Computer Organization - Study Material

Computer Organization – Study Material
Computer Organization • It controls and co-ordinates all units of the

The architecture of the computers have not computer.
changed since decades, but the technology used • It interprets instructions of a program.
to accomplish those operations may vary from • It stores data temporarily and monitors external
one computer to another computer. However, the requests.
basic computer organization remains the same • The CPU is subdivided into the following
for all computer systems. subsystems.
The block diagram of the computer system have i) Control unit
the following three units. ii) Arithmetic and Logical unit
a) Input unit iii) Memory unit
b) Central processing unit a) Primary storage.
c) Output unit b) Secondary storage
Input unit:
• Accept data and instructions from the outside Control Unit:
world. It instructs the computer how to carry out
• Convert it to a form that the computer can program instructions. It directs the flow of data
understand. between memory and Arithmetic Logical Unit. It
• Supply the converted data to the computer controls and co-ordinates the entire computer
system for further processing. system.
The control unit controls are other units in the
Following are the some of the input devices: computer. The input unit does not know when to
1. Keyboard receive data and where to put the data in the
2. Mouse storage unit after receiving it. The control unit
3. Light pen gives the necessary instructions to the input unit.
4. Digitizer Sin Similarly, the control unit instructs the input unit
5. Track ball where j to store the data after receiving it from
6. Joystick the user. In the same way, it controls the flow of
7. OCR (Optical Character Recognizer) data and instructions from the storage unit to
8.MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognizer) ALU. It also controls the flow of the results from
9. OMR (Optical Mark Recognizer) ALU to the storage unit. The control unit also
Central Processing Unit (CPU): controls what should be sent to the O/P unit.
It is the heart of the computer system, i.e. all This component of the computer hardware has
operations are carried out in CPU only. overall control of the computer system. During
• It performs all calculations and all decisions. program execution the contorl. Unit fetches
instructions from the primary memory, decodes
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them to determine the operation required, and The primary storage is also called as main
then sets up instruction execution. Eg. To add memory, stores and access information very
two numbers or to read a character from a fastly. This is generally used to hold the program
keyboard. A number of registers are associated being currently-executed in the computer, the
with the control unit. data being received from the input unit, the
intermediate and final results of the program.
Arithmetic and Logical unit: The primary contents generally loses its contents
Arithmetic and Logical unit performs all the when we switch off the computer.
arithmetic and Logical operations. Arithmetic Primary storage is also known as system
operations like addition, subtraction, memory, internal, temporary and RAM.
multiplication and logical operations, such as • It is installed on the main computer board
comparisons are performed in ALU. (Motherboard)
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic • Typically compreised of ICS
and Logical Unit (ALU) of the computer. ALU • Fast access – usually in the order of nano
also does comparisons and takes decisions seconds.
whenever any calculation has to be done, the
control unit transfers the required data, from the b) Secondary storage ;
storage unit to the ALU. The secondary storage is also known as
Auxiliary storage. It is used like an archive. It
Memory unit: may store several programs. documents,
Memory is the part of computer which holds databases, etc. The program that we want to run
data for processing and other information. It is on the computer is first transferred to the primary
also called as Main memory or Primary memory. memory before it can run. Similarly, after
• Memory unit is a device that stores program running the program. If we need to save the
instructions or data used by the GPU when results, we will transfer them to the secondary
performing a given function. storage. The secondary memory is slower and
• Memory is a device, which is used to store cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the
information Temporarily permanently, it is the commonly used secondary memory devices are
place where the information is safely kept. 1. Floppy diskette
• Secondary memory, such as disk storage, is 2. Zip diskette
functionally considered I/O because it is 3. Hard disk
accessed through the I/O system. 4. Magnetic disks and tapes etc.
a) Primary Storage: Secondary memory

Secondary memory is also known as disk includes programs; the operating systems. Stored
storage. external, long term. data and respective storage devices.
 Not directly accessibile – data transferred
through an I/O system. i) Receiving input :
 Non – volatile and long term storage. The required input information is fed into a
 Not as fast as internal memory – typically computer through various input devices like
milliseconds instead of nano seconds. keyboard, mouse etc. Input also can be supplied
 Holds larger amounts of data. by another computer devices like Floppy disc,
 Some devices can be removed for archival. CD-ROM etc.
O/P Unit : ii) Processing the information :
Devices used to get the response or result of a The operations that has to be performed with
process from the computer is called O/P. Output the input received are carried out based on the
unit is the communication between the uses and instructions in the program.
the computer.
The O/P unit of a computer provides the iii) Storing the information :
information and results of a computation to the The information can be stored in hard disk or in
outside world. As we know. Computers do not other storage devices like floppy disks, CDs,.
work in the decimal system, they work in the etc.
binary system. Therefore it required. the output

unit also converts the binary data into a form that iv) Producing output :
users can understand. The processed information and other details are
communicated to the outside world through
Commonly used O/p devices are : output devices like monitor, printer, etc.
a) Visual Display Unit (VDU) or monitor

b) Printer Components of A Computer System:
c) Computer output microfilm Components of a computer system can be
d) Plotter. divided into following two main groups:

1. Hardware
Functioning of a computer 2. Software
A computer will function properly with the help Hardware:
of hardware and software. Hardware includes Computer is a collection of several components
mechanical and electronic devices and software working together. Some of these components are
essential, others add more performance.

Computer hardware is made up of the following a) Magnetic Core Memory

parts: b) Semi-conductor Memory
i) CPU a) ROM (Read Only Memory)
ii) Peripherals b) RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM RAM
Software: It is a non-volatile It is a volatile memory
Software is the set of instructions or programs, memory
which are useful for particular purpose. It is The contents are The contents are
classified into Application software and system permanent temporary
software. Cost effective Cost is very high
(i) System software is a set of programs, that Available in high Available in high storage
are used to control and co-ordinate the entire storage Available in Available in small
computer system. Ex: MS-DOS, MS-Windows, small storage capacity storage capacity
UNIX etc. Processing Speed is low Processing Speed is high
(ii) Application software is a set of programs that Generally the operating User defined programs
are used to perform particular task system supporting can be stored at any time
Ex:Accounding software , baking software etc., programs can be stored
Components of CPU: Other primary memories in computers are:

1. Motherboard 1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
2. Processor 2. EPROM (Erasable PROM)
3. RAM Chips 3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM)
4. Empty RAM chip slots
5. Floppy Disk Drive Measurement of Storage Capacity:
6. Hard Disk Drive 1 Byte = 8 bits
7. Power Supply Box 1024 Bytes = 1 KB (kilobytes)
8. Expansion slots 1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega byte)
9. ROM Chips 1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga byte)
10. Speaker
Cache Memory:
Types of Memory and Devices:
a) Primary or Main Memory
b) Secondary Memory
a) it stores the current information.

Primary Memory:

b) Reduces the access time. A process cannot be loaded in a system whose

c) Increases the performance. main memory size is less than the total memory
d) Increases the speed of CPU required by the process.
e) Fast accessing Virtual memory is a memory management
scheme that overcomes this limitations by
Virtual Memory: allowing the execution of processes that might
not be completely loaded in the main memory.
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Computer Organization – Study Material

Computer Organization • It controls and co-ordinates all units of the

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a) Primary Storage: Secondary memory

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 Some devices can be removed for archival. CD-ROM etc.

O/P Unit : ii) Processing the information :

work in the decimal system, they work in the etc.

binary system. Therefore it required. the output

a) Visual Display Unit (VDU) or monitor

c) Computer output microfilm Components of a computer system can be

d) Plotter. divided into following two main groups:

Functioning of a computer 2. Software

A computer will function properly with the help Hardware:

of hardware and software. Hardware includes Computer is a collection of several components

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Computer hardware is made up of the following a) Magnetic Core Memory

Components of CPU: Other primary memories in computers are:

a) it stores the current information.

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b) Reduces the access time. A process cannot be loaded in a system whose

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