study on the
continuance of mobile commerce: an extended expectation-confirmation model of
information system use. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 5(4), 409-422.
Hung, M.-C., Yang, S.-T., & Hsieh, T.-C. (2012). An examination of the determinants of
mobile shopping continuance. International Journal of Electronic Business Management,
10(1), 29-37.
Islam, M. A., Ahmad, T. S. B., Khan, M. A., & Ali, M. H. (2010). Adoption of M-
commerce services: The case of Bangladesh. World Journal of Management, 2(1), 37-54.
Jambulingam, M. (2013). Behavioural intention to adopt mobile technology among
tertiary students. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(9), 1262-1271.
Jiang, P. (2009). Consumer adoption of mobile internet services: An exploratory study.
Journal of Promotion Management, 15(3), 418-454.
Kim, C., Mirusmonov, M., & Lee, I. (2010). An empirical examination of factors
influencing the intention to use mobile payment. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3),
310-322.
Kline, P. (2013). Handbook of psychological testing: Routledge.
Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: A very readable
introduction to the subject, with good coverage of assumptions and SEM's relation to
underlying regression, factor, and other techniques: NY: Guilford Press.
Kline, R. B., (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, second ed.
Guilford Press, New York.
Ko, E., Kim, E. Y., & Lee, E. K. (2009). Modeling consumer adoption of mobile
shopping for fashion products in Korea. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7), 669-687.
Kourouthanassis, P. E., & Giaglis, G. M. (2012). Introduction to the special issue mobile
commerce: the past, present, and future of mobile commerce research. International
Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 5-18.
Kuo, Y.-F., & Yen, S.-N. (2009). Towards an understanding of the behavioral intention
to use 3G mobile value-added services. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(1), 103-110.
Kwok, M. (2015). Examining factors affecting adoption of mobile commerce by young
consumers in china. (PhD), University of Newcastle, China.
Lian, D., & Xiu-zhen, S. (2010). The Key Issues to Develop M-Business System. Paper
presented at the E-Business and E-Government (ICEE), 2010 International Conference.

517
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

Liébana-Cabanillas, F., Marinković, V., & Kalinić, Z. (2017). A SEM-neural network

approach for predicting antecedents of m-commerce acceptance. International Journal of
Information Management, 37(2), 14-24.
Lin, C., & Nguyen, C. (2011). Exploring e-payment adoption in vietnam and Taiwan.
Journal of Computer Information Systems, 51(4), 41-52.
Lin, Y. M., & Shih, D. H. (2008). Deconstructing mobile commerce service with
continuance intention. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 6(1), 67-87.
Lu, Y., Yang, S., Chau, P. Y., & Cao, Y. (2011). Dynamics between the trust transfer
process and intention to use mobile payment services: A cross-environment perspective.
Information & Management, 48(8), 393-403.
Lu, J. (2014). Are personal innovativeness and social influence critical to continue with
mobile commerce? Internet Research, 24(2), 134-159.
Luqman, A., Razak, R. C., Ismail, M., & Alwi, M. A. M. (2016). Continuance intention
of mobile commerce usage activities: Does personal innovativeness matter? The Social
Sciences, 11(11), 2817-2827.
Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marekting research: an applied orientation (6th ed.). New
Jersey, Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
Min, Q., Ji, S., & Qu, G. (2008). Mobile commerce user acceptance study in China: a
revised UTAUT model. Tsinghua Science & Technology, 13(3), 257-264.
Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the
perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems
Research, 2(3), 192-222.
Morosan, C., & DeFranco, A. (2016). It's about time: Revisiting UTAUT2 to examine
consumers‟ intentions to use NFC mobile payments in hotels. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 53, 17-29.
Oliveira, T., Thomas, M., Baptista, G., & Campos, F. (2016). Mobile payment:
Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the
technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 404-414.
Pahnila, S., Siponen, M., & Zheng, X. (2011). Integrating habit into UTAUT: the Chinese
eBay case. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 3(2), 1-30.
Ruiz-Mafe, C., Sanz-Blas, S., Hernandez-Ortega, B., & Brethouwer, M. (2013). Key
drivers of consumer purchase of airline tickets: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Air
Transport Management, 27, 11-14.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students
(6 Ed.): Pearson Education India.
Schifter, D. E., & Ajzen, I. (1985). Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: an
application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 49(3), 843-851.
Shin, D.-H. (2009). Towards an understanding of the consumer acceptance of mobile
wallet. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6), 1343-1354.
Siau, K., Lim, E.-P., & Zixing, S. (2001). Mobile commerce: promises, challenges, and
research agenda. Journal of Database Management, 12(3), 4-24.

518
 Sair & Danish

Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook: SAGE

Publications Limited.
Soroa-Koury, S., & Yang, K. C. (2010). Factors affecting consumers‟ responses to
mobile advertising from a social norm theoretical perspective. Telematics and
Informatics, 27(1), 103-113.
Tai, Y.-M., & Ku, Y.-C. (2013). Will stock investors use mobile stock trading? A benefit-
risk assessment based on a modified UTAUT model. Journal of Electronic Commerce
Research, 14(1), 67-84.
Tan, G. W.-H., Ooi, K.-B., Sim, J.-J., & Phusavat, K. (2012). Determinants of mobile
learning adoption: An empirical analysis. Journal of Computer Information Systems,
52(3), 82-91.
Tanaka, J. S. (1987). " How big is big enough?": Sample size and goodness of fit in
structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134-146.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of
planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of
Research in Marketing, 12(2), 137-155.
Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2014). Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-
service teachers: a multi-group analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(1), 51-66.
Thakur, R., & Srivastava, M. (2014). Adoption readiness, personal innovativeness,
perceived risk and usage intention across customer groups for mobile payment services in
India. Internet Research, 24(3), 369-392.
Thompson, R. L., Higgins, C. A., & Howell, J. M. (1991). Personal computing: toward a
conceptual model of utilization. MIS Quarterly, 15(1), 125-143.
Tiwari, R., & Buse, S. (2007). The mobile commerce prospects: A strategic analysis of
opportunities in the banking sector. Germany: Hamburg University Press.
Truong, Y. (2013). A cross-country study of consumer innovativeness and technological
service innovation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(1), 130-137.
Verkijika, S. F. (2018) Factors influencing the adoption of mobile commerce applications
in Cameroon. Telematics and Informatics, 35 (6), 1665-1674.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of
information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Wei, T. T., Marthandan, G., Chong, A. Y.-L., Ooi, K.-B., & Arumugam, S. (2009). What
drives Malaysian m-commerce adoption? An empirical analysis. Industrial Management
& Data Systems, 109(3), 370-388.
Yang, K. C. (2005). Exploring factors affecting the adoption of mobile commerce in
Singapore. Telematics and Informatics, 22(3), 257-277.
Yu, C.-S. (2012). Factors affecting individuals to adopt mobile banking: Empirical
evidence from the UTAUT model. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 13(2),
104-121.
Zamfiroiu, A. (2014). Factors influencing the quality of mobile applications. Informatica
Economica, 18(1), 131-139.
519
 Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention

Zarmpou, T., Saprikis, V., Markos, A., & Vlachopoulou, M. (2012). Modeling users‟
acceptance of mobile services. Electronic Commerce Research, 12(2), 225-248.
Zhang, L., Zhu, J., & Liu, Q. (2012). A meta-analysis of mobile commerce adoption and
the moderating effect of culture. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1902-1911.

Appendix A: Measures for variables

Measurement Items
Using m-commerce improves my efficiency in my daily task (Performance
Using m-commerce enables me to do my task conveniently Expectancy: Kwok,
Using m-commerce would enhance my effectiveness in my 2015)
daily work
Using m-commerce would improve my task productivity
In general, I believe that m-commerce useful
Learning to use m-commerce is easy for me (Effort Expectancy:
Overall, M-commerce is understandable and clear Kwok, 2015)
Overall, using M-commerce is easy.
When I hear about m-commerce I am looking for possibilities to (Personal
try it. Innovativeness:
I don‟t want to try new m-commerce. Kwok, 2015)
I am usually the first to try out new m-commerce.
I like to try new m-commerce.
I intend to use m-commerce in future (Behavioral
I expect that I would use m-commerce in the future Intentions: Kwok,
I plan to use m-commerce in the future 2015)
I will purchase m-commerce enabled phones in the near future

520