Guide to Citation and Referencing in the

Harvard Style

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. The Harvard system (Author Date Method) ............................................................................ 3
Authors/Originators ................................................................................................................. 3
Dates......................................................................................................................................... 3
Person-­ to-­­person communication (letters, emails, interviews, lectures, etc.) ........................ 4
2.1. Citing in the text .................................................................................................................... 4
Where to place the citation ...................................................................................................... 4
Quotations ................................................................................................................................ 4
Pagination ................................................................................................................................ 4
Figures (e.g. diagrams, graphs, tables, illustrations, photographs, etc.)................................. 4
Text or script from videos, films or broadcasts ........................................................................ 5
Online sources .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Examples of Citing in the Text............................................................................................ 5
2.2. References at the end of your work ..................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Referencing print materials ............................................................................................... 8
Print book ................................................................................................................................. 8
Print encyclopedia or dictionary entry (without an editor) ...................................................... 9
Article in a print journal ............................................................................................................ 9
Article in a print newspaper or magazine ................................................................................ 9
Print report ............................................................................................................................... 9
Legislation – UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)......................................................................... 9
Print map ................................................................................................................................ 10
Print conference paper ........................................................................................................... 10
Print thesis .............................................................................................................................. 10
Print patent ............................................................................................................................ 10
Print translation...................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Referencing Online Materials .......................................................................................... 10
E-­­book .................................................................................................................................... 11
E-­­book downloaded to an e-­­reader ....................................................................................... 11
Article in an online journal ..................................................................................................... 11
Article in an online journal described as ‘In Press’ ................................................................. 11
Article in an open access repository ....................................................................................... 11
Article in an online newspaper or magazine .......................................................................... 11
Webpage ................................................................................................................................ 12
Online report .......................................................................................................................... 12
Conference paper from the Internet....................................................................................... 12
Digital map ............................................................................................................................. 12
Photographs / images accessed online .................................................................................. 13

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 Social media (including Blogs, Wikis, Twitter, Facebook and Online discussion forum) ........ 13
Mobile app.............................................................................................................................. 13
iTunes U or other downloads ................................................................................................. 13
Computer program ................................................................................................................. 14
2.2.3. Referencing moving images and sound ........................................................................... 14
Film ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Television ................................................................................................................................ 14
Radio ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Moving images accessed online e.g. YouTube ....................................................................... 15
3. Plagiarism and copyright ........................................................................................................ 15
Plagiarism ............................................................................................................................... 15
Copyright ................................................................................................................................ 15
Citing this document............................................................................................................... 15

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1. Introduction

2. The Harvard system (Author Date Method)

All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another author’s work (print, online or
multimedia) should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.
Paraphrasing is rewriting an argument using your own words, phrasing and interpretation.
Guidance on appropriate use of paraphrasing, summarising and quotation in academic writing is
available in your Student Handbook.
Referencing is a two-­­part process:
2.1. Citing in the text
2.2. References at the end of the work
In the Harvard System all cited publications are referred to in the main body of text by giving the
author’s surname and the year of publication. Each cited publication must have a corresponding
full reference in the list of references at the end of your work. The references are listed in
alphabetical order by author name.

Authors/Originators
Use the name(s) of the person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as being
responsible for the published content.
If no author is given and there is clearly no identifiable person or organisation, use ‘Anon.’, except
for webpages, newspapers, film, dictionaries or encyclopedias. See section 2.1.1. point vii for
guidance on how to cite these examples. For all examples use the same author notation in the list
of references at the end.

Dates
If an exact year or date is not known, an approximate date preceded by ‘ca.’ may be supplied e.g.
(ca.1750). If no such approximation is possible, use (no date). For webpages, it may be preferable
to cite the year in which the page was accessed, e.g. (ca. 2009), rather than use (no date).

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Where a book, chapter or article has been re-­ published as part of a different work e.g. an
anthology, cite and reference the original date of publication, if given.

Person-­­to-­­person communication (letters, emails, interviews, lectures, etc.)

We recommend that references to person-­ to-­ person communications such as letters and emails
are given only within the main body of the text and are not detailed in the reference list. See page
6 for further guidance.

2.1. Citing in the text

This applies to print and online materials.

Where to place the citation

Place your citation where you feel it should naturally occur within a sentence. Depending on your
writing style, it may follow a phrase/idea or appear at the end of a sentence or paragraph. It
should always appear before the full stop.
• e.g. As Waring (2014, p.33) said, "theory and practice should not be seen as separate entities"
and so...
• e.g. In his highly acclaimed study Waring (2014) argued that theory and practice should not be
seen as separate entities...
• e.g. Theory arises out of practice and the two are therefore inextricably linked (Waring 2014).

Quotations
If the quote is less than a line it may be included in the body of the text in double quotation marks.
Longer quotations should be indented, single--­spaced and appear in double quotation marks.

Pagination
In citations to particular parts of a document, the location of that part (e.g. page number) may be
given after the year within the brackets.
When citing quotations from particular parts of a document, the location of that part (e.g. page
number) should always be given after the year within the brackets.
For e-­­readers, where pagination is absent, include chapter instead. For webpages and online
newspapers, this detail is not required.

Figures (e.g. diagrams, graphs, tables, illustrations, photographs, etc.)

These should be referenced as though they were quotations taken from a published work.
Page numbers are after the year, within the brackets. Diagrams etc. are usually accompanied by a
brief description and are listed throughout a piece of work by figure number.
• e.g. Figure 1. Johannes Vermeer’s The Girl with the Pearl Earring (Chevalier and Hale 2011,
p.55).

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If the item has been copied and amended by you, e.g. another axis added to a graph, then use
amended from.
• e.g. Figure 1. Johannes Vermeer’s The Girl with the Pearl Earring (amended from Chevalier and
Hale 2011, p.55).
If the item is your own original work, then use personal collection.
• e.g. Figure 1. Coventry Cathedral (personal collection).
When referring to diagrams, graphs, tables, illustrations, photographs, etc. in the text, you should
use Figure number (and Source if relevant).
• e.g. In Figure 2. Mitchell (2015) demonstrates...
You should include a full reference to sources in the list at the end of your work. Your own original
work should not appear in the list of references at the end, as it has not been published.

Text or script from videos, films or broadcasts

These should be referenced as though it were a quotation taken from a published work, but
without page numbering.
• e.g. As typified by James Dean portraying the moral decay of American youth (Rebel without a
Cause 1955).

Online sources
When citing a webpage on an organisation or company website, use the organisation or company
as the author. Do not insert the URL (web address) in the body of your text.
• e.g. Price Waterhouse suggest “A quotation from the relevant webpage would be inserted
here.” (Price Waterhouse 2011).

2.1.1. Examples of Citing in the Text

i) If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given in brackets:
• e.g. In his highly acclaimed study Waring (2014) argued that theory and practice should not be
seen as separate entities...
• e.g. As Waring (2014, p.33) said, "theory and practice should not be seen as separate entities"
and so...

ii) If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence:

Both name and year are given in brackets:
• e.g. A more recent study (Waring 2014) has shown the way theory and practical work interact.
• Theory arises out of practice and the two are inextricably linked. (Waring 2014).

iii) When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year:

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These are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within the
brackets:
• e.g. Fordham (2011a) discussed the subject...
Note: If you are adding citations from the same author and year, the letters after the date will
determine the order in your list of references e.g. ‘Fordham (2011a)’ would be listed before
‘Fordham (2011b)’.

iv) When more than one source is cited:

The sequence of citations may be either chronological or in order of academic relevance.
• e.g. (Harris 2011; Hale 2012; Malcolm 2014)

v) If there are two authors:

The surnames of both should be given
• e.g. Doole and Lowe (2012) proposed that...

vi) If there are more than two authors:

The surname of the first author only should be given, followed by et al.:
• e.g. As global economies grow and the cost of doing business increases (D'Arienzo et al. 2016).
A full list of all author’s names should appear in the list of references at the end of your work.

vii) If no author is given and there is clearly no identifiable person/body responsible:

For all examples use the same author notation in the list of references at the end.
For webpages use the organisation or company author:
• e.g. In the IPCC (2016) report on Climate Change and Oceans and the Cryosphere...

For newspaper articles use the newspaper title:

• e.g. Social media is driving the rise of hate crime (The Telegraph 2016).

For a film, use the title of the film:

• e.g. As typified by James Dean portraying the moral decay of American youth (Rebel without a
Cause 1955).
For a dictionary or encyclopedia, if it is the co-­ operative work of many individuals, none of whom
are the main editor, the title of the work may be used instead.
• e.g. According to the Oxford Encyclopedia “A quotation from the text would be inserted here.”
(Oxford 2007, p.375).
For other sources, use ‘Anon.’:
• e.g. In an earlier text (Anon. 1908) it was stated that...

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viii) If you refer to a source directly quoted in another source you cite both in the text:
• e.g. In a popular study Whear (2014 cited by Stamper 2016) argued that education must be
participative and collaborative...
• e.g. As Whear (2014 cited by Stamper 2016, p.90) said, "education must be participative,
collaborative and non-­ judgmental" and so we...
You should list only the work you have read, i.e. Springer, in list of references at the end.

ix) If you refer to a contributor in a source you cite just the contributor, not the editor:
• e.g. Crinklaw showed this to be key to her own social networking success (Crinklaw 2011).
See section 2.2.1. for an explanation of how to format contributions (e.g. chapter in an edited
book) in your list of references.

x) If you refer to a person who has not produced or contributed to a work, but who is quoted in
someone else’s work -­­ it is recommended that you mention the person’s name and you must
cite the source author:
• e.g. Michael Heseltine emphasized the part the media plays in influencing political opinion in
an interview with Eaton (2016).
• e.g. “It rings well with some of our xenophobic newspapers”, Michael Heseltine said in a recent
article (Eaton 2016, p4).
You should list the work that has been published, i.e. Eaton (in the New Statesman) in your list of
references.

xi) Scriptural Citations (e.g. Bible, Koran/Qur’an):

These should only be included in the text and not the list of references. Include book, chapter and
verse. If quoting you may add the translation or edition.
• e.g. ‘He gives strength to the weary and increases the power of the weak.’ (Isiah 40:29, New
International Version).

xii) Legislation – UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) should be cited in full:

• e.g. The Equality Act 2010 legislates that it is unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of...

Person-­­to-­­person communications (letters, emails, interviews, lectures, etc.):

These do not provide recoverable data and so are not included in the reference list. Cite personal
communications in the text only. Give initials as well as the surname and status and/or occupation
of the person. Provide as exact a date as possible. When citing research data which you have
collected, it is advisable to also include copies or summaries of source data in Appendices.
• e.g. According to Professor L. Brockliss, Beatty’s accounts of naval medicine led to significant
advances (personal communication, 15 September 2008, see Appendix 1).

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2.2. References at the end of your work
At the end of a piece of work list references to documents cited in the text. This list may be called
a Bibliography or References. Exceptionally you may be asked to list references not cited in the
text but which make an important contribution to your work. These are usually listed under the
heading of Further Reading.
In the Harvard System, all references are listed in alphabetical order by author name in a single
list. The only exception is when you are citing legal materials, e.g. legislation and cases; these
items should appear in separate lists after the main list of references.
If you have cited more than one item by a specific author they should be listed chronologically
(earliest date first), and by letter (1993a, 1993b) if more than one item has been published in the
same year. You will usually find bibliographical reference information on the title page of the
publication.
For place of publication, give the town or city. If more than one town/city is listed give the first
one or the location of the publisher’s head office. If the town/city is not well known, you may in
addition add a county, region or state. Note that in the United States of America states are
denoted by a two letter code, for example Hillsdale, NJ.
For the publisher’s name, omit superfluous terms such as Publishers, Co, or Inc. Always retain
the words Books or Press.

Where authorship is attributed to an organisation or corporation instead of an individual author,

ascribe authorship to the organisation. In academic writing, names of organisations may be
abbreviated once they have been given in full, e.g. Office for National Statistics (ONS, 2015). You
must always give the full version of organisational names in your list of references.

2.2.1. Referencing print materials

Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the following examples for the
different types of published work you may have cited. When bibliographies are hand written,
underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics.
Print book
Author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of
publication: Publisher.
• e.g. Gross, R., 2015. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 7th edition. London:
Hodder.

Contribution in an edited print book e.g. a chapter

Contributing author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In:
Surname, INITIALS., of author or editor of publication followed by ed. or eds. if appropriate. (Year
of publication, if different to contribution). Title of book. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of
publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.

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• Cudney, E.A., 2015. Development of Strategic Quality Metrics for Organisations. In: Sampaio,
P. and Saraviva, P., eds. 2016. Quality in the 21st Century: Perspectives from ASQ Feigenbaum
Medal Winners. 2nd edition. Switzerland: Springer, 57-­ 68.

Print encyclopedia or dictionary entry (without an editor)

If a dictionary or encyclopedia is the co-­ operative work of many individuals, none of whom are the
main editor, the title of the work may be used instead.
Short form title/publisher, Year. Title of contribution. In: Title of source. Edition (if not first). Place:
Publisher.
• e.g. National Geographic, 2012. Dangerous Animals. In: National Geographic Animal
Encyclopedia. 2nd edition. Margate, FL: National Geographic Society.

Article in a print journal

Author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number
and (part number), Page numbers of article.
• e.g. Tumbat, G. and Grayson, K., 2016. Authority Relinquishment in Agency Relationships.
American Marketing Association, 80 (3), 42-­­59

Article in a print newspaper or magazine

Author’s Surname, INITIALS., (or Newspaper Title,) Year of publication. Title of article. Title of
newspaper, Day Month Year, Page number/s and column number (a, b, c etc.).
• e.g. Aldrick, P., 2016. Rush to withdraw savings as negative interest rate looms. The Times, 4
August 2016, 2b

Print report
Author, Year of publication. Title of report. Place of publication: Publisher. Report Number (if
given).
• e.g. Bortolotto, G. A., 2016. Humpback whale feeding in Santa Catarina coastal waters. Brazil:
Bio Med Central. Report s41200

Legislation – UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)

Cite an Act by its short title and date. You should not include ‘the’ at the beginning of the title, nor
any punctuation between the title and the date:
• e.g. Equality Act 2010
Legislation should appear in a separate list after the main list of references. These guidelines apply
whether you found the legislation in print or online. For other types of UK legislation e.g. Bills,
Statutory Instruments (SI) or EU legislation see the 'Citing References: Law' guide.

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Print map
Originator’s Surname, first name or initials, (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor,
copier, maker, engraver, etc.) year of publication. Title, Scale. (should be given normally as a ratio)
Place of publication: Publisher.
• e.g. Stivichall, P., 1906. Warwickshire, 1:10560. London: Ordnance Survey.

Print conference paper

Contributing author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution.
Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed. or eds.
if relevant. Title of conference including place and date of conference. Place of publication:
Publisher. Page numbers of contribution.
• e.g. King, L., 2007. Privileged Will Trusts. In: Bailey, C. and Chatfield, D., eds. Wills, Estates and
Variations, Birmingham, UK, 15 October 2007. Radlett: Pro Conferences. 2-­ 6.

Print thesis
Author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of thesis. Designation (and type).
Name of institution to which submitted.
• e.g. Steele, J., 2016. Molecular recognition in plant immunity. Thesis (PhD). University of East
Anglia.

Print patent
Originator, (name of applicant/s), Year of publication. Title of patent. Series designation which
may include full date.
• e.g. Cummins Ltd., 2016. Variable geometry turbine and assembly thereof. UK patent
2482796B. 06 July 2016.

Print translation
Author's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title. Translated by Translator. Place of publication: Publisher
(Originally published in given year).
• e.g. de Saint Exupery, A., 1995. The Little Prince. Translated by Alan Wakeman. London:
Pavilion (Originally published in 1943).

2.2.2. Referencing Online Materials

The recommendations here follow best practice in referencing online resources. Online materials
that are subject to change require the URL and access date to be included in the reference.
The recommendations here follow best practice in referencing online resources. Note: Scanned
chapters or journal articles should be referenced in the same way as their print original.

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E-­­book
Author's/Editor's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title [online]. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of
publication: Publisher (if given).
• e.g. Clarke, K. and Lane, L., 2014. The study skills guide [online]. 2nd edition. London:
Macmillan.

E-­­book downloaded to an e-­­reader

Author’s/Editor’s Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title [type of e-­ reader edition]. Edition (if not the first).
Place of publication: Publisher (if given).
• e.g. Heathcliffe, A., 2013. How to study [Kindle edition]. London: Purley.

Article in an online journal

Author's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title. Journal title [online], volume (issue), page numbers (if
available).
• e.g. Clapham, S. and Martin, J., 2012. Making sense of social media. International Marketing
[online], 15 (2), 75-­­78.

Article in an online journal described as ‘In Press’

For articles that are described as ‘In Press’ you must include the full URL, as the article has not be
assigned a precise volume and issue number:
e.g. Ordóñez, A. E., Loeb, F. F., Zhou, X., Shora, L., Berman, R. A., Broadnax, D. D., Gochman, P., Liu,
S., Rapoport, J., 2016. Lack of Gender--­Related Differences in Childhood--­Onset Schizophrenia.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [online], In Press. Available from:
http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890--­8567(16)30287--­8/fulltext [Accessed 8 August 2016].

Article in an open access repository

A repository is a collection of open access outputs for a specific subject or institution. When
referencing articles or publisher--­branded PDFs from library databases or journal publisher websites,
refer to ‘Article in an online journal’ instead (as above).
Author's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title. Journal title [online], volume (issue), page numbers (if
available). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
• e.g. Maclellan, E., 2005. Conceptual Learning: The Priority for Higher Education. British Journal
of Educational Studies [online], 53 (2) 129-­­147. Available from:
http://philpapers.org/rec/MACCLT [Accessed 4 Aug 2016].

Article in an online newspaper or magazine

Author’s Surname, INITIALS (or Newspaper/Magazine Title) Year of publication. Title of article.
Title of newspaper/magazine [online], Day Month Year. Available from: URL [Accessed date].
• e.g. Monbiot, G., 2016. The climate crisis is already here – but no one’s telling us. The
Guardian [online], 04 August 2016. Available from:

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 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/03/climate-­ crisis-­ media-­ relegates-­
greatest-­­challenge-­ hurtle-­ us-­ collapse-­ planet [Accessed 4 August 2016].

Webpage
Author's /Editor's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title of webpage [online]. Place of publication:
Publisher (if given -­­ check the website e.g. ‘About us’ or ‘Contact us’ pages). Available from: URL
[Accessed Date].
• e.g. Chartered Trading Standards Institute. Regulatory Consultancy Services [online]. London:
Chartered Trading Standards Institute. Available from:
http://www.tradingstandards.uk/advice/RegulatoryConsultancy.cfm [Accessed 4 August 2016].

Online report
Author, Year of publication. Title of report [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Report Number
(where relevant).
• e.g. Osguthorpe, D., 2016. Consumers, Saving and Investing -­­ UK [online]. London: Mintel
Group.

Conference paper from the Internet

Contributing author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution [online].
Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed. or eds. if
relevant. Title of conference including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher
(if given). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
• e.g. Jupp, J. R. and Wilkinson S. J., 2015. BIM and the value dimension: A property perspective
[online]. In: Wong, K. D., Fan, Q., Linstone, J. and Turoff, C., eds. COBRA AUBEA 2015 8-­ 10 July
2015, Sydney, Australia. Australia: RICS. Available from:
http://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/research/conference-­ papers/bim-­­and-­ the-­ value-­
dimension-­ / [Accessed 6 August 2016].

Digital map
Originator’s Surname, first name or initials, (may be cartographer, surveyor, mapping agency,
editor, copier, maker, engraver, etc.), year of publication. Title (if not supplied, provide an
appropriate title), Scale (should normally be given as a ratio), [map]. Place of publication:
Publisher. Available from: ‘core’ URL [Accessed Date].
• e.g. Ordnance Survey, 2016. Coventry, 1:50000, [map]. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Available from: https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/osmaps/52.4367119010,-­
1.5288259738,14 [Accessed 16 January 2016].

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Photographs / images accessed online
Photographer/Artist’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of image [type of image]. Place
of publication: Publisher (of online image) if given. Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
• e.g. Orland, R., 2002. Newcathedral.jpg [photograph]. Coventry: historiccoventry.co.uk.
Available from: http://www.historiccoventry.co.uk/cathedrals/newcathedral.jpg [Accessed 7
August 2016].

Social media (including Blogs, Wikis, Twitter, Facebook and Online discussion forum)
Social media entries may only be kept on servers for a short time and may not be recoverable. You
should retain a copy and consider including as an appendix.
Author's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title of entry. Title of website [online]. Day Month Year.
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

• e.g. Hassan, T., 2015. lays down the law with new course offering.
www.notgoingtouni.co.uk [online]. 17 November 2015. Available from:
http://www.notgoingtouni.co.uk/blog/lays-­­down-­­the-­­law-­­with-­­new-­­course-­­ offering-­­2990
[Accessed 8 August 2016].

• e.g. Hughes, S., 2016. IDP Database of Research on International Education. JISCMail
Ambitions Archives [online]. 05 May 2016. Available from: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-­­
bin/webadmin?A2=ind1605&L=AMBITIONS&F=&S=&P=50 [Accessed 7 August 2016].

Mobile app
Use originator/author if ascertainable otherwise use the title. Originator. Year (Use access year if
release date is not available). Title of app [mobile app]. Version number. Available from: app store
name [Accessed Date].
• e.g. Lavatech, 2013. InCase [mobile app]. Version 1.6.4. Available from: Google Play [Accessed
07 August 2016].

iTunes U or other downloads

Use originator/author if ascertainable, otherwise use the title.
Author’s/Editor’s Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title [download]. Edition (if not the first). Place
of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: Download site [Accessed date].
• e.g. Dunlap, B., 2007. The lifelong learner [download]. Spartanburg SC: Wofford College.
Available from: www.ted.com [Accessed 7 August 2016].

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Computer program
Company name, (Or if given: Author’s Surname, INITIALS.,) Date (if given). Title of program.
Version [type]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
• e.g. Thomson Reuters, 2016. EndNote X7.5. [computer program]. Stamford, Conn.: Thomson
Reuters.

2.2.3. Referencing moving images and sound

When deciding which category your item belongs to, you should first consider what type of
medium it was originally created or intended for, rather than the format in which you have
accessed it.
Where type is the same as format, e.g. a television or radio programme that was accessed in real
time, only type should be given.

Film
Title, Year. (For films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production.) [type,
format]. Production credit (e.g. Director or Producer). Production place: Production company.
• e.g. London has Fallen, 2016. [film, DVD]. Directed by Babak Najafi. Santa Monica, CA:
Lionsgate.
• e.g. Romeo and Juliet, 1968. [film, VHS]. Directed by Franco Zefferelli. USA: Paramount.

Television
Title, Series, Episode number or title, Year. [type, format]. Production credit (e.g. Director or
Producer). Production place: Production company. Channel. Date, Time of transmission.
• e.g. The Sky at Night, Mariner to Mars, 1969. [television programme]. Producer Patricia
Owtram. BBC2. 4 August 1969, 00:15.
• e.g. Evening News, 2001. [television programme]. BBC1. 27 January 2015. 18:00.
• e.g. Winter is coming, Game of Thrones, Series 1, Episode 1, 17 April 2011. [television
programme]. Directed by Tim van Patten. USA: HBO.
Contributions: individual items within a programme should be cited as contributors.
• e.g. Thatcher, M., 1983. Interview. In: Six o’clock News [television programme]. BBC1. 29
February 1983. 18:06.

Radio
Title, Programme details e.g. series, episode. Year. [type, format]. Radio channel. Date of radio
programme. Time of radio programme.
• e.g. I’m sorry I haven’t a clue, Series 65, Episode 6, 2016. [radio programme]. BBC Radio 4. 1
August 2016. 18:30.

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Moving images accessed online e.g. YouTube
Use originator/author if given otherwise use title.
Originator, Year. Title [type, format]. Place of publication or production (if given): Publisher or
Producer (if given). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

• e.g. The Late Late Show with James Corden, 2015. Stevie Wonder Carpool Karaoke [video,
online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqrvm2XDvpQ [Accessed 8
August 2016].

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