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    Topic On Micro Controller and It'S Application

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    Khaleda Akter
    Microcontrollers are small, low-cost computers found in many everyday devices. They integrate a microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces onto a single chip. Microcontrollers are used to economically control electronic devices and processes by digitally reading sensor input and controlling actuators. Common applications include engine control systems, medical devices, remote controls, appliances, power tools, and more. Microcontrollers combine a CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip to provide inexpensive programmable logic and interface control for embedded systems.

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    Topic On Micro Controller and It'S Application

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    Khaleda Akter
    104 views7 pages
    Microcontrollers are small, low-cost computers found in many everyday devices. They integrate a microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces onto a single chip. Microcontrollers are used to economically control electronic devices and processes by digitally reading sensor input and controlling actuators. Common applications include engine control systems, medical devices, remote controls, appliances, power tools, and more. Microcontrollers combine a CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip to provide inexpensive programmable logic and interface control for embedded systems.

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    Microcontrollers are small, low-cost computers found in many everyday devices. They integrate a microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces onto a single chip. Microcontrollers are used to economically control electronic devices and processes by digitally reading sensor input and controlling actuators. Common applications include engine control systems, medical devices, remote controls, appliances, power tools, and more. Microcontrollers combine a CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip to provide inexpensive programmable logic and interface control for embedded systems.

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    104 views7 pages

    Topic On Micro Controller and It'S Application

    Uploaded by

    Khaleda Akter
    Microcontrollers are small, low-cost computers found in many everyday devices. They integrate a microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces onto a single chip. Microcontrollers are used to economically control electronic devices and processes by digitally reading sensor input and controlling actuators. Common applications include engine control systems, medical devices, remote controls, appliances, power tools, and more. Microcontrollers combine a CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip to provide inexpensive programmable logic and interface control for embedded systems.

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    TOPIC ON

    MICRO CONTROLLER AND IT’S APPLICATION

    A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern


    terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip or SoC; an
    SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller contains
    one or more along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program
    memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included
    on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
    for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal
    computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.
    Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
    automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
    machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the
    size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and
    input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more
    devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog
    components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
    The Microcontroller
    Common component in modern electronic systems. Single-chip computer,
    Microprocessor-based device and Completely self-contained with memory and I/O
    Primary role: provide inexpensive, programmable logic control and interfacing to
    external devices
    e.g., turn devices on/off, monitor external conditions
    Microcontrollers used in a wide number of electronic systems such as:

    Engine management systems in automobiles


    Keyboard of a PC
    Electronic measurement instruments (e.g., digital multimeters, frequency
    synthesisers, and oscilloscopes)
    Printers
    Motor controls
    Security systems
    Cordless and cellular phones
    Televisions, radios, CD players, tape recording equipment
    Hearing aids
    Security alarm systems, fire alarm systems, and building services systems
    Microwave ovens
    Handheld tools
    Remote control devices

    What is a microcontroller?
    Basically, a device which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor system
    onto a single chip
    Only need to be supplied power and clocking
    Microcontroller combines on the same chip:

    The CPU core


    I/O
    Memory
    PROM/EPROM/EEPROM/Flash memory
    Variable RAM memory
    What is I/O?
    I/O is Input/Output. It can be:
    A number of digital bits formed into a number of digital inputs or outputs
    called a port

    usually eight bits wide


    referred to as a BYTE wide port

    A serial line from/to the microprocessor

    (Transmit or TX) and a serial line to the microprocessor (Receive or RX)


    Allows serial data (bit stream) to be transmitted/received via a two-wire interface

    Other I/O devices

    Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital to AnalogConverters (DAC)


    Timer modules
    Interrupt controllers

    Relatively complex subsystems


    Can be obtained as separate ICs (e.g., Intel 8255 PPI, 8259 PIC, 8254 PIT)
    Connected to microprocessor in a similar manner to that of the memory devices
    Often contain their own memory to support internal operations (ie. registers).

    Types of Microcontrollers
    Microcontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and
    instruction sets. Following is the list of their types −

    Bit
    Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.

     8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic


    and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For
    example, Intel 8031 and 8051 are 8 bits microcontroller.

     16-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to perform arithmetic


    and logical operations where higher accuracy and performance is required. For
    example, Intel 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
     32-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is generally used in
    automatically controlled appliances like automatic operational machines, medical
    appliances, etc.

    Memory
    Based on the memory configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into two
    categories.

     External memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in


    such a way that they do not have a program memory on the chip. Hence, it is named
    as external memory microcontroller. For example: Intel 8031 microcontroller.

     Embedded memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in


    such a way that the microcontroller has all programs and data memory, counters and
    timers, interrupts, I/O ports are embedded on the chip. For example: Intel 8051
    microcontroller.

    Instruction Set
    Based on the instruction set configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into two
    categories.

     CISC − CISC stands for complex instruction set computer. It allows the user to insert
    a single instruction as an alternative to many simple instructions.

     RISC − RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. It reduces the
    operational time by shortening the clock cycle per instruction.

    Applications of Microcontrollers
    Microcontrollers are widely used in various different devices such as −

     Light sensing and controlling devices like LED.

     Temperature sensing and controlling devices like microwave oven, chimneys.

     Fire detection and safety devices like Fire alarm.

     Measuring devices like Volt Meter.


    Most microcontrollers will also combine other devices such as:

    A Timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain


    time periods.
    Serial I/O (UART) for data flow between microcontroller and devices such
    as a PC or other microcontroller.
    Analog input and output (e.g., to receive data from sensors or control motors)
    Interrupt capability (from a variety of sources)
    Bus/external memory interfaces (for RAM or ROM)
    Built-in monitor/debugger program
    Support for external peripherals (e.g., I/O and bus extenders)

    A typical microcontroller; the different sub units integrated onto the microcontroller chip.

    The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core

    Traditionally based on an 8-bit microprocessor unit


    e.g., Motorola uses basic 6800 microprocessor core in M68HC11 microcontroller
    devices

    Some examples of Microcontrollers

     Intel 8051
     Microchip's PICmicro
     Motorola 68HC11
     Hitachi H8 (used in the LEGOS RIS RCX)

    Intel 8051

    Introduced in late 70s


    At the heart of the biggest variety of micros on earth
    Biggest player now Philips Electronics (Intel concentrating on PC CPU chipset)

    General pros: Powerful bit manipulation instructions


    part of RAM and many special registers are bit-addressable.
    Multiply and divide instructions.
    At least two 16-bit timers.
    UART capable of 500kb/s at 16MHz on all but very small parts.
    Plentiful internal RAM.
    Straightforward code addressing - always starts at zero.
    I/O design makes bi-directional I/O easy.
    Excellent free assembler from Metalink
    Free C compiler available
    General cons:Very quirky instruction set
    Confusing variety of internal and external memory spaces.
    I/O design prevents true floating inputs, and pins are always high after reset.
    Not very fast due to clock division.
    Access to external data very weak - single pointer register only.
    Poor compiler support - no stack-relative access.
    Watchdog not standard

    Microchip's PICmicro

    Modern PIC16F452 trainer used in first half of this course

    Some pros:Simple instruction set


    Robust hardware
    Excellent support
    Microchip's MPLAB free development environment
    Wide range of sizes and peripheral choices
    Many language and tool choices

    Some cons:4 times slower at same clock speed


    Relatively weak instruction set
    Limited code and data addressing
    Complex "banked" addressing
    Accumulator-based data processing
    Single "working" acculumulator

    Motorola 68HC11

    Some pros:Competetive with 8051


    Von Neumann architecture is easy to understand
    Powerful, easy-to-use instruction set
    Popular parts are good value
    Good support for C compilers
    Good support from Motorola

    Some cons:Weak timers


    No consistency within family - many variants specialised
    Evaluation board (EVB) is expensive, unreliable
    Not price-competitive
    Slow
    Old technology

    Hitachi H8

    Used in LEGO Mindstorms Robotics Invention System RCX


    Similar architecture to the HC11
    Some pros:Many devices with flash.
    Powerful instruction set with good C support
    Wide range of 8 and 16-bit devices
    Good free C compiler
    Nice evaluation/programming boards available
    Abundant timers and interrupts

    Some Cons:Most packages surface-mount


    Emulation expensive

    Reference:
    1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com
    2. file:///C:/Users/eti/Documents/microcontrollers%20(1).pdf
    3. https://www.elprocus.com
    4. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

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