National Institute of Technology Warangal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Warangal – 506 004

LABORATORY MANUAL

on

ENGINEERING METROLOGY

Authored by

Dr. N. Venkaiah

(In-Charge of Precision Metrology Laboratory)

 FORWARD

The mission of the Precision Metrology Laboratory at NIT Warangal is to provide the
students with an active learning environment for the measurement technologies used
in Mechanical Engineering field. Students use the laboratory to collect and analyze
measurement data, apply measurement methodologies, and learn the capabilities and
limitations of measurement technologies.

This manual is intended as a basic description of laboratory experiments for “ME355

Machining and Metrology Laboratory”. It is highly recommended to the student that
he/she reads over the description of the experiment and the related material in
textbook before coming to the lab sessions. This will enable the student to make
more effective use of the time available and generate more reliable data for his/her
reports.

We hope that the student enjoys the experience and take the fullest advantage of this
laboratory course.

N. Venkaiah

December, 2013

2
 LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT
The student, after completing the experiment, is required to submit the report
including the following components.

I. Abstract: A brief description of the overall idea of the experiment and the
most important results.

II. Objective: Briefly state the objective of the experiment in your own words.

III. Experimental Procedure:

Explain the experimental procedure, step by step, in your own words, listing
the test equipment, instruments, etc. used. The reader of your report should
be able to duplicate the experiment from this section without being familiar
with our labs.

IV. Test Results: Present the test results using prose, graphs and/or tables to
explain them.

Follow the general/standard conventions for figures and tables. The original
data sheets, computation sheets and other appropriate material are to be
included as appendices.

V. Discussion: Discuss the best results (referring to specific figures and

tables).
Be sure to discuss the results in comparison with existing theories, other
references, etc. Also discuss probable sources of experimental error and
how (if possible) they can be eliminated.

VI. Conclusions: A brief summary of the experiment, test results and

conclusions drawn from the experiment.

Also suggestions/recommendations for improving the design and execution of

the experiment may be included.

VII. References: List all references used for the preparation of the report.
A minimum of three references is required. For example, the following
references may be used:
1. Textbook
2. Handbooks
3. Journal papers

VIII. Appendices: The following may be included when appropriate:

A. Original data sheets
B. Computation sheets
C. Computer program listings and output
D. Other information

3
 CONTENTS

S. No. Experiment Page

1 Taper Measurement 5

2 Thread Measurement using Floating Carriage Diameter 10

Measuring Machine

3 Straightness Measurement using Auto-Collimator 17

4 Inspection of work pieces using Comparators 22

5 Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) 29

6 Surface Roughness Measurement 37

7 Gear Tooth Measurement 49

4
TAPER MEASUREMENT

5
 TAPER MEASUREMENT
Aim: Measurement of
a) external and
b) internal taper

INTRODUCTION
Taper is the continuous decrease or increase of size of a part from one end to the
other. Measurement of angle is indispensable in workshops for the manufacture of
interchangeable parts.

EXTERNAL TAPER MEASUREMENT

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Sine bar.
2. Slip gauges.
3. Tapered work piece.
4. Spirit level.

SINE BAR
 Sine bar is a lapped steel bar
 Two equal and accurate cylinders fixed at each end
 Center distance of rollers: 100 mm or 250 mm (usually)

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SINE BAR

 The rollers must be of equal diameter and true geometric cylinders
 The distance between the roller axes must be precise (±0.0025 mm for 100
mm bars) and known, and these axes must be mutually parallel.
 Upper surface of the beam must be flat (0.0013 mm for 100 mm bars) and
parallel with the roller axes and equidistant from each other.

Sine Principle: The ratio of the length of two sides of a right triangle is used in
deriving an angle

6
 + +
l
Sine bar

Sine bar used in conjugation with slip gauges constitutes a very good device for the
precise measurement of angles. Sine bars are made of high carbon, high chromium,
corrosion resistant steel, hardened, ground and stabilized.

Wringing
It is the process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces lightly bond when
combined with a very thin film of oil. This action exudes any air gap between the two
gauge blocks. Thus, this process is responsible for increasing the accuracy of the
angle being measured.

Sine bars are used mainly

 to measure unknown angle
 to locate any work to a given angle

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the sine bar over the work piece

2. Make the top surface of the sine bar parallel to the surface plate by lifting
lower end using the slip gauges.
3. Check the parallelism using a spirit level. (The bubble in the spirit level is to
be in the centre.)
4. Taking the roller centre distance as the hypotenuse and slip gauge height as
a side of the right angled triangle, find the taper angle.

7
 Level

l
h θ
Gauge blocks (h)

Work Sin θ = h/l

θ
Surface plate

Measuring an unknown angle

LIMITATIONS OF SINE BAR

1. The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position when angle exceeds 450.
2. Slight error in sine bar causes large error in the angle obtained.
3. Long gauge stacks are not as accurate as short gauge stacks.
4. Temperature variations become critical for sine bars.
5. A difference in deformation occurs at that point of rollers which are in contact
with the surface the surface and to the gauge block, because at higher
angles the weight load is shifted more towards the fulcrum roller.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The sine bar should not be used for angles greater than 45 0 because any
possible error in construction gets concentrated at this limit, enhancing the
error.
2. A compound angle should not be formed by misaligning of the work piece
with the sine bar. This can be avoided by attaching the sine bar and work
against an angle plate.

8
 MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL TAPER

r1 - r2
sin q =
(h2 + r2 ) - (r1 - h1 )

D1 = d1 sec q
D2 = d 2 sec q

DL = D1 + 2(r1 - h1 ) tan q
Ds = D2 - 2( H - h2 - r2 ) tan q

REFERENCES:

J.F.W. Galyer and C.R Shotbolt “Metrology for Engineers”, ELBS, 83-126.

9
 Thread Measurement
using
Floating Carriage Diameter Measuring Machine

10
 Thread Measurement
using
Floating Carriage Diameter Measuring Machine

Screw threads are used either

1. to transmit power (e.g. lead screw) or

2. to act as a fastener

Screw Thread Terminology

Crest P
Root

MDEDmD

Screw Thread.
Continuous helical groove of uniform section on the external or internal
surface of a cylinder or a cone.

Screw thread on a cylinder is called parallel thread where as the one formed
on a cone is called tapered thread.

Crest. Prominent part of the thread. It is on the larger diameter on external and the
smaller diameter of an internal thread.

Root. Bottom of the grove

Pitch. Distance measured parallel to the axis, between corresponding points on

adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane

Lead. Axial distance advanced by the thread in one revolution.

Lead and pitch are same for a single-start thread.

For a multi-start thread, lead is the same multiple of pitch as the number of
starts

Major Diameter. Diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder touching the crests of

an external thread or the roots of an internal thread
11
Minor Diameter. Diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder touching the roots of
an external thread or the crests of an internal thread

Effective Diameter. Diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder intersecting the

thread in such a manner that the width of the thread and space between the
threads is equal.

Also known as pitch diameter.

Angle of Thread. Angle between the flanks

Measurement of Effective Diameter

Effective diameter measurement

with two and three wires

For each pitch of thread, there is a ‘best size’ wire

Best size wire is with such a diameter that it makes contact with flanks of the thread
on the effective diameter.

Wires must be allowed free to adjust themselves under the micrometer pressure

Only two wires are enough with this machine.

Aim:
I. Measurement of major diameter
II. Measurement of effective diameter
III. Measurement of minor diameter

Procedure:

I. Measurement of major diameter

1. Select the plain cylindrical standard (Setting Master) of nearest size to that of
nominal major diameter of the screw thread to be measured.
2. Hold the setting master between centers and touch the anvils to master as
shown in Fig. (a).
12
 3. Preset the size of the master on display unit.
4. Replace the setting master by the screw thread to be measured. Touch the
anvils on the screw thread as shown in Fig. (b).
5. Note the major diameter of the screw thread as displayed on the unit.

II.
III. Measurement of effective diameter
1. Select the setting master of nearest size.
2. Select thread measuring wires based on pitch of the thread to be
measured. (Ref: Chart A)
3. Hold the master between centers with wires as shown in Fig. (a) and set
the dial
Setting = master size + ‘P’ value Fig. (b)
4. Preset this value on the dial.
5. Replace the setting master by the thread to be measured.
6. Insert the wires in opposite threads as shown Fig. (c).
7. The display unit will display the effective dia. of the thread.

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

13
IV. Measurement of minor diameter
1. Select correct size prisms based on the pitch of the thread from Chart B
2. Place suitable setting cylinder between the centres of the machine with
prisms as shown in Fig (a).
3. Now preset the size of the master on display unit.
4. Replace the setting master by the thread to be measured with prisms in
opposite threads as shown in Fig. (b).
5. The display unit will display the minor dia. of the thread.

14
15
References:

K. J. Hume, “Engineering Metrology”, Mc Donald & Co (Publishers), London

16
Straightness Measurement using Auto-Collimator

17
 Straightness Measurement using Auto-collimator

What is straightness?

Condition where all the points of an element lie on a straight line.

Fig. 1. Representation of straightness error

What is an autocollimator?

An autocollimator is an optical instrument that is used to measure small angles with

very high sensitivity.

Principles of operation

The autocollimator projects a beam of collimated light. An external reflector reflects

all or part of the beam back into the instrument where the beam is focused and
detected by a photo-detector. The autocollimator measures the deviation between
the emitted beam and the reflected beam. Because the autocollimator uses light to
measure angles, it never comes into contact with the test surface.

Reflections from a plane surface

18
 Fig. 2. Reflection from a plane surface turned through angle δθ

Applications
1. To verify the accuracy of a rotary table using autocollimator and polygon
2. To compare work angle with standard angle block
3. To verify straightness of movement along machined rails
4. To determine flatness of surface plates etc.

Straightness measurement checking – Auto-Collimator and Reflector

Fig. 3. Set up for straightness measurement using auto-collimator

Conversion of angular deviation into a linear deviation

19
 1800 = p radians
p
1min of arc = radians
180*60
p
1sec of arc = radians �0.005*10 -3 radians
180*60*60
On a base length of 100 mm,
1sec of arc = 0.005*10-3 *100 = 0.5*10 -3 mm or 0.5 m m

EXAMPLE

Positi Reading Avg. Differen Rise or Fall Cumulati Adjustme Errors

on on Forward Backw Readi ce from in Interval ve Rise nt to from
Surfa ard ng 1st length or Fall bring Straight
ce min sec Readin both line
min min g (mm) (mm) ends to
sec sec (sec) Zero (mm)
(mm)
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
10
2 2
1 2 8 0 0 0 -1 -1
12 10
2 2
2 2 14 +3 +1.5 +1.5 -2 -0.5
15 13
2 2
3 2 15 +7 +3.5 +5 -3 +2
19 17
2
4 2 8 2 8 -2 -1 +4 -4 0
8
2 2
5 2 9 0 0 +4 -5 -1
11 10
2 2
6 2 14 +4 +2 +6 -6 0
14 14

Straightness error = |+2|+|-1| = 3 mm

20
 Fig. 4. Cumulative and actual error graphs

References:

J.F.W. Galyer and C.R Shotbolt “Metrology for Engineers”, ELBS, 83-126.

21
 Inspection of Work Pieces using Comparators

Sigma Comparator Optical Comparator

22
 Inspection of Work Pieces using Comparators

General Principle

A comparator indicates the differences in size between the standard and the
work being measured by means of some form of pointer on a scale at a
magnification, which is sufficient to read to the accuracy required.

Advantages of using Comparators

 Not much skill needed on the part of the operator

 Calibration of instrument over full range is not required

 Zero error does not have any effect

 A high magnification results in greater accuracy

Types of Comparators

1. Mechanical

2. Mechanical-Optical

3. Pneumatic

4. Electrical

The principles and practice of measuring methods are more important to the
practical metrologist than the details of these instruments

Mechanical Comparators

Dial Gauge

 Direct mechanical magnification using levers and gears

 Measuring range: 13 mm (usually)

 Unit divisions: 0.01 mm or 0.02 mm

23
 Dial Indicator

The Sigma Comparator

24

Dial
  The plunger is mounted on a pair of slit diaphragms to have a
frictionless movement. A knife edge contact for the moving member.
 First stage magnification: L/x
 Second stage magnification: R/r
 Total magnification: L/x . R/r
 Magnification is adjusted by tightening or slackening the screws
attaching the knife edge to the plunger thus adjusting the distance x.
 Driving drums of different radii “r” can also be provided to
change the magnification.
 Available in the magnification range of 300 to 5000
 The same mechanism is used for all the magnifications - Excellent
design

Mechanical-Optical Comparator

Principle of optical comparator

Mechanical amplification = 20/1 = 20 units.

Optical amplification = (50/1)x2 = 100 units.
Total Magnification = 20x100 = 2000 units.

The factor 2 in optical amplification is explained using following figures.

25
 Point source of light in focal
plane of a collimating lens

Projection of a point source being

reflected from an inclined reflector

Optical comparators are capable of giving a high degree of the measuring precision
owing to high magnification and the reduction of moving parts

Mirror used must be of front reflection type and not of normal back reflection type

26
Back reflection type mirror Front reflection type mirror

27
28
 Optical arrangement of O.M.T optical comparator

Procedure to Estimate the Measurand

D1 = size of standard work

R1 = reading on standard work
R2 = reading on work under inspection

Measurand = D1 + (R2 - R1)

Reference:

K. J. Hume, “Engineering Metrology”, Mc Donald & Co (Publishers), London

29
CO-ORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
(CMM)

30
 CO-ORDINATE
MEASURING MACHINE
(CMM)
Introduction
Co-ordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are mechanical systems consisting of a
contact probe and a means of positioning the probe in three dimensional space
relative to the surface of a work part in order to obtain the data concerning the part
geometry.

Important specifications of a CMM include the measuring lengths along the x, y, and
z-axes as well as resolution and work piece weight. The x-axis measuring length is
the total travel, or measuring length that can be performed in the x direction. The y-
axis measuring length is the total travel, or measuring length that can be performed
in the y direction. The z-axis measuring length is the total travel, or measuring
length that can be performed in z direction.
31
CMMs may have manual control, CNC control or PC control. Manual control implies
that the machine positioning is operator controlled.

Applications of a CMM
 Dimensional measurement
 Profile measurement
 Angularity or orientation
 Depth mapping
 Digitizing or imaging
Essential Features of a CMM
 Simplicity
 Versatility
 Repeatability
 Reliability
 Accuracy
 Resolution
 Speed and Cost effectiveness

CMM Details
Name : 544 Crysta
Made : Mitutoyo Corporation, Japan
Construction type : Bridge type
Based on the Axis : Vertical type
Model no. : CRT- Apex C 544
Probe : Touch trigger type

Basic Designs of a CMM

32
Cantilever

Bridge

Gantry

33
 Stylus Types

Disc Cylindrical
5 way

Star Pointer Hallow ball

Specifications of the CMM

Model CRT- Apex C544
X - axis 19.88” (505 mm)
Measuring Y-axis 15.94”(405 mm)
Z- axis 15.94”(405 mm)
Resolution 0.000004” (0.0001 mm)
Max. moving speed = 430 mm/s
CNC mode
Max. measuring speed = 8 mm/s
Drive speed
moving speed = 0-80 mm/s
Joystick mode
measuring speed = 0-3mm/s
Max. acceleration 0.17G (3D)
Material Granite stone
Measuring table
Size 25.12” X 33.86” (638 mm X 860 mm)
Max. height 21.46” (545 mm)
Work piece
Max. weight 220 lbs (100 kg)
Width 42.60” (1082 mm)
Dimensions Depth 43.46” (1104 mm)
Height 86.02” (2185 mm)
Machine weight 1133 lbs (515 kg)
50 L/min or 1.8 CFM
Air consumption
(Under normal condition)
34
Air pressure 0.4 MPa (4 kgf/cm2 ) or 58 PSI
Range 1 64.4°F - 71.6°F (18°C-22°C)
Range 2 60.8°F - 78.8°F (16°C-26°C)
Variation /hr 1.8°F (1.0°C)/hour
Range 1 = 3.6°F (2.0°C)/day,
Temperature Variation/day
Range 2 = 9.0°F (5.0°C)/day
1.8°F (1.0°C)/m (Vertically),
Gradient
1.8°F (1.0°C)/m (Horizontally)

Procedure to Measure Co-ordinates

Every CMM is coupled with a software package, which can take care of all the data
management related measurements and also performs some functions related to
metrology. The software package for this CMM is supplied by the Mitutoyo
corporation namely MCOSMOS.

The basic steps in measuring and getting the coordinate data of an object with
MCOSMOS:

 Switch on the machine after checking all the requirements that are needed to
start the machine like air supply with required pressure, suitable room
conditions etc.
 By clicking create a new part icon, new part will be created
 Name it and click CMM learn mode and select driver system
 The suitable probe has to be built before measuring the object
 The probe has to be calibrated with the master ball and ensure that the error
is within limit.
 Select the probe from the probe data management
 To get the data in ANSI file select the file format open.
 Select the mode of measurement like point, line, circle, plane etc. since
discrete points are to be measured ,point measurement is to be selected
 As more number of points are needed to generate surface accurately, select
point repetition mode which helps in measuring points one after one until the
measurement is interrupted
 Measure the points as many a required
 Select the mode of measurement circle, to generate the circle by joining the
specified points, which are already measured.
35
  Click on the circularity icon to display the graphical image of the output,
which looks like in the fig. 9, 10 & 11.
 Exit from the selected measurement mode

ASCI file for Circle Points

1 N0003 CIRCLE 4 257.402 242.647 0.000 87.141 0.003

1 N0007 PT_COMP. 1 43.566 -0.199 131.160
2 N0010 PT_COMP. 1 41.100 14.697 131.160
3 N0013 PT_COMP. 1 35.781 25.907 131.160
4 N0016 PT_COMP. 1 25.534 35.636 131.160
5 N0019 PT_COMP. 1 12.477 41.808 131.160
6 N0022 PT_COMP. 1 -0.829 43.565 131.160
7 N0025 PT_COMP. 1 -14.307 41.240 131.160
8 N0028 PT_COMP. 1 -28.121 33.726 131.160
9 N0031 PT_COMP. 1 -35.474 25.773 131.160
10 N0034 PT_COMP. 1 -41.613 13.129 131.160
11 N0037 PT_COMP. 1 -43.564 -0.166 131.160
12 N0040 PT_COMP. 1 -41.292 -14.138 131.160
13 N0043 PT_COMP. 1 -34.828 -26.665 131.160
14 N0046 PT_COMP. 1 -26.530 -34.925 131.160
15 N0049 PT_COMP. 1 -14.298 -41.235 131.160
16 N0052 PT_COMP. 1 0.302 -43.561 131.160
17 N0055 PT_COMP. 1 14.037 -41.316 131.160
18 N0058 PT_COMP. 1 26.813 -34.710 131.160
19 N0061 PT_COMP. 1 34.460 -27.152 131.160
20 N0064 PT_COMP. 1 41.242 -14.274 131.160
2 N0067 CIRCLE & 20 0.023 0.020 131.160 87.463 0.600
2 N0068 Roundness 0.500 0.600 0.100 |--->>

From the above data the output can be summarized as

Data set 1:
No. of points : 20
Circularity error : 0.600 mm
36
Actual radius : 43.732mm
Diameter : 87.464mm
Center :( 0.023, 0.020)
The output for the above data is pictorially given as in Fig.1.

Fig. 1. Output for the Data Set

Roundness Evaluation using Least Squares Method

Magnification x
250
DIFFERENCE IN
RADII 25.3 mm

Least squares centre. Calculation of

roundness error

37
38
SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT

39
SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT

Surface

Envelope covering the solid body having direct exposure to the surrounding
environment

Types of Surfaces

Smooth surfaces: for higher load carrying capacity, optics, fluid flow
(laminar), friction

Rough surfaces: For lubrication, better grip

Lay patterns

40
From a 3 dimensional surface to a 2 dimensional profile

Waviness
Roughness

Form

Geometrical deviations

41
Roughness
 Every pass of a cutting tool leaves a groove of some width and depth.

 Roughness is essentially the process marks or witness marks produced by the action
of the cutting tool or machining process.

 This can also be due to structure of the material.

Waviness
 Result of small fluctuations in the distance between the cutting tool and the
workpiece during machining.

 Causes: Instabilities in the machining process, such as an imbalance,

vibration and run-out in a grinding wheel.

 Some of these sources are external and sporadic - for example, a passing
forklift, and the operation of other machines on the shop floor.

Form
Form is the general shape of the surface, ignoring variations due to roughness and waviness.

Deviations from the desired form can be caused by many factors.

For example:

 The part being held too firmly or not firmly enough

 Inaccuracies in guideways and spindles of machine tool

 Uneven wear in machining equipment

42
 How to distinguish them?

No clear set boundaries to distinguish roughness, waviness and form

Depends on the size and nature of the application.

For example, the waviness element on an optical lens may be

considered as roughness on an automotive component.

Why Measure Surfaces?

1. Process control

Finish on the surface is extremely sensitive to any changes in the process

Surface roughness is a diagnostic tool for process monitoring

Changes in parameter (Ra, Rq…) values indicate the change in the process.
But do not pinpoint where the changes in the process have occurred.

Advent of autocorrelation, power spectra and probability density functions

overcame it.

2. Functional behavior of parts

History (of Measurement)

Till 1920s, no attempt was made to measure surfaces.

Subjective tests:

Eye

Fingernail – Tactile example – Touch sensitive

- Can distinguish good surface from bad surface

- Satisfactory within one factory

Measuring Methods

Demands for quantitative results led to the development of two parallel branches of
instrumentation
43
 1. Contact (Stylus) method (Mimics fingernail)

E.g. a) Talysurf

Measurement is made across the lay

Measure heights in plane perpendicular to the surface

Developed for engineers’ use

The stylus method essentially uses a caliper, the two arms of which touch a
reference surface and the surface under test

2. Non-contact method (Mimics eye )

E.g.
a) Optical

b) M/C Vision

Measure spacings and details in the plane of the surface

Help metallurgist and biologists

Stylus Method (Talysurf)

 The most successful British instrument

 Diamond stylus (0.002 mm tip radius)

 Stylus movements amplified electrically and fed to the pen recorder

 The marking medium is an electric discharge through a specifically treated paper

which blackens at the point of the stylus. So, no distortion due to drag.

 Only the central portion of the stroke is recorded.

 Skid attached to the pick-up lies on the surface

 Magnifications: 1,000 to 50,000

Terminology

Primary profile

Original profile without filtering

Roughness profile
44

Surface Roughness Tester

 Derived from the primary profile by suppressing the waviness and longer
wavelengths

Waviness profile

Derived from the primary profile by suppressing the wavelengths longer than
waviness and shorter wavelengths

Traversing length

Length over which the pick-up is traversed across the surface

After steady state conditions are reached, data logging will be started

Assessment length

Shorter than traversing length

Length over which surface data is acquired and assessed

Sampling length (cut-off length):

Fundamental distance over which the surface parameter is assessed

Unless otherwise stated, surface parameters relate to this length

Usually this is 0.8 mm

Traversing length

Assessment length

Pick-up
Sampling length

Part

Terminology

Various parameters

Amplitude:

Ra (Average roughness), CLA, AA (Arithmetic Average):

Arithmetic mean of the profile deviations from the mean line

45
 Followed in UK and US

Rq, root mean square value

Peak parameters (as given below) were followed in Germany and USSR

Rp: Maximum height of the profile above mean line within SL

Rv: Maximum depth of the profile above mean line within SL

Rt: Maximum peak to valley height of profile in Assessment length

Rz (JIS- Japanese Industrial Standard): 10 point height parameter

Average height difference between the 5 highest peaks and 5 lowest valleys
within SL

Spatial:

RSm: Mean spacing between profile peaks at the mean line

Hybrid:

RΔq: rms slope of the profile within the SL

Rsk (Skewness): Measure of symmetry of the profile about mean line

Rku (Kurtosis): Measure of the sharpness of the profile

Surface Roughness Tester (M400)

Working principle

Skidless probe system, inductive sensor

Typical Specifications

Stylus (Diamond tip) radius: 2 μm

Measuring range: ± 250 μm

Traversing lengths: 1 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, 8 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm

Evaluation lengths: 1.25 mm, 4.0 mm, 12.5 mm

No. of sampling lengths: 1 to 5

Cut-off lengths: 0.25 mm, 0.8 mm, 2.5 mm

46
 Parameters:

Amplitude: Ra, Rq, Rp, Rv, Rt, Rz

Spatial: RSm

Hybrid: RΔq, Rsk, Rku

Pick up: Inductive

Tracing force: 0.7 mN (milli newton)

Tracing speed: 0.1 and 0.5 mm/s

Ra (Average roughness), CLA, AA (Arithmetic Average):

47
 Profiles with same Ra value

Peak parameters

Rz (JIS- Japanese Industrial Standard): 10 point height parameter

48
Spatial parameters (Rsm):

Rsk (Skewness):

Rsk < 0

Rsk = 0

Rsk > 0

49
Rku (Kurtosis): Measure of peakedness of the profile.

Lower kurtosis is better

Roughness Grades Used in Practice

Roughness Values (Ra) Roughness Grade

μm μin Numbers
50 2000 N12
25 1000 N11
12.5 500 N10
6.3 250 N9
3.2 125 N8
1.6 63 N7
0.8 32 N6
0.4 16 N5
0.2 8 N4
0.1 4 N3
0.05 2 N2
0.025 1 N1

Reference:

1. D.J. Whitehouse, “Surfaces and their Measurement”, HPS.

50