Bda 5 25

Bridge Design Aids 5-25 • February 2017
5-25 Hinge
HDesign
inge Design
Example – December 2015 – 3 rd Draft
Hinge Design
1.0 Introduction
1.0 Introduction
Hinges separate frames in long structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes,
Hinge Design Example – December 2015 – 3rd Draft
prestress shortening,
Hinges separate framescreep
in longand shrinkage
structures of concrete.
to allow for movementThedue
usetoof hinges allows
temperature changes, forprestress
these
movements to occur and reduces forces on the substructure. Hinges can also allow frames
Hinge
shortening, Design
creep and shrinkage of concrete. The use of hinges allows for these movements to occur andto
move
reduce
1.0independently
forces on the
Introduction in a seismic event.
substructure. Hinges can also allow frames to move independently in a seismic event.
Per theHinges
2012 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
for movement(AASHTO), one changes,
of two methods may be
Per the 2012 AASHTO LRFD
separate frames Bridge
in long Design
structures Specifications
to allow (AASHTO),
due one of twoprestress
to temperature methods may
used forshortening,
the design of superstructure
creep and shrinkage of hinges.
concrete. The beam
The use ledgeallows
of hinges design formethod may be to
these movements used,
occurprovided
and that
be used
certain for
reduce
dimension therestrictions
forces design
on ofare
superstructure
the substructure. Hinges
met. hinges.
can also
A more The beam
allow method
general frames moveledge
to that be design
independently
can method
used isinthe
a seismic may
event.bedesign
strut-and-tie used,
provided
method. that certain dimension restrictions are met. A more general method than can be used
is theused
strut-and-tie design method.
Per the 2012 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (AASHTO), one of two methods may be
for the design of superstructure hinges. The beam ledge design method may be used, provided that
Thecertain
following hinge
dimension design example
restrictions are met. Auses
morestrut-and-tie
general methoddesign
that canand AASHTO
be used specifications
is the strut-and-tie designfor a seven-
The method.
span following hinge design example uses strut-and-tie design and AASHTO specifications
cast-in-place post-tensioned box girder bridge with zero skew. Geometry of the prototype for
bridge is
shown in Figure 1.0-1.
a seven-span cast-in-place post-tensioned box girder bridge with zero skew. Geometry of the
The following hinge design example uses strut-and-tie design and AASHTO specifications for a seven-
prototype bridge ispost-tensioned
span cast-in-place shown in Figure 1.0-1.
box girder bridge with zero skew. Geometry of the prototype bridge is
shown in Figure 1.0-1.
Figure 1.0-1:
Figure Elevation
1.0-1: View
Elevation of of
View Structure
Structure
Figure 1.0-1: Elevation View of Structure
Typical section details and design parameters are shown in Figure 1.0-2.
Typical section
Typical sectiondetails and
details and design
design parameters
parameters are
are shown shown1.0-2.
in Figure in Figure 1.0-2.
Figure 1.0-2: Typical Section and design Parameters

Figure 1.0-2: Typical Section and Design Parameters
Figure 1.0-2: Typical Section and design Parameters Page 1 of 30
5-25 Hinge Design 1

Page 1 of 30
2.0 Design Steps

This design example includes the following initial steps:
2.1 Identify Hinge Construction Stages

2.2 Calculate Loads
2.3 Design Bearings
2.4 Determine Hinge Dimensions
2.5 Establish Strut-and-Tie Model
2.6 Design Hinge Reinforcement
2.7 Check Strut Compressive Stresses in the Node Regions
2.8 Check Strut Compressive Stresses away from the Node Regions
2.9 Provide Adequate Anchorage for Ties
The following components of the hinge are not included in this design example. Designers must
consider these components for a complete hinge design.
1. Transverse shear key

2. Longitudinal restrainers
3. Hinge inspection access openings
4. Overhang design at joint seal assembly
5. Connection of joint seal assembly to hinge
2.1 Identify Hinge Construction Stages

In a multi-frame bridge, the hinge is the last portion of the superstructure to be poured. The
construction sequence for the hinge pour is shown in Figure 2.1-1. The reinforcement shown is
indicative of the types of reinforcement that are to be cast with superstructure pours, prior to hinge
construction. The engineer is expected to include in the construction plans a hinge construction
sequence similar to the one shown in Figure 2.1-1. Once both superstructure frames are poured
and post tensioned, hinge construction begins. The three stages of hinge construction are as follows:
Stage 1: The lower portion of the hinge, or the hinge seat, is poured first, once the
reinforcement has been placed. The specified concrete strength is usually the
same as the superstructure, but in some cases a higher strength may be specified.
Stage 2: Construction of the upper portion of the hinge begins once the specified minimum
strength for the hinge seat concrete has been achieved, and the bearings are
properly positioned and supported. The specified concrete strength for this portion
of the hinge is usually the same as the hinge seat.
Stage 3: The last portion of the hinge seat to be completed is the installation of the joint
seal assembly.
2 5-25 Hinge Design

Stage 1: The lower portion of the hinge, or the hinge seat,is poured first, once the reinforcement has
been placed. The specified concrete strength is us ually the same as the superstructure, but
in some case a higher strength may be specified.
Stage 2: Construction of the upper portion of the hinge begi

ns once the specified minimum strength
Bridge
for the hinge seat concrete has been Design
achieved, theAbearings
and ids 5-25 are• properly
February 2017 and
positioned
supported. The specified concrete strength for thi
s portion of the hinge is usually the same
as the hinge seat.
Stage 3: The last portion of the hinge seat to be completed

is the installation of the joint seal
assembly.
Figure 2.1-1: Hinge Construction Stages

Figure 2.1-1: Hinge Construction Stages
Hinge demands are usually extracted from the longit udinal analysis model of the bridge. CT-Bridge
was used for this example. For the prototype bridg e, the service limit state demands at the bearings are
2.2 Calculate Loads
presented in Table 2.2-1. These are superstructureshears taken at the location of point A in figure2.1-1, in
order to account for all hinge seat demands. Using the demands at the centerline of bearings leavesuto the
Hinge
hinge seat demandsand
self-weight arelive
usually
load extracted
reactions from
that the from
result longitudinal
placinganalysis
the first of theaxle
truck bridge. CT-Bridge
to the left of the
bearing was used for
centerline. this example.
Unfactored hingeThe superstructure
demands shown cross-section
in table is often
2.2-1 are total modeled
demands for as
all abearings
cellularat the
Hinge Design Example –cross
July section 2nd Draft the bridge model. This leaves out part of the hinge weight. This can
2015 –throughout
be rectified in CT-Bridge by changing the superstructure cross-section though the hinge zone,
hinge. or by maintaining a cellular cross-section through the hinge, and adding a distributed load to
account for the missing weight. For the prototype bridge, the service limit state demands at the
bearings
One item to note here arefact
is the presented
that thein Table 2.2-1.
superstructure These are superstructure
section in the hinge shears
regiontaken
has aatsolid
the location
cross- of
point A in Figure 2.1-1, in order to account for all hinge seat
section. The superstructure cross-section is oftenmodeled as a cellular cross section throughout thedemands. Using the demands at
the centerline
bridge model. This leaves out part of of bearings
the hinge leaves
we out This
ight. the hinge
can be seatrectified
self-weight, and the liveby
in CT-Bridge load reactions that
changing
result from placing the
the superstructure cross-sections through the hinge first truck axle to the left of the bearing centerline.
zone, or by maintaining a cellular cross-section Unfactored hinge
demands shown in Table 2.2-1
through the hinge, and adding a distributed load account are
to total demands for all bearings at the hinge,
for the missing weight. Accounting for th and include
e the
solid section weight. Dynamic load allowance is included in the live load demands.
missing weight can also be done by adding it manual ly to the numbers from CT-Bridge. The reactions
shown in Table 2.2-1 already included the additiona
l solid section weight.
Table 2.2-1 Unfactored Hinge Demands
DC 945 kips
DW 81 kips
PS 60 kips
HL-93 522 kips
Permit Vehicles 881 kips
Table
The 2.2-1 Unfactored
corresponding factoredHinge Demands
demands are given in Table 2.2-2.
The corresponding factored demands are given in tab

le 2.2-2.
5-25 Hinge Design 3
STRENGTH I 2276 kips
STRENGTH II 2552 kips Controlling Load
STRENGTH III 1363 kips
DC 945 kips
DW 81 kips
PS 60 kips Bridge Design Aids 5-25 • February 2017
HL-93 522 kips
Permit Vehicles 881 kips
Table 2.2-1 Unfactored Hinge Demands
Table 2.2-2:
The corresponding factored Factored
demands HingeinDemands
are given tab
le 2.2-2.
STRENGTH I 2276 kips

STRENGTH II 2552 kips Controlling Load
STRENGTH III 1363 kips
STRENGTH IV 1599 kips
STRENGTH V 2067 kips
Table 2.2-2: Factored Hinge Demands
There are four girders in this bridge, so four bearings are used. For this design example, the
designinload
There are four girders thisper bearing
bridge, soisfour
assumed to beare
bearings oneused.
quarterFor
of the
thiscontrolling load, or 2552/4
design example, = 638load
the design kips.
per bearing is assumedDesigners
to be one should determine
quarter of thethe
con appropriate
trolling load,load distribution
or 2552/4 = 638 forkips.
their Designers
case using principles
should of
structural
determine the appropriate loadanalysis.
distribution for the
ir case using principles of structural analysis.
The hinge geometryThe and
PTFEthe designis approach
bearing used
placed close this
in edge
to the design example,
of the seat. Theprevent the
bearing’s demands
sole fromto
plate is sized
Extreme Event I limit state from
prevent controlling
unseating of thethe design,
bearing. Aseven if the
a result, bridge
hinge seat was considered
design an importan
is independent t
of whether the
bridge where live loads mayisbe
hinge in included.
the open or closed position, as the reaction at the hinge seat occurs at the same
location,
Hinge theExample
Design centerline of hinge
– December bearing.
2015 For the upper hinge position, the design approach in
– 3rd Draft
2.3 Design Bearing this example insures that it has adequate capacity to resist strength limit state loads with the
The PTFE bearing is placed close to the edge of the seat. The bearing’s sole plate is sized to prevent
hinge inofthe
unseating theopen position.
bearing. Extreme
As a result, Event
hinge seat I limit
design state, which
is independent has lower
of whether load
the hinge factor,
is in the opendoes
or not
control
In order to accommodate
closed theseismic
position,design of the hinge
as the displacements
reaction in this
at the hinge example,
aseat
PTF Eoccurs
Spherical even
at the if location,
the bridge
Bearing
same was was considered
selected
the centerline offor a project.
this
hinge “critical”
bearing.
A step-by-step bearingbridge
Fordesignwhere
the upper liveportion,
ishinge
not loads the
included may beas
here,
design included.
detailed
approach step
in this by step
example design
insures with
that it has examples
adequate capacityisncluded
toi
resist strength limit state loads with the hinge in the open position. Extreme Event I limit state, which has
in Memo to Designerslower
(MTD) load7-1.
factor,The
doesbearing
not controldetails shown
the design in Figures
of the hinge 2.3-1 and
in this example, even 2.3-2 werewas
if the bridge obtained
considered
using the design procedures
a “critical”of MTDwhere7-1.live loads may be included.
2.3 Design Bearing
bridge
2.3 Design Bearing

In order to accommodate seismic displacements a PTFE Spherical Bearing was selected for this
project. A step-by-step
In order to accommodate bearing
seismicdesign is not included
displacements, here, as
a PTFE Spherical detailed
Bearing was step by for
selected stepthis
design
project.with
Aexamples is included in Memo to Designers (MTD) 7-2. The bearing details shown in Figures
step-by-step bearing design is not included here, as detailed step by step design with examples is included
in Memo to Designers (MTD) 7-1. The bearing details shown in Figures 2.3-1 and 2.3-2 were obtained
2.3-1the
using and 2.3-2
design were obtained
procedures of MTD using
7-1. the design procedures of MTD 7-2.
Figure 2.3-1 PTFE Bearing Plan Geometry

4 5-25 Hinge Design

Figure 2.3-2 PTFE Bearing Section
2.4 Determine Hinge Dimensions Figure 2.3-2 PTFE Bearing Section
Three dimensions need to be calculated in order to finalize the size of the hinge (see Figure 2.4-1):
2.4 Determine Hinge Dimensions
Page 4 of 30
Three dimensions need to be calculated in order to finalize the size of the hinge (see Figure 2.4-1):
(1) Diaphragm Thickness: This dimension is controlled by tendon anchorage requirements

(such as the number of tendons), post-tension blockout requirements, and AASHTO
LRFD general zone requirements. Based on MTD 11-28 and a design jacking force
of 2,490 kips per girder, a diaphragm thickness of 3.0 ft. is selected.

(2) Closure Diaphragm: For constructability and design purposes this dimension should
be a minimum of B, where B is the required width of the joint seal block out. For
more information regarding how to determine the “B” dimension, see MTD 7-10.
This design uses 2.0 ft. for the B dimension, and the closure diaphragm thickness is
also selected to be 2.0 ft.

(3) Seat Length: The hinge seat must meet the minimum seat length requirements of
the latest Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria (SDC), and must be large enough to
accommodate the bearing hardware.
5-25 Hinge Design 5

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft
Figure
Figure 2.4-1: 2.4-1:Dimensions
Hinge Hinge Dimensions
2.4.1 Hinge Seat Length Calculation

2.4.1 Hinge Seat Length Calculation
As stated earlier,As
thestated earlier,
seat must meet theSDC
seatrequirements
must meet SDC requirements
for minimum seatfor minimum
length. seat Equation
Per SDC length. Per
7.2.5.4-1, the minimum SDC Equation
seat length is7.2.5.4-1,
defined the minimum
as the sum of seat length is defined
all anticipated as the sum
movements plus of all anticipated
4 inches. This
movements plus 4 inches. This insures a minimum seating length
insures a minimum seating length of 4 inches under maximum hinge opening. SDC Equation 7.2.5.4-1 of 4 inches under maximum
includes two separatehinge
termsopening.
for longSDCtermEquation 7.2.5.4-1
shortening, includes
one due two separate
to prestress, and terms for long
the other due term shortening,
to creep and
one due to prestress, and the other due to creep and shrinkage
shrinkage of concrete. However, long term prestress shortening and creep shortening are the sameof concrete. However, long
quantity, as there would be no long term prestress shortening without creep, and there would be no creep be
term prestress shortening and creep shortening are the same quantity, as there would
no long term
shortening without prestress. prestress
The SDC shortening
equation without
is revised creep, and
to include onlythere would be nofor
one component creep
longshortening
term
without prestress. The SDC equation is revised to include only one component for long term
shortening. The revised minimum seat length is given by:

N
=∆
 + Δtemp
= Δps+cr+sh
+∆
 + Δeq + 4 in. +∆ + 4"
Where,
Where,
N = Minimum seat length.
ps+cr+sh = Anticipated
N = Minimum seatprestress,
long term length(in.)creep, and shrinkage shortening.
temp = Hinge movement
Δps+cr+sh = Anticipated
due long term
to temperature prestress, creep, and shrinkage shortening(in.)
effects.
eq = Hinge opening = Hinge
Δtempdue movementloads.
to earthquake due to temperature effects(in.)
Δeq = Hinge opening due to earthquake loads(in.)
6 2.2.1-1:5-25
Figure Hinge Design
Contributory Lengths for Movement Calculations (from CTBridge output)
Total superstructure shortening, due to initial stressing and long term creep and shrinkage is on
the order of 0.1 ft per 100 ft of contributory length (MTD 7-10). About 25% of the shortening occurs
instantaneously at the time of stressing, another 50% or so will occur over the next two years, and the
shrinkage of concrete. However, long term prestress shortening and creep shortening are the same
quantity, as there would be no long term prestress shortening without creep, and there would be no creep
shortening without prestress. The SDC equation is revised to include only one component for long term
Bridge
 = ∆ Design
+ ∆ A4"
+ ∆ + ids 5-25 • February 2017
Where,
N = Minimum seat length.

ps+cr+sh = Anticipated long term prestress, creep, and shrinkage shortening.
temp = Hinge movement due to temperature effects.
eq = Hinge opening due to earthquake loads.
Figure 2.2.1-1: Contributory Lengths for Movement Calculations (from CTBridge output)
Figure 2.2.1-1:
Total Contributory
superstructure Lengths
shortening, due tofor Movement
initial stressing Calculations
and long term (from CTBridge
creep and shrinkageOutput)
is on
the order of 0.1 ft per 100 ft of contributory length (MTD 7-10). About 25% of the shortening occurs
instantaneously at the time
Total superstructure of stressing,
shortening, another
due 50%stressing
to initial or so willand
occur over
long the creep
term next two
andyears, and the
shrinkage is on
the order of 0.1 ft. per 100.0 ft. of contributory length (MTD 7-10). About 25% of the shortening
Page 5 of 28
occurs instantaneously at the time of stressing, another 50% or so will occur over the next two
years, and the remaining 25% occurring over the next eight or so years. Depending on the
construction sequence of the bridge frames, hinge construction may be completed in as little as
two-to-three weeks or as much as six months or more after longitudinal post tensioning. A 0.7
factor is used in the long term shortening computation to account for the fact that hinge closure
may occur in as little as two to three weeks (MTD 7-10 Attachment 4).
Long term shortening:
Hinge movement due to temperature is a function of the temperature range. For this example
we’ll use a temperature range of 80oF.
Temperature Movement:
The seismic movement across a hinge is defined in SDC 7.2.5.4. This is an estimate of the potential
hinge opening during a seismic event. Δeq is computed as the square root of the sum of the
squares of the individual frame seismic displacements. Seismic displacement demands of the
frames in this example are obtained from a response spectrum analysis in CSI Bridge. Any
analysis method permitted under SDC can be used to evaluate seismic displacement demands.
Frame 1 seismic displacement demand Δ1D = 15.0 in.

Frame 2 seismic displacement demand Δ2D = 18.5 in.
5-25 Hinge Design 7

Per SDC Equation 7.2.5.4-1 the minimum seat length is 36 in. The PTFE Bearing’s sole plate
is 43.75 in. long. This plate should be placed at least 3 in. away from the edge of concrete. The
sole plate is anchored to the upper hinge portion. In order for this dapped end to accommodate
the sole plate it needs to be at least 46.75 in. long, use 48.0 in. Consequently, the hinge seat is
48.0 in. long.
The masonry plate should be placed as close to the edge of the hinge seat as possible, at least
4.0 in. from the edge. The masonry plate may need to be placed more than 4.0 in. away from the
edge if it is required for development of the tension steel in the hinge seat. The masonry plate
is 16.25 in. long. The centerline of the masonry plate is 16.25/2 + 4 = 12.125 in., say 12.0 in.
2.5 Establish Strut and Tie Model

The first step in a strut and tie design is to choose a Strut-and-Tie Model (STM). An STM is a truss
model of the concrete member, composed of steel tension ties, and concrete compression struts.
In general, any Strut-and-Tie or Truss Model that satisfies equilibrium is an acceptable model.
any strut-and-tie or truss model that satisfies equilibrium is an acceptable model. However, an efficient
However, an efficient model is one that follows the flow of forces in the structure. Tension ties are
model is oneplaced
that follows
in tensilethe flowwhile
zones, of forces in the structure.
compression Tension
struts are placed ties are placed
in compressive inFor
zones. tensile zones, while
example,
compressionthe struts are placed in compressive zones. For example, the top face of the hinge
top face of the hinge seat is in tension, so horizontal tension ties are placed along the top seat is in
tension, so horizontal
surface of thetension
hingeties
seat.are placed the
Similarly, along the of
bottom topthesurface of the
hinge seat is inhinge seat. Similarly,
compression, the bottom
so horizontal
of the hinge compression
seat is in compression, so horizontal compression struts are placed along the bottom
struts are placed along the bottom face of the hinge. A stable truss model requires face of the
diagonal
hinge. A stable trusscompression
model requiresstrutsdiagonal
and vertical tension ties. struts
compression The STMandfor this design
vertical example
tension ties. isThe
shown
STM for
in Figure 2.5-1. Solid lines represent tension ties, while dashed lines represent compression struts.
this design example is shown in Figure 2.5-1.
Figure 2.5-1:
FigureHinge Strut-and-Tie
2.5-1: models (Closed
Hinge Strut-and-Tie Position)
models
Figure 2.5-1 shows two-dimensional STMs for the hinge in the longitudinal direction, one for the
8 5-25 Hinge Design
lower hinge portion, hinge seat, and one for the upper hinge portion. Compression struts are shown in
thick dashed lines. Tension ties are shown in thick solid lines. These lines represent the centroids of each
of the struts and ties. The location of each of the ties will depend on the reinforcement used. This will be
explained further when we go through the design steps.
Figure 2.5-1 shows two-dimensional STMs for the hinge in the longitudinal direction, one for the
lower hinge portion, hinge seat, and one for the upper hinge portion. Compression struts are
shown in thick dashed lines. Tension ties are shown in thick solid lines. These lines represent
the centroids of each of the struts and ties. The location of each of the ties depends on the
reinforcement used. This will be explained further in the design steps.
Notice that the STM for the lower hinge portion is different from the STM for the upper hinge
portion. Two diagonal struts, AB and CD, are used to transfer the hinge reaction to the hinge
diaphragm at tie DE, while only one diagonal strut, strut LO, is required to transfer the bearing
load to the supporting diaphragm at tie ON, because the hinge reaction in the upper hinge portion
is much closer to the supporting diaphragm. Part of the upper hinge portion is cantilevered
beyond the center line of bearing. The self-weight of this cantilevered concrete, along with
tributary lane load, and a truck axle line at the at the edge of the upper hinge portion requires
one additional strut, strut KL, and one additional tie, tie KM, to transfer these loads down to the
bearings, as shown in Figure 2.5-1.
The STM in Figure 2.5-1 is two dimensional. However there is a third dimension to the hinge
normal to the longitudinal axis of the bridge. Struts are allowed to flare out in the transverse
direction in order to engage more of the hinge reinforcement in ties BC, CF, DE, FG and EH.
Figure
Hinge 2.5-2
Design shows–a July
Example depiction
2015 of
– 2struts AB and CD in the transverse direction at an interior girder.
nd Draft
Figure 2.5-2: Transverse Strut-and-tie Model with Flared struts

Figure 2.5-2: Transverse Strut-and-Tie Model with Flared Struts
Strut AB is shown in Figure 2.5-2(a). This strut would project as a simple vertical line in the
Strut AB
transverse view,is ifshown in Figure
the strut was not2.5-2(a).
flared out.This strut would
However, whenproject
the strutasisaflared
simple outvertical
towardsline
nodein B,
thea
mini transverse
STM forms. view,Theifvertical
the strut was
strut ABnot flared
is split out.
into twoHowever, whenST
inclined struts theand
strut
UV. is flared out tie
A tension towards
SU is
nodeatB,
required thea bottom
mini STM forms.
to resist the The vertical
horizontal strut AB
tension is split
between intoS two
nodes and inclined struts ST andstrut
U, and a compression UV.
formsAattension
the toptie
to SU is the
resist required at the bottom
compression betweentonodes
resistTthe horizontal
and V. Figuretension
2.5-2(b)between nodes
shows strut CD.S and
The
widthU,atand a compression strut forms at the top to resist the compression between nodes T and V.BC.
the top of strut CD is the same as the bottom of strut AB, since they are connected through tie
StrutFigure
CD is then flaredshows
2.5-2(b) out tostrut
engage
CD.more
Thevertical
width atties
theattop
nodeofD. The
strut CD flaring
is theout
sameof strut CDbottom
as the has similar
of
consequences to those of strut AB. A mini STM is formed by splitting the vertical strut CD into two
inclined struts, requiring tie WY to resist the horizontal components resulting from the inclined struts, and
a compression strut forms at the top to resist the compression between nodes X and Z.
5-25 Hinge Design

The strut in Figure 2.5-2 (a) is flared out transversely at a 45˚ angle on either side of the bearing. 9This
is similar to the mechanism that would form in punching shear. Unlike a punching shear computation we
have flexibility in STM design to choose the flaring angle. Figure 2.5-3 which shows the stress distribution
in the hinge seat under the bearings demonstrates quite well that the stresses flare out at a 45˚ angle. The
tensile zone at the hinge seat face opposite to the bearings is also evident in the figure. This is the tensile
Figure 2.5-2: Transverse Strut-and-tie Model with Flared struts
Strut AB is shown in Figure 2.5-2(a). This strut would project as a simple vertical line in the
transverse view, if the strut was not flared out. However, when the strut is flared out towards node B, a
StrutSTM
mini AB,forms.
since they are connected
The vertical strut AB isthrough tietwo
split into BC.inclined
Strut CD
strutsisST
then
andflared
UV. A out to engage
tension tie SUmore
is
vertical ties at node D. The flaring out of strut CD has similar consequences to those of strut
required at the bottom to resist the horizontal tension between nodes S and U, and a compression strut
AB. A
forms at mini STM
the top is formed
to resist by splitting
the compression the vertical
between nodes T strut CDFigure
and V. into two inclined
2.5-2(b) showsstruts, requiring
strut CD. The
width at the top of strut CD is the same as the bottom of strut AB, since they are connected through tie BC.
tie WY to resist the horizontal components resulting from the inclined struts, and a compression
Strut CD is then flared out to engage more vertical ties at node D. The flaring out of strut CD has similar
strut forms atto the
consequences topofto
those resist
strut AB.the compression
A mini between
STM is formed nodes Xtheand
by splitting Z. strut CD into two
vertical
inclined struts, requiring tie WY to resist the horizontal components resulting from the inclined struts, and
aThe strut in Figure
compression 2.5-2at(a)
strut forms theistop
flared outthe
to resist transversely
compressionat between
a 45° angle
nodesonXeither
and Z.side of the bearing.
This is similar to the mechanism that would form in punching shear. Unlike a punching shear
The strut inwe
computation Figure
have2.5-2 (a) is flared
flexibility in STMout transversely at a 45˚the
design to choose angle on either
flaring sideFigure
angle. of the bearing.
2.5-3 whichThis
is similar to the mechanism that would form in punching shear. Unlike a punching shear computation we
shows
have the stress
flexibility distribution
in STM design toinchoose
the hinge seat under
the flaring angle.the bearings
Figure 2.5-3demonstrates
which shows the quite well
stress that the
distribution
in the hinge seat under the bearings demonstrates quite well that the stresses flare out at a 45˚ angle. Theis
stresses flare out at a 45° angle. The tensile zone at the hinge seat face opposite to the bearings
also evident
tensile zone at in
thethe figure.
hinge Thisopposite
seat face is the tensile zone where
to the bearings transverse
is also evident intension tiesThis
the figure. are to be placed.
is the tensile
zone where transverse tension ties are to be placed.
Figure 2.5-3: Stress Distribution under Bearings at Hinge Seat

Figure 2.5-3: Stress Distribution under Bearings at Hinge Seat
2.5.1 STM Demands
2.5.1 STM Demands Page 8 of 28
The hinge seat STM shown in Figure 2.5-1 will be used in the design of the hinge reinforcement.
For the upper hinge portion only one additional design step is required, and that is the design
of tie KM in Figure 2.5-1. The reinforcement from the hinge seat will be mirrored and added
to the upper hinge portion. As a result the same amount of reinforcement used for tie CF would
be used for tie LR, and so on. Tie EH has no corresponding ties in the upper hinge portion, so
no corresponding reinforcement is added to the upper hinge portion.
The first step in establishing STM demands is to assign real dimensions to the truss model in
Figure 2.5-1. This is shown in Figure 2.5.1-1.
10 5-25 Hinge Design

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2 Draft
The hinge seat STM shown in Figure 2.5-1 will be used in the design of the hinge reinforcement. For
the upper hinge portion only one additional design
step is required, and that is the design of tie KMin
Figure 2.5-1. The reinforcement from the hinge seat will be mirrored and added to the upper hinge por tion.
As a result the same amount of reinforcementBused
ridge Design Aids 5-25 • February 2017
orf tie CF would be used for tie LR, and so on. Tie EH
n, so no corresponding reinforcement is added to eth
has no corresponding ties in the upper hinge portio
upper hinge portion.
The first step in establishing STM demands is to assign real dimensions to the truss model in Figure
2.5-1. This is shown in Figure 2.5.1-1.
ds’ 2
11
ds’ 1
16.1
Figure 2.5.1-1: Hinge Seat Strut-and-Tie Model Dim ensions

Figure 2.5-1: Hinge Seat Strut-and-Tie Model Dimensions
Depth of hinge seat = ½ structure depth minus ½ be aring depth. Using 6 inches for the bearing
Ddepth
HS = Depth of hinge
results seat = seat
in a hinge ½ structure
depth depth minus ½=40.5”.
of 7.25’-6”/2 bearing depth. Using 6.0 in. for the
Lengthbearing depth seat,
of hinge resultsalready
in a hinge seat depth of
determined ”. /2 − 6/2 = 40.5 in.
to(7.25)(12)
be 4’-0
LDepth
HS = Length of hinge seat, already determined to be 4.0 ft.
from seat top to centroid of tension steel.Use 3” clear cover. Assume 2 layers of #9 T-
d ’headed
s1 = Depth from
bars areseat top to
used, centroid
spaced atof5”tension steel. Use. 3.0
center-to-center in. clear
Using cover.
a head Assume of
diameter 2 layers
3.63” results in
of #9 theaded bars are used, spaced at 5 in. center-to-center. Using a head diameter of
3.63 in. results in d ’s1 = cover + (5 + 3.63)/2 = 3+(5 +3.63)/2 = 7.32 in.
Depth to centroid of tension steel,
ds1 = Depth to centroid of tension steel, ds1 = DHS − d ’s1 = 40.5 − 7.32 = 33.2 in.
dv1 = Shear depth of the hinge seat, which
Shear depth of the hinge seat, which isis taken
takenasas0.9
.9
0 times
timesdds1. . d = 0.9(33.2)= 29.9 in.
s1 v1
dsDepth to the tension steel in the deck. Use #9 T-headed bars with 3 inches clear cover. The
2 = Depth to the tension steel in the deck. Use #9 T-headed bars with 3 inches clear cover. The
resulting value
resulting is is ds2 = 7.25(12) − 3 − 1.5 x 1.128 = 82.3 in.
value
dv2 = Shear depth of thesuperstructure,
Shear depth of the superstructure, which which is taken
is taken astimes
as 0.9 0.9 times
ds2. dvd2s2=. (0.9)(82.3) = 74.1 in.
d’Depth
s2 = Depth
fromfrom deck
deck surfaceto
surface to secondary
secondary tension bar. bar.
tension Using #9 bars
Using #9 and
bars2 inches
and 2clear cover
inches to cover to
clear
bar head, results
bar head, results in in d ’
s 2 = 12 + 2 + 1.5 x 1.128 = 15.7 in.
Now that all the dimensions have been defined, the hinge load is applied to node A, and we can
calculate the strut and tie forces. Since the selected truss model is statically determinate, one
can use hand calculations, or a structural analysis tool, to determine truss forces under the hinge
reaction of 638
Hinge Design kips. – July 2015 – 2nd Draft
Example
Now that all the dimensions have been defined, the hinge load is applied to node A, and we can
Using
Using
calculate the  ==and
strut 0.9
0.9from
tie AASHTO
fromforces.
AASHTO Article
Since the5.5.4.2,
Article 5.5.4.2,
sele
ctedand
and AASHTO
AASHTO
truss equations
equations
model 5.6.3.2-1
5.6.3.2-1
is statically and
and 5.6.3.3.4-1,
5.6.3.3.4-1,
determinate, one thecan
use hand
the required area of steel for any tie is given by:
required area of steel for any tie is given by;
calculations, or a structural analysis tool, to determine truss forces under the hinge reaction of 638 kips.
( fy) ≥∙Tu. ≥  .
0.9As 0.9
Page 9 of 28
The resulting tie forces and associated reinforcement are shown in Table 2.5.1-1. Strut forces are
shown in Table 2.5.1-2.
5-25 Hinge Design Tie Designation Tie Force (kip) Required As (in2) 11
AC 512 9.48
BC 638 11.81
CF 1024 18.96
DE 1145 21.20
Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft
Using  = 0.9 from AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2, and AASHTO equations 5.6.3.2-1 and 5.6.3.3.4-1, the
required
 = 0.9 fromareaAASHTO
of steel for any tie5.5.4.2,
Article is given by;AASHTO equations 5.6.3.2-1 and 5.6.3.3.4-1, the
and
ed area of steel for any tie The
is given by; tie forces and0.9
resulting  ∙  reinforcement
associated ≥  . are shown in Table 2.5.1-1. Strut forces are
0.9reinforcement
The resulting tie forces and associated  ∙  ≥  . are shown in Table 2.5.1-1. Strut forces are
Theshown in Table
resulting 2.5.1-2.
tie forces and Table 2.5-1:reinforcement
associated Tie Forces andare Required
shown inReinforcement
Table 2.5.1-1. Strut forces are
n in Table 2.5.1-2.
Tie Designation Tie Force (kip) Required As (in2)
AC
Tie Designation Tie Force512
(kip) Required9.48
As (in2)
AC BC 512 638 9.48 11.81
BC CF 638 1024 11.81 18.96
CF DE 1024 1145 18.96 21.20
DE EH 1145 723 21.20 13.39
EH FG 723 859 13.39 15.91
FG GJ 859 1258 15.91 23.30
GJ 1258
Table 2.6-1: Tie forces and 23.30
Required Reinforcement
Table Table
2.6-1:2.5-2: Strut Demands
Tie forces and Required Reinforcement
Strut Designation Strut Force (kip)
AB
Strut Designation 818(kip)
Strut Force
AB BD 818 512
BD CD 512 818
CD DF 818 610
DF EF 610 1354
EF FH 1354 206
FH HG 206 1523
HG 1523 Strut Demands
Table 2.6-2:
Table 2.6-2: Strut Demands

Design Hinge Reinforcement
2.6.1 Tie Reinforcement
Tie Reinforcement
In order to facilitate bar placement in hinges, which are typically congested with reinforcement, it is
recommended
n order to facilitatethat
barheaded
2.6.1
placement barsTiein
Reinforcement
behinges,
used forwhich
tie reinforcement
are typically instead
congested of standard hooks. Larger
with reinforcement, it isdiameter
bars can have rather
mmended that headed bars be large standard
In used
order for hooks
to facilitate which makes
bar placement
tie reinforcement them very
in hinges,
instead difficult,
which are
of standard if not
typically
hooks. impossible,
congested
Larger to place.
with
diameter Net
reinforcement,
an bearing arealarge
have rather for bar heads
standard it isvary
recommended
hooks fromwhich that
timesheaded
fourmakes the bar
them bars
very be
area used
to forif nine
about
difficult, tie
notreinforcement
times the bar
impossible, instead
to place.of
area. standard
ToNet insure hooks.
ng area for bar heads vary from four times the bar area to about nine times the bar area. To insure very difficult,
adequate size of nodal Larger
zones, diameter
it is bars
recommended can have
that rather
the large
larger standard
bar heads hooks
be which
used. makes them
ate size of nodal zones, it isif recommended
not impossible, that to place. Net bearing
the larger area for
bar heads be bar
used. heads vary from four times the bar area to
Assuming a net barabout head nine
areatimesequaltheto bar
ninearea. To the
times insure
baradequate
area, thesize of nodal
gross zones,
head area it is recommended
would be ten times that
the baraarea.
Assuming net barForhead
a round
areathehead
larger
equal tobarnine
this isheads be used.
equivalent
times thetobar
a head
area, diameter
the grossthat headisareaabout 3.2 times
would be tenthe bar diameter.
times
For square heads smaller head dimensions would be required to meet the
r area. For a round head this is equivalent to a head diameter that is about 3.2 times the bar diameter. head to bar area ratio. Using 3.2
as heads
quare a conservative ratio,dimensions
smaller head the center-to-center
would bebar spacing
required to must
meet be theathead
leastto4.2 bartime
areathe bar Using
ratio. diameter, 3.2 in order
to insure that the bar heads do not overlap.
onservative ratio, 5-25 Hinge
12the center-to-center Design must be at least 4.2 time the bar diameter, in order
bar spacing
ure that the bar heads do not overlap.
Tie AC
C Page 10 of 28
Page 10 of 28
Hinge Design Example – December 2015 – 3nd Draft
2.6 DesignAssuming a net bar head area equal to nine times the bar area, the gross head area would be ten
Hinge Reinforcement
times the bar area. For a round head this is equivalent to a head diameter that is about 3.2 times
the bar diameter. For square heads smaller head dimensions would be required to meet the head
2.6.1 Tie Reinforcement
to bar area ratio. Using 3.2 as a conservative ratio, the center-to-center bar spacing must be at
In orderleast 4.2 times bar
to facilitate the bar diameter,ininhinges,
placement order towhich
ensureare
thattypically
the bar heads do not with
congested overlap.
reinforcement, it is
recommended that headed bars be used for tie reinforcement instead of standard hooks. Larger diameter
bars can have rather large standard hooks which makes them very difficult, if not impossible, to place. Net
bearing areaTie
for AC
bar heads vary from four times the bar area to about nine times the bar area. To insure
Only
adequate size bars that
of nodal are anchored
zones, within strut AB
it is recommended arethe
that effective
largerinbar
contributing
heads be to the strength of tie AC.
used.
Therefore any bars outside the strut are not counted. The width of strut AB at node A is measured
Assuming a net
at the bar head
centroid of tiearea
AC, equal
or 7.32toinches
nine times
below the bar area, masonry
the bearing’s the grossplate.
headThearea would plate
masonry be ten times
the bar area.width
For aisround
16.25 inches. Using a 45° strut flare on either side of the masonry plate results bar
head this is equivalent to a head diameter that is about 3.2 times the in adiameter.
strut width
For square heads of: head dimensions would be required to meet the head to bar area ratio. Using 3.2
smaller
as a conservative ratio, the center-to-center 16.25 + (2)(7.32)
bar spacing = 30.89
must be atin.
least 4.2 times the bar diameter, in order
to ensure that the bar heads do not overlap.
The minimum spacing for #9 T-headed bars is 4.2db, or 4.75 inches. Ten total bars are required for
Tie AC this tie, five bars per row. Space bars @ 5 inches.
Only bars that are anchored within strut AB are effective in contributing to the strength of tie AC.
Therefore anyTiebars
BCoutside the strut are not counted. The width of strut AB at node A is measured at the
TieAC,
centroid of tie BC represents verticalbelow
or 7.32 inches stirrup.the
Thebearing’s
number ofmasonry
stirrup legs that isThe
plate. effective in thisplate
masonry tie depends
width on
is 16.25
the transverse and longitudinal width of the strut at node B (Figure 2.6.1-1).
inches. Using a 45˚ strut flare on either side of the masonry plate results in a strut width of:
is 16.25 + 2∙d ’s1 +2∙d

The transverse width of the strut16.25"+2∙7.32" v1 = 16.25 +2(7.32)+2(29.9) = 90.69 in.
= 30.89"
The minimum spacingwidth
The longitudinal for #9ofT-headed bars
the strut is 24 is 4.2d
inches. b, or#5
Using 4.74 inches.
stirrups Ten38total
requires bars
stirrup areUse
legs. required
four for
this tie, fivegroups of row.
bars per ten stirrup
Spacelegs as shown
bars in Figure 2.6.1-1.
@ 5 inches.
Figure 2.6.1-1: Strut AB Dimensions and Hinge Seat Reinforcement

Figure 2.6.1-1: Strut AB Dimensions and Hinge Seat Reinforcement
Tie BC
5-25Tie BC
Hinge Designvertical stirrups. The number of stirrup legs that is effective in this tie depends
represents 13 on
the transverse and longitudinal width of the strut at node B (Figure 2.6.1-1).
Page 11 of 30
Tie CF
Tie CF is the extension of Tie AC, and has double the force demand as Tie AC. So all we need to
do is double the reinforcement starting at node C. Nineteen #9 bars are required. First we need
to establish the effective strut width at node C, since only bars that are anchored in the strut are
considered effective. The compression strut at node C is anchored by ten stirrup legs (Figure
2.6.1-2). The portion of concrete extending 6db on either side of each stirrup leg is considered
effective, where db is the bar diameter for the longitudinal bar anchoring the stirrup legs, Figure
2.6.1-2. We will use #6 bars to anchor the stirrups. The effective strut width is given by:
Effective strut width = (10)(2)(6db) = (10)(2)(6)(0.75) = 90.0 in.

The effective strut width is also limited to + 2 ∙  + 2 ∙  = 90.51". The effective strut
’
The effective strut width is also limited to wmp + 2dv1 + 2d s1 = 90.69 in. The effective strut width
width is 90”.is 10
90.0#9in.bars
Tenwere already
#9 bars were provided for tie AC.
already provided for TieAdd
AC.10 more
Add ten #9 bars,
more as shown
#9 bars, in Figure
as shown in
2.6.1-2. Figure 2.6.1-2.
Figure 2.6.1-2: Effective Strut Width

Figure 2.6.1-2: Effective Strut Width
Tie DE
Tie DE Tie DE depth tie, anchored at node D on the bottom side of the hinge seat and node E just
is a full
Tieseal
under the joint DE isblock
a full out.
depthAstie,we
anchored at node
have seen D on the
above, bottom
a strut side of the
transverse hingecan
length seatget
andquite
node E just Strut
large.
under at
transverse length thenode
jointDseal block
is out. As we have seen above, a strut transverse length can get quite

 + 2 ∙  + 4 ∙  , however, the node is limited to the tributary width
large. Strut transverse length at node D is wpm + 2d ’s1 + 4dv1, however, the node is limited to the
for the bearing, i.e. the average spacing of the bearings.
tributary width for the bearing, i.e. the average spacing of the bearings.
Given the center-to-center spacing from an exterior bearing to the first interior bearing is 8.5ft, and the
Given the center-to-center spacing from an exterior bearing to the first interior bearing is 8.5ft,
center-to-center spacing
and the of interiorspacing
center-to-center bearings is 10.5ft,
of interior the average
bearings is 10.5ft,spacing of the
the average bearings
spacing of theinbearings
this design
   
example is 8.25
in this + 10.5example
design  2 = 9.375
is (8.25, + 10.5)/2
which is =less thanft.,which
9.375  + is2 ∙less
than
+ 4w∙ pm
 ’s1 + required
+ .2dThe 4dv1. The area of
required
steel for tie DE area in
is 21.20 of .steel for tie DE is 10.5 in .
2 2
In an effective width of 9.375 feet, using a 10 inches spacing results in 11 total bars per row. Use 3
rows of # 8 bars at 10 inches spacing, which provides 26.07 in2. T-heads are used at both end of the bar
5-25 anchorage
to14insure adequate Hinge Design
into the strut nodes. Of course this is one option. We could use #7 ties at
10 inches transverse spacing and 6 inches longitudinal which provides 44 #7 ties, or 26.4 in2.
Alternating 135 and 90 degree hooks can be used to anchor the ties, however headed bars will used to
ease the assembly of the hinge reinforcement.
In an effective width of 9.375 ft., using a spacing of 10.0 in. results in 11 total bars per row. Use
three rows of # 8 bars at 10.0 in. spacing, which provides 26.07 in2. T-heads are used at both
ends of the bar to ensure adequate anchorage into the strut nodes. Another option would be to
use #7 ties at 10.0 in. transverse spacing and 6.0 in. longitudinal which provides 44 #7 ties, or
26.4 in2. Alternating 135 and 90 degree hooks can be used to anchor the ties, however headed
bars will be used to ease the assembly of the hinge reinforcement.
Tie EH
Using #8 bars, similar to tie DE, with T-heads at both ends would provide adequate reinforcement
for this tie. Twenty-one #8 @ 5.0 in. provides 16.59 in2 of steel which is more than the required
13.39 in2.
Tie FG
Total area of steel required is 15.91 in2. Using two rows of #8 @ 10.0 in. provides 17.38 in2 of steel.
Tie GJ
The area of steel required for this tie is 23.30 in2. Since these bars will extend beyond the hinge
diaphragm and into the deck, there is room for one row of bars. Use 21 #10 bars @ 5.0 in. spacing,
which provides 26.67 in2. These ties must be properly developed beyond the hinge diaphragm.
As the load moves away from the hinge, the prestressing steel and girder reinforcement takes
over the role of the tension tie.
Tie SU
The mechanism that gave rise to this tie was discussed earlier, in Section 2.5. This tie is the
result of the three dimensional nature of strut AB. The magnitude of Tie SU is proportional to the
vertical component of Strut AB and the effective transverse inclination angle. This is illustrated
in Figure 2.6.1-3. Note that the magnitude of the vertical component of strut AB is equal to the
force in tie BC. Strut AB is splits transversely into struts TS and VU. As a result, the magnitude
of the vertical component of struts TS and VU is one-half the force in tie BC. The force in tie
SU is equal to the horizontal component of tie TS or VU.
5-25 Hinge Design 15

The mechanism that gave rise to this tie was discussed earlier, in Section 2.5. This tie is the result of
the three dimensional nature of strut AB. The magnitude of Tie SU is proportional to the vertical
component of Strut AB and the effective transverse inclination angle. This is illustrated in Figure 2.6.1-3.
Note that the magnitude of the vertical componentBof strut D
ridge ABesign Aidsto5-25
is equal • February
the force in tie BC. 2017
Strut AB is
splits transversely into struts TS and VU. As a result, the magnitude of the vertical component of struts TS
and VU is one-half the force in tie BC. The force in tie SU is equal to the horizontal component of tie TS
or VU.
  2  638

is=given by:
Required area of steel ∙ = = = 159.5
2  4 4
Required area of steel is given by:

 159.5
 = = = 2.95
 0.9 ∙ 60
Figure 2.6.1-3: Strut AB Transverse Geometry

Figure 2.6.1-3: Strut AB Transverse Geometry
The stirrup legs used for tie BC are spaced at 6 inches longitudinally. Four groups of stirrup legs were
The stirrup
used within strut AB. Uselegssimilar
used forarrangement
tie BC are spaced
for tieatSU.
6 in. Using
longitudinally. Fourand
two layers, groups of stirrup
4 bars legsrequires
per layer
2 were Use
0.37 in per bar. used #6
within strut AB. Use similar arrangement for tie SU. Using two layers, and four bars
Bars.
per layer requires 0.37 in.2 per bar. Use #6 Bars.
Tie WY
LookingTiebackWYat Figure 2.5-2, we see that there is a second transverse tie, tie WY, associated with strut
Looking
CD that should back
also be at Figure 2.5-2,
considered. we see of
The width thatstrut
thereCDis a was
second transversecalculated
previously tie, tie WY, as
associated
90.0” atwith
node C
strut CD that
(see Tie CF section) andshould
9.375’also
at be considered.
node D (see TieThe DE
width of strut CD
section). Thewastransverse
previouslygeometry
calculated as
of90.0
strutin.CD is
at node C (see Tie CF section) and 9.375 ft. at node D (see Tie DE section).
shown in Figure 2.6.1-4. The magnitude of the vertical component of strut CD is equal to the force in tieThe transverse
BC, i.e. 638 geometry
kips. Strutof strut CD is shown in Figure 2.6.1-4. The magnitude of the vertical component of
CD is splits transversely into struts XW and ZY. As a result, the magnitude of the
strut CD is equal to the force in tie BC, i.e. 638 kips. Strut CD is splits transversely into struts
vertical component
XW andof struts
ZY. As aXW and
result, theZY is one-half
magnitude of thethevertical
force component
in tie BC. ofThe force
struts XWinand
tie ZY
WYisisone-
equal to
half the force in tie BC. The force in tie WY is equal to the horizontal component of tie XW Page 13 of 28
or ZY. Strut CD is flared out from 90.0 in. to 112.5 in. The resulting tie force is computed as:

This requires 2.22 in2 of steel. Using #6 bars, same as tie SU, requires six bars. Use two layers
of three bars each.
Figure 2.6.1-4: Strut CD Transverse Geometry
Tie KM
Tie KM is required in the upper hinge portion, as was shown earlier in Figure 2.5-1. Additional
details related to the design of tie KM are shown in Figure 2.6.1-5. This tie carries the force
resultant from the effect of the concrete cantilevered beyond the centerline of bearings, and
live load effect from one HL-93 truck axle and tributary lane load, or a P-15 axle. The hatched
portion in Figure 2.6.1-5 is the portion of dead load that is carried by tie KM; the rest of the
dead load is transferred directly to the bearing.
The transverse cross-section area of the upper hinge portion is 128 ft2.
The total dead load reaction is computed as 128ft 2 ∙ 2ft ∙ 0.15kcf= 38.4 kips.
Bridge width inside the barriers is 40 feet. This is equivalent to three whole lanes. The multiple
presence factor for three lanes is 0.85.
Future wearing surface reaction is 40ft ∙ 2ft ∙ 35psf = 2.8 kips.
Total HL-93 truck axle reaction, including dynamic allowance is 32kips ∙ 3 ∙ 0.85 ∙ 1.33 = 108.53 kips.
Total HL-93 lane load reaction is0.64kip/ft ∙ 2ft ∙ 3 ∙ 0.85 = 3.26 kips.
Total HL-93 reaction is 108.53 + 3.26 = 111.8 kips.
Strength I demand at node K is 1.25 ∙ 38.4 + 1.5 ∙ 2.8 + 1.75 ∙ 111.8 = 248 kips.

Total P-15 truck axle reaction, including dynamic allowance is54 ∙ 2 ∙ 1.25 = 135.
Total P-15 truck axle reaction, including dynamic allowance is (54 kips)(2)(1.25) = 135 kips.
Strength II demand at node K is1.25 ∙ 38.4 + 1.5 ∙ 2.8 + 1.35 ∙ 135 = 235.
Strength II demand at node K is 1.25(38.4) + 1.5(2.8) + 1.35(135) = 235 kips.
Strength I controls, and the total demand at node K is equal to248. Assuming an even
Strength I controls, and the total demand at node K is equal to 248 kips. Assuming an even
distribution of this demand to all 4 bearings, results in a demand of62 per bearing.
distribution of this demand to all four bearings, results in a demand of 62 kips per bearing.
Using the dimensions shown in Figure 2.6.1-5, we can compute tie KM demand as:
Using the dimensions shown in Figure 2.6.1-5, we can compute tie KM demand as:
62 ∙ 2725.5 = 66
62 ∙ 27/25.5 = 66 kips Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft
The required area of steel for tie KM, using a factor of 0.9 and an equal to60,2is1.22 at
The required area of steel for tie KM, using a =
Using factor
0.9 from and an fy Article
of 0.9AASHTO equal to5.5.4.2,
60ksi, and
is 1.2 in at equations 5.6.3
AASHTO
each bearing. Using #5
each bearing. bars#5
Using requires 4 barsfour
bars requires per bearing,
bars
required insteel
a tributary
per bearing,
area of in any
for width
a tributary
tie of 9.375
width
is given ft forftinterior
by; of 9.375 for
bearings. interior
Use #5bearings. Use #5 bars at 2.0 ft. spacing.
bars at 2’-0” spacing. 0.9 ∙  ≥  .
The resulting tie forces and associated reinforcement are shown in Table
Tie Designation Tie Force (kip) Required As (i

AC 512 9.48
BC 638 11.81
CF 1024 18.96
DE 1145 21.20
EH 723 13.39
FG 859 15.91
GJ 1258 23.30
Table 2.6-1: Tie forces and Required Reinforcem

AB 818
BD 512
Figure 2.6.1-5:
Figure 2.6.1-5:TieTieKM KMDetails
Details CD 818
DF 610
2.6.2 Crack Control Reinforcement
2.6.2 Crack Control Reinforcement EF 1354
FH 206
AASHTO specifications,
AASHTO specifications,Article
Article 5.6.3.6, requirethat
5.6.3.6, require that a minimum
a minimum amount
amount of of reinforcement
HGreinforcement equal to equal to
1523
0.3% times0.3%thetimes theconcrete
area of area of concrete be provided
be provided in the vertical
in the vertical and longitudinal
and longitudinal directions
directions
Table of the
of the hinge,
2.6-2: Strut
in order
Demands
to insure hinge,
stabilityin of
order
thetostruts.
ensureThe
stability of the
stability struts. The stability
reinforcement is alsoreinforcement
required in the is also requireddirection
transverse in
because ofthethe
transverse direction because
three dimensional natureofof
thethe
three dimensional
struts nature
used in this of the struts
design. used in thisspacing
The maximum design. for this
The maximum spacing for this reinforcement is theHinge
2.6 Design smaller of ds/4 and 12.0 in. Crack control
Reinforcement
reinforcement is the smaller of 4 and 12 inches. Crack control reinforcement is provided throughout
reinforcement is provided throughout the hinge, except where other reinforcement of equal or
the hinge,larger
except where
area otherpresent.
is already reinforcement of equal
2.6.1 or larger area is already present.
Tie Reinforcement
In order to facilitate bar placement in hinges, which are typically congest

At the hinge seat = 33.4. The maximum spacing is 8.35”. Use 8” for longitudinal and vertical
recommended that headed bars be used for tie reinforcement instead of standa

spacing. Based on 10” transverse spacing,0.24 of steel
bars can have is large
rather required.
standardUse #5 ties.
hooks which In the full
makes themdepth
very difficult, if
5-25 Hinge
18hinge diaphragm Design
 = 82.3", hence the maximum crack control reinforcement spacing is 12”. Use
bearing area for bar heads vary from four times the bar area to about
thenine time
adequate size of nodal zones, it is recommended that the larger bar heads be u
same reinforcement as the hinge seat.
Assuming a net bar head area equal to nine times the bar area, the gross h
2.7 Check Strut Compressive Stresses in the
theNode Regions
bar area. For a round head this is equivalent to a head diameter that is abo
At the hinge seat ds = 33.2 in. The maximum spacing is 8.3 in. Use 8.0 in. for longitudinal and
vertical spacing. Based on 10.0 in. transverse spacing, 0.24 in. of steel is required. Use #5 ties.
In the full depth hinge diaphragm, ds = 82.3 in., hence the maximum crack control reinforcement
spacing is 12.0 in. Use the same reinforcement as the hinge seat.

2.7 Check Strut Compressive Stresses in the Node Regions
Nodal zones are the regions at the intersections of struts and ties. The allowable strut stress at a node
Nodal
Nodal
depends on the zones
zones
type
areare
of node
thethe regions
regions
it is.
atatthe
AASHTO theintersections
intersectionsofofstruts
struts
5.6.3.5 classifies andties.
and
nodes ties.
into The
The allowable
3 categories. strut
allowable strutstress
Different at
stress at a node
stress
dependsa on
node
thedepends
type of onnode theittype of node. AASHTO
is. AASHTO 5.6.3.5 classifies
5.6.3.5 classifies nodes intonodes into three Different
3 categories. categories.stress
limits are allowed forstress
Different
eachlimits
node aretype, depending
allowed
on the type,
for each node
confinement levelthe
depending on
in confinement
the node. Figure 2.7-1 shows
limits are allowed for each node type, depending on the confinement level in the node. level in the
Figure 2.7-1 shows
the three node types
node. and 2.7-1
Figure the allowed
shows stress
the three for each
node type.
types and the allowed stress for each type.
the three node types and the allowed stress for each type.
A CCC typeAnode
A CCC CCC
type istype
node a node
isnode that
a node does
is athat not
nodedoes anchor
thatnot
does notany
anchor tension
anchor
any ties.
ties.This
any tension
tension isThis
ties.
This a well
is a confined
a iswellwell node,
confined
confined and
anditithas
node,
node, has
the highest and it
allowable has the highest
stress. A allowable
CTT node stress.
is a A
node CTT
thatnode is
anchorsa node
two that
or anchors
more two
tension or more
ties.
the highest allowable stress. A CTT node is a node that anchors two or more tension ties. This is the least tension
This is the least
ties.and
Thishasis the
confined node,
confined node, and hasleast
the leastconfined node,
allowable
the least and has the least allowable stress.
stress.
allowable stress.
Figure
Figure
Figure 2.7-1:
2.7-1:
2.7-1: Allowable
Allowable
Allowable Nodal
Nodal
Nodal Stresses
Stresses
Stresses
Figure
Figure2.7-2:
2.7-2:Scaled
ScaleRepresentation
Representationofofthe Strut-and-Tie
the Strut-and-tieModelModel
All the nodes in the
Figure STMScale
2.7-2: for this design example of
Representation arethe
either CCT or CTTModel
Strut-and-tie nodes, since all the
All the nodes in the STM for this design example are either CCT or CTT nodes, since all the nodes are
All the nodes
connected to atinleast
the STM for thistie.
one tension design example
The node withare
theeither
smallestCCT or CTT
nodal nodes,
area is since
the node all theunder
directly nodestheare
connected
hingeto at leastnode
bearing, one A.
tension
This tie. The the
is likely node with
most the smallest
critical nodal and
strut location, areathe
is the
onlynode directly
location that under thebe
needs to
hingechecked.
bearing, node
As weA. Thisaway
move is likely
fromthe nodemost critical
A, strut strutincrease,
widths location,resulting
and thein only location
nodal zones that areneeds to be
much
checked. As we move away from node A, strut widths increase, resulting in nodal zones that are much will
larger than node A. Strut stress demands in these nodal zones are not likely to control the design. We
largergo through
than node the
A. process of checking
Strut stress demands nodal zone nodal
in these strut stress
zonesstepareby
notstep at node
likely A. A summary
to control the design. of the
Westress
will
nodes are connected to at least one tension tie. The node with the smallest nodal area is the node
directly under the hinge bearing, node A. This is likely the most critical strut location, and the
only location that needs to be checked. As we move away from node A, strut widths increase,
resulting in nodal zones that are much larger than node A. Strut stress demands in these nodal
zones are not likely to control the design. We will go through the process of checking nodal
zone strut stress step by step at node A. A summary of the stress check for other nodal zones is
presented in Table 2.7-1. Approximate nodal geometry is determined graphically from a scale
drawing of the strut-and-tie model, Figure 2.7-2. For vertical ties with hooks, 6 db on either side
of the tie determines the effective strut width, per AASHTO 5.6.3.3, where db is the diameter
of the bar anchoring the tie. For headed-bar ties, the edge of the bar head defines the effective
strut width, as shown in Figure 2.7-2. Headed bars are assumed to have a square head whose
minimum net bearing area is nine times the bar area.
Node A
This node is directly under the bearing, and has by far the smallest cross section of any of the
nodes. It is a CCT node. The geometry of node A is shown in Figure 2.7-3. The horizontal
dimension of the node is the width of the masonry plate, or 16.25 in. The vertical dimension of
the node extends from the top of the hinge seat to the bottom edge of the bar head. A clear cover
above the bar head of 3.0 in. was used. The bar head is assumed to be 3.63 in. in diameter, and
the center-to-center spacing of the two layers of tie AC bars is assumed to be 5.0 in. The depth
of the nodal zone is computed as 3.0 + 3.63 + 5.0 = 11.63 in.
Figure 2.7-3: Node A Geometry
Allowable stress is given by; (AASHTO 5.6.3.5)
The transverse width of the node was previously calculated as 30.71 in.
The longitudinal width is calculated as

Strut AB demand is Puab = 818 kips

Nodal stress, computed by dividing the strut demand by the node area, is
The stress demand at node A is less than the allowable stress of 2.36 ksi. Node A is adequate.
If the strut stress demand at node A had been larger than allowable, the nodal area would have
to be increased. This is accomplished by increasing the size of the bearing masonry plate. The
thickness of the masonry plate would have to be increased too, to insure uniform distribution
of the hinge reaction across the area of the masonry plate.
Other Nodes
Transverse strut widths at various nodes were computed in previous sections. Strut stresses in the
nodal zones are calculated based on approximate node dimensions, and listed in Table 2.7-1.
As these numbers show, strut stress demand at node A is the highest. This location also has the
highest stressExample
Hinge Design demand– July
to allowable
2015 – 2ndstress
Draft ratio. In general, unless the stress ratio at node A is
close to 1.0, it is not necessary to check other nodes.
demand to allowable stress ratio. In general, unless the stress ratio at node A is close to 1, it is not
Table 2.7-1:
necessary Strut
to check Capacity
other nodes. Check at Nodes
Node Designation A B C D D E F G H
(C-D) (D-F)
Node Type CCT CCT CTT CCT CCT CTT CTT CTT CCT
Strut Longitudinal Width (in) 20.0 17.5 16.0 16.0 15.5 17.5 17.5 14.5 14.5
Strut Transverse Width (in) 30.71 90.0 90.0 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5
Strut Demand, Pu (kips) 818 818 818 818 610 1354 1354 1523 1523
Strut Stress at Node (ksi) 1.33 0.52 0.57 0.45 0.34 0.69 0.69 0.93 0.93
Allowable Stress Factor 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.75
Allowable Stress (ksi) 2.36 2.36 2.05 2.36 2.36 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.36
Demand Stress to Allowable 0.58 0.26 0.28 0.19 0.14 0.34 0.34 0.45 0.39
Stress Ratio
Table 2.8-2: Strut Capacity Check
2.8 Check Strut Compressive stresses Away from Node Regions

One last check that needs to be carried out is a check on the capacities of the compression
struts. Strut
One last factored
check thatdemands
needs to beare checked
carried out isagainst
a checkthe nominal
on the resistance
capacities of the struts.
of the compression Nominal
struts. Strut
resistance of a strut is calculated by multiplying the ultimate stress (fcu) by the effective strut
factored demands are checked against the nominal resistance of the struts. Nominal resistance of a strut is
  by the effective strut area. The ultimate stress   is a
area. The ultimate stress (fcu) is a function of the tension strain (εs) and the angle between the
calculated by multiplying the ultimate stress
function of the tension strain   and the angle between the tension tie and the compression strut,  .
tension tie and the compression strut, αs.
The ultimate permissible stress is given by:

5-25 Hinge Design  = 
≤ 0.85 (AASHTO 5.63.3.3-1)
.  21
Where,
 = Concrete compressive strength.

Table 2.8-2: Strut Capacity Check

One last check that needs to be carried out is a check on the capacities of the compression struts. Strut
factored demands are checked against the nominal resistance of the struts. Nominal resistance of a strut is
calculated by multiplying the ultimate stress   by the effective strut area. The ultimate stress   is a
function of the tension strain   and the angle between the tension tie and the compression strut,  .
The ultimatestress
The ultimate permissible permissible
is givenstress
by: is given by:


 =

≤ 0.85  (ASSHTO 5.6.3.3.3-1)
(AASHTO 5.63.3.3-1)
 . 
Where,
Where,
f ’c = Concrete compressive strength.
 = Concrete compressive strength.
εl = Principal tensile strain in the compression strut, and is given by:
 = Principle tensile stress in the compression strut, and is given by:
εl = εs + (εs + 0.002)cot2αs (ASSHTO 5.6.3.3.3-2)
 =  +  + 0.002   (ASSHTO 5.6.3.3.3-2)
ε = is the tensile strain in the concrete in the direction of the tension tie, and
s
 is the tensile strain in the concrete in the direction of the tension tie, and
α = is the smallest angle between the compression strut and the tension tie.
s
 is the smallest angle between the compression strut and the tension tie.
A step by step application of this process is demonstrated on strut AB. The check for all the struts is
summarized in Table 2.8-1. Page 18 of 28
Table 2.8-1: Strut Capacity Check Away From Nodes
2.97
1277
0.64

Strut AB
Strut demand is 818 kips. The area of the strut is 20.0” × 30.71”. The tensile strain in this strut
comes from tie AC. The demand on tie AC is 512 kips. The area of steel in tie AC is 10 in2. The
angle between the tension tie and the strut is 51.2 degrees.
Steel strain is
The principal strut tensile strain is

_ _
εl = εs + (εs + 0.002)cot2αs = 1.77 ∙10 3 + (1.77 ∙10 3 + 0.002)cot2 (51.2º) = 0.0042
The ultimate permissible strut stress is
2.97 ksi
The nominal strut capacity is
Pn = f c’u ∙ Hinge
Strut Area = 2.97ksi
Design Example∙20.0in
– July ∙30.71in 1824 kips
= Draft
2015 – 2nd
With a resistance factor

Using  =of0.9
0.7,from
the AASHTO
factored resistance is Pr and
Article 5.5.4.2, = 0.7Pn= 0.7(1824)
AASHTO = 1277
equations kips and 5.6.3.3.4-1, th
5.6.3.2-1
required area of steel for any tie is given by;
The factored resistance of 1277 kips is larger than the factored 0.9
demand of 818 kips.
 ∙  ≥  .
The resulting tie forces and associated reinforcement are shown in Table 2.5.1-1. Strut forces a
2.9 Provide Adequate Anchorage for Ties

2
Tension ties must be adequately developed Tie
through the nodal zones
Designation in order
Tie Force (kip) to ensure thatAthe
Required ties
s (in )
develop the required capacity, and ensure that the hinge works as intended. Straight bar
AC 512 9.48
BC 638
development, hooks, t-heads, or other mechanical anchorages can be used to11.81achieve proper
development. For straight or hooked bars, CF if the embedment 1024 18.96the required
length (le) is less than
development length (ld), then the nominalDEresistance of the1145 tie is reduced by21.20the ratio of the
embedment length to the required development length. This follows from AASHTO Articles
EH 723 13.39
5.11.2.1.3 and 5.11.2.4.2. These two articles
FG permit the reduction
859 of the required 15.91development
length by the ratio of the area of steel required to the area of steel provided, when
GJ 1258 23.30 the area of
steel provided is larger than the area of steel
Tablerequired.
2.6-1: The reduced
Tie forces andTie NominalReinforcement
Required Resistance is
computed as:
AB 818
BD 512
CD 818
DF 610
EF 1354
FH 206
HG 1523
5-25 Hinge Design Table 2.6-2: Strut Demands 23

Figure 2.9-1: Reinforcement Anchorage
Figure 2.9-1 shows four alternative anchorages. In each case adequate development is to be
provided or an appropriate reduction is to be applied. For straight bars and standard hooks,
required development is well defined in AASHTO, and should be followed. For headed bars,
AASHTO does not provide guidance. The Structural Concrete Building Code (ACI 318-11), Section
12.6.2 provides an equation for development length of headed bars. This equation is applicable if
the yield strength of the reinforcement does not exceed 60 ksi, the bars are # 11 or smaller with
clear cover of at least 2db and clear spacing of at least 4db, and normal weight concrete is used.
Net bearing area of head shall not be less than 4Ab. For uncoated reinforcement the development
length for a headed bar per ACI 318-11 is given by:
Where fy and f c’ are in psi. For this example, where fy = 60,000 psi and f c’ = 4500 psi, this
equation reduces to 14.3db.
There are two head sizes for headed bars. The more common headed bars have a head net bearing
area that is nine times the bar area. Some manufacturers also make a headed bar with head net
bearing area that is four times the bar area. The ACI equation is applicable to either head size.
Caltrans research at UC San Diego (not published yet) showed that 9 to 11db is adequate to
develop the ultimate strength of a headed bar with net bearing area nine times the bar area. It
would follow that even shorter length would be required to develop the yield strength of the
bar. As these findings have yet to be adopted by Caltrans, we will use the ACI equation for
development of headed bars. When As (provided) is more than As (required) use the development
length modification equation, defined above, to reduce the required development length.
For Tie DE, which is a #8 bars, the basic development length is 14db = 14.3 × 1.0 = 14.3 in. The
area of steel required is 21.2 in2. The area of steel provided is 26.07 in2. The required development
length 14.3 × 21.2/26.07 = 11.6 in.

Caltrans research at UC San Diego (not published yet) showed that 9 to 11db is adequate to develop
the ultimate strength of a headed bar with net bearing area nine time the bar area. It would follow that even
shorter length would be required to develop the yield strength of the bar. As these findings have yet to be
adopted by Caltrans, we will use the ACI equation for development of headed bars. When (provided) is
more than (required) use the development length modification equation, defined above, to reduce the
required development length.
For tie DE, which is a #8 bars, the basic development length is      ". The
area of steel required is 21.2 in2. The area of steel provided is 26.07 in2. The required development length
is"    between
A comparison ". the required development lengths and the rebar embedment is presented in
Table 2.9-1. Approximate values for the rebar embedment are derived from the scale drawing
A comparison between the required development lengths and the rebar embedment is presented in
of the strut-and-tie model of this hinge (see Figure 2.7-2). Table 2.9-1 shows that the provided
Table 2.9-1.embedment
Approximate values
meets for the development
the required rebar embedment
length.are derived from the scale drawing of the strut-
and-tie model of this hinge (see Figure 2.7-2). Table 2.9-1 shows that the provided embedment meets the
Table 2.9-1:
required development Tie Anchorage Check
length.
Tie Designation AC DE EH FG GJ
Bar Size #9 #8 #8 #8 #9
Bar Diameter, (in) 1.128 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.27
Development Length (in) 15.3 11.6 11.5 13.1 14.4
Embedment Length (in) 19.2 17.0 20.2 13.5 18.7
Table 2.9-1: Tie Anchorage Check
3.0 Hinge
3.0 Hinge Design Design
at Exterior Bearingsat Exterior Bearings
In a typical hinge, the tributary seat width available to exterior bearings is generally smaller than
In a typical hinge,
that of the tributary
the interior seat
bearings. Thiswidth available
will reduce to exterior
the area bearings
of concrete is generally
available smaller than that
for the compression
struts,
of the interior therebyThis
bearings. reducing strut capacities
will reduce the area and nodal stress
of concrete demands.
available Since
for the the node and
compression strut thereby
struts,
reducing strut capacities and nodal stress demands. Since the node and strut demands for interiorbybearings
demands for interior bearings were quite low compared to capacities, it can be concluded,
inspection,
were quite low compared thattothe node and itstrut
capacities, can capacities at exterior
be concluded, bearings are
by inspection, thatadequate.
the nodeTheandsmaller
strut capacities
tributary seat width also reduces the space available to accommodate tie reinforcement. For
at exterior bearings are adequate. The smaller tributary seat width also reduces the space available to
the hinge in this example, the exterior girder is also sloped. This sloping of the exterior girder
accommodate tie reinforcement.
presents For thetohinge
further complications in this example,
the strut-and-tie model the exterior
in the girder
transverse is also sloped. This
direction.
Another challenge associated with exterior bearings has to do with insuring that the bearing has Page 21 of 28
adequate edge distance. Premature sliding failure due to lack of adequate edge distance must
be prevented if a stable strut-and-tie mechanism is to form. This aspect of the bearing response
is illustrated in figure 3.0-1. If the bearing is too close to the edge of concrete, the STM that is
supposed to transfer the bearing reaction back through the hinge may not form, and diagonal
sliding failure will result instead. The bearing centerline in this design example is placed 1.5 ft.
from the edge of concrete.

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2 Draft
sloping of the exterior girder presents further complications to the strut-and-tie model in the transverse
direction.
Bridge
Another challenge associated with exterior Design
bearings has toA with5-25
doids • Fthat
insuring 2017
the bearing
ebruary has
adequate edge distance. Premature sliding failure due to lack of adequate edge distance must be prevented
if a stable strut-and-tie mechanism is to form. This aspect of the bearing response is illustrated in figure
3.0-1. If the bearing is too close to the edge of concrete, the STM that is supposed to transfer the bearing
reaction back through the hinge may not form, and diagonal sliding failure will result instead. The bearing
centerline in this design example is placed 1’-6” from the edge of concrete.
FigureFigure
3.0-1:3.0-1:
Sliding Failure
Sliding at Exterior
Failure Bearings
at Exterior Bearings
The sliding failure plane is shown in thick dashed line in figure 3.0-1. 45˚ failure plane angles are
The sliding failure plane is shown using thick dashed line in Figure 3.0-1. Forty-five degree
assumed. The resulting effective dimensions of the failure plane are also shown in figure 3.0-1. This is a
failure plane angles are assumed. The resulting effective dimensions of the failure plane are
shear friction failure in monolithic concrete. When the strut and tie design at the exterior bearing is
also shown in Figure 3.0-1. This is a shear friction failure in monolithic concrete. When the
complete, there is typically enough reinforcements crossing the shear friction failure planes, such that the
strut and tie design at the exterior bearing is complete, there is typically enough reinforcements
shear friction capacity is controlled by the maximum capacity of 5    times the concrete area of the
crossing the shear friction failure planes, such that the shear friction capacity is controlled by
failure surface. If the shear demand exceeds maximum shear friction capacity, it would be necessary to
the maximum capacity of 0.25 ∙ fc’ times the concrete area of the failure surface (see AASHTO
adjust the position of the bearing so as to increase the area of the shear friction failure plane, which
5.8.4.1-4). If the shear demand exceeds maximum shear friction capacity, it would be necessary
increases the shear friction capacity. Another way to boost the shear friction capacity is to increase the
to adjust the position of the bearing so as to increase the area of the shear friction failure plane,
concrete strength. Using the dimensions shown in Figure 3.0-1, we compute the shear friction capacity as:
which increases the shear friction capacity. Another way to boost the shear friction capacity is
to increase the concretestrength. Using the dimensions shown in Figure 3.0-1, we compute the
  5      5  5      
shear friction capacity as:
The shear friction demand is given by:
Vsfn = (0.25)( f c’ )(Ac) = (0.25)(4.5)(28.8 in)(24.6 in) = 797 kips
     5  5
The shear friction demand is given by:       

V
The sliding resistance for this
Hinge sfn =Example
(638
bearing
Design kips)sin(4.5°)
is adequate.
– July We –=2now
can
2015 451 kips to the STM design.
move
nd Draft
3.1 Exterior Bearing Strut-and-Tie Model

V = from
Using  =sfn0.9 (0.9)(797 kips)Article
AASHTO = 717 kips >Vand
5.5.4.2, sfn AASHTO equations 5.6.3.2-1 and 5.6.3.3.4-1
required area of steel for any tie is given by; Page 22 of 28
The sliding resistance for this bearing is adequate. We can now move
0.9to the STM design.
 ∙  ≥  .
The resulting tie forces and associated reinforcement are shown in Table 2.5.1-1. Strut force
3.1 Exterior Bearing Strut-and-Tie Model

2
Tie Designation
In the longitudinal direction, the strut-and-tie model will lookTie Force (kip)
exactly the sameRequired As (in )
as the STM
AC 512 9.48
for the interior bearing, Figure 2.5-1. Figure 3.1-1 shows struts AB and CD in the transverse
BC 638 11.81
direction. On the right side strut AB is flared out at a 45 degree angle. This asymmetric flaring
CF 1024 18.96
of the strut gives rise to an oblique thrust which is pointing outward at node A. This effectively
creates a net transverse tension at the top of DE 1145
the hinge seat, which 21.20
requires a transverse tie, tie
EH 723 13.39
AS, to stabilize the diagonal strut AB.
FG 859 15.91
GJ 1258 23.30
26 5-25 Hinge Design Table 2.6-1: Tie forces and Required Reinforcement

AB 818
BD 512
In the longitudinal direction, the strut-and-tie model will look exactly the same as the STM for the
interior bearing, Figure 2.5-1. Figure 3.1-1 shows struts AB and CD in the transverse direction. On the
right side strut AB is flared out at a 45 degree angle. This asymmetric flaring of the strut gives rise to an
oblique thrust which is pointing outward at node A. This effectively creates a net transverse tension at the
top of the hinge seat, which requires a transverse tie, tie AS, to stabilize the diagonal strut AB.
At strut CD,
At strut CD,the
theleft
left side ofthe
side of thestrut
strut follows
follows the face
the face of girder.
of girder. Theside
The right right side CD
of Strut of strut CD is
is basically
basically
vertical, vertical,
as we as we the
have reached have reached
tributary widththefor
tributary widthThis
this bearing. for also
this causes
bearing. This also
an outward causes
thrust at thean
outward
top of strutthrust at therequires
CD, which top ofastrut
tensionCD,tiewhich
CV, forrequires
balance. aAstension
we sawtie CV, for
earlier forinterior
balance. As wethe
bearings, saw
earlier for interior bearings, the flaring of strut AB in the transverse direction requires tension
flaring of strut AB in the transverse direction requires tension tie TU, at the flared end of the strut, node B,
totietake
TU, at the flared end of the strut, Node B, to take care of the tension that results from the
care of the tension that results from the strut flare.
strut flare.
Figure 3.1-1: Transverse Strut Geometry at Exterior Bearings

Figure 3.1-1: Transverse Strut Geometry at Exterior Bearings
3.2 Hinge Reinforcement at Exterior Bearings
As was stated earlier, the longitudinal truss model at exterior bearing is identical to that of the interior
3.2 Hinge Reinforcement at Exterior Bearings
bearings. Since the force demand at the exterior bearings is the same as the interior bearings, the strut and
tie demands are also the same as interior bearings. The only difference is the available concrete width to
As was stated earlier, the longitudinal truss model at exterior bearing is identical to that of the
accommodate these ties. The tributary width at exterior bearings is about half the width at interior
interior bearings. Since the force demand at the exterior bearings is the same as the interior
bearings, so tie reinforcement transverse spacing will have to be about half the spacing for exterior
bearings, the strut and tie demands are also the same as interior bearings. The only difference is
bearings. The longitudinal spacing will be the same. This is the case for ties BC, DE, and FG. For ties CD
theEH,
and available concrete
the available width
space is nottoadequate
accommodate these ties.
to accommodate allThe tributary
the bars at the width at exterior
minimum spacing, bearings
requiring
is about half the width
two layers of reinforcement.at interior bearings, so tie reinforcement transverse spacing will have to
be about half the spacing for exterior bearings. The longitudinal spacing will be the same. This
is the casetransverse
In the for ties BC, DE, and
direction, FG. Forties
we designed tiesSU
GJandandWY
EH, at there isbearings.
interior adequateThese
spacewere
to continue
ties at thethe
same reinforcement
bottom face of the hingespacing
seat. TieasTU
theis similar
interiortobearings.
tie SU, although smaller in magnitude. There isn’t a tie
at the exterior girder that is similar to tie WY. Instead, we have ties AS and CT. These ties are at the top
In the
face transverse
of the direction, we designed ties SU and WY at interior bearings. These were ties
bearing seat.
at the bottom face of the hinge seat. tie TU is similar to Tie SU, although smaller in magnitude.
There isn’t a tie at the exterior girder that is similar to tie WY. Instead, we have ties AS
Page 23 and
of 28
CTV. These ties are at the top face of the bearing seat, Figure 3.1-1.
Tie AS
This tie is located just underneath the bearing and is intended to stabilize strut AB in the transverse
direction. The effective inclination angle of strut AB in the transverse direction is about 33.7°.

Strut AB is inclined at 45° in the longitudinal direction. Only the vertical component of strut
AB will contribute to the demand on this tie. The vertical component of strut AB is 638 kips.
Tie AS demand can be computed as follows:
The required area of steel for this tie is:
Use eight #9 bars placed underneath the bearing in two rows of four bars each. See Figure 3.2-1.
Tie CV
Tie demand is proportional to the vertical component of strut CD. Effective transverse inclination
angle is 14.1°. Tie demand is calculated as:
Required area of steel is 2.97in2. Use 4 #8 bars.
Tie TU
This is a transverse tie at the bottom of strut AB. Strut AB is inclined in the transverse direction.
Only the vertical component of strut AB will contribute to this tie. The effective flare angle,
which is one half the total flare angle for strut AB, is 9.5°. Tie TU force is calculated as:
The required area of steel is 1.98 in2, or five #6 bars.
A similar tie, tie SU, was designed for the interior hearings. Tie SU required eight #6 bars,
placed in two layers of four bars each. Extend tie SU to the outside face of the hinge to meet
the requirements of tie TU.
Figure 3.2-1: Hinge Seat Reinforcement at Exterior Bearings

4.0 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

This reinforcement is not a strut-and-tie design requirement. However, it is one last item that is
required to complete the hinge design. The minimum required temperature and shrinkage
reinforcement is computed using AASHTO Equations 5.10.8-1 and 5.10.8-2, as:
And
Where,
ATS = Area of reinforcement in each direction and in each face in in.2/ft.
b = Least width of component section (in.).
h = Least thickness of component section (in.).
f c’u = Specified yield strength of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement ≤ 75 ksi
For the seat portion of the hinge, b is 48 inches, and h is 40.5 inches.
This is equivalent to #5 @ 14.9 in. spacing on all faces, and in all directions. Use #5 @ 8.0 in.
longitudinal and vertical, and 10.0 in. transverse spacing, to be consistent with the crack control
reinforcement.
For the diaphragm portion of the hinge, b is 60.0 in., and h is 93.0 in.
This is equivalent to #5 @ 9.3 in. spacing. Use #5 @ 8.0 in.
5.0 Putting it All Together

Now that the step by step process is complete, we can move to putting it all together. The complete
hinge reinforcement is presented in Figures 5.0-1 to 5.0-4. Figure 5.0-1 is a longitudinal
hinge detail at the center of an interior bearing. Figure 5.0-2 defines the various types of hinge
reinforcement. Figure 5.0-3 is a transverse section through the hinge seat at the centerline of
bearings, and Figure 5.0-4 is a transverse section through the first pour diaphragm. Although
no reinforcement is shown in the joint seal block out area, reinforcement is required in this area
to tie the closure pour concrete back into the hinge diaphragm, and to control temperature and
shrinkage cracking. Another important detail that has been intentionally left out is the thickened
deck overhang in the vicinity of the joint seat block out.

Throughout the upper and lower hinge portions, #5 transverse and longitudinal ties at 8.0 inches
spacing in the longitudinal and vertical direction, and 10 inches in the transverse direction, are
used to satisfy the strut crack control requirements. This reinforcement is also used to meet the
requirement for tie KM, and for temperature and shrinkage requirements at the concrete surfaces.
In the longitudinal direction, the crack control reinforcement ties are split into overlapping ties
for constructability. Similarly, ultimate splice couplers are used to splice the main hinge seat
tension ties. This is done to leave working room within the hinge area for the placement of hinge
reinforcement and concrete forms.
Transverse ties AS and CV are required at each of the exterior bearings. These ties need to extend
transversely beyond the location of the interior bearing, to insure adequate anchorage. The ties
from both exterior bearings are combined into a single tie that extends all the way across the
hinge seat. At the bottom face of the hinge seat, ties SU and WY are required at interior bearings,
while tie TU is required at the exterior bearings. These ties are all combined into a single tie
made up of two layers of #6 bars that extend all the way across the bottom of the hinge seat.

5-25
Hinge Design
Figure 5.0-1: Hinge Longitudinal Section
Figure 5.0-1: Hinge Longitudinal Detail at Interior Bearing
31
Figure 5.0-2: Hinge Reinforcement Schedule
Figure 5.0-2: Hinge Reinforcement Schedule

Page 29 of 30
Figure 5.0-3: Transverse Section at Centerline of Bearings-Section A-A


34
5-25
Hinge Design
Figure 5.0-4: Transverse Section at First Pour Diaphragm-Section B-B
Figure 5.0-4: Transverse Section at First Pour Diaphragm-Section B-B


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Bridge Design Aids 5-25 • February 2017

Figure 1.0-2: Typical Section and design Parameters

5-25 Hinge Design 1

2.0 Design Steps

2.1 Identify Hinge Construction Stages

1. Transverse shear key

2.1 Identify Hinge Construction Stages

2 5-25 Hinge Design

Stage 2: Construction of the upper portion of the hinge begi

Stage 3: The last portion of the hinge seat to be completed

Figure 2.1-1: Hinge Construction Stages

The corresponding factored demands are given in tab

Table 2.2-1 Unfactored Hinge Demands

STRENGTH I 2276 kips

2.3 Design Bearing

Figure 2.3-1 PTFE Bearing Plan Geometry

4 5-25 Hinge Design

Figure 2.3-1 PTFE Bearing Plan Geometry

Figure 2.3-2 PTFE Bearing Section

2.4 Determine Hinge Dimensions Figure 2.3-2 PTFE Bearing Section

(1) Diaphragm Thickness: This dimension is controlled by tendon anchorage requirements

5-25 Hinge Design 5

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft

2.4.1 Hinge Seat Length Calculation

N = Minimum seat length.

Long term shortening:

Frame 1 seismic displacement demand Δ1D = 15.0 in.

5-25 Hinge Design 7

2.5 Establish Strut and Tie Model

Figure 2.5-2: Transverse Strut-and-tie Model with Flared struts

5-25 Hinge Design

Figure 2.5-2: Transverse Strut-and-tie Model with Flared struts

Figure 2.5-3: Stress Distribution under Bearings at Hinge Seat

2.5.1 STM Demands Page 8 of 28

10 5-25 Hinge Design

Figure 2.5.1-1: Hinge Seat Strut-and-Tie Model Dim ensions

2.6 Design Hinge Reinforcement

Hinge Design Example – December 2015 – 3nd Draft

is 16.25 + 2∙d ’s1 +2∙d

Figure 2.6.1-1: Strut AB Dimensions and Hinge Seat Reinforcement

Figure 2.6.1-2: Effective Strut Width

5-25 Hinge Design 15

  2  638

Required area of steel is given by:

Figure 2.6.1-3: Strut AB Transverse Geometry

16 5-25 Hinge Design

Figure 2.6.1-4: Strut CD Transverse Geometry

Future wearing surface reaction is 40ft ∙ 2ft ∙ 35psf = 2.8 kips.

Total HL-93 reaction is 108.53 + 3.26 = 111.8 kips.

5-25 Hinge Design 17

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft

Tie Designation Tie Force (kip) Required As (i

Strut Designation Strut Force (kip)

In order to facilitate bar placement in hinges, which are typically congest

Hinge Design Example – July 2015 – 2nd Draft

Figure 2.7-3: Node A Geometry

Allowable stress is given by; (AASHTO 5.6.3.5)

The longitudinal width is calculated as