MBA 1.5 Outlines

Answer to PTP_Final_Syllabus 2008_Jun2015_Set 3
Paper-18: BUSINESS VALUATION MANAGEMENT
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Full Marks: 100
The figures in the margin on the right side indicate full marks.
Answer Question No. 1 which is compulsory carrying 25 marks and any five from the rest.
Working Notes should form part of the answer.

“Whenever necessary, suitable assumptions should be made and indicated in answer by the
candidates.”
1. (a) In each of the questions given below one out of the four options is correct. Indicate the
correct answer: [2×5=10]
(i) Estimated fair value of an asset is based on the ………………. value of operating
cash flows.
(a) current
(b) discounted
(c) future
(d) none of these
(ii) A theory that explains why the total value from the combination resulted from a
merger is greater than the sum of the value of the component companies
operating independently is known as …………… theory.
(a) hubris
(b) agency
(c) operating
(d) synergy
(iii) A firm‟s current assets and current liabilities are 1600 and 1000 respectively. How
much can it borrow on a short-term basis without reducing the current ratio below
1.25?
(a) ` 1,000
(b) ` 1,200
(c) ` 1,400
(d) ` 1,600
(iv) Identify which of the following is not a financial liability

(a) X Ltd. has 1 lakh ` 10 ordinary shares issued
(b) X Ltd. has 1 Lakh 8% ` 10 redeemable preference shares issued
(c) X Ltd. has ` 2,00,000 of 6% bonds issued
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Academics Department, The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) Page 1
(v) RICO LTD has PAT of ` 40.20 lakh with extra ordinary income of ` 7.00 lakh. If the
cost of capital is 20% and the applicable tax rate is 40% the value of RICO LTD will
be:
(a) ` 250 lakh
(b) ` 180 lakh
(c) ` 150 lakh
(d) Insufficient information
(b) State whether the following statements are true or false: [1x5=5]
(i) Under yield method of valuation of equity shares if the expected rate of return is
less than the normal rate of return, the paid up value of shares increases
proportionately.
(ii) Land and Building is an example of financial asset.
(iii) Firms with higher operating margins, lower reinvestment rates and lower costs of
capital will trade at lower value – to - sales multiplies.
(iv) Market price of firms with high revenue ratios and low profit margins are
considered by investors as overvalued.
(v) The intrinsic value of a share decreases after a bonus issue.
(c) Fill in the blanks by using the words/phrases given in the brackets: [1x10=10]
(i) While valuing the leasehold land of a company, one ……….. subject it to
amortization (should/ should not).
(ii) The most appropriate method of determining the cost of equity for calculating the
Weighted Average Cost of Capital is ……………….(The Dividend Discount Model/
The Capital Asset Pricing Model).
(iii) LIFO as a method of inventory valuation …………..allowed as per Indian
Accounting Standards (Is/Is not).
(iv) A ratio between the market value of a company to the replacement value of its
assets is known as ………..Ratio (Market Value to Book Value/ Market value to
replacement value/Tobin‟s Q/ Price to book value).
(v) …………. Requires that the expected profit stream of an acquired business
provides an attractive return on the total acquisition cost and on any new capital
investment needed to sustain or expand the operations (The Cost of Entry
test/Principle of Investment).
(vi) In valuing a firm, the …………tax rate should be applied to earning of every
period (marginal/effective/average).
(vii) If a company‟s share is priced at `20 and EPS is `5, then P/E ratio will be …….
(0.25/4/400).
(viii) Dividend yield ratio is equal to dividend per share divided by…….. and the
quotient multiplied by 100. (EPS/market price per equity share).
(ix) If EPS of a company is `15 and the P/E ratio of other similar company is `10, then
market value of the share of this company will be `……….(150/1.5/.67).
(x) If firms defer taxes, the taxes paid in the current period will be at a rate …….than
the marginal tax rate (lower/higher).
Answer
1. (a) In each of the questions given below one out of the four options is correct. Indicate the
correct answer -
(i) (b) Discounted
In Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation the value of an asset is the present value
of the expected cash flows on the asset.
(ii) (d) Synergy

The idea that the value and performance of two companies combined will be
greater than the sum of the separate individual parts is called Synergy. This term is
used mostly in the context of mergers and acquisitions. For example if Company A
has an excellent product but lousy distribution whereas Company B has a great
distribution system but poor products the companies could create synergy with a
merger.
(iii) (b) ` 1400

Amount of borrowing be x. (Current Asset will increase because borrowing will
increase the cash amount).
1600  x
 1.25
1000  x
Or, X = 1400
(iv) (a) X Ltd. has 1 lakh ` 10 ordinary shares issued

A share is an indivisible unit of capital expressing the proprietary relationship
between the company and the shareholder.
(v) (b) ` 180 lakh

PAT - ` 40.20 lakh
Extraordinary income = ` 7 lakh
Tax @ 40% = ` 2.8 lakh
PAT of Extraordinary income = ` 4.2 lakh
PAT excluding extraordinary income = ` 40.2 lakh - ` 4.2 lakh = ` 36 lakh
36
Value of firm  180 lakh
0.20
1. (b) State whether the following statements are true or false:

(i) False
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) True
(v) True
1. (c) Fill in the blanks by using words / phrases given in the brackets:
(i) Should
(ii) The Capital Asset Pricing Model
(iii) Is not
(iv) Tobin’s Q
(v) The Cost of Entry Test
(vi) Marginal
(vii) 4
(viii) Market price per equity share
(ix) ` 150
(x) Lower
2. (a) Flipkart is considering the acquisition of Myntra with stock. Relevant financial information
is given below.
Particulars Flipkart Myntra
Present earnings `7.5 lakhs `2.5 lakhs
Equity (No. of shares) 4.0 lakhs 2.0 lakhs
EPS ` 1.875 ` 1.25
P/E ratio 10 5
Answer the following question:

(i) Calculate the market price of each company?
(ii) Calculate the market capitalization of each company?
(iii) If the P/E of Flipkart changes to 7.5, what is the market price of A Ltd?
(iv) Does market value of Flipkart change?
(v) What would be the exchange ratio based on Market Price? (Take revised Price of
Flipkart) [1×5]
(b) Following are the information of two companies for the year ended 31st March, 2015:
Particulars Company R Company S
Equity Shares of ` 10 each 20,00,000 25,00,000
10% Pref. Shares of ` 10 each 15,00,000 10,00,000
Profit after tax 7,50,000 7,50,000
Assume the Market expectation is 18% and 80% of the Profits are distributed.
(i) What is the rate you would pay to the Equity Shares of each Company?
(a) If you are buying a small lot.
(b) If you are buying controlling interest shares.
(ii) If you plan to Invest only in preference shares which company‟s preference shares
would you prefer?
(iii) Would your rates be different for buying small lot, if the company „R‟ retains 30% and
company „S‟ 10% of the profits? [4+3+3]
Answer: 2 (a)
(i) P/E = Market Price/ EPS. Therefore we have, Market price = P/E x EPS
Flipkart’s Market Price = 10 x 1.875 = `18.75
Myntra’s Market Price = 5 x 1.25 = `6.25
(ii) Market Capitalization (same as market value or in short referred as market Cap)
= Number of outstanding shares × market Price
Flipkart’s Market cap = 4.0 lakhs × ` 18.75 = `75 Lakhs
Myntra’s market cap = 2.0 lakhs × ` 6.25 = `12.5 Lakhs
(iii) If the P/E of Flipkart changes to 7.5, then the market price is given by
= 7.5 x `1.875 = `14.0625
(iv) Yes. The market value decreases. i.e. = Flipkart’s market Value = 4.0 lakhs × ` 14.0625
= `56.25 Lakhs.
(v) General Formula for exchange ratio = = 6.25/14.0625 = 0.44
Answer: 2 (b)
(i) (a) Buying a small lot of equity shares: If the purpose of valuation is to provide data base to
aid a decision of buying a small (non-controlling) position of the equity of the companies,
dividend capitalisation method is most appropriate. Under this method, value of equity share
is given by:
Dividend per share
 100
M arketcapitalisation rate
2.4
Company R: ` 100= ` 13.33
18
2.08
Company S: `  100= ` 11.56
18
(b) Buying controlling Interest equity shares: If the purpose of valuation is to provide data
base to aid a decision of buying controlling interest in the company, EPS capitalisation
method is most appropriate. Under this method, value of equity is given by:
Earning per share(EPS)

100
M arketcapitalisation rate
3
Company R: `  100 = ` 16.67
18
2.6
Company S: `  100= ` 14.44
18
(ii) Preference Dividend coverage ratios of both companies are to be compared to make such
decision.
Preference dividend coverage ratio is given by:
Profit after tax

 100
Preference Dividend
7,50,000
Company R: ` = 5 times
1,50,000
7,50,000
Company S: ` = 7.5 times
1,00,000
If we are planning to invest only in preference shares, we would prefer shares of S Company
as there is more coverage for preference dividend.
(iii) Yes, the rates will be different for buying a small lot of equity shares, if the company ‘R’
retains 30% and company ‘S’ 10% of profits.
The new rates will be calculated as follows:

2.1
Company R: `  100 = ` 11.67
18
2.34
Company S: `  100= ` 13.00
18
Working Notes:
1. Computation of earning per share and dividend per share (companies distribute 80%
of profits)
Company R Company S
Profit after tax 7,50,000 7,50,000
Less: Preference dividend 1,50,000 1,00,000
Earnings available to equity shareholders (A) 6,00,000 6,50,000
Number of Equity Shares (B) 2,00,000 2,50,000
Earning per share (A/B) 3.0 2.60
Retained earnings 20% 1,20,000 1,30,000
Dividend declared 80% (C) 4,80,000 5,20,000
Dividend per share (C/B) 2.40 2.08
2. Computation of dividend per share (Company R retains 30% and Company S 10% of
profits)
Earnings available for Equity Shareholders 6,00,000 6,50,000
Number of Equity Shares 2,00,000 2,50,000
Retained Earnings 1,80,000 65,000
Dividend Distribution 4,20,000 5,85,000
Dividend per share 2.10 2.34
3. (a) Assume the current market value of the bidding company is `40 crores, and that of the
target company is also `40 crores. Then, the sum of the values as independent
companies is ` 80 crores. Suppose, as a combined entity, due to synergistic effects, the
value increases to ` 100 crores. The amount of value created is ` 20 crores. How will the
increase in value be shared or divided between the bidder and the target company? [3]
(b) Laxmi Publications Ltd. has been approached by another publisher Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd. which is interested in buying the copyright of the book „Business Valuation
Management‟
To estimate the value of the following assumptions are made:
(i) The book is to generate ` 1,50,000 in after-tax cash flows each year for the next three
years and ` 1,00,000 a year for the subsequent two years. These are the flows after
payment of author royalties, promotional expenses and production costs.
(ii) About 40% of these cash flows are from large organizations that place bulk orders
and considered predictable and stable. The cost of capital applied to these cash
flows is 7%.
(iii) The remaining 60% of the cash flows are to the general public and this segment of the
cash flows are to the general public and this segment of the cash flows is considered
much more volatile. The cost of capital applied to these cash flows is 10%.
Based on the information given above, calculate the value of the copyright. [6]
(c) State the Human Resource Accounting. Describe its benefits. State the two main methods
of its measurement. [2+2+2]
Answer: 3 (a)
Targets usually receive a premium. If the bidder pays the target a premium of less than `20
crores, it will share in the value increases. If the bidder pays `60 crores to the target, all gains
will go the target company. The bidder achieves no value increase for itself. On the other
hand, if the bidder pays `70 crores to the target, the value of bidder will down to `30 crores.
Answer 3 (b)
The Value of the copyright can be estimated as follows:
Year Stable PVF @ 7% PV @ 7% Volatile PVF @ 10% PV @ 10%
Cash Flows approx cash flows approx
1 60,000 0.9345 56,075 90,000 0.9091 81,818
2 60,000 0.8734 52,406 90,000 0.8264 74,380
3 60,000 0.8163 48,978 90,000 0.7513 67,619
4 40,000 0.7629 30,516 60,000 0.6830 40,981
5 40,000 0.7130 28,519 60,000 0.6209 37,255
2,16,494 3,02,053
The value of the copyright is ` 2,16,494 + 3,02,053 = ` 5,18,547
Answer 3 (c)
Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is a set of accounting methods that seek to settle and
describe the management of a company’s staff. It focuses on the employees’ education,
competence and remuneration. HRA promotes the description of investments in staff, thus
enabling the design of human resource management systems to follow and evaluate the
consequences of various HR management principles.
The basic aims of HRA are several. First, HRA improves the management of human resources
from an organizational perspective – through increasing the transparency of human resource
costs, investments and outcomes in traditional financial statements. Second, HRA attempts to
improve the bases for investor’s company-valuation.
The following are the two main methods of measuring Human resource
(i) Input Measurement – Inputs (such as training) are not necessarily effective, so cost is not
always a good proxy measure of output value. Trained personnel may also move to another
employer through higher labour mobility – thus inhibiting the returns from corporate training
investment.
(ii) Replacement Value – Such values are rare, usually calculated to help product sales or the
sale of the company, and are often highly debatable.
4. Write Short Notes on any three [5×3= Marks]

(i) Walter‟s valuation Model.
(ii) Fair Market value of Intangible assets
(iii) Characteristic of Brand
(iv) Net realizable value of Inventories
(v) Reasons for mergers and acquisition.
(i) Walter‟s valuation Model.
Answer:
Prof. Walter’s theory is that in the long-run the share price reflect only the present value
of expected dividends. Retentions influence stock price only through their effect on
future dividends. In this view the investment policy of a firm cannot be separated from its
dividend policy. The firm would have an optimum dividend policy which will be
determined by the relationship or its internal rate of return and its cost of capital.
Assumptions
a) All financing is done through retained earnings: external sources of funds like debt or
new equity capital are not used.
b) With additional investments undertaken, the firm’s business risk does not change. It
implies that r and k are constant.
c) There is no change in the key variables, namely, beginning earnings per share, E, and
dividends per share, D. The values of D and E may be changed in the model to
determine results, but, any given value of E and D are assumed to remain constant in
determining a given value.
d) The firm has perpetual (or very long) life.
(ii) Fair Market value of Intangible assets:
Answer:
Any intangible asset acquired is value on the basis of the fair value of the asset, Intangible
assets include
(a) Computer software
(b) Patents
(c) Copyrights
(d) Mining rights
(e) Quotas
(f) Marketing rights, etc.
Three important criteria are used to identify an intangible asset. They are: identifiability,
control and existence of future economic benefits.
Using the quoted market price in an active market could derive the fair market values of
intangibles.
The appropriate market price is the current bid price. In the absence of such a price, the
price quoted in a transaction for similar intangible asset can provide a basis for deriving fair
value.
Otherwise, the amount, which the business unit would have paid in arm’s length transaction
between knowledgeable and willing parties, is taken as the fair market value.
However, finally it must be admitted that if the fair value of the intangible asset cannot be
measured reliably, that asset is not recognized as separate intangible but included in the
goodwill.
(iii) Characteristic of Brand;
Answer:
Characteristics of Brand: A Brand is an intangible asset; Some see it as a name or a symbol or a
logo. Its associated tangible and emotional attributes is intended to identify the goods/services
of one seller in order to differentiate them from those of competitors.
A Brand designates a product, as being different form competitors' product by signaling certain key
values specific to a particular brand. It is the associations, which consumers make with the brand
that establish an emotional a rational pact between the supplier and the customer.
A Brand is the medium through which consumers identify their experiences with the product
offerings of the company. The name of the company is often forgotten but the brand remains in
the mind of the consumers.
(iv) Net realizable value of Inventories
Answer:
Inventories are valued at a lower of the cost and net realizable value. This principle is based on the
view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realized from their sale.
Cost of inventories may not be recoverable for various reasons like:
(a) Inventor/ being damaged
(b) Inventories becoming obsolete
(c) Market price having declined
(d) Production cost has increased
Thus, net realizable value of inventories is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary
course of business less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated cost necessary to
make the sale. It is estimated on the basis of the most reliable evidence at the time of valuation.
It would be preferable to collect market price of various items of inventories as on the balance
sheet date from different markets in which the goods are sold. A weighted average price should
then be determined. However, here it is necessary to keep in view the volatility in price in general
and the future prices of inventories. An estimate of the marketing expenses should also be ,made
while valuing the inventories.
(v) Reasons for mergers and acquisitions
Answer:
There are a number of reasons for mergers and acquisition, why two companies may be worth
more together, than when they are apart. These are given below:
1. Economies of Scale: Economies are stated to accrue in terms of sharing central services such as
procurement, accounting, financial control, human resources management and
development, and top-level management and control.
2. Economies of Vertical Integration: Organizations seek to attain economies by moving both
forward and backward. Reliance Industries is a classic case, as it set up its polymer plants to
cater to its textile operations, moved back further to set up petroleum refinery and then moved
forward to set up its own outlets for petroleum products. The current trend of all metallurgical
companies such as Tata Steel, SAIL, JSW Steel, Vedanta and Hindalco to acquire mines across
the globe is a classic example.
3. Complementary Resources: When two companies have a complimentary resource that is

each having what the other needs, they may see some logic to come together. The recently
announced decision of HP to acquire EDS appears to be for these reasons.
4. Investible Surplus Funds: When organizations have investible surplus funds, that had not been
distributed to the shareholders as higher dividends or bonus stocks, they look for investment
opportunities. Organizations that have excess cash and do not payout to their shareholders or
invest it through acquisitions may become targets of take-over.
5. Eliminating Inefficiencies: Organizations with unexploited opportunities to cut costs and improve
revenues become take-over targets of organizations with better management. Consider Tata
Motors' recent acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover: The key here is the ability of Tata Motors to
implement cost savings at JLR. What will help assess the long-term impact of the acquisition 90
the profitability of Tata Motors is how much of the marquee brands' component sourcing
can actually be done from India…..”
5 . (a) Santosh Ltd. has announced issue of warrants on 1:1 basis for its equity share holders. The
current price of the stock `10 and warrants are convertible at an exercise price of `11.71
per share. Warrants are detachable and are trading at `3. Calculate the minimum price
of the warrant. Calculate the warrant premium. Now had the current price been `16.375,
what is the minimum price and warrant premium? (Consider warrants are tradable at
`9.75). [4]
(b) Company P is contemplating the purchase of Company Q, Company P has 3,00,000

shares having a market price of ` 30 per share, while Company Q has 2,00,000 shares
selling at ` 20 per share. The EPS are ` 4.00 and ` 2.25 for Company P and Q respectively.
Managements of both companies are discussing two alternative proposals for exchange
of shares as indicated below:
(i) in proportion to the relative earnings per share of two Companies.
(ii) 0.5 share of Company P for one share of company Q (0.5: 1).
You are required:
(i) to calculate the Earnings Per Share (EPS) after merger under two alternatives; and
(ii) to show the impact on EPS for the shareholders of two companies under both
alternatives. [7+4]
Answer: 5 (a)
 M arketprice of Ex ercise
M inimumPrice   -   Ex ercise Ratio
 commonstock Pr ice 
= (` 10.00 – 11.71) × 1.0 = – ` 1.71
Thus, the minimum price of this warrant is considered to be zero, because things simply do not
sell for negative prices.
Warrant premium = Market price of warrant - Minimum price of warrant = `3 - 0 = `3
Minimum price = (Market price of common stock - Exercise price) × (Exercise ratio)
= (`16.375 - 11.71) x 1.0
= ` 4.665
Warrant premium = Market price of warrant - Minimum price of warrant = `9.75 - 4.665 = `5.085
Answer: 5 (b)
Working Notes:
Computation of total earnings after merger

Particulars Company P Company Q Total
Outstanding shares 3,00,000 2,00,000
EPS (`) 4 2.25
Total earnings (`) 12,00,000 4,50,000 16,50.000
(i) (a) Calculation of EPS when exchange ratio is in proportion to relative EPS of two companies
Company P 3,00,000
Company Q (2,00,000 × 2.25/4) 1,12,500
Total number of shares after merger 4,12,500
Company P
EPS before merger =`4
EPS after merger = `16,50,000/4,12,500 shares = ` 4
Company Q
EPS before merger = `2.25
EPS after merger = EPS before merger / Share Exchange ratio on EPS basis
2.25 2.25
  `4
2.25 0.5625
4
(i) (b) Calculate of EPS when share exchange ratio is 0.5:1

Total earnings after merger = ` 16,50,000
Total number of shares after merger = 3,00,000 + (2,00,000 × 0.5) = 4,00,000 shares
EPS after merger = ` 16,50,000 / 4,00,000 = ` 4.125
(ii) Impact of merger on EPS for shareholders of Company P and Company Q

(a) Impact on Shareholders of Company P
(`)
EPS before merger 4.000
EPS after merger 4.125
Increase in EPS 0.125
(b) Impact on shareholders of Company Q

(`)
Equivalent EPS before merger (2.25/0.5) 4.500
EPS after merger 4.125
Decrease in EPS 0.375
6. (a) Explain the investment implications of the efficient market theory? [5]
(b) Given below is the Balance Sheet of Sandip Ltd as on 31.03.2014 (` Lakhs)
Equity and Liability ` in lakhs Assets ` in lakhs

(1) Shareholders Fund: (1) Non-Current Assets:
(a) Share Capital (a) Fixed Assets - Tangible Assets 72.00
Equity Share Capital of `10 each 50.00 (b) Non-Current Investments 12.00
(b) Reserve & Surplus (Non Trade)
(i) Reserve 32.00 (2) Current Assets:
(ii) P & L Account 3.00 (a) Inventories 7.80
(2) Current Liabilities: (b) Trade Receivables - 6.20
(a) Trade Payables – Sundry Creditors 8.20 Sundry Debtors
(b) Short Term Provision - Proposed (c) Cash and Cash Equivalents 5.20
Dividend 10.00
Total 103.20 Total 103.20
Other Information:
1. Profit Before Tax and Other relevant information: (` Lakhs)
Year Profit Before Tax Provision for Gratuity Paid Loss of uninsured stock
Gratuity required
2010 42.00 2.20 - -
2011 39.00 2.30 1.67 0.62
2012 44.00 2.50 0.32 -
2013 42.00 2.60 1.42 -
2014 37.00 2.70 0.12 -
2. Past Tax rate is 51% while Expected Tax Rate is 45%.

3. The Company wants to switch over towards maintaining gratuity provision on actuarial
calculation
rather than accounting on payment basis. The Company‟s Non- Trade Investments
fetched 11%.
Find out value of Goodwill. It may be assumed that Super Profit, if any, is maintainable for
5 years. 18% should be the appropriate discount factor. Normal Rate of Return may be
taken as 15%. [10]
Answer: 6(a)
Investment implications of the efficient market theory:

(i) The substantial evidence in favour of the randomness of stock price behavior suggests
that technical analysis, which is based on the premise that stock prices follow certain
patterns, represents useless market folklore.
(ii) Routine and conventional fundamental analysis is not of much help in identifying
profitable courses of action more so when you are looking at actively traded securities.
The efficiency of the market place depends on the presence of numerous investors who
make competent, efforts to analyze information and take appropriate actions on their
analysis.
(iii) The Key levers for earning superior rates or return are:-
 Early action on any new development
 Sensitivity to market imperfections and anomalies
 Use of original unconventional and innovative modes of analysis
 Access to inside information and its sensible interpretation.
Answer: 6(b)
1. Computation of Future Maintainable Profits (` Lakhs)
Particulars 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Profit Before Tax 42.00 39.00 44.00 42.00 37.00
Less: Provision for Gratuity (2.20) (2.30) (2.50) (2.60) (2.70)
Add: Gratuity Paid — 1.67 0.32 1.42 0.12
Add: Abnormal Loss — 0.62 — — —
Adjusted Profits 39.80 38.99 41.82 40.82 34.42
Simple Average Profit (See Note below) (39.80 + 38.99 + 41.82 + 40.82 + 34.42)÷5 39.17
Less : Income from Non-Trade Investments at 11% of `12 Lakhs (1.32)
Adjusted Profit before Tax = Future Maintainable PBT 37.85
Less : Tax Expense at 45% (17.03)
Adjusted Profit After Tax = Future Maintainable PAT 20.82
Note: Since Profits show an oscillating trend, Simple Average Profit shall be more
appropriate than Weighted Average or Trend Equation Methods.
2. Computation of Average Capital Employed
Particulars ` Lakhs
Total of Assets as per Balance Sheet 103.20
Less: Non- Trade Investments and Sundry Creditors (12.00 +8.20) (20.20)
Closing Capital Employed 83.00
Less: 50% of Profit After Tax earned in 2014 as per Books
PAT = PBT less Tax at 51% = 37.00 Less 51% thereon = `18.13 Lakhs 18.13
50% of the above PAT for the year (9.07)
Average Capital Employed 73.93
3. Computation of Goodwill (` Lakhs)

(a) Capitalization Method:
Expected Capital (Future Maintainable Profit ÷ NRR) =`20.82 Lakhs ÷ 15% 138.80
Less: Closing Capital Employed Less Proposed Dividend = 83.00-10.00 73.00
Goodwill using Capitalization Method 65.80
(b) Super Profit Method:
Future Maintainable Profit 20.82

Less: Normal Profit at 15% Average Capital Employed (15% of `73.93 Lakhs) 11.09
Super Profits 9.73
Goodwill at 5 years‟ purchase of Super Profits 48.65
Note: Alternatively Normal Profit can be computed based on Closing Capital Employed
(c) Annuity Method:
Super Profits 9.73

Annuity Factor for 5 years at 18% 3.127
Goodwill using Annuity Method 30.43
Note and Assumptions:
1. Under Capitalization Method, Closing Capital is considered, whereas under Super

Profit Method, Average Capital Employed is considered for calculating Normal Profits.
2. Discount Rate and Normal Rate of Return given above are after tax rates.
7. (a) Calculate Eeconomic Value Added (EVA) with the help of the following information of
Bajaj Limited.
Financial leverage: 1.4 times;
Equity capital `170 lakhs;
Reserve and surplus ` 130 lakhs;
10% debentures `400 lakh;
Cost of Equity: 17.5%
Income tax rate: 30%
Also explain the reason for the difference between the EVA and the MVA (Market Value
Added). [5+2]
(b) Honda Ltd. gives the following information:
Current Profit `210 lakhs

Compound growth rate of profit 7.5%
Current cash flows from operations `270 lakhs
Compound growth rate of cash flows 6.5% p.a.
Current price earning ratio 12
Discount factor 15%
Find out the value of Honda Ltd. taking 10 years projected profit or cash flows based on
(i) Discounted earning method,
(ii) Discounted cash flows method. [4+4]
Answer: 7 (a)
EBIT EBIT
Financial Leverage =  1.40
EBIT  Interest EBIT  10%of 400
EBIT = {(10% of 400) X 1.40] /0.40 = 140
EBIT (I – t) = 140 (1 – 0.30) = 98
Equity capital = 170 + 130 = 300
Debt Capital = 400
Post-tax cost of debt = 10% (1- 0.30) = 7%
Overall cost of capital [Post – tax]= 17.5% of 300 + 7% of 400 = 80.5
Economic Value Added (EVA)
= EBIT (I – t) – Overall cost of capital (Post – tax) = 98 – 80.5 = 17.5 (` Lakhs)
Reasons for the difference between EVA and Market Value Added
1. The Market Value of a firm reflects not only the Expected EVA of assets in place but
also the Expected EVA from Future Projects.
2. MVA of a company is the Net Present Value (NPV) of all its future EVAs.
3. EVA reflects only the current earning efficiency of the company.
Answer: 7 (b)
(i) Discounted earning method (`in lakhs)

Year Earnings Discount Factor @ 15% Present Value
1 225.75 0.8696 196.312

2 242.68 0.7561 183.490
3 260.88 0.6575 171.529
4 280.45 0.5717 160.333
5 301.48 0.4972 149.896
6 324.09 0.4323 140.104
7 348.40 0.3759 130.963
8 374.53 0.3269 122.434
9 402.62 0.2842 114.425
10 432.82 0.2472 106.993
1476.479
Value of the business `1476.479 lakhs
(ii) Discounted Cash flows method (`in lakhs)

Year Earnings Discount Factor @ 15% Present Value
1 287.55 0.8696 250.053

2 306.24 0.7561 231.548
3 326.15 0.6575 214.444
4 347.35 0.5717 198.580
5 369.92 0.4972 183.924
6 393.97 0.4323 170.313
7 419.58 0.3759 157.720
8 446.85 0.3269 146.075
9 475.89 0.2842 135.248
10 506.83 0.2472 125.288
1813.193
Value of the business `1813.193 lakhs.
8. X Ltd and Y Ltd , two private Companies, decide to amalgamate their business into a new
Holding Company Z Ltd ., which was incorporated on 1st Nov 2013 with an Authorized
Capital of `40,00,000 in Equity Share of `10 each. The new Company plans to commence
operation on 1st Jan 2014.
From the information given below, and assuming that all transactions are completed by
30th June 2014, you are required to –
Show the computation of the number of shares to be issued to the former shareholders of
X Ltd & Y Ltd.
Calculate the Cash Flow available to Z Ltd. based on the information available to you.
Information
(i) Z Ltd will acquire the whole of Equity Share Capital of X Ltd and Y Ltd by issuing its own
shares fully paid.
(ii) The number of shares to be issued is to be calculated by multiplying the future annual
maintainable profits available to the Equity Shareholders in each of the two Companies
by the agreed Price Earning Ratios.
(iii) The following information is relevant.
Particulars X Ltd Y Ltd
Equity Shares of `10 each fully paid 10,00,000 4,00,000
8% Cumulative Preference Shares - 1,00,000
10% Debentures 2,00,000 -
Future annual maintainable pre-tax profits (before interest/ 2,30,000 1,12,000

dividends)
Price Earning Ratio 10 times 8 times
(iv) Shares in the Holding Company are to be issued to the shareholders in Subsidiary
Companies at a premium of 20% and thereafter these shares will be marketed on the
Stock Exchange.
(v) It is expected that the Group Profits of the new Company in 2014 will be at least
`4,50,000 but that will be required as additional Working Capital to facilitate expansion.
Accordingly, it is planned to make a further issue of 37,500 Equity shares to the public
for Cash at a premium of 30% on 1st May 2014. The new shares will not rank for interest /
dividend to be paid on 30th June 2014.
(vi) Out of the proceeds of the Public Issue, Z Ltd will advance `2,50,000 to X Ltd and
`2,00,000 to Y Ltd on 1st May 2014 for Working Capital. These advances will carry
interest @ 15% p.a to be paid monthly.
(vii) Preliminary Expenses are estimated at `8,000 and Administrative Expenses for the half-
year ended 30th June 2014 at `16,000 but this expenditure will be covered by
temporary overdraft facility. It is estimated that Bank Overdraft cost will be `1,600 in the
first six months.
(viii) A provision for `7,500 should be made for Directors Fee for the half year.
(ix) On 30th June 2014, it is planned to pay interim dividend as: Per share X Ltd – 5% , Y Ltd -
4.40%, Z Ltd - 4%
(x) Income tax 50%. (Say) [15]
Answer:
1. Computation of number of Shares to be issued
Particulars X Ltd Y Ltd
Future Maintainable EBIT 2,30,000 1,12,000
Less: Debenture Interest (20,000) -
Profit Before Tax 2,10,000 1,12,000
Less: Income Tax at 50% (1,05,000) (56,000)
Profit After Tax 1,05,000 56,000
Less: Preference Dividend - (8,000)
Profit to Equity Shareholders 1,05,000 48,000
PE Ratio 10 8
 Profit to Equity Share holders  10,50,000 3,84,000

Capitalized Earnings 
 
 1 
 P E Ratio 
1
K 
e P E Ratio
Number of Shares to be exchanged in Z Ltd at `12 per share (including 87,500 32,000
premium of ` 2 each)
2. Computation of Total Purchase Consideration

Particulars `
Issued Share Capital [87,500 + 32,000 = 1,19,500 Shares of `10] 11,95,000
Securities Premium 1,19,500 X `2 per Share 2,39,000
Total Purchase Consideration 14,34,000
3. Cash Flow Analysis
Receipts ` Payments `
To Proceeds of Public Issue By Payments:
37,500 shares at `10 each 3,75,000 Preliminary Expenses 8,000
Share Premium at 30% 1,12,500 Administration Expenses 16,000
To Interest received on Advances: Advance to X Ltd 2,50,000
From X Ltd (2,50,000 x 15% x 2/12) 6,250 Advance to Y Ltd 2,00,000
From Y Ltd (2,00,000 x 15% x 2/12) 5,000 Bank Interest 1,600
To Dividends Received: By Dividends Payable:
From X Ltd (10,00,000 x 5%) 50,000 `11,95,000 X 4% 47,800
From Y Ltd (4,00,000 x 4.40%) 17,600 By Balance c/d (balancing figure) 42,950
Total 5,66,350 Total 5,66,350

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Answer to PTP_Final_Syllabus 2008_Jun2015_Set 3

Paper-18: BUSINESS VALUATION MANAGEMENT

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Full Marks: 100

Working Notes should form part of the answer.

(iv) Identify which of the following is not a financial liability

(ii) (d) Synergy

(iii) (b) ` 1400

(iv) (a) X Ltd. has 1 lakh ` 10 ordinary shares issued

(v) (b) ` 180 lakh

1. (b) State whether the following statements are true or false:

Particulars Flipkart Myntra

Present earnings `7.5 lakhs `2.5 lakhs

Equity (No. of shares) 4.0 lakhs 2.0 lakhs

EPS ` 1.875 ` 1.25

Answer the following question:

Particulars Company R Company S

Equity Shares of ` 10 each 20,00,000 25,00,000

10% Pref. Shares of ` 10 each 15,00,000 10,00,000

Profit after tax 7,50,000 7,50,000

(v) General Formula for exchange ratio = = 6.25/14.0625 = 0.44

Earning per share(EPS)

Profit after tax

The new rates will be calculated as follows:

Profit after tax 7,50,000 7,50,000

Less: Preference dividend 1,50,000 1,00,000

Earnings available to equity shareholders (A) 6,00,000 6,50,000

Number of Equity Shares (B) 2,00,000 2,50,000

Earning per share (A/B) 3.0 2.60

Retained earnings 20% 1,20,000 1,30,000

Dividend declared 80% (C) 4,80,000 5,20,000

Dividend per share (C/B) 2.40 2.08

Earnings available for Equity Shareholders 6,00,000 6,50,000

Number of Equity Shares 2,00,000 2,50,000

Retained Earnings 1,80,000 65,000

Dividend Distribution 4,20,000 5,85,000

Dividend per share 2.10 2.34

The value of the copyright is ` 2,16,494 + 3,02,053 = ` 5,18,547

4. Write Short Notes on any three [5×3= Marks]

(i) Walter‟s valuation Model.

(ii) Fair Market value of Intangible assets:

(iii) Characteristic of Brand;

(iv) Net realizable value of Inventories

(v) Reasons for mergers and acquisitions

3. Complementary Resources: When two companies have a complimentary resource that is

(b) Company P is contemplating the purchase of Company Q, Company P has 3,00,000

(i) in proportion to the relative earnings per share of two Companies.

You are required:

= (` 10.00 – 11.71) × 1.0 = – ` 1.71

Warrant premium = Market price of warrant - Minimum price of warrant = `3 - 0 = `3

Computation of total earnings after merger

Outstanding shares 3,00,000 2,00,000

EPS (`) 4 2.25

Total earnings (`) 12,00,000 4,50,000 16,50.000

Company Q (2,00,000 × 2.25/4) 1,12,500

Total number of shares after merger 4,12,500

(i) (b) Calculate of EPS when share exchange ratio is 0.5:1

(ii) Impact of merger on EPS for shareholders of Company P and Company Q

EPS after merger 4.125

Increase in EPS 0.125